What groups are homonyms divided into. Homonyms

Homonyms - "outwardly coinciding in the sound shell of the word" (V.V. Vinogradov), but having different lexical meaning.

The main reasons for the emergence of homonyms are:

The disintegration of polysemy
Duplication of the sound shell of words for the material embodiment of completely different meanings.

When distinguishing polysemy and homonymy, it follows, as noted by prof. O.S. Akhmanov, to take into account the nature of the correlation of a word or words with objective reality. If each of the meanings by itself, regardless of any other, is an independent name for a certain object of the surrounding world, then these meanings belong to different words - homonyms.

If one of the meanings acts as a semantic derivative in relation to the other, then this different meanings the same word. Homonym words, beam - timber and beam - a ravine, not compatible in semantic content.

Opposite word audience - a room for lecturing and listeners of a lecture - are combined within the boundaries of the polysemantic word.

The semantic independence of homonyms is usually expressed in the fact

what are they included in different synonyms .

The key is a master key, the key is a stream;

a table is food, a table is a kind of home furniture (in this case, a metonymic transfer of meaning, which means these are the meanings of one word).

Many words - homonyms are representatives different words educational courses (nests): Wed: marriage ("matrimony") - divorce, marriage - matrimonial, illegitimate - premarital, etc.

Marriage ("low-quality product") - rejection - rejection - rejection - defective - reject - rejection.

Fist ("hand") - fist - fists - fist - fist.

Kulak ("prosperous peasant") - kulak - kulaks - dispossessed.

Homonyms differ in syntactic properties, for example, they often differ in forms of control.

Wed change (change) the plan and change (betray) the homeland.

Wed care (removal) from work, from home

Care (caring for) a child, flowers.

SOURCES OF OMONYMY:

Many homonyms are a product of the disintegration of polysemy, i.e. severing semantic connections.

(shop - bench, shop - shop;

Drying - drying, .. drying - bagel)

As a result of word formation:

Shelf (from put)

Shelf (from weeding)

Buy (buy)

Buy (wash)

It is the result of a historical change in the sound appearance of different words.

So, the words eat (eat) and eat (have) coincided only in the middle of the 18th century, and graphically since October 1918, when the letter "yat" was canceled, which was at the end of the word is (eat).

The word "lynx" (animal) at the time of occurrence sounded "lynx" (the name is given by the root: to blush, red), and then / ds /> / s /

"Lynx" (running) in Old Russian - "rist" (Ukr. Rist) final / t / fell away and / s / hardened.

Borrowing words

Marriage from him. Brack (brechen) - breaking, scrap.

Club from English. "Club"

The bow is from him. Lauch bow.

Borrowing different words from different languages.

English. - block (the simplest lifting device).

From fr. Bloc is a union.

DIFFERENT the following types of homonyms:

Actually homonyms (braid - braid)
Homophones (phonetically similar words). They are the same in sound, but differ in spelling (ball - point, inert - bone, meadow - bow)
Homographs - the same spelling

Atlas - atlas, coast - coast (different stress)

Omoforms - match in sound or spelling in one or more grammatical forms.

Hit (n.) And hit (command. Tilt)

Press (crush) and press (cut to the root)

Mine (pronoun) and mine (command. Tilt.).

Not only words of the same language match in sound, but also words of different languages. So, for example, Russian words have counterparts in different languages the world.

For example: English... Kit - tub, bag, pal - comrade, pot - pot, purse; (Wed from Russian whale, fallen, sweat)

It so happened that the overwhelming majority of scientific terms are borrowed from Latin, which for many centuries was practically official language science, or from the ancient Greek language.

These terms include the word "homonym", which is widely used in linguistics and literary studies. What does this term mean and when is it used? Let's take a closer look.

Term "homonym" derived from the Greek word "Omos", which means the same, the same and "Onyma"- name. It is first encountered by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, however, it may have been used even earlier.

Modern linguistics calls homonyms words that have the same sound, but are used in different, often unrelated meanings. A striking example of homonyms is the "key" that unlocks the doors - a metal object of a special shape with special projections and cuts, and the "key" is a spring, a source pure water beating out of the ground.

The existence of homonyms sometimes seems inexplicable and meaningless. Indeed: why should one and the same word call completely different, not coinciding concepts? Can't you think of different words for different meanings?

The fact is that most homonyms appear in speech by chance. After the same, as the word is fixed in the language for a certain concept, it is almost impossible to replace it with another, differently sounding word, and there is no need.

Linguists explain the appearance of homonyms for the following reasons:

1. The coincidence of the sounds of a word that already exists in Russian and borrowed from another language. Example: "club" of smoke and "club" - a place where people gather for a specific purpose: to play chess, dance, talk about politics, etc.

2. The coincidence of the sounds of borrowed words in different areas of activity. Example: water tap is a Dutch word and cargo crane is a German word.

3. Gradual divergence of meanings of the same word. Example: "month" in the sky is the visible part of the moon in a partially shaded phase, and "month" April is a calendar period of time.

In linguistics, the division of homonyms into full and partial is accepted.

Complete homonyms they are spelled and pronounced in the same way, and also refer to the same part of speech: onion is a vegetable garden and bow is a weapon for shooting.

Partial homonyms can:

- have the same sound, but different spelling of words: luG and luK, ploD and ploT (homophones);

- have the same spelling, but different sounds: castle and castle (homographs);

- coincide in spelling or sound only in some forms - cases, conjugations, etc .: dear and dear (homoforms).

The Russian language is quite rich in homonyms. Here is some of them:

- beam - transverse support beam and beam - ravine;

- lynx - large forest cat and lynx - horse gait;

- brush - a bunch of bristles on the handle for painting works or drawing and brush - part of the hand;

- kiwi - exotic fruit and kiwi is a flightless bird;

- braid - braided long hair and the scythe is a tool for cutting grass.

More homonyms can be found in the special Dictionary of Russian homonyms.

Sometimes paronyms are mistakenly referred to as homonyms - single-root words that are similar in sound and spelling, but differ in meaning and use. As a rule, paronyms in sentences perform the same syntactic function and refer to the same part of speech. Examples of paronyms:

- dress and put on;

- typos and prints:

- height and age;

- nest and nest;

- defective and defective.

Paronyms are often confused in everyday speech due to the similarity of the sound of words. At the same time, it is difficult to imagine the misuse of homonyms in oral speech.

So, very often you can hear a request to put your signature on the document, although it is correct to say - to put your signature. A painting is a drawing on the wall, ceiling, dishes, etc., and the signature is your own surname, handwritten as a sign of document confirmation. The list and signature are paronyms, not homonyms.

Homonyms are words that sound and are spelled the same, but have nothing in common in meaning. The term comes from the Greek language: homos - "the same", onyma - "name". Let's say onion- plant and onion- weapons for throwing arrows, drown stove and sink ships.

Consider types of homonyms.

1. Some words are spelled the same way, but pronounced differently: castle and castle, stew(linen, vegetables) and hover(in the clouds), worth it(bread in the store) and worth(car, tree). Such words are called homographs , which in translation from Greek means "equally spelled".

2. There are words that are pronounced in the same way, but they must be written in different ways. For example, pond and rod, metal and metal, five and span... it homophones , translated from Greek - "sounding the same."

Among homophones, there are many such pairs that do not coincide in all of their forms, but in some or even one. If you start to change words in cases and numbers, then you will immediately find the difference in their sound. Let's say by the pond, to the pond – two rods, hit with a rod... Word " three"Can be a numeral ( three apples, three things) and the verb ( three stronger!). But not all forms of these words will match: to rub, rub – three, three... The same forms of different words are called homoforms .

Homonyms can be a hindrance in linguistic communication, they are especially difficult for a translator. In this case, the context helps, because in natural conversation, words are rarely used in isolation. It is easy enough to guess from the context what meaning is meant: This is a very simple example. - Simple equipment is expensive.

§ 51. Homonymy and its types

The polysemy of words is a large and multifaceted problem, various issues of lexicology are associated with it, in particular the problem of homonymy. Homonyms – words that sound the same, but different in meaning. The relationship between polysemy and homonymy is historically determined. With the development of language, “the same inner shell of the word is overgrown with shoots of new meanings and meanings” [Vinogradov V. V. 1947: 14]. Homonyms in a number of cases arise from polysemy that has undergone a process of destruction: fist- hand with clenched fingers and fist- a well-to-do peasant, a good strong owner, and then fist - peasant exploiter (class definition). The problem of differentiating polysemy and homonymy is complex, linguists suggest different criteria for breeding these phenomena. There are several approaches.

O.S. Akhmanova built the distinction between polysemy and homonymy, first of all, taking into account the nature of the relationship between the word and objective reality. If each of the meanings is an independent name for a certain object of the surrounding world and is independent of any other object, then these meanings belong to different homonymous words. For example: hail (city) and hail (precipitation); braid (hairstyle), braid (sandbank) and braid (tool).

E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk was of the opinion that the distinction between polysemy and homonymy should be carried out by choosing synonyms. If synonyms have nothing in common, then these are homonyms: boron (drill) - boron (coniferous forest) - boron (chemical element).

A number of scientists, without rejecting the named criteria, proposed to take into account also derivational features: for example, reaction as a term of various sciences has different derivational series: reaction (biol., chem.) reagent, reactive, reactivity; reaction(polit.) - reactionary, reactionary, reactionary.

Homonyms often have different syntactic combinations, different forms of control: care from work and care for a child, for flowers; change plan but change homeland. However, these differentiation criteria are not universal, so sometimes there are discrepancies in dictionaries. The sources of homonymy are as follows:

Homonyms are a product of the disintegration of polysemy: drying - drying and drying - type of product (bagel).

Word-building homonyms: buy (from the verb “buy”) and (from the verb “bathe”).

The consequence of the historical change in the sound appearance of different words: IS (available) and Ђ IS (to eat) in sound coincided by the middle of the 18th century: the sound "ê" (closed) or the Old Russian diphthong "iye" (written in the letter Ђ "yat") became pronounced as [e], so the pronunciation of words ceased to differ. In 1918, a spelling reform was carried out, some letters were abolished, including the letter Ђ, and the above words coincided not only in sound, but also in spelling. Let's give another example. Word Lynx(animal) in ancient times sounded "rdys" and was the same root with the words blush, redhead; then "ds" was simplified into "s". Word Lynx how the running of a horse goes back to the Old Russian "Rist" (cf. the lists), later the final "t" "fell away, and the" r "hardened.

The richest source of homonymy is borrowed words, for example: tour (bull - Old Russian) and tour (from French): waltz tour, gully (ravine - from Turkic languages) and gully (log - from German), marriage (marriage - Russian) and marriage (flaw - from German) and others.

Homonyms are divided into full, or actually lexical homonyms, and incomplete homonyms, among which, in turn, there are several types. TO proper lexical homonyms include, for example: English: flaw1 - crack; flaw2 - gust of wind; Russian: light1 - energy; light2 - the world, the universe. These words are the same in sound, spelling and refer to the same part of speech. The types of incomplete homonyms are as follows:

1. Omofons - words and forms that differ in meaning, coincide in sound, but differ in spelling:

meadow (field) - bow (weapon for shooting), ball (dance evening) - point (estimate).

2. Omographs - words that are different in meaning and sound, but the same in spelling:

atlas (fabric) - atlas (collection of geographical maps), castle - castle.

3. Omoforms (morphological homonyms) - words that match in sound and spelling in one or more grammatical forms:

a swarm (noun) of bees - a swarm (vb.) a hole, expensive (noun) - expensive (adj.), a new saw (noun) - a saw (vb.) coffee, a plait (vb.) grass - a medical tourniquet ( noun).

Homonyms adjoin paronims – words similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. They are sometimes mistakenly used one instead of the other: a subscription (the right to use something) and a subscriber (a person who has a subscription); effective (efficient) and effective (conspicuous); secretive (closed) person and hidden (invisible) mechanism and many others.

Homonyms are words that are different in meaning, but the same in sound and spelling.

Word homonym comes from the Greek. homos - the same + onyma - name.

Most of all homonyms are among nouns and verbs.

Example:

1. DEFEND - to defend (to defend a friend).

2. DEFEND - stand (stand in line).

3. DEFEND - to be at some distance from someone, smth. (the airport is five kilometers from the city).

The reasons for the appearance in the language of homonyms

random word match:

Example:

1. ONION - borrowing. A garden plant with a pungent taste.

2. ONION - lawsuit in Russian. A hand-held arrow-throwing weapon made of a flexible, resilient rod (usually of wood) tied into an arc with a bowstring.

coincidence in the formation of new words:

Example:

SEND - send with an order. The person running the errand is 1. AMBASSADOR .

SALT - preserve something in a saline solution. The method of salting products - 2. AMBASSADOR .

loss of semantic connection between the meanings of a polysemantic word.

Example:

This happened in ancient times with the word LIGHT :

LIGHT - 1) lighting, 2) earth, world, universe.

These meanings have become so distant that they have lost their semantic connection. Now these are two different words.

1. LIGHT is a radiant energy that makes the world around us visible.

2. LIGHT - Earth, world, universe.

Homonyms must be distinguished from ambiguous words... The meanings of homonyms are clear only in phrases and sentences. A single word GENUS unclear. But, if you enter it into a phrase, then it becomes clear what we are talking about:

Example:

ancient genus , male genus .

Types of homonyms

Often homonyms, homoforms, homophones and homographs are used in puns - witty expressions, jokes.

Example:

You this umbrella is NOT mine, as it is NOT mine, you lost it Mute.

It is necessary to be very careful when using homonyms, homoforms, homophones and homographs in your speech. They sometimes lead to unwanted ambiguity.

Example:

Yesterday I attended the DAY of poetry. Day poetry? Or bottom poetry?

Hello dear readers of the blog site. Homonyms are another confirmation of the "greatness and power" of the Russian language. It is these "nuances of vocabulary" that make the Russian language difficult for foreigners to learn.

If a language learner is put into a stupor with an incomprehensible set of words, then homonyms create a plurality of interpretations of the same word.

What are homonyms

Homonyms are words that are spelled the same, sound the same (or similar), but mean completely different things.

For example:

BOW is a popular vegetable and at the same time a small arms;
GLASSES - an object that improves vision, and at the same time a scoring system in various games;
MARRIAGE - an object spoiled in production and at the same time a union of two people;
PEACE - Earth and at the same time the absence of war;
A KEY is an object that unlocks the lock, and at the same time is a synonym for a stream.

Some more examples homonymous words:

The word "homonym" itself, like many terms in Russian, came from Ancient Greece... It consists of two halves - "homos" (the same) and "onyma" (name), which means " same name". According to one version, the first person to describe such words in detail was famous philosopher and the thinker is Aristotle.

Types of homonyms

Homonyms are of several types - full, partial and grammatical.

Complete homonyms- these are words that match in all possible cases and numbers.

CRANE - water supply or lifting (cranes, crane, crane, etc.)
KOSA - hair styling, shoreline or agricultural tool (braid, scythe, braid, scythe, etc.)

Partial homonyms- these are words that are similar to each other in their original form (singular, nominative, perfect), but may not coincide in individual cases or in the plural.

LASKA is an animal of the weasel family or tenderness. If we take the genitive case and the plural, then the words will no longer sound and spell the same - there are many LASOK (animals) and a lot of LASK (manifestation of feelings).
LOVE is a feeling for another person and female name... If we take the genitive singular, then the words will sound in a new way - there is no LOVE (feeling) and there is no LOVE (name).

Grammatical homonyms- words in Russian that are the exact opposite of partial homonyms. That is, they absolutely do not coincide in their original form, but become similar in separate forms.

THREE is a number and a derivative of the verb RUBE. The coincidence is possible only when the first word is used in the nominative case, and the second in the imperative mood. In all other variants, the words will cease to be homonyms.
TREAT - Derivatives of two different verbs FLY and TREAT, both of which are used in the first person.
GLASS is the genitive case of the noun GLASS (no glass) and the feminine past tense of the verb GLASS (water is glass).

By the way, you can notice that grammatical homonyms can represent different parts of speech, for example, a noun and a verb, a pronoun, and so on. This is their fundamental difference from full and partial homonyms, where parts of speech always coincide.

Homographs and homophones

There are two more types of words in the Russian language, which some linguists (but not all) refer to as varieties of homonyms.

Homographs- These are words that are spelled the same way, but sound differently (mostly due to the fact that they are stressed differently). The term is also Greek and consists of "homos" (the same) and "grapho" (write).

A TLAS (collection of maps or tables) and ATL A C (type of fabric)
Z A IOC (medieval building) and ZAM O K (locking device)
MUK A(grated cereals) and M Have KA (experience)
O RGAN (human) and ORG A N (musical instrument)
VILLAGE O(settlement) and C E LO (sun)
NS A RIT (in the bath) and steam AND Th (in the air)

Homophones- the opposite of homographs. They sound the same, but they are written differently. The word is also Greek - "homos" (the same) and "phone" (sound).

FRUIT - RAFT
THRESHOLD - FAILURE
POST - PILLAR
CODE - CAT
FLU - MUSHROOM

Examples of homonymic words in literature

Not so often, but some writers and poets use homonyms. For example, to create a rhyme. For example, an excerpt from Pushkin:

And what does the spouse do
Alone, in the absence of a spouse?

In this case, the word SPOOL means in the first sentence a woman (wife), and in the second a man (husband).

Or here at Bryusov:

Closing exhausted eyelids
A moment that has departed, TO THE SHORE.
Oh, if only to stand like this forever
On this quiet SHORE.

In this case, the first word is one of the forms of the verb SHORE, and the second is the SHORE of some body of water, used in the accusative case.

Homonyms in riddles, anecdotes, puns

A lot of riddles have been created on the basis of homonyms.

In the sky, a zigzag traced a trail of fire. In a skirt, nothing can replace me. (LIGHTNING)
They are cast from metal, and they fall from the trees. (LEAVES)
This device will be used to eat. And then we will connect the device to the network. (FORK)
I can’t sit around, I’m in the hands of a craftswoman. And spinning like a fidget in a bicycle wheel. (SPOKE)
Without it, the door cannot be opened and the letter cannot be scribbled. (A PEN)
As a reason I act and I control a horse. (OCCASION)
In it, the cartridges are cherished and the products are sold. (SHOP)
From it they eat jam and a fence from the current. (SOCKET)

Sometimes anecdotes are based on homonyms.

The doctor told the blonde patient that she would recover soon. And that one: "Yes, I would rather die than get better!"

Here, in the first case, the word GETTING means improving health, and in the second - getting fat.

Doctor: "How is your condition, patient?" Patient: "Thanks to your care, my condition has greatly diminished."

The word STATE can simultaneously mean well-being and health, as well as financial situation.

In the literature exam, the teacher asks: "What can you say about the heroine?" The student replies: “Heroin is a powerful drug. And what does literature have to do with it? "

There is nothing special to explain here. HEROINE's word dative case really sounds like the name of the drug. This is one example of grammatical homonyms.

When I go to the store with my husband, he often says: "I will pay." And now it seems to me that he can hardly restrain himself so as not to change the stress.

And here is a vivid example of homographs. Words RECHARGE Have CL and RASPL A CHUS really are a funny couple.

Well and puns- this is a joke based on the same sound, but different spellings of words (and these are homophones in their pure form):

Or here's another example of a great pun built around homophones:

Carried a bear walking to the market
For sale honey jar,
Suddenly the bear is about to attack! -
The wasps decided to attack.
Teddy bear with aspen army
He fought with a torn aspen.
How could he not fall into a rage,
If the wasps climbed into the mouth,
Stung anywhere
They got it for this.

Dictionary of homonyms

Basic or complete homonyms actually not much in Russian. Here is a list of them:

BOR - pine forest and dentist's tool;
STRANDING - swearing and outdated meaning of the battle;
APPEARANCE - appearance and grammatical category;
SCREW - a comb and a small outgrowth on the head of birds;
DVOR - a plot in front of the house and close to the monarch;
DEBT - duty and borrowed;
DISCIPLINE - strict rules and varieties in science or sports;
SHOT - balls for shooting and a number consisting of a part of one;
FACTORY - an enterprise and a clock mechanism;
TOOTH - organ in the mouth and the sharp part of the instrument;
BRUSH - part of the artist's hand and tool;
KOL - a pointed piece of wood and a grade in school;
STORE - shop and piece of furniture;
MOTIVE is a synonym for reason and melody;
MINK - a small animal and a depression in the ground;
HUNTING - stalking animals and colloquial synonym for desire;
OFFER - part of speech and constructive idea;
NOVEL - literary work and love relationships;
LIGHT - a source of brightness and high society;
CONSEQUENCE - investigation and conclusion.
SOYUZ is an association (of countries) and a service word connecting words.
LANGUAGE is a means of communication and an organ in the oral cavity.

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How homonyms differ from ambiguous words

In conclusion, I would like to say that you do not confuse homonyms with the so-called "". There is also such a concept in Russian.

For example, a HAT for a woman, a nail and a mushroom means about the same thing, namely a headdress and its similarities. And in this case, the word cannot be considered a homonym, since the main criterion is violated - different lexical meaning(here it is, in fact, the same).

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