Project work "sources of origin of phraseological units". Phraseological units and their origin
1.3 Sources of occurrence of phraseological units.
Exploring a phraseological unit as a structural unit of the lexico-semantic system of a language, one cannot ignore the question of the origin of this unit.
Such scientists as A. I. Vlasenkov, N. F. Alefirenko, A. A. Girutsky were engaged in the study of sources of phraseological units.
A. I. Vlasenkov proposes to divide phraseological units depending on their origin into several groups: native Russian, borrowed and Slavic origin[cm. 6.48]. N. F. Alefirenko says that “according to their origin, phraseological units are usually divided into two groups - natively existing in a given language and borrowed ones. That is, N.F. Alefirenko combines native Russian and phraseological units of Slavic origin into one group. A. A. Girutsky in his work lists the sources of phraseological units. Now let's take a closer look at this problem.
Phraseologisms with primordially Russian origin, according to A. I. Vlasenkov, arise: 1) from the turns of colloquial everyday speech: from the fire and into the frying pan, from gulkin's nose, into all Ivanovo; 2) from proverbs, sayings, winged words and stable combinations from Russian folklore: red maiden, good fellow, open field; 3) from individual expressions of professional speech: an hour later, a teaspoon; without a hitch, without a hitch; pull the strap; 4) expressions from the bookish language: Tradition is fresh, but hard to believe [see. 6.48].
A. I. Vlasenkov only mentions phraseological turns of Old Slavonic origin, but he gives many examples: “for a dream to come, a stumbling block, daily bread, to contribute ...” [see. 6.48]. As you can see, these phrases are mostly quotations from the Bible.
According to N. F. Alefirenko, phraseological units with a native Russian origin include: 1) colloquial and everyday origin, which form the core of the phraseological composition of the language: rolled up their sleeves, on their bare feet; 2) proverbial and proverbial origin: old sparrow; 3) arising in professional and slang speech (laying the foundation, bit map ...); 4) book origin: but things are still there; 5) related to historical events, traditions and customs of the people: how Mamai passed, disappeared as a Swede near Poltava [see. 2.265].
Thus, A. I. Vlasenkov and N. F. Alefirenko, among the general ones, cite such sources of phraseological units as the appearance of phraseological turns from colloquial everyday speech; from proverbs, sayings, winged words; from individual expressions of professional speech; from bookish language. In addition, N.F. Alefirenko also points to the emergence of phraseological units from jargon and their appearance associated with historical events, traditions and customs of the people.
Phraseological units borrowed from other languages, according to A. I. Vlasenkov, are 1) a literal translation of foreign proverbs, sayings: from a bird's eye view, a cheerful mine at bad game, tastes could not be discussed; 2) expressions and quotations from literary works, sayings, aphorisms: bonds of Giminaeus; it is not worth it; golden mean; 3) expressions used without translation: after the fact, notabene, terra incognita [see. 6.48].
N. F. Alefirenko considers the sources of the emergence of phraseological units of foreign origin: 1) Holy Bible(rus. Babel, wolf in sheepskin); 2) ancient culture and mythology (Russian Trojan horse); 3) works of foreign authors (Augean stables, Achilles' heel); 4) quotations used without translation (Italian Finita la commedia - the presentation is over) [see. 2.265].
Based on the foregoing, we conclude: A. I. Vlasenkov gives three sources for the emergence of phraseological units, and N. F. Alefirenko - four. Common sources include: works by foreign-language authors; quotes used without translation. In addition, A. I. Vlasenkov also notes that phraseological units can arise as a result of a literal translation of foreign proverbs and sayings, and N. F. Alefirenko cites Holy Scripture and ancient culture and mythology as sources.
Girutsky A.A. cites the following sources of the occurrence of phraseological units. “One of the sources of phraseology,” in his opinion, “is folklore: broke, Emelya, your week; not to fat, to be alive. “An important source of replenishment of Russian phraseology,” he continues, “is the professional speech of representatives of various professions, jargons: pull the strap - from the speech of barge haulers, pull the gimp - from the speech of masters of gold threads”, etc. They are also adjoined by rethought composite terms of sciences and industries: a negative value, the center of gravity [see. 10.170]. As sources for replenishing the phraseological reserve of the language, A. A. Girutsky also names winged expressions that go back to the text of the Bible, that is, biblical expressions (Babylonian pandemonium, the prodigal son, vanity of vanities), quotations from world literature (between Scylla and Charybdis), Russian tracing papers [ cm. 10.170].
2. Types of phraseological units
Another one a big problem worries researchers of phraseology, it consists in determining the types of phraseological units. This problem is very extensive, because today there are several classifications of phraseological units. In our study, we will consider the classification of phraseological units only from the point of view of semantic fusion (solidity), i.e., the relationship that exists between its meaning and the meaning of the words that form it.
The problem of determining the types of phraseological units was dealt with by such scientists as T. I. Vendina, A. A. Girutsky, P. A. Lekant, M. I. Fomina, N. F. Alefirenko, B. N. Golovin and others.
T. I. Vendina, A. A. Girutsky and M. I. Fomina, E. I. Dibrova solve the problem of determining the types of phraseological units in accordance with the classification proposed by Sh. Bally and V. V. Vinogradov, according to which phraseological units are divided into three groups: phraseological fusions phraseological units and phraseological combinations [see. 13.144].
P. A. Lekant adhered to a similar classification: “three types of phraseological units are distinguished: phraseological fusions, phraseological units and phraseological combinations”. In their classification, P. A. Lekant and E. I. Dibrova note that the first two types are idioms, which was not mentioned by the linguists we mentioned earlier.
Yu. S. Maslov supplements the statement of P. A. Lekant, saying that the former are idioms with an unmotivated meaning, and the latter with a motivated meaning [see. 20.118].
BN Golovin proposes a classification different from the classifications of all other researchers. In his opinion, all phraseological units are divided into four types (idioms, phraseological fusions, phraseological units and phraseological combinations). That is, the concept of "idiom" for him is not common for phraseological fusions and unities, but acts as independent type phraseological units [see 11,110].
Some researchers do not classify phraseological combinations as types of phraseological units. The presence in their composition of words with direct meanings naturally contradicts the requirement of idiomaticity, therefore, the assignment of such phraseological combinations to the field of phraseology, understood in the narrow sense of the word, is doubtful [see. 17.201]. Such, for example, is the opinion of P. A. Lekant [see. 18.62].
In addition, there is another problem, which is the fuzzy delimitation of phraseological fusions from phraseological units. The degree of comprehension of the internal form of turnover is difficult to determine and sometimes individual, it depends on the level of education, the nature of thinking, the ability to figurative thinking. Along with the leading factors in the formation of phraseological units, others can also participate, already as additional, sometimes very strong ones. This leads to the fact that many phraseological units are of a dual nature and can be correlated simultaneously with different types revolutions (black box, burning brunette) [see. 17,204-205].
Let's take a closer look at the individual types of phraseological units. In their study, we will rely on the classification proposed by most researchers: T. I. Vendina, A. A. Girutsky and M. I. Fomina.
Phraseology is one of the sections of linguistics that studies stable combinations of words. Surely each of us is familiar with the expressions “beat the buckets”, “drive by the nose”, “like a bolt from the blue”, “sleeveless”, etc. But how many of us have ever thought about where they came from our language? I bring to your attention a small selection of phraseological units with their meanings and history of origin, thanks to which you may learn something new and be able to make your speech more expressive and varied.
Let's start with such a well-known expression as "Augean stables" used to describe a very dirty place that will require a lot of effort to clean up. Phraseologism originates from the time of Ancient Greece, where King Augeus lived, who was very fond of horses, but not caring for them: the stables where the animals lived did not see cleaning for about thirty years. According to legend, Hercules (Hercules) entered the service of the king, who received an order from Avgiy to clean out the stalls. For this, the strongman used the river, the flow of which was directed to the stables, thereby getting rid of the dirt. Impressive, right?
"Alma mater"(from lat. "mother-nurse")
In ancient times, students used this phraseological phrase, describing educational institution, which, as it were, “nurtured”, “raised” and “educated” them. Nowadays it is used with a certain amount of irony.
"Achilles' heel"(weak, weak spot)
The source of this phraseological unit is ancient Greek mythology. According to legend, Thetis - the mother of Achilles - wanted to make her son invulnerable. To do this, she dipped him into the sacred river Styx, forgetting, however, about the heel by which she held the boy. Later, while fighting his enemy Paris, Achilles received an arrow in this heel and died.
"Gogol to walk"(walk around with a very important view, confidently)
No, this expression has nothing to do with the famous Russian writer, as it may seem at first. Gogol is a wild duck that walks along the shore with its head thrown back and protruding chest, which suggests a comparison with a person trying to show all his importance.
"Nick down"(very good to remember something)
AT given expression the word "nose" does not mean part of the human body. In ancient times, this word was used to name boards on which all kinds of notes were made. People carried it with them as a reminder.
"Go away with your nose"(leave with nothing)
Another phraseological unit associated with the nose. However, he, like the previous one, has nothing to do with the organ of smell. This expression originates from Ancient Russia where bribery was widespread. People, dealing with the authorities and hoping for a positive outcome, used "bribery" (bribery). If the judge, manager or clerk accepted this "nose", one could be sure that everything would be resolved. However, if the bribe was rejected, the petitioner left with his "nose".
"Pandora's Box"(source of troubles and misfortunes)
The ancient Greek myth says: before Prometheus stole fire from the gods, people on earth lived in joy and did not know any troubles. In response to this, Zeus sent a woman of unprecedented beauty - Pandora, to the earth, giving her a chest in which all human misfortunes were stored. Pandora, succumbing to curiosity, opened the chest and scattered them all.
"Filkin's letter"(document of no value, meaningless piece of paper)
This phraseological turn is rooted in the history of the Russian state, or rather, during the reign of Ivan IX the Terrible. Metropolitan Philip, in his messages to the sovereign, tried to convince him to soften his policy, to cancel the oprichnina. In response, Ivan the Terrible only called the Metropolitan "Filka", and all his letters - "Filkin".
These are just some of the phraseological units of the Russian language, which have a very interesting story. I hope that the above material was useful and exciting for you.
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Lesson Objectives:
- to teach schoolchildren to recognize the sources of Russian and borrowed phraseological units;
- to teach with the help of the "Phraseological Dictionary" to give the correct interpretation of phraseological units;
- to train students in the correct use of phraseological units in speech.
Lesson type: a lesson of a general methodological orientation with elements of the Tic-Tac-Toe game.
Activities: the formation of students' activity abilities and abilities to structure and systematize the studied subject content: group work (playing in a team, compiling a text of a linguistic description on the topic “Phraseology”), independent work with didactic material, execution design homework, commenting on the grades.
Planned educational results:
1. subject. To learn how to compose a text of a linguistic description according to the algorithm for completing a task with the advisory assistance of a teacher.
2. Metasubject.
present specific content and communicate it in writing and orally.
3. Personal.
- Formation of sustainable motivation for research and creative activity.
- Teaching methods and technologies used: health care, collaborative pedagogy, developmental learning, problem-based learning, game-based learning.
Equipment:
- Interactive board, which is a playing field and a screen for presentation; “School Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” (Compiled by A.Yu. Moskvin) - on the desks of students; collection of N.S. Ashukina, M.G. Ashukina " Winged words”;
- presentation
Key concepts covered in the lesson:
- syntactic units
- phraseological units,
- free phrases,
- the text of the linguistic description.
During the classes.
I. Organizational moment.
The topic of the lesson. All students are divided into two teams - "Cross" and "Toe".
II. Homework survey.
Where do you think phraseological units come from? ( History of our Motherland, customs of ancestors; folklore; catchphrases from literary works; Russian crafts (professions); ancient mythology; Bible; foreign languages).
III. Updating of basic knowledge
Selective dictation (oral)
By ear, count the number of phraseological units in the text. (The team with the most correct answers wins the first move.)
SATTED IN GALOSH
(From the adventures of Oshibkin)
I started the day slipshod (1). Leading my mother by the nose (2) about the lessons and blushing to the tips of the ears (3) when she took me to clean water(4) and waved her hand at me (5), I rushed headlong (6) to the stadium. I was late for the lesson because I lost my temper (7) because of an offensive joke and got into a fight. When the teacher unexpectedly called me to the blackboard, I got out of my skin (8) to answer correctly, tried to pull myself together (9) and not hit my face in the dirt (10). But in the end I sat down in a galosh (11).
Guys, read books at home from cover to cover (12), don't count crows (13) and don't hit your thumbs (14), otherwise you'll sit in a galosh like me. (14 phraseological units)
(I.L. Chelysheva)
IV. Setting goals and objectives of the lesson.
Today, guys, you yourself will choose tasks for yourself, opening the fields of the Tic-Tac-Toe game one by one. Help with assignments phraseological dictionaries lying on the desks. For each correctly completed task, the team receives one word. At the end of the lesson, these words should make a well-known statement by a famous French writer, a brilliant stylist.
V. Work on the topic of the lesson.
Questions and tasks:
1. Where did expressions like veal delight, swallow a pill, play a role, bring to one denominator, heavy artillery, at the behest of a pike, but things are still there.
Answers: From agricultural life, from medical practice, from theatrical life, from mathematics, from military life, from fairy tales, from I. A. Krylov's fable “The Swan, Cancer and Pike”.
2. Name 5 phraseological units that came from fairy tales.
Answers: At the behest of a pike, a beaten unbeaten one is lucky, far away, a fairy tale about a white bull, horns and legs.
3. Name five "winged" expressions from Krylov's fables.
Answers: And the chest just opened; A helpful fool is more dangerous than an enemy; And nothing has changed; I did not even notice the elephant; And Vaska listens and eats.
4. Use the phraseological dictionary to find out the sources of borrowed phraseological units:
1) For the coming dream, i.e. before bedtime; before going to bed.
2)
The voice of one crying in the wilderness is a call that remains unanswered.
Answers: 1) The emergence of the phrase: from Orthodox prayer books, where there was a section of prayers “for the dream to come”. This refers to the prayers that are read in the evening by those who “come” (i.e. go) to sleep.
2) The origin of the phrase: The Bible story says that one of the prophets turned to the Israelites with a request to prepare the way for God. But the request of the prophet, unfortunately, remained the voice of one crying in the wilderness.
5. Explain with the help of a phraseological dictionary the meaning of the expressions: dot the i, Promethean fire, seven wonders of the world.
Answers: Dot the I- finish, complete some business, find out and reveal everything to the end; clarify without leaving anything unsaid. This expression appeared because the Russian alphabet used the so-called decimal and (I), or and with a dot (there is such a letter in the Latin alphabet). The letter I was abolished in our country by the reform of Russian spelling in 1918.
Promethean fire. So they say about the passionate, unquenchable desire for creativity, for the struggle for lofty goals. Prometheus - son of the Titan Iapetus and Clymet, brother of Atlas and Epimetheus, and father of Deucalion. Dexterous, energetic and intelligent, he protected offended mortals from Zeus and saved them from impending death. He stole fire from the sky and taught people how to use it. For this, Zeus sent people (the family of Iapetus) a “Pandora's Box” filled with all earthly disasters, and he ordered Hephaestus to chain Prometheus to the rock of the Caucasus, where an eagle pecked out his liver daily, growing again overnight. According to other sources, Prometheus is not only a protector, benefactor and teacher of mortals, but he is also the creator of people: he breathed into them the fire stolen from Zeus.
Seven Wonders of the World - so they say about something amazing, rare, extraordinary, outstanding. This was the name in ancient times of seven remarkable structures, distinguished either by luxury, or grandeur and artistic performance, even their ruins are still surprising. These include: the Egyptian pyramids, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon in Babylon, the temple of Artemis in the city of Ephesus, the statue of Zeus by Phidias in Olympia, the mausoleum erected to King Mausolus by his wife Artemisia in Halicarnassus, the giant statue of the Colossus of Rhodes and the lighthouse on the island of Pharos in Alexandria.
6. Choose synonyms for the following expressions:
a) sit in a galosh (fail, be in a ridiculous position);
b) puzzle (solve a difficult issue);
c) grab on the fly (quickly);
d) without a hitch, without a hitch (good).
What are the sources of these phraseological units?
7. Give examples of phraseological units formed today.
Answers: Green Street, people of good will.
8. Add idioms: trembling (like an aspen leaf); pouted (like a mouse on groats); ride (like cheese in butter); guiding (star); boil (in own juice); rub (glasses); distort (soul); first (martin); shot (sparrow); wet (chicken); dying (swan); white (crow); sink (in oblivion); holding together (heart); to the brain (bones); nor to the village (neither to the city); bosom (friend); suffering (time); remorse (conscience).
9. Find out the meaning and sources of borrowed phraseological units:
1) Look through your fingers (deliberately not noticing anything)
Shelving (indefinitely)
Answers: German.
2) Not at ease (uncomfortable, constrained, out of place)
Bird's-eye (from such a height that everything is visible, from above)
Answers: French.
VI. Reflection.
What new did you learn about phraseological units?
What are the origins of phraseological units?
VII. Summing up the game, compiling an encrypted phrase.
“The dictionary is the entire universe in alphabetical order.” Anatole France
VIII. Homework.
Creative task (differentiated).
1. Write a new story about Oshibkin's adventures using phraseological units.
2. An essay-reflection on the role of dictionaries in people's lives (you can take the words of Anatole France as an epigraph).
Introduction. Phraseologisms exist throughout the history of the language, they contain the centuries-old experience of the people, which is passed down from generation to generation.
I suggested that the meaning of phraseological units is related to their origin. Having learned about the origin and meaning of various phraseological units, I will be able to open pages of the history of the language unknown to me.
I got interested in this topic. I decided to learn more about such stable combinations, their meaning, and origin in Russian. That's why I chose my topic. design work: "Sources of the origin of phraseological units".
The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that in Everyday life, facing phraseological turns many people don't even notice it. They do not know how to correctly use phraseological units both in written and oral speech, because they do not know their meanings and sources of origin. Phraseologisms are a special layer of the Russian language that enriches our speech and is part of the culture of the Russian people.
The purpose of my work: 1) to find out the sources of the origin of phraseological units;
2) use phraseological units correctly in your speech.
Object of research: myths, spiritual literature, Russian folk tales and works of Russian classic writers.
Subject of research: phraseological units.
Project objectives:
- to search for the necessary language information about phraseological units; find out the sources of the origin of phraseological units;
Hypothesis: I assume that phraseological units can be combined into groups according to the source of origin.
Research methods:
- study and analysis of literature; collection of information; survey - questioning; observation; study
Main part
1.1. What are phraseological units?
Exploring various information sources, I got acquainted with the concept of "phraseologism" and learned that phraseological units are stable combinations of words that are close in lexical meaning one word. Therefore, phraseological units can often be replaced with one word, less expressive. Let's compare: at the end of the world (earth) - far away; lather your neck - teach a lesson, punish;
1.2. Sources of the origin of phraseological units
In the course of my research, I drew attention to the fact that all phraseological units can be grouped by origin.
Phraseologisms that came from myths seemed very interesting:
- Augean stables - a heavily littered, polluted or cluttered room. Ariadne's thread is what helps to find a way out of a predicament. Achilles' heel is a weak spot. The sword of Damocles is a looming, threatening danger. Two-faced Janus is a two-faced man. The Golden Fleece is gold, wealth that they seek to master. To sink into oblivion - to disappear forever, to be forgotten. Olympian calmness - calmness, unperturbed by anything Torments of tantalum - "suffering caused by the contemplation of the desired goal and the consciousness of the impossibility of achieving it", Apple of discord - "reason, reason for quarrels, disputes, serious disagreements", Colossus on clay feet - "something in appearance majestic, but essentially weak, easily collapsing, etc.
Cornucopia. Father gods zeus after his birth, he was hidden in a secret place, in a grotto, where the sacred goat Amalthea fed him with her milk. It was not in vain. The father of Zeus, the titan Kronos, wanted to destroy his son and heir, to devour him, as he had already devoured his other children. Grateful Zeus, becoming the main god, raised Amalthea to heaven; there and now everyone can see it between the constellations. And to his tutors, the nymphs, he gave one of the goat's horns: from this horn everything that the nymphs needed arose poured and poured. This very horn, having become a symbol of an inexhaustible source of treasures, was nicknamed the cornucopia. The expression "as from a cornucopia" means: with extraordinary generosity, in huge numbers.
Getting to know Russians folk tales, I found the following phraseological units:
- and I was there, drinking honey-beer, a hut on chicken legs Koschey Bessmertny Lisa Patrikeevna, neither in a fairy tale to say, nor to describe with a pen under Tsar Peas it was said - done, a fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint of a fairy tale about a white bull, three days and three nights .
And phraseological units that came from the Bible:
Make a contribution - about a person who took his feasible part in some business. The word "leptos" in Greek meant: thin, small; "mite" was the smallest ancient coin.
One of the gospel parables tells about a poor widow who, while collecting donations in the temple, put in a sacrificial bowl next to the rich gifts of noble people all that she had - two miserable mites. But to God, the parable says, these mites of the widow were more pleasing than the rest of the treasures.
"A widow's mite" refers to any modest donation made from a pure heart. The expression "to contribute" means: to make your own, albeit small, feasible contribution to the common cause.
The voice of one crying in the wilderness - vain calls that remain unanswered.
Antediluvian times - prehistoric times.
Bury talent in the ground - about a person who does not develop his natural abilities.
Manna from heaven - unexpected luck, wonderful help.
And what phraseological units did our classic writers use? In this academic year, we studied the work of the fabulist Ivan Andreevich Krylov. To obtain the result, his fables were examined. They found 9 phraseological units:
- "Donkey and Nightingale": in a thousand ways, far away
- "Trishkin caftan": Trishkin caftan;
- "Two dogs": walk on hind legs;
- "Monkey": monkey labor;
- "The Cat and the Cook": and Vaska listens and eats;
- "Demyan's ear": Demyan's ear;
- "Squirrel": like a squirrel in a wheel;
- "Cabin": and the casket just opened;
- "The wolf in the kennel": and I have long known your wolf nature;
Having found out the sources of the origin of phraseological units, I began to pay attention to them when reading fiction.
I really like the works of the children's writer Nikolai Nosov. And I especially singled out his book “Vitya Maleev at school and at home” and found 20 phraseological units in his stories:
- run at full speed, beat the buckets, take off running in no time, get lost in three pine trees, take it in tow, bring it to clean water, look with all your eyes, roll up your sleeves and be done with it. how he looked into the water as if he were lowered into the water, how he fell from the moon, you can’t lure him with a roll, to beat him on the neck, lather his neck, not to see how his ears are neither dead nor alive, go to the ends of the world to fall down
As a result of working on this issue, I became interested, and what phraseological units are most often used by teachers in our school? Of the 30 teachers surveyed at MBOU secondary school No. 8, the most “popular” phraseological units turned out to be “with grief in half”, “hover in the clouds”, “hack on the nose”, “like a chicken with a paw”, “don’t put your finger in your mouth”, “off your feet fall down" and less "pull the tongue", "eggs don't teach a chicken", "crawl ahead of the father into hell", "swallowed the tongue".
2. Keep your head in the clouds (18)
3. Hack on the nose (19)
4. Water in the mouth scored (6)
5.Like a chicken paw (15)
6.Tongue swallowed (6)
7. Pull the tongue (4)
8. Don't put your finger in your mouth (14)
9. Like a fish in water (14)
10. Eggs don't teach chicken (3)
11. Climb forward dads into hell (8)
12. How fell from the moon (12)
13. Like a squirrel in a wheel (11)
14. Fall off your feet (13)
15. With grief in half (22)
Conclusion
In the course of my research, I gained a more complete understanding of phraseological units, their origin and meaning, learned to find them in the text. I came to the conclusion that the main sources of phraseological units are myths, fairy tales, the Bible, fables, that you need to know the meanings of phraseological units in order to use them correctly. They help to make our speech lively, beautiful, emotional. I also learned to work with dictionaries, use information from the Internet.
The tasks that were set before the work were completed, the hypothesis put forward was confirmed - phraseological units can indeed be combined according to the source of origin.
Phraseological units of the Russian language. Sources of phraseological units. Idioms.
In the language of every nation there are stable figurative phrases that are reproduced in speech like a word, and are not built like phrases and sentences. Such turns are called phraseological units. Another important property of phraseological units: the meaning of a whole phraseological unit does not consist of the meanings of its constituent words, for example, the expression ate a dog, denoting being a master in some business, is completely unrelated to the meaning of its constituent words.
Phraseologisms differ in the degree of cohesion of the components. If it is maximum, then these are phraseological fusions, for example, to get into a mess, beat the thumbs, without hesitation. If the connection between the components is smaller, these are phraseological units (pull the strap, lather the neck). In phraseological combinations, one member of a phraseological unit has the so-called limited, associated use, and the second is free: a sensitive issue, fraught with consequences, pitch darkness.
The sources of phraseological units of the Russian language are diverse.
The main part of the phraseological units of the Russian language is of primordially Russian origin, their source is, for example, professional speech (sharpen lyasy, beat bucks, without a hitch, remove shavings, run aground, play first violin). Some got into the literary language from jargon (rubbing glasses, a bit card, going all-in - with gamblers) and colloquial speech. Some phraseological units came from dialects and are associated with the labor of the peasantry (to turn the shafts, from a bag into a matting, it is written on the water with a pitchfork). Many phraseological units have liturgical books as their source (the holy of holies, the fiend of hell, in the image and likeness, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, the promised land).
A lot of phraseological units came from ancient mythological literature (Augean stables, Achilles' heel, sword of Damocles, Prometheus fire, tantalum torment).
Sometimes borrowed phraseological units are used without translation: alma mater (lat. mother-nurse); tabula rasa (lat. clean board; something untouched, absolutely clean).
The source of the original phraseology is turns from the works of writers: happy hours are not observed (A. Griboyedov); affairs of bygone days (A. Pushkin); and the casket just opened (I. Krylov); knight for an hour (N. Nekrasov); living corpse (L. Tolstoy); a man in a case (A. Chekhov); Man - that sounds proud! (M. Gorky)
Such fixed expressions from fiction and journalism is usually called catchphrases.
Phraseologisms are almost always bright, figurative expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and pictorial characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, etc.
For example, K. Paustovsky in the novel “Smoke of the Fatherland”, characterizing the action of one of the heroes, instead of words, without hesitation, thoughtlessly uses phraseologism headlong: She was attracted to him by childishness, a tendency to get carried away headlong, chivalry, an ironic attitude towards himself.
On the use of phraseological turns, A. Sitkovsky's poem "All the best that is in the world" is built:
All the best that is in nature, And wherever we find it, As it was customary for the Russian people, We call red from time immemorial.
There is a red corner in every house,
Honorable, festive, for those who have the honor of being our friend, with whom we share grief and success!
And a girl you won't meet, At least go around the whole world, Of those that are better in the world, We call the red maiden
And the Red Square since ancient times is glorified, exalted! .. There are even red trees, And death is red on the world.
Or N. Gogol in "Dead Souls": I believe, for my part, in all honesty: eight hryvnia per soul, this is the reddest price I. Ilf and E. Petrov in the novel "The Twelve Chairs" give a whole synonymous series phraseological units with the meanings of "die":
Claudia Ivanovna died, - said the customer.
Well, the kingdom of heaven, - Bezenchuk agreed. - It means that the old woman has passed away ... Old women, they always pass away .. Or they give their souls to God - it depends on what kind of old woman. Yours, for example, is small and in the body, which means it has passed away. And for example, which is larger and thinner - that one, it is believed, gives her soul to God ...
So how is it considered? Who considers it?
We count. At the masters. Here you are, for example, a prominent man, of lofty stature, although thin. You, it is considered, if, God forbid, die, that you played in the box. And who is a merchant, a former merchant guild, that means he ordered to live long. And if someone of a lower rank, a janitor, for example, or one of the peasants, they say about him: he spread his legs or stretched out his legs. But the most powerful when they die, railway conductors or someone from the authorities, it is considered that they give oak. So they say about them: “But ours, they heard, gave oak.”
Shocked by this strange classification of human deaths, Ippolit Matveyevich asked:
Well, when you die, how will the masters say about you?
I am a small person. They will say: "Bezen-chuk bent." And they won't say anything else.
Sometimes writers use phraseological units in a modified, re-arranged form. In these cases phraseologism acquires new aesthetic qualities. For example, M. Saltykov-Shchedrin uses the phraseologism to poke his nose somewhere, expanding it: Censorship is used to sticking its stinking nose into the very sanctuary of the writer's thought.
An example of playing on the direct meaning of words and a phraseological unit consisting of these words can be found in a poem by V. Orlov:
BREAK A LEG
Early in the morning
Quot mom
Sent to class
Sonny.
She said:
Don't fight
Don't tease
Don't rooster.
Hurry -
The time has come!
Well, neither fluff nor feathers! (fr unit)
In one hour
barely alive
Goes home.
Barely hobbles
He's from the schoolyard
And on it, in fact
