Lesson Objectives:

• formation of the ability to write unstressed vowels in prefixes;
• development of memory and attention of students, expanding their horizons;
• education of love and respect for nature .

Equipment:

• a computer;
• projector, screen;
• eye trainer;
• cut cards with proverbs;
• individual educational cards (OOD schemes);
• cards with deformed texts;
• drawings of snowmen for reflection of the lesson.

During the classes

I. Updating knowledge on the topic.

1. Organizational moment.

The music of P.I. Tchaikovsky “Seasons. January". The screen shows a photo series of reproductions of paintings by great Russian artists. The teacher reads the poems of A.S. Pushkin.

Here is the north, catching up the clouds,
He breathed, howled - and here she is,
Winter magic is coming!
Came, crumbled; shreds
hung on the branches of oaks.
She lay down with wavy carpets
Among the fields, around the hills.
A shore with a motionless river,
Leveled with a plump veil.
Frost flashed. And we are glad
Mother's leprosy - winters.

Guys, what season will it be dedicated to lexical topic our lesson? (Lexical topic of our lesson is devoted to winter).

2. Calligraphy.

Let's draw beautiful frosty patterns in our notebooks and practice our hand in continuous writing. (Children write patterns according to the model).

3. Vocabulary work.

And now let's complete the task of mother - winter. Envelopes with words are on your tables, collect proverbs from these words. (The students of the first row collect the proverb “December ends the year, the winter begins.” The students of the second row collect the proverb “January is the month bright stars, white trails, blue ice". Third row - "In February, two friends - frost and blizzard." Children read the compiled proverbs, compare them with the sample on the screen and explain the meaning of the proverbs.) (See Presentation 1).

What words with unverifiable spelling did you come across in proverbs? Write them in a column and explain the spelling. (Write out words and explain spelling, highlighting them).

December
January
February
freezing

What do these words have in common? (These are nouns with unstressed vowels with unchecked stress).

Read the words written on the board in a column, what do they have in common? (They read the words, notice that these are verbs with unstressed vowels in the root, checked by stress).

skr_pit
f_rmit
k_vat
x_l_gives

How to check the spelling of an unstressed vowel in the root, checked by stress? Write these words in the second column, highlighting the spelling. (Write down words, explaining and highlighting spelling).

II. motivational stage.

4. Introduction to the topic of the lesson.

What part of the word did we start learning in the previous Russian lesson? (Console).

What is an attachment? (Children define the prefix).

Form new words using prefixes from the words of the second column and write them down in the third column. (Children form words and write them down).

creak
feed
shackle
it gets colder

Where did the unstressed vowel appear in these words? (In attachments).

How can we deal with these vowels? Have we spelled them correctly? ? (Children's answers).

What will be the topic of our lesson today? (Spelling of unstressed vowels in prefixes). The topic appears on the screen. (See Presentation 1).

5. Physical education.

The sun warms the earth weakly, (hands up and down)
Frost crackles at night. (We imitate the movement of frost)
In the yard of the snowman (hands on the belt, turn around)
A frosty nose turned white. (Rubbing nose)
Suddenly there was water in the river, (jumping in place)
Motionless and firm.
The blizzard is angry (children spin)
The snow is spinning
Sweeping everything around (imitate hand movements)
Snow white silver.

III. Drawing up the scheme of the OOD.

6. Learning new material.

a) Work on the textbook.

So, at the root, we already know how to check an unstressed vowel, how can we deal with unstressed vowels in prefixes? (Children give their versions).

Let's test your assumptions by doing exercise 148 on page 103. (Children read the task, perform under the guidance of the teacher).

wrote down - record
completed - satiety
inscribed - inscription, etc.

Conclusion: prefixes under stress and without stress are written the same way.

b) Working with the rule.

Is it possible to check the spelling of an unstressed vowel in a prefix? (Yes).

How? (You need to choose a word so that this vowel in the prefix is ​​stressed).

Should the test word always have the same root? (Not).

Let's check our conclusion with the rule on page 103. (Read the rule).

c) Drawing up an algorithm for working on the spelling. (See Presentation 1).

How will we start work on writing an unstressed vowel in any part of the word? Take a study card. (Children read the algorithm on the blanks of educational cards and fill in the table on writing prefixes on this card).

What prefixes with the vowel “a” did you meet today in the lesson? (Children list).

There are also prefixes in which the vowel “a” is written, you can write them off from my table given on the screen. (Children add prefixes to their educational cards).

IV. The stage of material and materialized actions.

7. Primary fastening.

a) Checking the spelling of the words written in the dictionary work in the third column.

We will explain verbally the spelling of prefixes in dictionary work. (Children explain the spelling of vowels in prefixes and learn to pronounce the spelling correctly).

b) Complicated cheating.

Read the poem written on the board. (Children read to themselves, and then one student reads aloud).

snow fairy tale

(Pr-) danced in the snow
snow blizzards,
Bullfinches for snowmen
The song (pr_) was whistled.
At the (z_) snowy river,
In the snowy (p_r__) street,
The snowballs are rolling,
Snowmen cut the snow.

(S. Pogorelovskiy)

What mood do you get when you read this poem? Why? (Children give their answers and explain their mood).

Write down this poem, explaining the spelling.

Physical education for the eyes.

c) Differentiated work.

Strong students compose and write down the text “Winter”.

“And the children are happy. Snow blizzards sweep forest paths. The first snowflakes flicker in the air. A warm blanket will cover the ground. They will make snowmen, build fortresses.”

The rest of the students do the exercise on their own. 99 on page 52 “ Didactic material”(Row 1 - the first sentence, row 2 - the second sentence, etc. one student from each row works at the blackboard).

We check the work of the students at the blackboard and listen to the texts that were composed by strong students, finding words with prefixes by ear and explaining their spelling.

8. The result of the lesson.

Yes-No game.

Are unstressed vowels only found in the root? (Not).

Do you need to remember or check the spelling of unstressed vowels in prefixes by choosing a test word with a stressed prefix? (Yes).

Do the test words have to be single-rooted? (Not).

9. Homework.

Page 110, ex. 2.

10. Reflection.

Find snowmen on your tables. If everything worked out for you today in the lesson, then your snowman is white.

If something did not work out, the snowman is blue.

If all else fails, then the snowman is gray.

AT shockless prefix the same vowel is written as under the stress in the corresponding prefix of the single-root word: mediocre (mediocrity), stupid (stupid), freeze (freeze), record (record), bribe (bribery), sign (signature), flash (glimpse), break through (broken through), walk around (similarly).

Note 1. This rule does not apply to the prefixes raz-, ros-, ras-, ros- (for their spelling, see section 1.4.3, paragraph 2).

Note 2. In Russian, the prefix a- is written only in borrowed words: illogical, amorphous.

Note 3. The prefix pa- is written in the words: flood, flood, flood (special); pavoloka (ancient Russian "imported elegant fabric"); pernicious, pernicious, pernicious, pernicious (cf. related words: ruin, ruined); in other cases, only the prefix is ​​written in -: wander, see, hike, trip.

Note 4. The prefix pra- with the meaning "original, most ancient" is written in the words: prehistory, pragreen, ancestral home, proto-Slavic, proto-language; great-grandmother, great-grandmother, great-grandson, great-granddaughter, great-grandfather, great-grandfather, great-mother, forefather, grandparent, great-great-granddaughter.

In other cases, the prefix pro- is written: prototype, guide, angry, living, sagacious.

Prefixes pre- and pre-

1. The prefix is ​​written in the following cases:

1) when she attaches to words the meaning of the ultimate degree of action that surpasses any measure, or the highest degree of quality: exalt, exceed, exaggerate, exceed, succeed; excellent, very pretty, lovely, lovely;

2) when it has the meaning of the prefix re-: block (block), turn, stop, betray (transfer), transgress (cross), perverse (inverted), successor (adopt).

2. The prefix gives meaning to words:

1) spatial proximity, contiguity: seaside, Amur region, coastal, near-station, backyard;

2) additions, approximations, attachments: bend, drive, lead, tie, freeze, fasten;

3) incompleteness of the action: tie, slightly open, lie down, lower down, calm down;

4) bringing the action to the end, to a certain result: find, finish off, muffle ("muffle completely"), accustom, invent, cut;

5) committing an action in one's own interests, an increased manifestation of the action: take a closer look, pocket, lure, dress up, hide, appropriate, listen;

6) accompanying action: hum, whistle, dance.

Note 1. The prefix is ​​Old Slavonic in origin. In Russian, it corresponds to a prefix with a full-voiced combination of re-, cf .: barrier - partition, betray - convey.

Note 2. It is necessary to distinguish between the spellings of words close in sound, but different in meaning, with prefixes pre- and pre-; cf: despise (hate) and despise (give shelter); cf. also: contempt and contempt; bow (head) and bow (branch to the ground); turn (dream into reality) and pretend (door), pretend (sleeping); endure (inconvenience) and get used to (inconvenience); transient (moment, cf.: passing) and coming (postman, participle from coming).

Note 3. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of the words multiply ("strongly multiply") and increase ("add a small amount"), although these meanings are often difficult to distinguish.

Note 4. In the following words, the former prefixes are no longer singled out: limit, subject, advantage, contradict, seduce, pass, (marks) punctuation, obstacle, obstacle, quarrel, notorious, satiate, slander, stumbling (stumbling block), device, finicky, handsome, to order, decent, primitive, claim, take communion, reason, affection.

Note 5. In borrowed words, prefixes are written both pre- and pre-: preamble, prevail, president, presidium, preparation; private, prima donna, privilege, primitive, priority.

Vowels ы-и after prefixes

1. The letter ы instead of and in the root is written in accordance with the pronunciation after all Russian prefixes ending in a consonant, except for the prefixes inter- and super-: play - under-play, play-play, rose-play; go - previous; improvise - with-improvise; inventory - non-inventory; indevet - about-yndevet; intellectual - to become intelligent; total - sum up; July - pre-July (the origin of the root - Russian or foreign - is not taken into account).

2. After prefixes, inter- and super-vowel and does not change, since after k, h, x, zh in Russian s is not written: inter-institutional, super-refined; cf. See also: four-needle, three-pulse.

Note 1. This rule does not apply to complex abbreviated words: cultural inventory, Sovinform.

Note 2. In the word charge (vz + other Russian ima-ti - "take"), in accordance with the pronunciation, it is written and (although the prefix ends in a consonant). In related words with other prefixes, according to the general rule, s is written; cf .: withdraw, raise, take away (simple), but after the consonant and the vowel is preserved: take away, raise, remove.

Note 3. After foreign prefixes ending in a consonant (dis-, counter-, pan-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-), and does not change: dis-information, counter-play, post-impressionism (but: pre-impressionism) , post-infarction (but: pre-infarction), super quartermaster, trans-Iranian.

Note 4. In the prefix from-, if it follows another prefix ending in a consonant, and also goes into s: unknown (known), without-exit (out-go), not without-excessive (out-of-superfluous) , also in the words syzdavna, sizmalstva, siznova [On the formation of such adverbs, see section 1.13.1].

Vowels e-o after sibilants and c in suffixes and endings different parts speeches

Vowels e-o in suffixes

1) in the suffixes of nouns: berezhok, hearth, sexton, rug, fluff, borscht, ratchet, thicket, haircut, river, money; cf. without stress: threshold, mushroom, river, little hand, little leg;

2) in the suffix -ov- of adjectives: kumachovy, reed, chesuchovy; in including possessive adjectives: Kuzmichov (jacket); veche, clothing, horse-drawn;

3) in the suffix -on of short masculine adjectives (with a fluent o), as well as feminine nouns in the genitive case plural: funny, princess; but without the accent; sinful, necessary;

4) in suffixes (at the end) of adverbs: hot, general, fresh, evening; but without emphasis: clumsily, defiantly.

Exception: yet.

2. After hissing under stress, e (e) is written, although it is pronounced [o]:

1) in the suffix -yovyva- of verbs: uproot, spend the night, obscure, migrate;

2) in the suffix -yonn- (-yon- - in short form passive participles past tense crushed, distorted, irrigated, affected, displaced, burned, crushed, distorted;

3) in the suffix -yon- of verbal adjectives (formed from verbs for it and for whose): smoked (kopt-it), tinned (lud-it), paved (bridge-it) cherished (bere-ch), baked (ne -ch);

4) in the suffixes of nouns formed from the above verbs, participles and adjectives: smoked products, uprooting, doom, demarcation, condensed milk, stew.

Note. Nouns (formed from verbs) such as overnight (spend the night), uprooting (uprooting) and nouns (formed from adjectives with suffixes -ov-, -ev-) such as hacksaw, pear differ in writing. In the second case, nouns always have -ov-, regardless of the suffix of the original adjective (-ov- or -ev-); cf .: hacksaw, stabbing (although adjectives knife and knife) pear (although pear), warbler and warbler ("songbird"). The spelling of the corresponding suffixes of nouns is regulated by the main rule, i.e. depends on the accent

5) in foreign words with the stressed suffix -ёr-: traveling salesman, conductor, editor, retoucher, trainee (but: manager). Formed by analogy Russian word boyfriend.

Vowels e-o in endings

1. After hissing under stress, in accordance with the pronunciation, it is written about, without stress - e:

1) at the end of nouns in the forms of the nominative case (neuter) and instrumental case: shoulder, dugout, reins, tick, listing, footage, installation, model, paralysis, brocade, shoulder, sling, shelving, hut, as well as: Peter Ilyich , Sergey Kuzmich, Ilya Fomich; but without stress: veche, barge (but: barge), prey, spectacle, crying, prestige, soot, fish, shoe, type, tonnage, ax handle, timing, and also: Ivan Petrovich, Natasha, Rostropovich;

2) at the end of adjectives: big, big, big, about big, smaller (obsolete, colloquial), smaller (but: smaller), smaller, about smaller; but without the accent: hot, prickly, fresh; as well as in short forms of the middle gender: general, fresh; but without stress: prickly, melodious;

3) for adverbs that emerged as a frozen form of the instrumental case of nouns: naked, naked.

2. After hissing under stress at the end of genitive plural nouns, e is written if it is pronounced [e]: reins (reins), pincers, knives, candles.

Note. They differ in the spelling of the form of the instrumental case of the words turn ("sharp turn") and turn ("chemical solution"), respectively: turn and turn.

Vowels after c

1. After q in endings and suffixes, the spelling e or o is determined by stress: under stress is written o, without stress - e: tree - tree, porch - stigma, creator - heart, cunning - door, ringed - ring, dancer - dance - dance [See Section 1.1.5 for the spelling of vowels after q at the root of a word.].

2. After c in endings and suffixes, s is written in accordance with the pronunciation: borders, standard-bearers, birds, stubby, stubby, stubby, as well as Golitsyn, sistersyn, Golitsyn, Spitsyn, Stanitsyn.

Note. In the spelling of surnames, deviations from the rules are possible; cf .: Spitsyn - Vitsin, Tsytsin.

§ 12. The letter y is used to convey a vowel and at the same time to indicate the hardness of the preceding consonant:

Vowels after hissing letters

Letters, s

§ 14. After, sh, h, letters are written (and not written), for example: fat, camelina, inter-publishing, say, sew, reeds, clean, rays, shield, look.

§ 15. The letter and ory is written after.

§ 19. In all other cases, to transfer the stressed vowel after, h, sh, sh, the letter is written, namely:

Letters, in the place of unstressed vowels

Letters Separators

§ 27. Separative is written after consonants before the letters y, u, ё, e, conveying combinations of [j] with vowels, in the following cases.

Literally as a sign of softness of a consonant

§ 29. The letter is written to indicate the softness of a double consonant at the end of words, for example: dove, leave, notebook, dirt, sorry, seven, horse, kitchens, apple trees, embankment, beast, paint, drink, shipyard.

§ 30. To indicate the softness of a double consonant before consonants, the letter is written in the following cases.

Literally in some grammatical forms Not after hissing

§ 31. The letter is written (regardless of pronunciation) in the following grammatical forms:

After the sizzling

§ 32. After, w, h, sch, the letter is written according to tradition in the following grammatical forms:

Rules for writing significant parts of a word (morphemes) Spelling of unstressed vowels

§ 33. General rule. The spelling of letters in place of unstressed vowels is established by checking other words and forms, where in that

Unstressed vowels in roots

Features of writing individual roots

§ 35. There are roots in which the spelling of letters in place of unstressed vowels does not comply with the general rule, but is subject to tradition. These include the following roots with alternating vowels.

Unstressed vowels in prefixes

§ 43. Suffixes with unchecked unstressed vowels.

Features of writing individual suffixes

§ 46. -Ev-, -iv-, -liv-, -chiv- (in adjectives). It is necessary to distinguish between adjectives with suffixes -ev-, on the one hand, and -iv-, -liv-, -chiv, on the other.

§ 51. -Ink-, -enk-, -ank- (-yank-). One should distinguish between na-inka and na-enka nouns (with unstressed front vowels).

§ 55. -Insk-, -ensk-. It is necessary to distinguish between the suffixes of adjectives-insk-and-ensk- (with letters in the place of an unstressed vowel).

Unstressed fluent vowels in roots and suffixes of nouns and adjectives

§ 64. Unstressed fluent vowels are transmitted by letters, o or u according to the following rules (below, after each example, in brackets, the form or word where the fluent vowel is absent is given).

Unstressed connecting vowels

§ 66. Instead of connecting vowels in some categories of compound words, vowels are written that coincide with case and other endings of words, the stems of which are contained in the previous part of the word:

Unstressed vowels in case endings

§ 69. The following endings contain vowels that are not checked by stress position.

§ 70. Nouns with some suffixes have features in writing unstressed endings.

§ 71. Case forms of nouns in -i, -i, -i.

Unstressed vowels in verb forms Vowels in verb endings

Vowels in the infinitive (indefinite form) before

§ 76. The spelling of letters in place of unstressed vowels before the suffix-t of the infinitive is determined by the following rule.

Impactless particlesneini

§ 78. There are special constructions with non-ini particles.

Spelling of consonants Voiceless and voiced consonants

Silent consonants

Groups of consonants at the junction of significant parts of the word

§ 86. Letter combinations tch, dch (including stch, zdch) are written at the junctions of significant parts of the word, if the previous part of the word ends with nat ilid, and the next one begins with the beginning, for example:

§ 88. Letter combinations sch, zch, zhch, are written at the junctions of significant parts of the word, if the previous part of the word ends with us, zilizh, sh, and the next one begins with the beginning, for example:

§ 89. Letter combinationssh, szh, zsh, zzh are written at the junctions of significant parts of the word, if the previous part ends in a consonant with or z, and the next one begins our orzh, for example:

Letters in the ending-th (-th)

Double and single in suffixes of adjectives and nouns

Double and single in suffixes of passive participles of the past tense and correlative adjectives with them Full forms

Short forms

§ 103. Short forms of complex adjectives, the second parts of which coincide with the participles na-ny, are written sniline depending on the meaning. Adjectives expressing signs

Double and single in words formed from adjectives and participles

Double consonants in Russian roots

§ 106. Double consonants are written in the roots of Russian (not borrowed) words in the following cases.

Double consonants in borrowed (foreign) roots and suffixes

Rules for the use of non-alphabetic characters Hyphen

§ 111. The hyphen is used in the abbreviated written transmission of words, including such complexes in which not only letters but also non-letter characters (numbers, etc.) participate. These are the following cases.

Slash

§ 114. Scope of the sign / (slash) - scientific and business speech. It is used in the following functions.

Apostrophe

accent mark

§ 116. The stress sign is the sign ́, which is placed above the vowel corresponding to the stressed sound. This sign can be used consistently and selectively.

Rules for merged, hyphenated and separate spelling

General rules

§ 117. The following categories of words are written together.

§ 118. The following categories of words are written with a hyphen.

Nouns Common nouns

§ 119. The following categories of nouns are written together.

§ 120. The following categories of nouns and combinations of nouns are written with a hyphen

§ 121. In all other cases (not covered by § 119 - 120), the continuous or hyphenated spelling of nouns is regulated in dictionary order.

§ 122. The following combinations are written separately.

Proper names and compound names Names, pseudonyms, nicknames, nicknames

§ 123. Written separately:

§ 124. Are written with a hyphen:

place names

§ 125. They are written together:

§ 126. Are written with a hyphen:

§ 128. The following categories of adjectives are written together.

§ 129. The following categories of adjectives are written with a hyphen.

§ 132. They are written together:

§ 133. Written separately:

pronominal words

§ 135. Pronominal words are written with a hyphen:

Adverbs

§ 136. Are written together:

§ 137. Written separately:

§ 138. Are written with a hyphen:

Service words and interjections

§ 140. The following service words and interjections are written together.

§ 141. The following service words and interjections are written through a hyphen.

§ 142. The following service words are written separately.

Combinations with particles

§ 143. Combinations with the following particles are written with a hyphen.

§ 144. Combinations with the following particles are written separately.

Negative writings

Continuous spelling

§ 145. Regardless of the grammatical affiliation of the word, negation is not written together in the following cases.

Separate spelling

§ 146. Negation is not written separately in the following cases.

Consolidated/separate spelling

§ 147. With nouns, adjectives, adverbs on-negation is not written separately in the following cases.

§ 148. With nouns, adjectives, adverbs on-negation, it is not written together in the following cases.

§ 150. With full forms of participles, negation is not written separately:

Corrective rules (coordination rules)

§ 154. In the following cases, instead of a hyphen, a dash must be used.

§ 155. In constructions with repetitions, no sign is placed between two parts if at least one of the parts contains a space. This includes the following cases.

§ 158. Proper names can be used for a generalized designation of homogeneous objects, becoming common nouns; in this case, the uppercase letter in many cases is replaced by lowercase.

Proper names of people, animals, mythological creatures and words derived from them

Names related to religion

Job titles, ranks, titles

Names of orders, medals, awards, insignia

Names of trademarks, product brands and varieties

Capital letters in special stylistic usage

§ 204. Alphabetic abbreviations are usually written in capital letters, for example: mgu, sng, frg, evm, ptu, ck, fbr.

§ 207. Borrowed (without translation into Russian) sound abbreviations of foreign languages ​​are written in capital letters, for example: NATO, unesco, yupi (news agency), pen club.

Graphic abbreviations

Transfer Rules

§ 211. It is not allowed to leave one letter on a line or transfer to the next line. For example, you can’t transfer: a‑cation, acacia‑ya.

Punctuation marks at the end and at the beginning of a sentence. End marks in the middle of a sentence Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence

§ 8. Inside the sentence, an ellipsis is placed in the following cases (usually in literary texts):

Dividing a sentence with a dot

Dash in an incomplete sentence

§ 16. In incomplete sentences, a dash is placed in place of the omitted members of the sentence or their parts.

Punctuation marks with homogeneous members of a sentence Punctuation marks with homogeneous members of a sentence with and without unions

§ 30. A semicolon may be placed between homogeneous members of a sentence (or their groups).

Punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions

§ 37. Homogeneous definitions, expressed by adjectives and participles and standing before the word being defined, are separated from each other by a comma, heterogeneous - are not separated (for an exception, see § 41).

Punctuation marks for repeating sentence members

Punctuation marks for isolated members of a sentence Punctuation marks for isolated agreed definitions

§ 46. Definitive turns are isolated (highlighted or separated) by commas, i.e. Definitions expressed by participles or adjectives with dependent words, in the following cases.

§ 53. Inconsistent definitions expressed by nouns in the form of indirect cases with prepositions and related to common nouns are separated:

Punctuation marks for standalone applications

§ 62. Common applications that precede the word being defined are separated by commas (separation conditions are the same as segregation conditions for agreed definitions, see § 46 - 48):

§ 65. Applications are separated by a single dash (the second dash is absorbed by another sign or omitted):

§ 71. Participles and participles are not separated:

Punctuation marks with restrictive-excretory turns

Punctuation marks with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence

§ 87. In indecomposable combinations that include expressions that are integral in meaning, a comma is not put.

Punctuation marks for comparative turns

§ 90. Turnovers with comparative unions (particles) as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, which are not separated by commas in the following cases:

Punctuation marks for introductory and plug-in constructions Punctuation marks for introductory words, word combinations and sentences

§ 95. Introductory words and combinations of words, being next to coordinating unions, are separated or not separated from them by commas, depending on the context.

§ 96. Many of the introductory words and combinations of words can be homonymous to members of a sentence or conjunctions. Such differences (they are reflected in punctuation) appear in the context.

Punctuation marks when inserting

Punctuation marks when addressing

§ 106. As appeals, descriptions of the signs of an object, person can be used. Such appeals are distinguished as ordinary

Punctuation marks for interjections and interjectional sentences

Punctuation marks for affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamatory words

Punctuation marks in a compound sentence Punctuation marks in a compound sentence

§ 112. A comma is placed between parts of a compound sentence.

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

Section 116

§ 118. The dismemberment of a complex union is obligatory:

§ 119. In complex sentences with several homogeneous subordinate clauses, punctuation marks are placed according to the rules in force when separating homogeneous members of a simple sentence:

§ 124. A dash may be placed in a complex sentence:

§ 125. A colon is put in a complex sentence:

Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence

§ 129. In a non-union complex sentence, a colon is placed between the parts:

§ 130. In a non-union complex sentence, a dash is put:

Punctuation marks in complex syntactic constructions

§ 131. In complex syntactic constructions, i.e., in complex sentences with a different type of syntactic connection (with composition and subordination; with composition and union-free connection;

Punctuation marks for direct speech and quotations Punctuation marks for direct speech

§ 133. Direct speech, i.e., the speech of another person, included in the author's text and reproduced verbatim, is drawn up in two ways.

§ 135. The words of the author may break direct speech. In this case, quotation marks are placed only at the beginning and at the end of direct speech, i.e., quotation marks are not placed between direct speech and author's words.

§ 137. If direct speech belongs to different persons, then each replica is separated by quotation marks separately:

Quote punctuation marks

§ 140. Quotations are enclosed in quotation marks and punctuated in the same way as direct speech (see § 133 - 136):

§ 141. If the quotation is not given in full, then the omission is indicated by an ellipsis (at the beginning of the quotation, in the middle or at the end):

Quoting quotation marks and "foreign" words

§ 148. Quotation marks (foreign speech) included in the author's text, including direct speech (see § 140-145).

§ 159. When combining different punctuation marks with quotation marks, the following rules apply:

Unstressed vowels in prefixes

§ 38. In accordance with the general rule (see § 33), writing letters in place of unstressed vowels in prefixes (except for the prefix times-/rose-, see § 40) is established by checking words and forms with the same prefix in which the vowel being checked is stressed, e.g.:

inept, untalented, careless, inept(cf. incompetent, imbecile);

to freeze, to bring, to lock, to write down(cf. locked, record);

transfer, distort, transfer, shift, rewrite (census, transferred, rewritten);

take away, unlock, tear off, set aside (taken away, unlocked);

enclose, sign, cut, approach (signature, approach);

run, miss, skip, break through, wipe (miss, pass, broken through); great-grandmother (great-grandfather).

Note 1. From words with a prefix re- words with a foreign prefix should be distinguished peri-, eg: perigee, pericenter(terms of astronomy), pericarditis, peritonitis(medical terms), periscope, peripetia, paraphrase or paraphrase(philological term; hence the verb paraphrase but cf. paraphrase"say, put it differently").

Note 2. At the end of foreign (Latin) prefixes ultra- and extra- misspelled letter a, e.g. ultra-revolutionary, extraordinary, extrovert. However, in words with a Latin prefix intra-(intro-) spellings differ with letters a and about : cf., for example, intrazonal, intramolecular and introjection, introscopy, introvert.

§ 39. Prefixesat- andpre-. The spelling of these prefixes is subject to the general rule; both prefixes occur under stress: cf. leash, attack, overtone, whistle, arrived, attached, called and interrupted, betrayed. Application general rule requires taking into account the different meanings of these prefixes.

Console at- has the following main meanings:

proximity, close proximity to something, for example: Primorye, Baltic States, coastal, roadside, frontier, Urals, Volga;

approximations, additions, e.g.: to come running, to move, to attach, to attach, to ascribe, to buy;

incomplete action, for example: open up, lift up, squat down, cheer up, dampen;

bringing an action to a certain result, for example: prepare, accustom, caress, shame, reconcile, try on;

in verbs with suffixes -yva- (-iva-), -va- accompanying action value, e.g.: chant, chant, chant.

Console pre- in conjunction with adjectives and adverbs denotes a high degree of quality, for example: kind, sweet, obnoxious, obnoxious, calmly, abound. prefix in verbs pre- denotes an action in high degree (exalt, exalt, succeed), or has values ​​close to those of the prefix re- ( interrupt, refract, block, endure). In words like to exceed, to surfeit, to surplus, console pre- denotes excess, going beyond something.

In some words, the meaning of prefixes pre- and at- not entirely clear or their isolation is doubtful, e.g.: p cut, teach, pursue, present, forward, aged, free, fit, handsome, bizarre, order, hello. The spelling of such words is determined in dictionary order.

Note 1. Different prefixes in verbs exaggerate, exaggerate and in paired verbs that are close in meaning downplay and downplay. Verbs exaggerate and downplay with prefix pre- have the meaning "to present something in a larger (smaller) size than it really is." Verb multiply means "multiply, increase even more", and downplay -"slightly reduce".

Note 2. The spelling of other similar or similar-sounding words with prefixes also differs. pre- and at-, eg: stay(where) - arrive(where), betray(someone) - give(to whom; to what), limit - aisle, successor - receiver, receiver; bow down(knees, head) and bow down - bow down) "bending (bending down), bring (sya), lean (sya) against something."; transgress(what) - proceed(for what), transform(in what) - pretend(what) and pretend; transient - coming, endure - get used to, indispensable - inapplicable, repose - attach, immutable - attach.

§ 40. Prefixtimes- (ras-) / roses- (ros-). Contrary to the general rule, in this prefix, in place of an unstressed vowel, the letter is written a, and under stress about, eg: distribute(cf. distributed, distributed),schedule, receipt (painting), scatter, scatter, loose (scatter), spill, draft (bottling), search, detective (search), ignite (ignite), dissolve (dissolution), raffle (raffle).

§ 41. At the end of prefixes and prepositions ending in a consonant or consisting of only one consonant, in some cases an unstressed vowel appears before consonant combinations, which is transmitted in writing by the letter about, eg: bend(cf. bend), enter, enter, enter (enter), tear off (tear off, tear off), send (send), break off (break off, break), disassemble (disassemble, disassemble, parse), accelerate (accelerate, accelerate), like (knock out ), develop (develop), erase (erase), die off (die off); without everything (cf. without money), in everything (in the new), in me (in us), with our own (with us), in front of me, above me (in front of you, above you), to everyone (to you). Such an unstressed vowel prefix is ​​checked in a stressed position in the forms of passive participles past. temp. some verbs ( bent, folded, tattered, disassembled), as well as in some adverbs, for example: on time, blindly.

Unstressed vowels in suffixes

§ 42. In accordance with the general rule (see § 33), the spelling of letters in the place of unstressed vowels in suffixes is established by checking words and forms with the same suffix in which the vowel under test is stressed.

Examples of suffixes with verifiable vowels (test words are given in brackets). Letter suffixes and:

- and to: the culprit, the clever yearbook (old man, mischievous, raincoat);

-nand to: traveler, janitor, cowshed, price tag (mushroom garden, flower garden, glacier);

-schand to: nuclear worker, ice cream maker (shoe maker, storekeeper);

- and c(a): journalism, linguistics, astronautics, pedagogy(derivatives of type pedagogical, linguistic), automation, symbolism, specifics(derivatives of type symbolic);

- and c(a): favorite, bear (singer, tigress), skin (water);

- and n(a): lamb (sturgeon, pork), crack, scratch (wrinkle);

- and nk(a): bead (egg), cunning (cunning);

- and shk-(with a derogatory diminutive): dress, shed, overcoat (gun, house, thief);

-nand cha-and-and cha-: carpentry, originality (housekeeping);

- and rova-: to mask (to caricature).

Letter -and is also a suffix for adverbs ending in -skand , -ckand , -band : fraternally, creatively, valiantly, in French, like a cat (thieves, like a man).

Suffix with a letter s:

- s sh: foundling, foundling (baby, strong man).

Letter suffixes about:

- about st: courage, joy (anger - single check word)

- about t(a): beauty, diversity, breadth(plural forms: beauty, breadth);

- about vich: Olegovich (Petrovich);

- about to: teenager, sketch, stump (player, engine);

- about c-: orange, coastal (pine, oak, canvas);

- about Sun-: grandfather's, Shakespeare's (Starikovsky, Dnieper):

- about va-: line, address (lined, addressed, lined, redirected).

Note. On the ratio of verbal suffixes -ova- and -yva- see § 61.

Letter -about is also an adverb suffix: boldly, quickly, daily (far, good, fresh), including attachments in-, behind-, on-: left, right, dry, black, anew, easily (naked, at the same time).

Note. After soft paired consonants, hissing, c and j in such suffixes instead of about a letter is written e, eg: freshness, poverty, Igorevich, box, knife, tulle, chintz, combat, magnesium(from combat, magnesium),Uralmashevsky(from Uralmash),dalevsky(from Dal),to mourn, grieve, clumsily, sincerely. The same in words formed from indeclinable foreign names and surnames in -and, eg: Verdi, Rustaveli(from Verdi, Rustaveli),Genrievich(patronymic on behalf of Henry).

Suffix with a letter a:

- a r: baker, doctor, plowman (ringer, rebel).

Letter -a (-I ) is a suffix of adverbs with prefixes to-, from-, from-: satiety, until blue, long ago, left, right, again (naked, from afar, full), as well as the first adverbial elements in compound adjectives like yellow-red, blue-black, denoting shades of color.

Letter suffixes e:

- e nij-(in words on -enie):ordering, starching (increase, distribution);

- e c: favorite, lucky (brave, fool);

- e stv (o): insignificance, grace, festivity, identity(outdated to identity), substance(r. pl. substances derivatives: real, identical);

- e n (th): fried (boiled);

- e nn(th)(participle suffix): directed (insulted);

- e ish-: the most beautiful, the most interesting (the most tender, the most complete);

- e e(the first letter is checked): more beautiful, more interesting (full, stronger);

- e R-(suffix of numerals): four, five(derivatives of type four, five);

- e R- in the basics of indirect cases and plural forms. hours of words mother and daughter: mother, daughter (daughter).

Letter -e is also a suffix for adverbs with prefixes in- and on the-:briefly, again, soon, ready (completely, roughly, on a par).

Letters e and about (about possible only after solid consonants g, k, x) are written in the suffix of adjectives and adverbs - e nk-/-about nk-: old, clean, weak, quickly; light and light, bad and bad; check: adverbs of type good, light, quiet. Same (with letters) e and about respectively after consonants w and X) suffixes are written -yoshenk- and -yohonk- in adjectives and adverbs like white and white,plump and plump,radyoshenek and radёhonek, exactly, early and early.

Unstressed vowels in prefixes

In this lesson, we will learn how to write words with unstressed vowels in prefixes without errors.

When a vowel is stressed, it is in a strong position, that is, it is heard well. In an unstressed position, the vowel sound is pronounced indistinctly - this is his weak position. Recall how the rule for checking unstressed vowels at the root sounds:

Stress, like a magic wand, disenchants vowels and makes them crisp and clear:

This is how we act when we check unstressed vowels in the root. Maybe this rule will help us in the case of unstressed vowels in prefixes?

Let's take a word with an unstressed vowel sound in a prefix and try to pick up words with the same root for it in which this unstressed sound becomes stressed.

For these words, we were able to pick up single-root words with a prefix under stress. But there are very few such words in our speech.

Z_beg - run, run, run. D_stall - d_stand, d_rate. You stood there - you stood there, you stood there. We see that the vowel in the prefix, as it was unstressed, remained so. This means that the verification method that we used when working with the root does not suit us. Consider the following words:

In the words of the first column - prefixes with unstressed vowels, in the words of the second column - prefixes under stress. The common thing in words is that vowels in prefixes under stress and without stress are written the same way. This means that prefixes just need to be remembered.

There are several words with the prefix pra-: great-grandmother, great-grandfather, great-grandson, great-granddaughter and with the prefix pa-: flood, stepson, stepdaughter. In these cases, the emphasis falls on the prefix, and you will not make a mistake in writing it.

§ 38. In accordance with the general rule (see § 33), writing letters in place of unstressed vowels in prefixes (except for the prefix times-/roses-, see § 40) is established by checking words and forms with the same prefix in which the vowel being checked is stressed, e.g.:

inept, untalented, careless, inept(cf. incompetent, imbecile);

to freeze, to bring, to lock, to write down(cf. locked, record);

to transfer, to distort, to transfer, to shift, to rewrite (census, transmitted, distorted);

take away, unlock, tear off, set aside (took away, opened);

enclose, sign, cut, step up (signature);

run through, miss, skip, break through, wipe (miss, pass, broken through); great-grandmother (great-grandfather).

Note 1. From words with a prefix re- words with a foreign prefix should be distinguished peri-, for example: perigee, pericenter(terms of astronomy), pericarditis, peritonitis(medical terms), periscope, peripetia, paraphrase or paraphrase(philological term; hence the verb paraphrase but cf. paraphrase‘say, put it differently’).

Note 2. At the end of foreign (Latin) prefixes ultra- and extra- misspelled letter a , eg. ultra-revolutionary, extraordinary, extrovert. However, in words with a Latin prefix intra- (intro) spellings differ with letters a and about : cf., for example, intrazonal, intramolecular and introjection, introscopy, introvert.

§ 39. Prefixes at- and pre- . The spelling of these prefixes is subject to the general rule; both prefixes occur under stress: cf. leash, attack, overtone, whistle, arrived, attached, called and interrupted, betrayed. The application of the general rule requires consideration different values these attachments.

Console at- has the following main meanings:

1. proximity, direct adjacency to something, for example: Primorye, Baltic States, coastal, roadside, frontier, Urals, Volga ;

2. approximations, additions, for example: to come running, to move, to attach, to attach, to ascribe, to buy ;

3. incomplete action, for example: open up, lift up, squat down, cheer up, dampen ;

4. bringing the action to a certain result, for example: prepare, accustom, caress, shame, reconcile, try on ;

5. in verbs with suffixes -yva- (-willow-), −wa-- the value of the accompanying action, for example: chant, chant, chant .

Console pre- in conjunction with adjectives and adverbs denotes a high degree of quality, for example: kind, sweet, obnoxious, obnoxious, calmly, abound. prefix in verbs pre- denotes an action that is manifested in a high degree ( exalt, exalt, succeed), or has values ​​close to those of the prefix re- (interrupt, refract, block, endure). In words like to exceed, to surfeit, to surplus, console pre- denotes excess, going beyond something.

In some words, the meaning of prefixes pre- and at- not entirely clear or their isolation is doubtful, e.g.: despise, teach, persecute, present, forward, aged, free, fit, handsome, bizarre, order, hello. The spelling of such words is determined in dictionary order.

Note 1. Prefixes in verbs differ exaggerate, exaggerate and in paired verbs that are close in meaning downplay and downplay. Verbs exaggerate and downplay with prefix pre- have the meaning ‘to present something. in bo ́ bigger (smaller) than it really is. Verb multiply means ‘multiply more, increase’, and downplay– ‘slightly reduce’.

Note 2. The spelling of other similar or similar-sounding words with prefixes also differs. pre- and at-, for example: stay(where) - arrive(where), betray(someone) - give(to whom; to what), limit - aisle, successor - receiver, receiver; bow (kneel, head) and to bow - bow down‘having bent (bent down), approach (sya), lean (s) against something.’; transgress(what) - proceed(for what), transform(in what) - pretend(what) and pretend; transient - coming, endure - get used to, indispensable - inapplicable, repose - attach, immutable - attach.

§ 40. Prefix times- (ras-) / roses- (ros-) . Contrary to the general rule, in this prefix, in place of an unstressed vowel, the letter is written a , and under stress - about , for example: distribute(cf. distributed, distributed), schedule, schedule (painting), scatter, scatter, scatter (placer), spill, spill (bottling), search, search (search), set on fire (kindling), dissolve (dissolution), play a prank (draw).

§ 41. At the end of prefixes and prepositions ending in a consonant or consisting of only one consonant, in some cases an unstressed vowel appears before consonant combinations, which is transmitted in writing by the letter about , for example: With about bend(cf. bend), in about go, to about I'm going to about walked (enter), from about tear (tear off, tear off), under about send (send), about about tear (break off, break), once about take (take apart, take apart, take apart), once about chase (accelerate, accelerate), under about beat (knock out), once about view (develop), With about true (erase), from about are dying (die off); without about Total(cf. without money), in about everything (in the new), in about to me (in us), With about their (with us), before about me, over about me (in front of you, above you), to about everyone (to you). Such an unstressed vowel prefix is ​​checked in a stressed position in the forms of passive participles past. temp. some verbs ( bent, sent, torn, disassembled), as well as in some adverbs, for example: on time, blindly .