Solid paired consonants. How to distinguish voiced and voiceless consonants
In Russian, voiceless and voiced consonants are separated. The rules for writing letters denoting them begin to be studied already in the first grade. But even after leaving school, many still cannot write words without errors, where voiceless and voiced consonants are encountered. This is sad.
Why do you need to correctly write voiceless and voiced consonants in Russian
Some people are superficial about the culture of writing. They justify their ignorance in this area with such a common phrase: "What difference does it make how it is written, it is still clear what it is about!"
In fact, mistakes in spelling of words indicate a low level of personality culture. You can't consider yourself developed man not being able to write correctly in their native language.
There is one more fact that testifies in favor of the rule of error-free spelling. After all, voiceless and voiced consonants are sometimes found in words that are homophones orally in speech. That is, they sound the same, but they are written differently. Incorrect use of the letter in them is fraught with the loss or change of the meaning of the context.
For example, the words "pond" - "twig", "cat" - "code", "horn" - "rock" are just included in this list.
Shameful loss
A funny episode from life can be told to schoolchildren in the Russian language lesson. It should be based on the fact that several guys did not know how to correctly write letters in words for voiced and voiceless consonants.
And it happened during the school team game "Treasure Hunters". In her rules it was noted that you need to move along the route indicated in the notes. Moreover, the place where the next letter was hidden was not indicated exactly. The note only contained a hint of it.
The teams received their first letters with the following text: "Road, meadow, stone." One group of children immediately ran towards the lawn, found a stone there, under which a letter was hidden. The second, having confused the words-homophones "meadow" and "bow", ran to the garden bed. But, naturally, they did not find any stone among the bright green rows.
You can change the story in such a way as if an illiterate scribe composed the notes. It was he who, giving instructions to the members of his team, used "bow" instead of the word "meadow". Not knowing how to spell paired voiced and voiceless consonants, the "literate" misled the guys. As a result, the competition was disrupted.
The rule of writing dubious paired consonants for deafness-voiced consonants
In fact, it is quite simple to check which letter should be written in a particular case. Paired voiced and voiceless consonants raise doubts about writing only when they are at the end of a word or there is another voiceless consonant behind them. If one of these cases takes place, you need to choose a single root or change the form of the word so that the dubious consonant is followed by a vowel sound. You can also use the option where the checked letter is followed by a voiced consonant.
A mug is a mug, snow is snow, bread is bread; carving - carved, sweat - sweaty.
Didactic game "Connect the checked word with the checking word"
In order to have time to do more during class, you can play a game in which skills are consolidated without writing down. Its condition will be a task in which children are asked only to connect test words with the tested traits. It takes less time for this, and the work done will be extremely effective.
The game will become more interesting if it is carried out in the form of a competition. For this, three variants of tasks are made, where two columns are used. One contains test words. In the other, you need to add those in which voiced and voiceless consonants are in a dubious position. Examples of words might be like this.
First column: bread, ponds, snow, onion, meadows, twig... Second column: onions, bread, meadow, twig, snow, pond.
To complicate the task, you can include in the column with test words those that are not suitable for verification, that is, they are not the same root with those in the spelling of which there are doubts: snacks, servant, octopus.
Voice-deafness consonant table
All consonants are divided according to several parameters. During the phonetic parsing of a word at school, characteristics such as softness-hardness, voicedness or deafness are indicated. For example, the sound [n] is a consonant, solid, voiced. And the sound [n] differs from it in only one characteristic: it is not voiced, but deaf. The difference between the sounds [p] and [p '] lies only in softness and hardness.
Based on these characteristics, a table is compiled, thanks to which it is possible to determine whether the sound has a pair of soft-hardness. After all, some consonants are only soft or only hard.
Also, voiced and voiceless consonants are distinguished. The table presented here shows that some sounds do not have a pair for this feature. For example, these are
- y, l, m, n, p;
- x, c, h, sch.
Moreover, the sounds of the first row are voiced, and the sounds of the second are deaf. The rest of the consonants are paired. It is they that make it difficult to write, since a dull sound is often heard where the letter denoting a voiced consonant is written.
Only paired consonants - voiced and voiceless - require checks. The table reflects this point. For example, the sound "b", falling into the final position or facing another voiceless consonant, itself "stuns", turning into "p". That is, the word "hornbeam" (wood species) is pronounced and heard as [grap].
The table shows that these sounds are paired in voicing-deafness. The same can be called "v" - "f", "g" - "k", "d" - "t", "w" - "w" and "z" - "s". Although to the pair "g" - "k" you can add the sound "x", which often sounds in a stunned position in place of "g": soft - soft[m'ahk'iy], light - light[l'ohk'iy].
Didactic game-loto "Doubtful consonants"
So that classes in which the spelling of voiced and voiceless consonants are studied do not turn into a tedious routine, they should be diversified. For teachers and parents, special small cards with pictures and words containing dubious consonants can be prepared for didactic games. Doubtful consonants can be replaced with dots or asterisks.
Additionally, larger cards should be made, in which only letters will stand, denoting consonants that are paired in voicing-voicelessness. Cards with pictures are laid out on the table.
At the signal of the leader, the players take them from the table and cover the letters on the large card with them, which are missed in their opinion. Whoever closes all the windows before others and without mistakes is considered the winner.
Extracurricular activities in the Russian language
Winning options for developing interest in this field of science are evenings, competitions, KVNs. They are held after hours for everyone.
It is very important to create a captivating scenario for such an event. Special attention should be given to developing assignments that are both useful and fun. These activities can be conducted with students of all ages.
Interesting tasks can also be those that contain an element of literary creativity. For example, it is useful to suggest to the guys:
Make a story about how the sounds "t" and "d" quarreled;
Come up with as many cognate words for the word "horn" as possible in one minute;
Write a short quatrain with rhymes: meadow-onion, twig-pond.
Alternating consonants in Russian
Sometimes, contrary to the laws of spelling, some letters in words are replaced by others. For example, "spirit" and "soul". Historically (etymologically) they are of the same root, but they have different letters at the root - "x" and "w". The same process of alternating consonants is observed in the words "burden" and "wear." But in the latter case, the sound "sh" alternates with the consonant "s".
However, it should be noted that this is not an alternation of voiced and voiceless consonants that make up a pair. This is a special type of replacement of one sound with another, which occurred in ancient times, at the dawn of the formation of the Russian language.
Such consonant sounds alternate:
- h - f - g (example: friends - to be friends - friend);
- t - h (example: fly - fly);
- c - h - k (example: face - personal - face);
- s - w - x (examples: forester - goblin, arable land - to plow);
- w - d - railway (example: leader - driver - driving);
- h - st (example: fantasy - fantastic);
- u - ck (example: polished - gloss);
- u - st (example: paved - to pave).
Often, alternation is called the appearance in verbs of the sound "l", which in this case bears the beautiful name "el epentetikum". Examples are the pairs of words "love - love", "feed - feed", "buy - buy", "graph - graph", "catch - catch", "ruin - ruin".
The Russian language is so rich, the processes taking place in it are so diverse that if the teacher tries to find exciting options for work in the classroom, both in the classroom and outside the classroom, then many teenagers will plunge into the world of knowledge and discoveries, will be really interested in this school subject.
What sounds are called consonants?
What does a consonant sound consist of?
What are consonant sounds?
How many consonants and consonant sounds are in the Russian alphabet?
Which consonants are always hard and which are always soft?
What letters indicate the softness of a consonant sound?
Sounds, during the pronunciation of which the air meets an obstacle in the mouth, are called consonant sounds... A consonant sound consists of noise and voice, or only noise.
Consonants are divided into voiced and deaf... The voiced ones consist of noise and voice, the deaf ones only of noise.
Sounds consist only of noise: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [c], [h], [w], [u]. These are voiceless consonants.
Many consonants form pairs by voicingdeafness: [b] — [n], [in] — [f], [g] — [k], [d] — [t], [z] — [s], [w] — [NS].
To memorize voiced consonants, you can learn the phrase: “ LEO AND TOAD HAVE MANY FRIENDS».
See all phrases for memorizing voiced and voiceless consonants.
Voiceless consonants are easy to remember by the phrase: “ STEPKA, DO YOU WANT SCHETS?— Ugh!».
Consonant sounds are indicated by letters:
B,V,G,D,F,Z,Th,TO,L,M,N,NS,R,WITH,T,F,NS,C,H,NS,SCH.
In total, the Russian language has 21 consonant letters.
Consonant sounds are also hard and soft.
Hard and soft sounds differ in the position of the tongue when pronouncing. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate.
Most consonants form hard-soft pairs:
The following hard and soft consonants do not form pairs in terms of hardness-softness:
| Solid | [f] | [NS] | [c] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Soft | [h❜] | [uch❜] | [th❜] |
Table "Consonant sounds: paired and unpaired, voiced and deaf, hard and soft" (grades 1-4)
Note: v primary school hard consonants are indicated in blue, soft consonants are green, vowel sounds - in red.
Hardness consonants are indicated in writing with vowels A , O , Have , NS , NS .
Softness a consonant sound is indicated in writing with vowels E, E, I, Yu, I and also the letter B(soft sign).
Compare: nose[nose] - carried[n❜os], injection[injection] - coal[úgal❜].
Unpaired voiced sounds [y❜], [l], [l❜], [m], [m❜] [n], [n❜] [p], [p❜] are called sonorous, which translated from Latin means "sonorous".
The sounds [w], [w], [h❜], [u] are called hissing... They got this name because their pronunciation is similar to hiss.
Sounds [w], [w] are unpaired solid hissing sounds.
The sounds [ч❜] and [ш] are unpaired soft hissing sounds.
Sounds [c], [c❜], [h], [z❜], [c] are called whistling.
Consonant can not be percussive or unstressed.
In Russian, there are more consonant sounds (36) than consonant letters (21), since one letter can denote paired solid and soft sounds: for example, the letter L (el) denotes the sounds [л] and [л❜].
Attention! A consonant can form a syllable only with
1. A grammatical tale.
Paired and unpaired
Once the King Alphabet and the Queen ABC organized a fabulous ball, to which all the letters were invited. There they split into pairs and began to dance. Vowels danced with vowels, and consonants danced with consonants. The letters A - Z, U - Yu, Y - I, E - E, O - E were dancing the waltz. They had fun!
The consonants also danced in pairs, but their sluggishness hindered them a little, and they puffed, hissed and whistled with zeal. These were the pairs: B - P, V - F, G - K, D - T, F - W, Z - S.
Moreover, the letters B, C, D, D, F, Z were loudly kicked in time to the music. These were too clear letters.
But P, F, K, T, W, S were deaf to music. Voiced letters cheerfully shouted their names to the beat of the music, and dull letters timidly whispered, like an echo, the names of their friends. These were the strange couples they were.
But there were also lonely letters at the ball. They did not want to dance at all and preferred solitude. These are L, M, H, R, Y, X, Ts, Sh, b, b.
They had no pairs. These are unpaired letters. Since then, it has become the custom. On holidays, paired letters are danced together with their partner. And the unpaired letters just sit quietly and watch the dancers.
2. Consonants, as you know, are voiceless and voiced. Some of them are so similar to each other - real "twins"; they walk, look, dress the same way. But when some speak, they can be heard, while others are very difficult to hear, no matter how hard they try. These are paired in voicing - deafness. Each of this pair has their own costume to adequately represent the sound in the alphabet.
Isn't it overkill?
No, in no case, because, among other things, they also help to distinguish words by meaning: ball - heat, count - goal, dust - real, fishing rod - duck, etc.
These letters - twins need to be learned well, since there will still be a lot of trouble with them. In the alphabet, they occupied two whole floors.
And the trouble is that the voiced ones at the end are stunned and you need to guess (with the help of a test word) which letter should be written. It is necessary to change the word so that the consonant is heard clearly:
oak - oaks, eyebrow - eyebrows, eye - eyes, etc.
3. Words for spelling and commentary writing.
Fur coat, hat, snowdrift, fungi, pillar, hawk, mushroom, timid, oak, fish, strong, sheepskin coat, tangles, club, bug, oaks, sponge, soup, hazel grouse, chills, boggy, chilly, tooth, fragile, shell, error, paw, scratches, turnip, sickle, bread, teeth, ice hole, sliver, smile, forehead, sticky, modeling, club, coat of arms, creak, dove, armful, dove, cork.
B - F
Button, grass, cream, ladybug, pin, dexterous, healthy, watering, cheat, telegraph, floats, shop, a lot of firewood, wardrobe, ready, giraffe, carrot, love, jacket, head, groove, beak, shoes, sleeve, prunes , tree, handsome, polite.
G - K
Snow, lungs, meadow, bow, soft, claws, ravine, enemy, circle, shore, pie, boot, lodging, flag, cottage cheese, tongue, surgeon, friend, plow, cook, side, sound, god, around, tank, chilled, haystack, pillar, south, fist, screech, iron, Thursday, fisherman, far, wide, deep, high, kitten, wolf cub, jackdaw, fellow countryman, worm, bruise, spruce forest, glacier, sailor, oak tree, trifle, messenger, traveler, companion, worker, joker.
D - T
Beds, exercise, notebook, patch, forget-me-not, sweet, breast, labor, year, brother, boat, hike, tent, fur, camel, kids, winches, scraps, steamer, staircase, riddle, old age, gait, hedge, smooth, horse, city, playground, Kindergarten, remnants, ford, west, hail, light, smooth surface, view, rare, rain, mole, side by side, crib, crossbill, thrush, newsboy, pilot, cat, code, scarves, plant, oil, entrance, bridge, detachment, people , bed, duck, congress, bookmark, vegetable garden, portrait, okay, honey, branch, seine, wiring, short. hide and seek, wobbly, bear, ears, saucer, landing, bookmark, Medvedko, package, threads, sensitive, threshing, walking, machine gunner, find, cleaning, coin, dilapidated, berry, liquid, beard, small towns.
F - W
Legs, spoons, cups, mugs, hedgehog, track, cart, rye, friends, plush, guardian, landscape, pillow, porridge, pies, good, good-looking, snowballs, wilderness, brooch, trembling, palm, roots, insects, so, jumping, bags, flags, lily of the valley, earrings, russula, bear, drawing, mouse, mitten, girlfriend, reportage, birdie, hockey stick, okroshka, walrus, boots, cockerel, nuts, birdie, bump, frog, snowballs, baskets, siskin , shirt, crew, book, horns, beach, luggage, chamomile, accordion, shavings, ears, comb, rug, pencil, garage, ruff, quiet, shower, reeds, midge, arena, quiet, pig, edge, jogging, potatoes , paper, lavash, toys, cook, little brother, top, hut, kids, bunny, coward, feathers, blotter, gossip, grains, grandma, old woman, wings, feeder, parsley, poor thing, pole, little fish, mother, freckles, kids , volyushka, baby, face, winter, baby, cake.
Z - C
Sharp, low, watchdog, frost, elm, steam locomotive, haymaking, birch, tears, cart, narrow, taste, watermelon, cargo, sail, frozen, drizzle, rime, prankster, horror, fairy tale, Denis, knight, connection, lynx, gnaw, interest, eye, hung, down, cut, bandage, blouse, close, hint, collective farm, pointer, putty, flattery, climb, ointment, clipping, pole, ear, crucian carp, inscription, shepherd, Russia, request, painting, nose, slippery, pasture, radish, carry, crawl, sled, carving, lead, denouement, canopy, tray, nipple, pussy, bowl, disappeared, slices, voice, loader, scribe, viscous.
4. Find paired consonants in proverbs.
There is honey - to climb into the hive.
Pick up a berry, pick up a box.
To eat a fish, you need flattery in the water.
The tail of the head is not a pointer.
Bread is the head of everything.
Bread is father, water is mother.
Small spool but precious.
According to Senka and a hat.
One with a bipod, and seven with a spoon.
There is honey on the tongue, and ice on the heart.
old friend better than the new two.
The snow is deep - the year is good.
Grandma with porridge, and grandfather with a spoon.
Sweeter than all fruits is the fruit of honest labor.
Your eye is a diamond.
Your two eyes are dearer than a diamond.
It is not the fur coat that warms, but the bread.
5. For these nouns, select nouns with the suffix-point-.
La ... ka - _________, blu ... ka - _____________,
tetra ... ka - ___________, faith ... ka - ____________,
about ... ka - ____________, re ... ka - ______________.
6. For these adjectives, choose adjectives-antonyms.
Thick - ________________, high - __________________,
Distant ________________, bitter - ___________________.
7. Choose appropriate nouns with voiced and voiceless consonants in the middle of the word for sentences.
A snowstorm sweeps up __________________________________________.
The students in the class did _____________________________ for the books.
8. Insert the missing consonant into the word, write down the test word.
Oshi ... ka, _________________ - vare ... ka,
Boom ... ka, __________________ - no ... ka,
Bese ... ka, ___________________ - scree ... ka,
Ska ... ka, ___________________ - village ... ka,
About ... bah, ___________________ - I'll go to bed ... ka.
9. Make a sentence with the words of each line.
Mouse, cat, eyes, paws.
Friendship, books and notebooks,
Fur coat, hat and boots,
Both birch and earrings.
10. Insert the missing letters.
Dream ... ki, api ... ki, fla ... ki, ki ... ki, ore ... ki.
11. Find the words you want.
What is the name of the hut where the watchman lives?
Decoration in the ears.
Solid belt closure.
Part of a table or chair.
12. Conversion of words.
Change one letter in the words. Match each one with a test and write it down.
Forest - (lion), god - (dog), fairy tale - (pointer), spoon - (boat), turnip - (chip), circle - (friend), bread - (stable), bite - (beak), boat - (hat).
13. Word chain.
Each new word must begin with a letter to which
the previous one ends, and ends with a pair bell or deaf
consonant.
Cold - ... (grandfather - dog - gas - tooth - ford - ...).
Bus - (trail - friend - year - thrush - duty - hail - ...)
Frost - (tooth - luggage - beetle - cube - ...)
14. Underline a consonant in words whose pronunciation differs from
spelling.
Flag, squad, house, cold, ruler, ice, chalk, hike, frost, table, flower,
soup, book, glass.
15. Underline in words paired voiced and voiceless consonants.
The hammer is young, sickle-coat of arms, carriage-nose, pond-twig, rot-rod, raft-fruit,
frost - grew, tooth-soup.
16. Complete the consonants.
Sugro…, factory…, this…, moro…, hand….
17. Underline voiced and voiceless consonants in words, add to them
test words.
Notebook - notebooks, little book,
iron -_________, fungi -_________,
pie -________, oaks -__________,
watchman -_______, narrow -__________.
18. Underline voiced consonants in words.
Car, oaks, berry, leg, banner, subway, ax, sea, Saturday,
summer, modeling.
19. For these words from the first column, select the words from
the second column. Make suggestions with them.
wind me ... kaya
bunny at ... kai
ice re ... cue
road cre ... cue
pillow ro ... cue
20. Underline voiceless consonants in words.
Lilac, ax, furniture, bread, bug, peas, circus, people, book, watch, ruler, sheep.
21. Insert missing words with paired consonants.
The student did three ____________ in the dictation.
Gold _____________ live in the aquarium.
A narrow ___________ led to the forest.
The watchman lives in ____________.
There was a dilapidated _________ on the bank of the river.
In the den in the hall ... brown _____________.
22. Underline in words paired voiceless and voiced consonants in the middle
The cat is a spoon, a toy track,
bandage stroller, laughing snowballs,
fur coat-hat, mowing-thread.
23. Write down the verbs in the past tense.
Comes off - ___________, chills - ______________,
freezes - ________, disappears - _____________,
will creep up -________, bite off -______________.
24. First, write out all voiced consonants from a verse passage, and
then - the deaf.
The autumn wind rises in the forests,
It goes noisy more often.
She picks off dead leaves and cheerfully
Carries in a frantic dance. (I. Bunin)
25. Errors.
What words is Andrey confusing? Will the sentences be clear in his notes?
In the class they write under dictation:
"I brought a mushroom from the forest."
Only Andrei deduces deftly:
"I brought the flu from the forest."
Well, tell me why?
The players own the bass
And the singer with an enviable pass,
Fruits float on the river
And there are rafts growing in the garden.
Explain why
Is he unlucky at school?
26. Find all spellings and explain their spelling.
Behind the village is a meadow
And in the garden there is an onion.
And along the river - a raft,
And on the pear is the fruit.
27. Read the poem by FITyutchev.
The sight of the earth is still sad, nature has not yet woken up,
And in the spring the air breathes, But through a thinning dream
And the stalk, dead in the field, sways, she heard the spring
And the oil stirs the branches. And she involuntarily smiled at her.
1) Count how many voiceless consonants are in each line.
2) Find the most “voiceless” string (that is, the one with the most voiceless consonants) and the most “sonorous” (where there are the most voiced consonants). Read them aloud again.
3) Think about how the content of these lines is related to the number of voiceless consonants?
28. Imagine that you are in your kitchen. Wow, how many different
items! I show you an object, and you name it and to
select a test word for the named word.
These are the words: cup, spoon, mug, spatula, frying pan, mitten-
potholder, napkin.
29. Pick up the required card (V-F, Z-S, D-T).
The stork makes dawn ... ku - Pelican dives lo ... ko.
That jump, then snuggle ... ku, That's what training means ... ka!
Octino ... put on pepper ... ki, Cancer hall ... on a scooter,
And the seal ran away from the area ... ki. All forward ..., and he - naza ....
30. Write the words: de ..., pru ..., glue ..., ry ... ka, er .... Compose the text according to
these pivotal words. Try to call the controller for help -
vowel and determine the correct spelling. What words did you test
by changing the word, and to which one did you select a related word?
Unpronounceable consonants
Sometimes consonants
Play hide and seek with us.
They are not pronounced
But they are written in a notebook.
Sometimes in words they meet
Terrible consonants.
They are not pronounced
And what to write is not clear to you ...
To know how to write, Not wonderful, not beautiful
It is necessary to change the word, but it is terrible and dangerous
And it is in vain to write the letter T behind an incomprehensible sound.
Search quickly for a vowel. Everyone knows how adorable
The letter T is appropriate to write.
1. Conversation about unpronounceable consonants.
Not all consonants in words are pronounced; some of them are disappearing, hiding. If a word with an unpronounceable consonant cannot be checked, you should remember its spelling.
Why do sounds disappear?
The fact is that three consonants in a row can be very difficult to pronounce, so we simplify their pronunciation in this way. And their writing cannot be simplified. There are unpronounceable consonants for a reason. They have their own history. For example, why do we write the letter t in the word ladder? In the Old Russian language there was a word lstvitsa. So it turned into a staircase under the influence of words such as sugar bowl, inkwell. As for the word itself, it is formed from the verb to climb, to climb, with the help of the suffix -tv (a).
This means that the unpronounceable t in the noun ladder is the remainder of the suffix –tv (a).
2. Words for spelling and commentary writing.
In some words, the letters D, T, B, L are not pronounced, but written.
To check an unpronounceable consonant, you need to choose
a single root word so that this consonant is heard well.
Some words cannot be verified. Remember: a feeling, a ladder.
D - starry, late, holiday, heart.
T - valiant, sad, bone, oral, stairs, neighborhood, terrain, whistled, famous, adorable, furious, honest, happy, messenger, reed, cabbage, rainy, joyful, private,
Giant, regional, domineering, serf.
B - feeling, hello.
L is the sun.
The combination of sn - zn.
CH - wonderful, beautiful, terrible, dangerous, in vain, tasty, interesting, cramped, insipid, heavenly, sailing, agreeable, voiceless, wordless.
ZN - ugly, amiable, iron, collective farm, serious, diamond.
3. Find and write down words with unpronounceable consonants. Nearby
write down the test words.
a) Valiant, ladder, leaf, kind, whistled, reed, briefcase,
cloud, messenger, window, hello.
b) Health, sun, leaf, heart, starry, book, friend, famous,
joyful, neighborhood, column, furious, honest, holiday,
lovely.
4. Write down the words for the signs of objects. Insert
missing letters. Write down words for objects next to it.
Known ... ny (who?) .... Celebration… night (what?)….
Sad ... ny (what?) .... Star ... new (what?) ....
Cabbage ... ny (what?) .... Honest ... ny (who?) ....
5. Copy the text by inserting the missing letters
Art… it m… pink p… year. Frost has run birches in the forest, ... blues,
old ol ... hu. Has come to life l ... sleepy p ... lyana. Have arrived ... bullfinches, titmouses. The hare buried itself in a dream under the spruce….
Suddenly zash ... sang through the forest, a drizzle started to run. It became in l ... su t ... mno. Nal ... tel the wind. D ... download ... go. Floor… drifts from spruce la…. In a dream ... sprinkled. Started in ... south.
So ... nce sanctified ... the surroundings. Crunch ... zero dry branch in a dream spilled ... beautiful body ... naya bird. The shepherd drives the herd to pasture ... bishche.
In a dream ... poses fell out ... but. Sad ... ny st ... yat days. Everyone is waiting for a joyous ... ny celebration ... nickname.
6. Form adjectives from nouns.
Joy - ____________________,
bad weather - ___________________,
happiness - ____________________,
star - ______________________,
whistle - ______________________,
charm - ___________________.
7. Make sentences from these words and write them down. Insert
missing letters.
It is difficult to find out our place in winter.
Covered, carpet, snow, everything.
Nenas ... naya, the weather is standing.
It blows, fierce ... ny, wind, cold.
Look, at, trees, grus ... but, naked.
8. Identify by ear words with unpronounceable and doubtful
consonants and choose test words for them.
Frost and sun, Wonderful day!
You are still asleep, dear friend.
Blood plays easily and joyfully in the heart,
Desires are boiling - I'm happy again, young!
Three maidens by the window
Spinning late in the evening ...
“Hello, you are my beautiful prince!
Why are you quiet as a rainy day? .. "
9. Read the poem expressively, explain all spelling, and
then try to write from memory any four you remember.
The sun is watching from the sky But the sun will shine
Millions of years. And goes away.
The sun is pouring down on the earth And a living heart
And warmth and light. Warms day and night.
So the heart is better
The sun itself
No clouds
Do not outshine him!
10. Riddles. Write guesses with test words
They will spread the carpet, it knocks day and night,
Peas are scattered: As if it were started.
Not to lift a carpet, It will be bad if suddenly
Not collect peas. This knock will stop.
(Starry sky) (Heart)
Well, which of you will answer6
Not fire, but it burns painfully.
Not a lantern, but shines brightly,
And not a baker, but a baker? (The sun)
11. From the words given in brackets, form the adjectives received
write phrases.
Day (holiday); evening (late); morning (bad weather); smile (joy);
deed (honor); labor (valor); life (happiness); kind (sadness).
12. Add proverbs with words with unpronounceable consonants.
Work for hands - for soul….
Not in strength ... but in truth.
In the big ... and the distant close.
... work is our wealth.
... the clock is not observed.
Words for inquiries: happy, honest, heart, holiday, honesty.
13. Write off, replacing the highlighted words with synonyms with unpronounceable
consonants.
Similar information.
Edition 51
A new lesson in the Russian language began with repetition. Leading Vasilisa asked to repeat everything that the students had learned about consonants. Friends from Shishkin Les remembered a lot:
There are more consonants than vowels.
The consonants cannot be sung.
They are pronounced with noise and voice: B, F, Z.
Or just with noise: P, T, F.
Consonants are voiced, voiceless paired unpaired.
- How is it paired? - Zubok was surprised. Are they steaming in the bath?
- The thing is that you missed the previous lesson in which we studied paired consonants, - explained Vasilisa. Now Shunya and Vesnushka will tell you what consonants they know: voiced voiceless paired unpaired. And they will give examples.
A voiced "W" will be paired with a voiceless "W". For example: heat is a ball.
- I understand, - said Zubok. A dull sound is the same as a voiced sound, but spoken quietly, without a voice.
- But it so happens that we can not immediately understand what letter to write in a word. At the end of words, many voiced consonants are heard dull. For example: in the word "tooth" the sound "p" is heard, and we write a voiced consonant "b".
- So how do we make sense of all these voiced voiceless paired unpaired consonants? - Zubok was upset. Is it possible to learn everything by heart?
“No, you don’t have to learn all the words by heart,” reassured Vasilisa. It is enough to change the word so that after the incomprehensible consonant there is a vowel. And then we will understand exactly what letter to write. For example, in the word "year" you hear a voiceless "t" at the end. We change the word - at the beginning of January we wish you a Happy New Year. In the word "year" you can clearly hear the sonorous "d". So we write it in the word "year".
However, not all consonants are paired. Let's find these loners together in the Russian alphabet. Two houses are drawn on the board. Paired consonants will live in one, and unpaired ones in the other. Help, friends!
Paired Unpaired
F - W M, N
Z - C X, C
K - G R, L
Now let's make a story out of words with only unpaired consonants. The disciples came up with the following words: fly, king, moon, knight. The fly sat on the crown of the king's head. He didn’t notice it because he was looking at the moon. And then his faithful knight entered. And he scared the fly away. Well done! Have you come up with your own story?
The lesson in which we studied voiced unvoiced paired unpaired consonants has come to an end.
Although these consonants are paired,
But they are still very different.
Tooth and soup, shelter and pilaf,
What to write at the end of words?
Either voiced, or quieter,
Cat - cat, year - year.
Discernible without difficulty.
And at the end we will write the letter correctly.
Exercise 17, p. ten
17. Help the cat and the dog to put together the letters that represent voiced consonants in one group, and the letters that represent voiceless consonants in the other. Connect the letters of each group with lines.
Deaf→ h → x → w → s → t → q → k → u → n → f
Voiced→ d → l → n → p → h → m → d → b → w → g → c
- Speak sounds that can be indicated by highlighted letters
h- [h ’] m- [mm'], th- [th ’] T- [t], [t ’]
Exercise 18, p. ten
18. Read. Write the missing word in the sentence.
Such frost on the street -
I, like an icicle, froze all over.
L. Yakovlev
- Underline the letters in the highlighted word that indicate unvoiced paired consonants.
Exercise 19, p. eleven
19. Read it. Insert the missing word-names of consonants.
1. A voiceless consonant consists of noise.
2. Voiced consonant sound consists of noise and voice.
Exercise 20, p. eleven
20. Write in the "house" the missing letters denoting consonant sounds paired in deafness-voicedness.
- Find and write down words that end with these letters.
Exercise 21, p. eleven
21. Find in spelling dictionary a textbook of a word with a consonant sound paired in deafness-voicedness at the end of the word. Write down a few words.
Alphabets t, suddenly, city, plant, pencil, class, hammer, frost, people, lunch, handkerchief, drawing, student, language.
Exercise 22, p. 12
22. Read it. What rule are we talking about? Why are consonants so named?
Paired consonants- the most dangerous!
At the root, you check them -
Substitute a vowel next to it!
We are talking about the spelling rule of words with a consonant sound paired by voicelessness at the root of the word. Such consonants are called "dangerous" because we can choose the wrong letter denoting a consonant paired in voicelessness at the root of a word before another paired consonant. These are "dangerous" places, or spelling.
Exercise 23, p. 12
23. Read. Insert the missing letters.
1. There will be bread b, there will be lunch. 2. If there was a pie, there would be an eater. 3. He who is lazy is drowsy. 4. Ugly face, but good mind. 5. The bear is clumsy, yes hefty.
- Verbally match the test words for words with missing letters.
Bread b (bread), lunch (dinners), pie (pies), eater (eaters), lazy (lazy), sleepy (sleepy), ugly (ugly), good (good), bear (bears), awkward (awkward) ...
Exercise 24, p. 12
24. Read.
The frost creaks. The frost is angry.
And the snow is dry and prickly.
And the elm is cold and the oak is frozen.
The trees were chilled through.
G. Volzhina
- Choose the correct letter from the brackets for each word, underline it. Write these words down.
Moreau h, snow, elm, chilly, oak, frozen, through and through.
Exercise 25, p. 13
25. Read the lines from an American song translated by Leonid Yakhnin.
Pyro g old lady Fogg bakes
In the kitchen by the stove
And the dog is a bulldog named e Dog
Goes to water the flowers.
Old lady Fogg takes the pie
And tea with milk
And the dog is a bulldog named e Dog -
In it next to the table.
- What do you think is true in these lines?
Truth:
Old Lady Fogg Bakes the Pie
In the kitchen by the stove ...
Old lady Fogg takes the pie
And tea with milk ...
The lines about the bulldog are fiction.
- Underline the words of the spelling for the learned rules.
Exercise 26, p. 13
26. Read. Write down the words, replacing the selected sounds with letters.
há [w] ka - há sh ka uká [s] ka - indication of
lo [w] ka - lozh ká [s] ka - kás ka
lá [f] ka - láv ka lu [k] ti - lok ti
kó [f] ta - kóf so kó [k] ti - kóg ti
sha [p] ka - shap ka ló [t] ka - lud ka
shý [n] ka - shýb ka shё [t] ka - brush ka
- Prepare to prove that you spelled the words correctly.
Cha sh ka (cup), spoon (spoon), bench (shop), sweater - vocabulary word, you need to remember, hat (hat), fur coat (fur coats), pointer (pointer), helmet (helmet), elbows (elbows), claws (claws), boat (boat), brush (brush ).
Exercise 27, p. fourteen
27. Read. Underline the consonants you want to spell check.
Well g ty, zagadka, slippery, carrot, carrot, ruby, guard, ruboc, slide, foot, watch, check.
- Find the test word for each checked word. Write down the pattern.
(Ro b ok) pó b cue, (side f it) side f ka, (zagá d yat) zagá d ka, (well G oh) but G ty, (how much s it) skól s cue, (carrot v ny) carrot v ka.
Exercise 28, p. fourteen
28. Read it. Name the fairy tales.
1. Ganny a, fleeing from the palace, lost her crystal slipper.
2. B elos nezhk a made very good friends with the seven dwarfs.
- Insert the missing words. Underline the letters in them that denote consonant sounds paired in deafness-voicedness.
Exercise 29, p. 15
29. Match each word with the same root test word. Write down the pattern.
Doo b ki - oaks, berries ka - berries.
Lóv cue - lóvok, close cue - blizok.
Lózh ka is a spoon, buláv ka is a bun.
A request is to ask, a watchman is to watch.
Polite - polite, good - good.
- Underline the letters in the words whose spelling you checked.
Exercise 30, p. 15
30. Read the puzzle. Insert the missing letters and word. Draw a clue.
I am round, I am smooth
And it tastes nicely sweet.
Every toddler knows
That my name is.
Exercise 31, p. 15
31. Read. Insert the missing letters.
1.Sli v ki, golu b chi, pyro f ki, water s
.
2. At the same time G, blý s ka, sapo f ki, rubá NS ka.
Unnecessary words - diver, all of a sudden, since the spelling is at the end of the word, and in the rest - at the root of the word.
- Underline the extra word in each word group. Explain your answer.
Exercise 32, p. 16
32. Read. Select the letter you want and insert it into the words.
B? NS?
Oak, screw, bug, button, flexible.
G? TO?
Iceberg, circus, light cue, south, soft.
V? F?
Island, giraffe, sweater, nimble, beak.
D? T?
Iodine, look, cage, riddle, mole.
Well? NS?
Siskin, mitten, ruff, frog, book.
Z? WITH?
Cargo, sauce, sled, mask, fairy tale.
Exercise 33, p. 16
33. Read. Insert the missing letters.
1. Each tree has its own area d... The river floats flat T.
2. In the hands of the boy pru T... In the village deep pru d.
3. Blooming lu is beautiful in summer G... A green moon has grown in the garden To.
4. On the flowerbed ro with bush of scarlet ro s.
- Why are words with missing letters interesting? In the last sentence, underline the main terms.
In each pair, the words are pronounced the same, but spelled differently.
Exercise 34, p. 17
34. Read. Complete the tasks given in the table.
- Explain how you selected test words for words with unstressed vowel sounds and for words with paired consonants in the root of words.
We selected such test words for words with an unstressed vowel so that the unstressed vowel would become stressed in the root. For a word with a consonant sound paired in deafness-voicedness at the root of the word, we chose a single-root word so that the paired consonant sound in the root appears before the vowel sound.
Exercise 35, p. 17
35. Read riddles. Insert the missing letters in the clues.
1. Hu himself d, head with pood, as it hits - it will become strong. (M about l about to about To)
2. Not snow, not ice, but sulfur bromine will remove trees. (AND not th)
- Underline the spelling in the words.
Exercise 36, p. eighteen
36. Read. Title the text.
January
I love you, I AM January!
For me you are a month I am the best -
M O l O doy, b O lshoy skr and tuberous,
Z O l O thick as amber b!
Sun, dream G, O chase, m O roses -
Flame white b e ryo s!
S. Kozlov
- Do you agree with the opinion of the author? What does the word amber mean?
Amber is a petrified resin, yellow-brown or golden in color.
- Which of the highlighted spellings you cannot explain? Why? Underline these spellings.
We cannot explain the underlined spelling, because these are unstressed vowel sounds in the root, which cannot be checked. The spelling of such words must either be memorized or checked using a spelling dictionary.
Exercise 37, p. eighteen
37. Read. Insert the missing letters.
Le deep frost, big snowdrift, silvery hoarfrost, Dream gurochka, dream gopad, Santa Claus, fluffy dreams of women, soft snow, horses, smooth ice, snow gopad.
- What is the theme connecting these words and word combinations?
The theme of winter connects these words and word combinations.
- Compose an oral text on this topic.
There was a slight frost outside. Yesterday's snowfall covered the city with soft snow, the roofs of houses sparkled with silvery frost. The blizzard has covered large snowdrifts.
Children could not sit at home. Putting on new skates, from the very morning they drew patterns on smooth ice... The kids played snowballs and made a snowman.
Fluffy snowflakes whirled merrily, like children in a New Year's round dance with Santa Claus and Snegurochka.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
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