The rule is unstressed vowels in the prefix. Unstressed vowel in prefixes

§ 38. In accordance with the general rule (see § 33), the spelling of letters in place of unstressed vowels in prefixes (except for the prefix raz- / rose-, see § 40) is established by checking words and forms with the same prefix in which the tested the vowel is stressed, for example:
weak-willed, mediocre, careless, stupid (cf. mediocrity, stupid);
freeze, bring, lock, record (cf. locked, record);
transfer, misrepresent, transfer, shift, rewrite (census, transferred, distorted);
take away, unlock, tear off, set aside (taken away, unlocked);
enclose, sign, cut, approach (signature, approach);
run, miss, skip, break through, wipe (miss, pass, broken through); great-grandmother (great-grandfather).
Note 1. Words with a foreign prefix peri- should be distinguished from words with a prefix, for example: perigee, pericenter (astronomical terms), pericarditis, peritonitis (medical terms), periscope, peripetia, periphrase or periphrase (philological term; hence the verb paraphrase, but cf. paraphrase "say, state otherwise").
Note 2. An unverifiable letter a is written at the end of foreign (Latin) prefixes ultra- and extra-, for example. ultra-revolutionary, extraordinary, extrovert. However, in words with the Latin prefix intra- (intro-), spellings with the letters a and o are distinguished: compare, for example, intrazonal, intra-molecular and introjection, introscopy, introvert.
§ 39. Prefixes pre- and pre-. The spelling of these prefixes is subject to the general rule; both prefixes occur under stress: cf. leash, attack, overtone, whistle, arrived, attached, called and interrupted, betrayed. Application general rule needs to be taken into account different values these attachments.
The prefix pre- has the following basic meanings:
proximity, direct adjacency to something, for example: seaside, Baltic, coastal, roadside, near-border, Ural, Volga;
approximations, additions, for example: run, move, attach, attach, attribute, buy;
incompleteness of the action, for example: open, lift, sit down, cheer up, dampen;
bringing the action to a certain result, for example: cook, accustom, caress, shame, reconcile, try on;
in verbs with suffixes -yva- (-iva-), -va- meaning accompanying action, for example: to sentence, dance, sing.
The prefix pre- in conjunction with adjectives and adverbs means a high degree qualities, for example: kind, sweet, unpleasant, disgusting, calm, plenty. In verbs, the prefix pre- denotes an action that manifests itself to a high degree (to be filled with, exalt, succeed), or has meanings close to the meanings of the prefix re- (to interrupt, refract, block, endure). In words such as exceed, satiate, excess, the prefix pre- denotes excess, going beyond something.
In some words, the meaning of pre- and pre-prefixes is not quite clear or their selection is doubtful, for example: despise, teach, persecute, present, forward, aged, free, fit, handsome, bizarre, order, hello. The spelling of such words is determined in dictionary order.
Note 1. There are prefixes in the verbs to exaggerate, to increase and in the verbs constituting a pair, similar in meaning, to underestimate and diminish. The verbs exaggerate and underestimate with the prefix pre- have the meaning "to present something in bbliii (smaller) sizes than it actually is." The verb to increase means "to increase even more, to increase", and to diminish - "to reduce somewhat".
Note 2. The spelling of other similar or similar-sounding words with prefixes pre- and pre-, for example: stay (where) - arrive (where), betray (someone-something) - give (someone-something), limit - aisle, successor - receiver, receiver; kneel (kneel, head) and bow - bow down) "bending (bending down), approach (sya), lean (s) against something."; transgress (what) - proceed (to what), transform (into what) - pretend (what) and pretend; transient - coming, endure - get used to, indispensable - inapplicable, repose - attach, immutable - attach.
§ 40. Prefix times- (ras-) / roses- (ros-). Contrary to the general rule, in this prefix, in place of an unstressed vowel, the letter a is written, and under stress - o, for example: distribute (cf. distributed, distributed), schedule, receipt (painting), scatter, scatter, loose (scatter), pour , draft (bottling), search, detective (search), kindle (ignition), dissolve (dissolution), play (draw).
§ 41. At the end of prefixes and prepositions ending in a consonant or consisting of only one consonant, an unstressed vowel appears in some cases before consonant combinations, which is transmitted in writing with the letter o, for example: bend (cf. bend), enter, enter, entered (enter), tear off [tear off, tear off), send (send), break off (break off, break), disassemble (disassemble, disassemble, parse), accelerate (accelerate, accelerate), similar (knock out), develop (develop), erase (erase), die off (die off); without everything (cf. without money), in everything (in the new), in me (in us), with our own (with us), in front of me, above me (in front of you, above you), to everyone (to you). Such an unstressed vowel prefix is checked in stressed position in the forms passive participles past temp. some verbs (bent, sent, torn, disassembled), as well as in some adverbs, for example: on time, blindly.

§ 38. In accordance with the general rule (see § 33), writing letters in place of unstressed vowels in prefixes (except for the prefix times-/roses-, see § 40) is established by checking words and forms with the same prefix in which the vowel being checked is stressed, e.g.:

inept, untalented, careless, inept(cf. incompetent, imbecile);

to freeze, to bring, to lock, to write down(cf. locked, record);

to transfer, to distort, to transfer, to shift, to rewrite (census, transmitted, distorted);

take away, unlock, tear off, set aside (took away, opened);

enclose, sign, cut, step up (signature);

run through, miss, skip, break through, wipe (miss, pass, broken through); great-grandmother (great-grandfather).

Note 1. From words with a prefix re- words with a foreign prefix should be distinguished peri-, for example: perigee, pericenter(terms of astronomy), pericarditis, peritonitis(medical terms), periscope, peripetia, paraphrase or paraphrase(philological term; hence the verb paraphrase but cf. paraphrase‘say, put it differently’).

Note 2. At the end of foreign (Latin) prefixes ultra- and extra- misspelled letter a , eg. ultra-revolutionary, extraordinary, extrovert. However, in words with a Latin prefix intra- (intro) spellings differ with letters a and about : cf., for example, intrazonal, intramolecular and introjection, introscopy, introvert.

§ 39. Prefixes at- and pre- . The spelling of these prefixes is subject to the general rule; both prefixes occur under stress: cf. leash, attack, overtone, whistle, arrived, attached, called and interrupted, betrayed. The application of the general rule requires taking into account the different meanings of these prefixes.

Console at- has the following main meanings:

1. proximity, direct adjacency to something, for example: Primorye, Baltic States, coastal, roadside, frontier, Urals, Volga ;

2. approximations, additions, for example: to come running, to move, to attach, to attach, to ascribe, to buy ;

3. incomplete action, for example: open up, lift up, squat down, cheer up, dampen ;

4. bringing the action to a certain result, for example: prepare, accustom, caress, shame, reconcile, try on ;

5. in verbs with suffixes -yva- (-willow-), −wa-- the value of the accompanying action, for example: chant, chant, chant .

Console pre- in conjunction with adjectives and adverbs denotes a high degree of quality, for example: kind, sweet, obnoxious, obnoxious, calmly, abound. prefix in verbs pre- denotes an action that is manifested in a high degree ( exalt, exalt, succeed), or has values close to those of the prefix re- (interrupt, refract, block, endure). In words like to exceed, to surfeit, to surplus, console pre- denotes excess, going beyond something.

In some words, the meaning of prefixes pre- and at- not entirely clear or their isolation is doubtful, e.g.: despise, teach, persecute, present, forward, aged, free, fit, handsome, bizarre, order, hello. The spelling of such words is determined in dictionary order.

Note 1. Prefixes in verbs differ exaggerate, exaggerate and in paired verbs that are close in meaning downplay and downplay. Verbs exaggerate and downplay with prefix pre- have the meaning ‘to present something. in bo ́ bigger (smaller) than it really is. Verb multiply means ‘multiply more, increase’, and downplay– ‘slightly reduce’.

Note 2. The spelling of other similar or similar-sounding words with prefixes also differs. pre- and at-, for example: stay(where) - arrive(where), betray(someone) - give(to whom; to what), limit - aisle, successor - receiver, receiver; bow (kneel, head) and to bow - bow down‘having bent (bent down), approach (sya), lean (s) against something.’; transgress(what) - proceed(for what), transform(in what) - pretend(what) and pretend; transient - coming, endure - get used to, indispensable - inapplicable, repose - attach, immutable - attach.

§ 40. Prefix times- (ras-) / roses- (ros-) . Contrary to the general rule, in this prefix, in place of an unstressed vowel, the letter is written a , and under stress - about , for example: distribute(cf. distributed, distributed), schedule, schedule (painting), scatter, scatter, scatter (placer), spill, spill (bottling), search, search (search), set on fire (kindling), dissolve (dissolution), play a prank (draw).

§ 41. At the end of prefixes and prepositions ending in a consonant or consisting of only one consonant, in some cases an unstressed vowel appears before consonant combinations, which is transmitted in writing by the letter about , for example: With about bend(cf. bend), in about go, to about I'm going to about walked (enter), from about tear (tear off, tear off), under about send (send), about about tear (break off, break), once about take (take apart, take apart, take apart), once about chase (accelerate, accelerate), under about beat (knock out), once about view (develop), With about true (erase), from about are dying (die off); without about Total(cf. without money), in about everything (in the new), in about to me (in us), With about their (with us), before about me, over about me (in front of you, above you), to about everyone (to you). Such an unstressed vowel prefix is checked in a stressed position in the forms of passive participles past. temp. some verbs ( bent, sent, torn, disassembled), as well as in some adverbs, for example: on time, blindly .

Lesson Objectives:

formation of the ability to write unstressed vowels in prefixes;
development of memory and attention of students, expanding their horizons;
education of love and respect for nature .

Equipment:

a computer;
projector, screen;
eye trainer;
cut cards with proverbs;
individual educational cards (OOD schemes);
cards with deformed texts;
drawings of snowmen for reflection of the lesson.

During the classes

I. Updating knowledge on the topic.

1. Organizational moment.

The music of P.I. Tchaikovsky “Seasons. January". The screen shows a photo series of reproductions of paintings by great Russian artists. The teacher reads the poems of A.S. Pushkin.

Here is the north, catching up the clouds,
He breathed, howled - and here she is,
Winter magic is coming!
Came, crumbled; shreds
hung on the branches of oaks.
She lay down with wavy carpets
Among the fields, around the hills.
A shore with a motionless river,
Leveled with a plump veil.
Frost flashed. And we are glad
Mother's leprosy - winters.

Guys, what season will it be dedicated to lexical topic our lesson? (Lexical topic of our lesson is devoted to winter).

2. Calligraphy.

Let's draw beautiful frosty patterns in our notebooks and practice our hand in continuous writing. (Children write patterns according to the model).

3. Vocabulary work.

And now let's complete the task of mother - winter. Envelopes with words are on your tables, collect proverbs from these words. (The students of the first row collect the proverb “December ends the year, the winter begins.” The students of the second row collect the proverb “January is the month bright stars, white trails, blue ice". Third row - "In February, two friends - frost and blizzard." Children read the compiled proverbs, compare them with the sample on the screen and explain the meaning of the proverbs.) (See Presentation 1).

What words with unverifiable spelling did you come across in proverbs? Write them in a column and explain the spelling. (Write out words and explain spelling, highlighting them).

December
January
February
freezing

What do these words have in common? (These are nouns with unstressed vowels with unchecked stress).

Read the words written on the board in a column, what do they have in common? (They read the words, notice that these are verbs with unstressed vowels in the root, checked by stress).

skr_pit
f_rmit
k_vat
x_l_gives

How to check the spelling of an unstressed vowel in the root, checked by stress? Write these words in the second column, highlighting the spelling. (Write down words, explaining and highlighting spelling).

II. motivational stage.

4. Introduction to the topic of the lesson.

What part of the word did we start learning in the previous Russian lesson? (Console).

What is an attachment? (Children define the prefix).

Form new words using prefixes from the words of the second column and write them down in the third column. (Children form words and write them down).

creak
feed
shackle
it gets colder

Where did the unstressed vowel appear in these words? (In attachments).

How can we deal with these vowels? Have we spelled them correctly? ? (Children's answers).

What will be the topic of our lesson today? (Spelling of unstressed vowels in prefixes). The topic appears on the screen. (See Presentation 1).

5. Physical education.

The sun warms the earth weakly, (hands up and down)
Frost crackles at night. (We imitate the movement of frost)
In the yard of the snowman (hands on the belt, turn around)
A frosty nose turned white. (Rubbing nose)
Suddenly there was water in the river, (jumping in place)
Motionless and firm.
The blizzard is angry (children spin)
The snow is spinning
Sweeping everything around (imitate hand movements)
Snow white silver.

III. Drawing up the scheme of the OOD.

6. Learning new material.

a) Work on the textbook.

So, at the root, we already know how to check an unstressed vowel, how can we deal with unstressed vowels in prefixes? (Children give their versions).

Let's test your assumptions by doing exercise 148 on page 103. (Children read the task, perform under the guidance of the teacher).

wrote down - record
completed - satiety
inscribed - inscription, etc.

Conclusion: prefixes under stress and without stress are written the same way.

b) Working with the rule.

Is it possible to check the spelling of an unstressed vowel in a prefix? (Yes).

How? (You need to choose a word so that this vowel in the prefix is stressed).

Should the test word always have the same root? (Not).

Let's check our conclusion with the rule on page 103. (Read the rule).

c) Drawing up an algorithm for working on the spelling. (See Presentation 1).

How will we start work on writing an unstressed vowel in any part of the word? Take a study card. (Children read the algorithm on the blanks of educational cards and fill in the table on writing prefixes on this card).

What prefixes with the vowel “a” did you meet today in the lesson? (Children list).

There are also prefixes in which the vowel “a” is written, you can write them off from my table given on the screen. (Children add prefixes to their educational cards).

IV. The stage of material and materialized actions.

7. Primary fastening.

a) Checking the spelling of the words written in the dictionary work in the third column.

We will explain verbally the spelling of prefixes in dictionary work. (Children explain the spelling of vowels in prefixes and learn to pronounce the spelling correctly).

b) Complicated cheating.

Read the poem written on the board. (Children read to themselves, and then one student reads aloud).

snow fairy tale

(Pr-) danced in the snow
snow blizzards,
Bullfinches for snowmen
The song (pr_) was whistled.
At the (z_) snowy river,
In the snowy (p_r__) street,
The snowballs are rolling,
Snowmen cut the snow.

(S. Pogorelovskiy)

What mood do you get when you read this poem? Why? (Children give their answers and explain their mood).

Write down this poem, explaining the spelling.

Physical education for the eyes.

c) Differentiated work.

Strong students compose and write down the text “Winter”.

“And the children are happy. Snow blizzards sweep forest paths. The first snowflakes flicker in the air. A warm blanket will cover the ground. They will make snowmen, build fortresses.”

The rest of the students do the exercise on their own. 99 on page 52 “ Didactic material”(Row 1 - the first sentence, row 2 - the second sentence, etc. one student from each row works at the blackboard).

We check the work of the students at the blackboard and listen to the texts that were composed by strong students, finding words with prefixes by ear and explaining their spelling.

8. The result of the lesson.

Yes-No game.

Are unstressed vowels only found in the root? (Not).

Do you need to remember or check the spelling of unstressed vowels in prefixes by choosing a test word with a stressed prefix? (Yes).

Do the test words have to be single-rooted? (Not).

9. Homework.

Page 110, ex. 2.

10. Reflection.

Find snowmen on your tables. If everything worked out for you today in the lesson, then your snowman is white.

If something did not work out, the snowman is blue.

If all else fails, then the snowman is gray.

38. As a general rule (cf.

33) writing letters in place of unstressed vowels in prefixes (except for the prefix times-/roses-, cm.

40) is established by checking words and forms with the same prefix in which the vowel being checked is stressed, for example:

inept, untalented, careless, inept(cf. incompetent, imbecile);

to freeze, to bring, to lock, to write down(cf. locked, record);

to transfer, to distort, to transfer, to shift, to rewrite (census, transmitted, distorted);

take away, unlock, tear off, set aside (took away, opened);

enclose, sign, cut, step up (signature);

run through, miss, skip, break through, wipe (miss, pass, broken through); great-grandmother (great-grandfather).

39. Prefixes at- and pre- . The spelling of these prefixes is subject to the general rule; both prefixes occur under stress: cf. leash, attack, overtone, whistle, arrived, attached, called and interrupted, betrayed. The application of the general rule requires taking into account the different meanings of these prefixes.

Console at- has the following main meanings:

1. proximity, direct adjacency to something, for example: Primorye, Baltic States, coastal, roadside, frontier, Urals, Volga ;

2. approximations, additions, for example: to come running, to move, to attach, to attach, to ascribe, to buy ;

3. incomplete action, for example: open up, lift up, squat down, cheer up, dampen ;

4. bringing the action to a certain result, for example: prepare, accustom, caress, shame, reconcile, try on ;

5. in verbs with suffixes -yva- (-willow-), −wa-- the value of the accompanying action, for example: chant, chant, chant .

40. Prefix times- (ras-) / roses- (ros-) . Contrary to the general rule, in this prefix, in place of an unstressed vowel, the letter is written a , and under stress - about , for example: distribute(cf. distributed, distributed), schedule, schedule (painting), scatter, scatter, scatter (placer), spill, spill (bottling), search, search (search), set on fire (kindling), dissolve (dissolution), play a prank (draw).

41. At the end of prefixes and prepositions ending in a consonant or consisting of only one consonant, in some cases an unstressed vowel appears before consonant combinations, which is transmitted in writing by the letter about , for example: With about bend(cf. bend), in about go, to about I'm going to about walked (enter), from about tear (tear off, tear off), under about send (send), about about tear (break off, break), once about take (take apart, take apart, take apart), once about chase (accelerate, accelerate), under about beat (knock out), once about view (develop), With about true (erase), from about are dying (die off); without about Total(cf. without money), in about everything (in the new), in about to me (in us), With about their (with us), before about me, over about me (in front of you, above you), to about everyone (to you). Such an unstressed vowel prefix is checked in a stressed position in the forms of passive participles past. temp. some verbs ( bent, sent, torn, disassembled), as well as in some adverbs, for example: on time, blindly .