Soap history. How did the first soap appear?

The structure of soap, its properties

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids(Scheme 1), hydrolyzed in an aqueous solution with the formation of acid and alkali.

General formula for solid soap:

Salts formed by strong alkali metal bases and weak carboxylic acids undergo hydrolysis:

The resulting alkali emulsifies, partially decomposes fats and thus releases the dirt adhering to the fabric. Carboxylic acids form a foam with water, which captures dirt particles. Potassium salts are more soluble in water than sodium salts and therefore have a stronger detergent property.

The hydrophobic part of the soap penetrates into the hydrophobic contaminant, as a result, the surface of each contaminant particle is surrounded by a shell of hydrophilic groups. They interact with polar water molecules. Due to this, detergent ions, together with pollution, break away from the surface of the fabric and pass into aquatic environment. This is how the contaminated surface is cleaned with detergent.

Soap production consists of two stages: chemical and mechanical. At the first stage (cooking soap) get water solution sodium (rarely potassium) salts, fatty acids or their substitutes.

Obtaining higher carboxylic acids during cracking and oxidation of petroleum products:

Getting sodium salts:

FROM n H m COOH + NaOH = C n H m COONa + H2O.

Soap cooking is completed by treating the soap solution (soap glue) with an excess of alkali or a solution of sodium chloride. As a result, a concentrated layer of soap, called the core, floats to the surface of the solution. The resulting soap is called sound, and the process of its isolation from the solution is called salting out or salting out.

Mechanical processing consists of cooling and drying, grinding, finishing and packaging of finished products.

As a result of the soap-making process, we get the most diverse products that you can see.

The production of laundry soap is completed at the stage of salting out, while the soap is cleaned from protein, coloring and mechanical impurities. The production of toilet soap goes through all stages machining. The most important of these is grinding, i.e. transfer of sound soap into a solution by boiling with hot water and re-salting out. At the same time soap turns out especially pure and light.

Washing powders can:

Irritate the respiratory tract;

Stimulate the penetration of toxic substances into the skin;

Cause skin allergies and dermatitis.

In all these cases, it is necessary to switch to the use of soap, the only drawback of which is that it dries the skin.

If soap was cooked from animal or vegetable fats, then after separation of the core, glycerol formed during saponification is isolated from the solution, which is widely used: in the production of explosives and polymer resins, as a fabric and skin softener, in the manufacture of perfumery, cosmetic and medical preparations, in production of confectionery.

In the production of soap, naphthenic acids are used, which are released during the purification of petroleum products (gasoline, kerosene). For this purpose, oil products are treated with a solution of sodium hydroxide and an aqueous solution of sodium salts of naphthenic acids is obtained. This solution is evaporated and treated with common salt, as a result of which an ointment-like mass of dark color, soap naphth, floats to the surface of the solution. To purify soap naphtha, it is treated with sulfuric acid. This water-insoluble product is called asidol or asidol-mylonaft. Soap is made directly from asidol.

Mankind has been using soap since time immemorial: the history of soap making goes back at least six thousand years. At the time of Homer, soap was not yet known. The ancient Greeks cleansed the body with sand - especially fine sand brought from the banks of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians washed their faces with beeswax paste dissolved in water. For a long time, wood ash was used for washing.

The honor of the invention of soap is attributed to several ancient peoples at once. The Roman scientist and politician Pliny the Elder argued that humanity owes its acquaintance with detergents not to the highly civilized Egyptians, and not to the resourceful Greeks or Babylonians, but to the wild Gallic tribes, with whom the Romans “got to know better” at the turn of our era.

According to the historian, the Gauls made some kind of miraculous ointment from beech tree tallow and ash, which was used to cleanse and dye hair, as well as to treat skin diseases. color means - red paint - was obtained from clay. They oiled their long hair vegetable oil, to which paint was added. If water was added to this mixture, a thick foam formed, which washed the hair cleanly.

In the second century, this "ointment" began to be used for washing hands, face and body in the Roman provinces. The ancient Romans added the ashes of sea plants to this mixture, and real high-quality soap came out. And before that, the ancient peoples had to “get out”, as they were lucky: someone used ash brewed with boiling water for washing, and someone used soapwort juice, a plant that became famous for its ability to foam in water.

However, recent discoveries of scientists do not coincide with this version. Not so long ago detailed description soap making process has been found on Sumerian clay tablets dating back to 2500 BC. The method was based on a mixture of wood ash and water, which was boiled and the fat was melted in it, obtaining a soapy solution.

Another version of scientists says that soap was still invented by the Romans. According to legend, the very word soap (on English language- soap) was formed from the name of Mount Sapo, where sacrifices were made to the gods. A mixture of melted animal fat and wood ash from the sacrificial fire was washed away by rain into clay soil banks of the Tiber River. Women who washed clothes there noticed that thanks to this mixture, clothes were washed much easier.

So, gradually they began to use the "gift of the gods" not only for washing clothes, but also for washing the body. By the way, the first soap factories were also discovered by archaeologists on the territory of Ancient Rome, or more precisely, among the ruins of the famous Pompeii. During the archaeological excavations of Pompeii, soap factories were found. Soap at that time was semi-liquid.

Soap has long been a luxury item and was valued along with expensive medicines and potions. But even wealthy people could not afford to wash their clothes. For this, various clays and plants were used. Laundry was a difficult job, and it was mostly men who did it. So, the debate about who humanity owes the invention of soap is still not completed.

Nevertheless, it is known that the production of detergents was put on stream in medieval Italy. A hundred years later, the secrets of this craft reached Spain, and from the 11th century Marseille became the center of soap making, then Venice. It was only at the end of the 14th century that Marseille soap gave way to Venetian soap in international trade. In the XV century in Italy, in Sevona, they began to produce solid soap for the first time. industrially. At the same time, fats were combined not with ash, but with natural soda ash. This significantly reduced the cost of soap, and, consequently, transferred soap-making from the category of handicraft production to manufactory.

True, it cannot be said that the medieval inhabitants of European countries abused cleanliness: only representatives of the first two layers used soap - nobles and priests, and even then not all of them without exception. The fashion for cleanliness was brought to Europe by knights who visited Arab countries during the Crusades. That is why from the 13th century the production of detergents began to flourish, first in France, and then in England. The business of soap making was treated with excessive seriousness.

When this craft was learned in England, King Henry IV even issued a law that forbade the soap maker to spend the night under the same roof with other artisans: a method of soap making kept a secret. But on a large scale, soap making developed only after the development of industrial production of soap.

Since the XIV century, soap factories began to appear in Germany. Beef, lamb, pork, horse lard, bone, whale and fish oil, fat waste from various industries were used for making soap. Vegetable oils were also added - linseed, cottonseed.

IN Western Europe the craft of soap making was finally formed only by the end of the 17th century. important The geographic factor played a role in the development of soap making. Soap making ingredients varied by region. In the north, animal fat was used to make soap, and in the south, olive oil was used, thanks to which the soap was of excellent quality.

As for Russia, here the secrets of making soap were inherited from Byzantium, and their own master soap makers appeared only in the 15th century. It is known that Gavrila Ondreev opened in Tver "a soap kitchen with a soap cauldron and with all the order", in Moscow there was a soap row. The industrial production of soap was established under Peter.

In the 18th century, the Shuya factory became famous for its soap. Even the coat of arms of the city depicts a bar of soap. The Lodygin factory soap was very famous, it was considered the best, after the Italian one. It was cooked on cow's almond oil- white and colored, with and without perfume. Tar soap was also offered - "from bestial ailments."

Craftsmen learned how to make soap from potash and animal fats. Thus, in every house, the production of this product, which is so necessary in everyday life, was established. The number of small soap-making workshops was expanding, especially since Russia had all the resources necessary for this, and primarily wood, since ash was the basis of potash.

Potash has become one of the main export products, which has led to massive deforestation. By the beginning of the reign of Peter I, the question arose of finding a cheaper substitute for potash. The problem was solved in 1852 when the French chemist Nicolas Lebmann was able to obtain soda from table salt. This excellent alkaline material has supplanted potash.

Due to special economic conditions, the first soap factories began to appear in Russia only in the 18th century. At that time, two were known in Moscow: in the Novinskaya and Presnenskaya parts. By 1853, in the Moscow province, their number had grown to eight. Numerous cloth, cotton-printing and dyeing factories became consumers of soap factories. In 1839, at the highest wish of Emperor Nicholas I, the Union was founded for the production of olein and soap.

The famous Moscow perfume factory "Volya" was founded in 1843 by the Frenchman Alphonse Rallet. The factory was then called "Ralle and Co" and produced soap, powder and.

Children are very fond of soap in an unusual form: vegetables, fruits, animals. It turns out that such a fancy soap was produced already in the 19th century. The Brocard factory produced it in the form of cucumbers. The soap looked so much like a real vegetable that it was hard for the buyer to resist the fun purchase.

The founder of the factory, Heinrich Afanasievich Brokar, was the king of perfumery in Russia, and he started his business from scratch. The original equipment of his factory consisted of three boilers, wood stove and stone mortar. At first he made cheap, penny soap, but the trade went so fast that soon Brokar began to produce expensive perfumes, colognes and soap. the factory largely replaced manual work.

At the beginning of the 20th century, soap making acquired an industrial character almost everywhere. The cost of industrially brewed soap became more and more affordable to consumers, and gradually homemade soap making became rare. IN last years soap as a cosmetic product of mass use is increasingly being used in liquid form.

Many buyers were happy to buy soap that does not sink in water. It kept afloat well due to the air cavity inside the soap bar.

Modern detergents have supplanted laundry soap to the background. Despite this, it remains one of the economical cleaning products. It is used not only for washing, but also for cleaning plumbing. It is important to know what laundry soap is made of. Raw materials are vegetable oils and fats. Soap is a natural product because no additives are added to it. synthetic substances, fragrances and perfume.

Some have a false idea of ​​what laundry soap is made of - dogs. If you omit the moral side and look at it only from the technical side, with a minimum amount of fat, the process becomes unprofitable, and in terms of composition it is in no way suitable for soap making.

What was laundry soap made from in the USSR? For this, sodium salt and fatty acid waste were used. Every home could find a piece of this all-purpose cleaner.

Laundry soap benefits

• Efficiency.
• Environmentally friendly product obtained from natural fatty acids and alkalis.
• The ideal hygiene product.
• Hypoallergenic agent.

Soap can be washed off oil paint, fuel oil, chronic pollution. The tool has excellent antimicrobial, disinfectant properties. The environmental friendliness of the soap allows you to wash products, process combs and toothbrushes.

It is indispensable in household use. Soap foam cleans the fabric well organic compounds. This detergent is used for cleaning children's things, washing dishes. It removes fat deposits well.

As a home remedy for diseases, laundry soap is used to prevent colds. It is recommended to treat pimples and other growths on the skin with a soapy composition, use it to treat suppuration and fungal diseases, and also treat places of sun and chemical burns. In addition to eliminating the increased oiliness of the skin, soap removes dandruff well.

It must be remembered that soap contains a slight excess of alkali, which can wash away not only excess, but also necessary fat. In order not to harm the body, when using soap, it is necessary correct application and dosage.

Soap composition

What laundry soap is made of depends on many factors. The basis is fats, oils, fatty acids and fat-containing production waste, which are saponified with sodium or potassium alkali.

The following components are used as raw materials.

1. Vegetable oils: palm, palm kernel, sunflower.
2. Animal fats: beef, pork, mutton or mixtures thereof.
3. Salomas. The production process consists in saturating the oil with hydrogen atoms at a temperature of 200-300 0 C in the presence of nickel or platinum catalysts. In this case, fats become solid due to the addition of hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fatty acids at the sites of double bonds.
4. Fatty acids: oleic (unsaturated), stearic and palmitic (limiting). They are isolated from fats, which contain them in different proportions.
5. Synthetic fatty acids - FFA. Produced by air blowing paraffin, heated to 105-120 0 C, with the addition of manganese compounds as a catalyst. Mixtures of saturated monocarboxylic acids with impurities are obtained from petrochemical raw materials. The production of FFA at domestic enterprises has been closed since 2001 due to the unprofitability of technologies, poor product quality and a large amount of toxic wastewater.
6. Products for cleaning fats and oils with alkali solutions - soap stocks. With their low quality, soap has bad smell and is dark in color.

What laundry soap is made of, the composition, determines the technology of the process. It is necessary to have an idea about the properties of the main product. In any case, it must comply with the requirements of GOST 30266-95.

Fats and their properties

Fats are esters of glycerol and higher carboxylic acids. They are of plant and animal origin. The former are a liquid substance, with the exception of palm and coconut oils. Most of them are dominated by unsaturated acids based on ethylene bonds. Any natural fats are complex mixtures of glycerides. Animal fat is a solid substance (lard) containing mostly saturated acids without double bonds.

Properties of fats:

• density - 0.9-0.98 g / cm 3;
• insolubility in water;
• with alkali and protein form aqueous emulsions;
• differ in melting point;
• decomposition upon heating;
• without color, taste and smell in the absence of impurities.

The use of fats

The main purpose of vegetable oils and fats is food consumption. In addition, higher carboxylic acids, glycerin, soap, drying oil, varnishes, paints, linoleum, and lubricants are obtained from them.

How is laundry soap made in production? To do this, use unfit for food fats and technical lard.

Saponification of fats

In the technique, fats are saponified in boilers by heating with alkalis or with sulfuric acid.

Superheated steam and catalysts are used to speed up the processes. Of the latter, a mixture of sulfonic acids is most common, which form emulsions from fats, increasing the surface of their contact with the saponifying solution.

When fats are decomposed with sodium or potassium alkali, their salts (soaps) and glycerin are formed. The amount of reagent required for complete saponification of the oil is determined through the saponification coefficient according to the tables.

Example

Determine the amount of alkali required to saponify 1000 g of lard.

The weight of the oil should be multiplied by the saponification factor: 1000 g × 0.141 \u003d 141 g.

In industry, alkali is used in the form of a 40% solution. The saponification reaction will require the amount of sodium alkali solution: 141 / 0.4 \u003d 352.5 g. If potassium alkali is used, then it will require 1000 g × 0.198 / 0.4 \u003d 495 g.

Laundry soap is made from waste vegetable or animal oils, the saponification number of which can be in a certain range. Upon receipt of soap, an analysis is first made on the content of free alkali in the product, and then added required amount the missing component, and the reaction is brought to an end.

The degree of unsaturation of fats is characterized by iodine number: the lower it is, the harder the soap is (below 55) and the longer it is stored.

Saponification of fatty acids

To the raw materials from which laundry soap is made, a suitable substance is selected to carry out the reaction. Unlike fats, fatty acids are easily saponified by soda ash and potassium carbonate when cooked in an open pot. It should be borne in mind that the product contains up to 7% of unsplit fat. In this regard, at the end of cooking, a little alkali is added to saponify it.

If you raise the question of what laundry soap is made of now, then in industrial conditions it is easiest to use fatty acids. The process is less energy-intensive, and instead of expensive alkali, soda ash can be used.

The process of cooking soap from fatty acids is accelerated by 2 times. They are introduced in small portions into a solution of soda ash, so that there is no release of foam formed by the released carbon dioxide.

If the raw material is enough High Quality, it is saponified in a direct way in a boiler, bringing the amount of saponified product to 40-47%. The soap is then cooled and cut into pieces.

Low-grade fatty acids are salted out during the cooking process, separating the soap core. At the same time, it is purified and a high-quality product with a higher concentration is obtained.

A bar of soap is imprinted with a fatty acid content of 64 to 72%. Many are interested in what laundry soap 72 is made of, which is stored longer and has high detergent properties.

The technology for its production is no different from others, only salting out is done at least 2 times in order to obtain a sufficiently high concentration of saponified fatty acids.

Conclusion

Laundry soap is still used, despite the large selection of detergents. It has properties that competing products do not have. The main advantage is what laundry soap is made of - from natural products. alkaline reaction(pH 11-12) allows you to remove complex contaminants.

IN Everyday life we are surrounded by a mass of things to which we are so accustomed that we do not think about their origin.

How often while washing our hands do we ask ourselves the question: “Where did the soap come from?”

And really, what is soap? Where did it first appear? How did our ancestors do it?

So, soap is a washing mass that dissolves in water, obtained by combining fats and alkalis, used as cosmetic product for skin cleansing and care, or as a household cleaner. This definition is given by Wikipedia.

The word "soap" comes from the Latin "sapo", the British transformed into soap, the Italians - sapone, the French - savon.

There are several versions of the appearance of soap.

According to one of them, the first mention of the "soap solution" was confirmed on clay tablets dating back to 2500 - 2200 years. BC e., found by archaeologists during excavations in Mesopotamia. They contain a method of preparing a soap solution by mixing wood ash with water, boiling this mixture and dissolving fat in it. However, Egyptian archaeologists claim that the production of soap was established about 6,000 years ago. During excavations in the Nile Delta, papyri were found, which contain recipes for making soap by heating animal or vegetable fats together with alkaline salts.

According to another version, the invention of soap is attributed to the ancient Romans. On Mount Sapo, a ritual of sacrifice to the gods was held. After burning the victim, animal fat, mixed with ash, was washed off by rain into the Tiber River. After washing in this river, the laundry became clean much faster. Confirmation of this fact can be found in the treatise of the Roman writer and scientist Pliny the Elder "Natural History".

There is another curious version, according to which, the composition for washing was invented by the Gallic tribes. They prepared an ointment from the ashes of the beech tree and tallow, which they used to wash and dye their hair. When combined with water, it turned into a thick soapy foam. Later, the Romans, after the conquest of the Gallic tribes in the II century AD. e., began to use this ointment when washing hands, face and body. And by adding the ashes of sea plants to it, we got a real high-quality soap.

Soap has long been invented, but many peoples still use lye, bean flour, pumice, and clay for washing and washing. And why?

The first reason: soap is a rather expensive pleasure that even wealthy people could not afford. And Scythian women made washing powder from cypress and cedar wood, which they mixed with water and incense. The resulting mass, which had a delicate delicate aroma, was rubbed all over the body. After that, the solution was removed with special scrapers, and the skin became clean and smooth.

The second reason: the persecution of the Inquisition, which raged in the Middle Ages. It was considered seditious Special attention to your own sinful flesh.

But still, the fashion for cleanliness moved to Europe along with medieval knights who brought soap as a trophy from the crusades in the Arab countries. The art of soap making was transferred from the Arabs to Spain. Here on the coast mediterranean sea, people learned how to make solid and beautiful soap by adding olive oil and sea plant ash to it. Alicante, Carthage, Seville, and Venice became well-known soap-making centers.

In the 15th century in Savona (Italy), soap was first produced industrially. Instead of ash, natural soda ash was used, which led to a decrease in the cost of soap.

It was only in 1808 that soap received its modern composition. It was developed by the French chemist Michel Eugene Chevreul at the request of the owners of a textile factory.

I would especially like to talk about the history of the development of soap making in Russia.

Since ancient times in Russia, people had the habit of regularly going to the bathhouse, where they took lye with them. even in the pre-Petrine era from potash and animal fats. Entire villages were engaged in “potash business”: cut down trees were burned in boilers right in the forest. From the ashes they made lye, which was evaporated to get potash. Soap began to be brewed not only by artisans, but also simple people at home. Masters - soap makers appeared only in the 15th century. Valdai and Kostroma craftsmen were especially popular.

The industrial production of soap was established under Peter I.

In the 18th century, soap made at a factory in the city of Shuya was famous throughout the country - this is evidenced by a bar of soap located on the coat of arms of this city. It was cooked in almond and cow butter, with and without perfume, white and colored. This soap was considered the best after the Italian.

And at the famous Moscow perfume factory they made figured soap.

At present, the process of making soap has not undergone significant changes. But in its production began to use artificially created components. The only good news is that making soap at home is back in fashion.

Sometimes various oils and glycerin are added to soap to give a certain consistency, color, thickness and quality.

It should not be confused with soap products and synthetic detergents, which are made on the basis of synthetic surfactants, which can be made from vegetable fats (sodium lauryl sulfate) or from petroleum chemical products - alkyl benzene sulfonate, etc.

History

Soap has been made since ancient civilizations such as Sumer and Babylon (around 2800 BC). A description of soap making technology has been found in Mesopotamia on clay tablets dating back to around 2200 BC. e. [ ]

The ancient Egyptians used baking soda for hygiene. Also, the Ebers papyrus (1550 BC) mentions a certain soap-like substance from animal (goose) and vegetable fats with the addition of lead (galena extract) or sodium carbonate (extracted from the Nile).

Such detergents were also widely used in Ancient Rome, where for the first time there is a mention of soap (Latin sapo, then passed into many Romance languages) by Pliny the Elder in Natural History. In ancient Russian literature, soap is mentioned in Domostroy (XVI century).

It has been proven that oils of biological origin are good at removing impurities from the surface of the skin. This is easy to notice when eating fatty foods with your hands, such as grilled meat. While in the southern latitudes for washing it was easier to use vegetable oil, in the north it could be difficult due to the high cost of raw materials. And melted animal fat is much easier to obtain in the conditions of the north. Considering that open fire was often used for heating, mixing melted fat with ash or sand was a matter of time. In the future, it was only necessary to choose the optimal composition of fats to obtain a homogeneous mixture.

In 1808, the French chemist Michel Eugene Chevreul (1786−1889), at the request of the owners of a textile factory, established the composition of soap. As a result of the analysis, it turned out that soap is a mixture of sodium salts of higher fatty (carboxylic) acids.

One of the chemical composition hard soap- C 17 H 35 COONa (liquid - C 17 H 35 COOK).

Manufacturing technology

Animal and vegetable fats, fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acids, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil) can be used as raw materials for obtaining the main component of soap.

The production of soap is based on the saponification reaction - the hydrolysis of fatty acid esters (in particular, fats) with alkalis, as a result of which alkali metal salts and alcohols are formed.

In special containers (digesters), heated fats are saponified with caustic alkali (usually sodium hydroxide). As a result of the reaction in the digesters, a homogeneous viscous liquid is formed, which thickens when cooled - soap glue, consisting of soap and glycerin. The content of fatty acids in soap obtained directly from soap glue is usually 40-60%. Such a product is called glue soap". The method of obtaining adhesive soap is commonly called the "direct method".

The "indirect method" of obtaining soap is to further process the soap glue, which is subjected to separation- treatment with electrolytes (solutions of caustic alkali or sodium chloride), as a result, liquid separation occurs: upper layer, or soap core, contains at least 60% fatty acids; bottom layer - soap lye, an electrolyte solution with a high content of glycerol (also contains contaminants contained in the feedstock). The soap obtained as a result of the indirect method is called " sound».

Top grade soap sawn, obtained by grinding dried sound soap on rollers sawmill cars. At the same time, the content of fatty acids in the final product rises to 72–74%, the structure of the soap improves, its resistance to drying out, rancidity and action high temperatures during storage.

When caustic soda is used as an alkali, a solid sodium soap is obtained. Mild or even liquid potassium soap is formed when potassium hydroxide is applied.

Types of hard soap

Laundry soap

When sodium soap is cooled, laundry soap is obtained. Solid soap contains 40–72% of the basic substance, 0.1–0.2% of free alkali, 1–2% of free Na or K carbonates, 0.5–1.5% of the water-insoluble residue.

As a thickener

In technology, calcium and lithium soaps are widely used as a thickener for lubricants. So, the well-known lubricant grease is a petroleum oil thickened with calcium soap, and lithol is the same oil thickened with lithium soap (lithium salt of stearic acid).

Handmade soap

Soap comes in different colors

Soap can be made by hand in several ways. At the same time, it can be added essential oils, grated nuts, ground coffee, coconut oil, etc., perfumes and fragrances.

One of the ways is grinding and melting ready-made soap (for example, for children). A piece of soap is crushed on a grater or knife, diluted with water or other desired liquid (for example, decoctions of herbs), then the whole mass is melted in a water bath. When the mass becomes homogeneous, it is removed from the heat and essential oils and other ingredients are added as desired. The difficulty of this method lies in the fact that the finished soap used by the soap maker is quite refractory and the process of its digestion is long. This method is used by beginners in soap making, since it does not require significant financial costs.

Soap handmade can also be made from a special soap base sold in specialty stores. The base can also be melted in a water bath or in the microwave. Unlike industrial soap, handmade soap lathers worse because the ingredients in the soap base are more gentle and soft. For the same reason, it is used up faster than industrial soap of the same weight.

Soap made from lye and fats by hand requires the soap maker to follow safety precautions when working with lye. On the other hand, having full control over the soap making process allows the soap maker to create exactly the product he needs. Hard soap is made using NaOH (sodium hydroxide), fatty oils and water. To make the soap hard enough, with good foam and not dry the skin, you need to choose the right oils and carefully calculate how much alkali and water will be needed to saponify the selected amount of oils, for this a soap calculator is used. Soap should contain:

• oils that harden soap (for example, palm oil, cocoa, coconut, olive, shea, cupuasu, murumuru, etc.) - up to 65%;
• foaming and foam stabilizing oils (coconut, babassu, palm kernel, castor oil (castor oil is not foaming, but only foam stabilizing)) - up to 35%,
• skin care oils that provide soap with good conditioning properties, soften its effect on the skin - up to 25% (for example, avocado, almond, mango, macadamia, grape seed, etc.).

An ancient way is to cook soap from improvised materials (ashes of non-resinous tree species, animal fat are used), a mixture of which is boiled over an open fire.

Reuse of remnants

Liquid soap

The consistency is a viscous liquid. By chemical composition most liquid soaps are markedly different from bar soaps and closer to shampoos, in particular, they include synthetic surfactants, as well as skin softeners and fragrances. Liquid soap used as a detergent, for washing hands, as a body care gel and antibacterial agent. Liquid soap is easy to make with your own hands.

Dispensers

The dispenser is a device that allows you to use solid bar (bar) soap with maximum comfort and efficiency. The design of the device is simple: