Solid soap - how to choose? All about soap from the point of view of the chemist.

It would seem - what can be familiar and ordinary slices and ordinary? BUT B. lately The shelves were filled with strokes of all colors, forms, and most importantly, properties. What is different from each other? Of course the composition! Is it possible to wash soap and what soap is better? - you decide!

What soap to choose?

Despite the inconspicuous number of options, anyone has a fat. Most often it is palm or coconut oil. The percentage of fat content is greater, the higher the quality and more expensive product. Another mandatory component is alkali. It is necessary to know that even in very low concentrations it disrupts the hydrolynidal mantle of the skin. As a result, dry and sensitive covers become still land, and with an elevated saloon - oddly enough, even more fat. That is why he is trying to be made as comfortable and safe as possible with various additives. They actually determine the basic properties of a foaming bar. What soap to choose? To correctly pick up and find out what better, you need to decide what kind it is for you.

Toilet

Traditional and well familiar toilet soap slicing is extremely convenient for cleansing hands and body. Today on the market the mass of its species - with the addition of cream, glycerin, vaseline, herbs, algae and plants, honey, oats, even beer! Thanks to supplements, in addition to cleansing, this is perfectly cared for skin: softens, moisturizes, relieves inflammation, soothes, nourishes.

DURU GOURMET TOOT DURU GOURMET CANNGE Ice Cream with a moisturizing effect of glycerin (nominal weight of 75 g / g, Turkey). DURU toilet soap composition: (Inci) Sodium Tallowate, Sodium Cocoate, Aqua, Sodium Palm Kemelate, Glycerin, Parfum, Sodium Chloride, Tetrasodium Edta, Propylene Glycol, Citric Acid, MangoFera Indica, TrideCeth-9, Bisabolol, CI 77891, Etidronic Acid, CI 15510, HEXYL CINNAMAL, LINALOOL, LIMONENE.

Cream-soap Toilet solid with cosmetic cream, brand K, TM "GREEN WAY" Touch of silk (nominal weight 100 g / g, DSTU 4537: 2006). Composition of solid soap Green Way: (Inci) Sodium Palmitate (sodium palmitate), Sodium Cocoate (Sodium Kokoat), Aqua (Water), Parfum (Perfume Composition), Hydrolized Silk (Silk Proteins Hydrolyzate), Glycerin (Glycerin), OctylDodecanol (Eutanol G), Paraffinum Liquidum (Cosmetic cream), Disodium EDTA (Edti Dinatria), Citric Acid (citric acid), Etidronic Acid (bleach), Disodium Distyrylbiphenyl Disulfonate, Stearic Acid, BHT, Anthemis Nobilis Extract, Bidens Tripartita Extract, Calendula Officinalis Extract, Cetearyl Alcohol, Triethanolamine, Methylparaben, Propylparaben, Linalool, Dipentene, CI 77891.

Soap Economic solid friend for washing with whitening effect (weight 135 g / g). Composition of the economic soap: (Inci) Sodium Palmitate (sodium palmitate), Sodium Cocoate (Sodium Kokoat), Aqua (Water), Parfum (Fondancy), Sodium Perborate (sodium perborate), Pentasodium Triphosphate (Sodium Trifosphate), Disodium EDTA (EDTA Dinatria), Citric Acid (citric acid), Etidronic Acid, HEXYL CINNAMAL, LIMONENE, LINALOOL, CI 77891.

Children's

At the kindergarten - the most simple composition, minimum of fadows - to gently and safely clean the gentle baby skin.
A mink fat is added to the best baby soap, which not only softens, but also contributes to the moisturizing of the epidermis. Vitamins normalize water balance. Chamomile extracts, calendulas, sage, oak bark have an antiseptic effect. The lumps "for the smallest" are ideally suitable for adult owners of sensitive skin and allergies. It is indispensable for those wearing contact lenses - does not leave on the skin of perfumerated particles or creams, which, when entering the lens, can irritate the eyes.

Sonechko / Sonechko toilet soap with a series, brand "Children's" (75 g / g). Soaps: (Inci) Sodium Palmate (sodium salt fatty acids of natural fats), Sodium Palm Kernelate (sodium fatty acids of natural oils), Aqua (water), Glycerin (glycerin), parfum (soda), Sodium Chloride (sodium chloride), Isocetyl. Stearate (IsocetylStearat), Titanium DIIXIDE (titanium dioxide), OCTILDODECANOL (OKLDODEKANOLOLOLOG), Citric Acid (citric acid), Alcohol (alcohol), Tetrasodium EDTA (EDTA sodium), BHT, Bidens Tripartita (Mark Extract).

Soap Economic solid friend for washing children's things (weight 135 g / g). The composition of the household soap: (Inci) Sodium Palmitate (sodium palmitate), Sodium Cocoate (Sodium Kokoat), Aqua (Water), Parfum, Pentasodium Triphosphate (sodium tripolyphosphate), Triclosan (Triklozan), Disodium EDTA (EDTA Dinatry), Citric Acid ( Lemon Acid), Etidronic Acid, HEXYL CINNAMAL, LIMONENE, CI 77891.

Natural

The natural soap is made according to the "grandmother" recipes, then you mean by all the rules of old soaps - with the addition of vegetable oils, bee wax, herbs and flowers, honey, oats and tea extracts - the composition of natural soap. It is used exclusively natural components and fragrances, so most often a paler has a non-primary look, a vague brownish color and a sufficiently sharp smell. In addition, it is not very good. But this is not dried epidermis and has good softening properties. But natural ingredients and essential oils are strong allergens, so people with sensitive skin should be careful to such soap products.

Natural cream soap "Sound of the surf" Tov "Cita Lieta", Latvia. Composition of natural soap: cream base, olive oil, milk powder, honey (honey honey), vegetable additives: almond walnut, sesame, calendula, chamomile, green tea, cocoa, coffee, oatmeal, poppy, coconut chips, mint leaves and linden, glycerin , Perfume composition, natural essential oils and more.

Antibacterial

Antibacterial soap contains triclozan. Recently, scientists say a lot about the long-term use of funds with this component reduces natural immunity. In addition, antibacterial - very cuts the skin. Therefore, it is reasonable to use it only in cases where there is a real threat to infection - for example during the flu epidemic.

Solid soap solid "Safeguard Active" Classic with antibacterial action is suitable for sensitive skin. (100g) Safuguard soap composition: Sodium Tallowate, Sodium Palmate, Aqua, Sodium Palm Kemelate, Glycerin, Parfum, Triclocarban, Citric Acid, Sodium Citrate, Sodium Chloride, Palm Kernel Acid, Pentasodium Pentetate, Tetrasodium Etidronate, Disodium Distyrylbiphenyl Disulfonate, Alpha-Isomethyl Ionone, Hexyl Cinnamal, Butylphenyl Methylpropional, Benzyl Benzoate, Citronellol, Linalool, Eugenol, Geraniol, CI 77891, CI 42090.

Exfoliating

The exfoliating bars soap is improved by adding comprehensive particles - natural crushed bones or polymer granules. With such an assistant, you do not need a stuff: soap scrub perfectly cleans the skin covered covers not only from sweat and dirt, but also from burned scales. Also perfectly prepares the epidermis to the effects of other cosmetics and strengthens their effect by 20%. True, it is not worth using it every day - two or three times a week quite enough. For normal and oily skin, it is suitable with bone scrubs, for dry and sensitive - with artificial granules. The latter have a smooth spherical form, so do not injure and easily exfoliate dry particles.

Perfumey

A large number of fonds were added to the perfumed, so it remains thin, hardly tangible aroma remains on the body. As a rule, it enters the bathing series along with the shower gel, body milk, deodorant and toilet water. Great option for the hot season when you want to minimize the use of actually perfume and even toilet water. Most often, this has a quality composition and a very soft formula, so it does not dry the skin.

Nivea Lemongrass & Oil / Lemongrass and Oil, Cream Soap with Nutrient Oils. Hydra-IQ moisturizing formula for perfectly delicate skin. Mildly cleans and takes care of your skin every day. Application: Fill with water adding. Smash thoroughly. If you get to the eye, rinse with water. The soap: Sodium Tallowate, Sodium Cocoate, Aqua, Glycerin, Glyceryl Glucoside, Helianthus Annuus Seed Oil, Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis Oil, Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis Oil, Octyldodecanol, Sodium Thiosulfate, Sodium Chloride, Tetrasodium Etidronate, Disteardimonium Hectorite, Limonene, Linalool, Citral , Geraniol, Butylphenyl Methylpropional, Parfum, CI 77891, CI 11680, CI 74160. Made in Germany

Cream-soap Dove figs and orange petals (135 g) Exotic combination of fragrances of juicy figs and flower orange tree I charge you with energy and give strength. 1/4 of the moisturizing cream.

/ DOVE: Sodium Lauroyl Isethionate, Stearic Acid, Sodium Palmitate, Sodium Stearate, Aqua, Sodium Isethionate, Lauric Acid, Sodium C14-16 Olefin Sulfonate, Sodium Palm Kernelate, Parfum, Glycerin, Sodium Chloride, Dipropylene Glycol, Propylene Glycol, Citric Acid , Sodium Benzoate, Zinc Oxyde, Tetrasodium Edta, Tetrasodium etidronate, Alumina, Benzyl Alcohol, Butylphenyl Methylpropional, Coumarin, Geraniol, Hexyl Cinnamal, Limonene, Linalool, Ci 19140, CI 42090, CI 77891. Made in Germany

Liquid

For liquid - the basis serves as surface active substances. To soften their action, natural vegetable extracts and essential oils are added to the liquid soap. It is more convenient and hygienic in operation, since it is enclosed in a bottle with a dispenser. In addition, it has a lower level of acidity, so softer acts on the epidermis.

Liquid soap for hands "Celandel" Natural Cosmetics, moisturizes and soothes the skin (465 ml / ml). Composition of liquid soap: (INCI) Aqua, Sodium Laureth Sulfate, Sodium Chloride, Cocamide DEA, Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Polyquaternium-7, Glycerin (glycerol), PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate, Chelidonium Majus (Celandine) Extract, Citric Acid, Disodium EDTA, Parfum, Propylene Glycol, Diazolidinyl Urea, Methylparaben, PropylParaben, Methylisothiazolinone, HEXYL CINNAMAL, LINALOOL, CI 19140, CI 42090.

Medical

Parusochka, which includes intake components, such as tar and sulfur. Suitable the owners of problem skin - excessively dry, prone to dermatitis. Apply a tar soap need carefully and only by testimony.

Toilet solid soap Nevskaya cosmetics "Degtyar" (140 g), unique Russian soap grade. Contains natural birch to tar, which has an antiseptic effect, improves blood supply to the skin, has a beneficial effect on its condition. Soap does not contain artificial dyes and perfume additives. The composition of the Degtyar Soap Nevskaya Cosmetics: Sodium salts of fatty acids of natural fats and vegetable oils, water, birch tar, triethanolamine diethylene glycol, PEG-9, diodraction salt EDTA, citric acid, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, benzoic acid, sodium chloride. (Inci) Sodium Tallowate, Sodium Cocoate, Sodium Palmitate, Aqua, Betula Tar, Triethanolamine, Diethylene Glycol, PEG-9, Disodium Edta, Citric Acid, Cellulose Gum, Benzoic Acid, Sodium Chloride.

Soap without soap

The perfect solution for amateur washed - soap without soap, which is called, looks and foaming like ordinary lumps, perfectly removes makeup, dust and skin fat. But at the same time it has a completely different composition, due to which the integrity of the protective hydrolyphic film does not violate and does not take away moisture at the skin. Most often presented in pharmacy and cosmeceutical series.

Alissa Leaute Essential Mousse Detergente - Viso / Cleansing Mousse - Face (150 ml). The composition of the mousse for the washing of sensitive skin: Aqua, Dipropylene Glycol, Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate, Glycerin, Mea-Lauryl Sulfate, PEG-200 Hydrogenated Glyceryl Palmate, PEG-30 Glyceryl Cocoate, PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate, Phenoxyethanol, Mel, Sodium Benzoate, Cocamidopropyl Betaine Imidazolidinyl Urea, Potassium Sorbate , Disodium EDTA, Citric Acid, CI 18050, CI 42720, CI 42735, Methylchloroisothiazolinone, Methylisothiazolinone.
Made in Italy.

Choice:
1) with the aroma of toilet water Flowerparty leaves a light floral smell on the body and softens the skin (100 g, 240 rubles)
2) Cream "cherry pudding" from Lush filled with pieces of fruits, cleansing citrus oil and crushed almonds for tender scraping (100 g, 210 rubles)
3) "Before bed" with the aroma of lavender helps carefully clean the gentle skin of the baby and set it up on a healthy and calm dream (100 g, 25 rubles)
4) American Volare Magnolia from Oriflame exudes a gentle floral flavor (4 pcs., 170 rubles)

XVI Regional Scientific and Practical Conference

"Step to the Future" Usolye-Siberian

Vaseline "HREF \u003d" / TEXT / CATEGORY / VAZELIN / "REL \u003d" BOOKMARK "\u003e Vaseline-Lanoline soap is prepared so, take 3.5 kg. Vaseline and 1.5 kg. Lanolina adds them to 95 kg of molten soaps. Applied Vaseline-Lanoline soap as a softening agent. Also, the medical soams include liquid potassium soap, which is prepared from liquid vegetable oils by washing them with caustic potassium; fatty acid content of at least 40%. Medical soap used externally in the forms of patches, ointments, pastes , has therapeutic meaning in accordance with the influence of the current starting, the current start. Such is the use of terrent soap in the form of ointments during rheumatism.

Special types of soap also belong to soaps used mostly in the textile, leather, metallurgical industry, in the production of insectofungsides, etc. Special soaps are mainly known in the form of liquid, prepared by washing the fatty mixture with sodium or potassium alkalis or mixtures thereof.

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The effect of the composition of the soap on the skin.

There are many varieties and stamps of soap, and before choosing the most suitable, it is necessary to determine the type of skin.

Overall skin is often glittered due to strong sweat - and the calamination, it is usually large pores. Already 2 hours after washing on the napkin applied to the face, oily skin leaves stains. Soap required for such skin

with a slight drying effect.

Dry skin is thin and very sensitive to the wind and bad weather, and the pores on it are small and thin; It is easily cracking, as not enough elastic. Such a skin must create maximum comfort and gentle mode, better

use expensive soap varieties.

Normal skin is soft, smooth, has a mid-size pores. Such skin is like "glowing", but does not shine. However, normal skin, like any other, needs gentle care.

Soap obtained from fatty acids with a short carbon chain (Laurin and Miristinova) and from unsaturated fatty acids with a long carbon chain (oleic). Irritating to the skin. It does not irritate the skin soap obtained from saturated fatty acids with a long carbon chain (palmitic and stearinovaya). Alkaline and sour soap can cause skin irritation, exposing it, attack microbes. It is better to use neutral soap

Raw material for the production of soap

Animals and vegetable fats can be used as raw materials for the main component of soap, yields (synthetic fatty acids, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil). Animals fats - Ancient and very valuable raw materials of a soap surface. They contain up to 40% of saturated fatty acids. Artificial, that is, synthetic, fatty acids are obtained from paraffin oil with catalytic oxidation of air oxygen. Paraffin molecule when oxidation bursts into different placesAnd it turns out a mixture of acids, which are then divided into fractions. In the production of soap, they are mainly used by two fractions: C10-C16 and C17-C20. In the economic soap, synthetic acids are administered in the amount of 35-40%. Naphthenic acids are also used in the purification of oil products (gasoline, kerosene, etc.). For this purpose, petroleum products are treated with sodium hydroxide solution and an aqueous solution of naphthenic acid sodium salts (monocarboxylic acids of cyclopentane and cyclohexane is obtained). This solution is evaporated and treated with a cooking salt, as a result of which mashed weight of the dark color pops up on the surface of the solution - soylonaf. It is treated with sulfuric acid for cleaning the soulonft, that is, naphthenic acids themselves are squeezed out of salts. This product insoluble in water is called asidol, or asidolmyloneft. Immediately from Asidol, it is possible to make only liquid or, as a last resort, soft soap. It has an oil smell, but it has bactericidal properties.

In the production of soap, the rosin is long used, which is obtained when processing the gils of coniferous trees. Rosethol consists of a mixture of resin acids containing about 20 carbon atoms in the carbon chain. 12-15% rosin from fatty acids are usually introduced into the composition of the economic soap, and no more than 10% in the recipe for toilet air. Introduction of rosin B. large quantities Makes soap soft and sticky.

Technology cooking soap.

The formation of the soap is based on the reaction of washing - hydrolysis of esters of fatty acids (that is, fats) with lumps, as a result of which alkali metal salts and alcohols are formed.

In special containers (cooking boilers), heated fats are washed with eating with a pitch (usually caustic soda). As a result of the reaction in the cooking boilers, a homogeneous viscous liquid is formed, thickning during cooling - soapy glueconsisting of soap and glycerin. The fatty acid content in the soap obtained directly from the soap glue is usually 40-60%. Such a product is called " adhesive soap" The method of obtaining adhesive soap is called "direct method."

The "indirect method" of obtaining soap is the further processing of soap glue, which is subjected clear - electrolyte treatment (sodium eating solutions or sodium chloride solutions), resulting in a liquid bundle: upper layer, or soap kernel. Contains at least 60% fatty acids; bottom layer - podochlock, electrolyte solution with a large glycerol content (also contains polluting components contained in the feedstock). The soap obtained as a result of the indirect method is called " sound».

Higher Sort Soap - pivatedare obtained when the dried kernel soap in the rollers pill cars. At the same time, in the final product, the content of fatty acids increases to 72-74%, the structure of the soap is improved, its resistance to drying, dutching and the action of high temperatures during storage. When used as a row of caustic soda, a solid sodium soap is obtained. Soft or even liquid potassium soap is formed when causta potash is applied.

And now we will talk about the technology of soap production. For the preparation of simple solid soap take 2 kg of caustic natra in 8 kg. Water, the solution is adjusted to 25 ° C and poured it into the molten and cooled to 50 ° C (fat must be unsalted and 12 kg 800 g is taken to the specified amount of water and salt). The resulting liquid mixture is thoroughly stirred until the whole mass becomes completely homogeneous, after which they spill wooden boxes, well-bought felt, and put in a warm dry place. After 4-5 days, the mass solidifies, and soap is ready.

To get good toilet soap For every 100 g. Swine fat take 5-20 s coconut oil. It is necessary to ensure that the resulting soap is neutral. To this end, it is hung at all times and then boil. After the last patch, boiling continues until the sample taken by a glass stick on the plate is not quite satisfactory, i.e., when squeezed, the mass between the fingers will turn out solid plates that should not break.

Coloring substances used for tints of toilet soap can be very diverse. The main conditions that they must satisfy are to be strong enough, mix well with soap and

do not adversely affect the skin.

The red color for transparent soap is obtained by fuchsine and eosine; For opaque soap, kinovar and Surik use.

Yellow soap gives turmeric extract and picric acid.

To obtain a green green aniline or chromium green paint.

The brown soap is formed from light or dark brown aniline paint or burnt sugar. In the manufacture of the toilet soap, a particularly large role is perfume. The fact is that the fragrance not only should be pleasant, but still have to save his smell for a long time and even if possible, to improve while lying and drying soap. Therefore, in perfumeing, the first question is, at what temperature should be perfumed with soap. Then, what is the effect of alkalis on the applied odorous substances. And finally, it is well preserved in alkalis these odorous substances.

A good soap has a pleasant, unobtrusive smell due to perfume additives introduced into it - fragrances. Special soap varieties also include antiseptics (triclozane, chlohexidine, salicylic acid) and biologically active substances, including medicinal plants derived from natural raw materials.

Technology Preparation of soap at home

In order to prepare soap at home, it is necessary to follow the following sequence of operations:

1. Fill the glass on ½ water, put on a tripod with a metal mesh and boil the water.

2. Pour in a disappearance cup castor oil and sodium hydroxide solution.

3. Put a cup for evaporation to a glass with boiling water and heated within 10-15 minutes, stirring its contents with a glass wand.

4. Add a saturated sodium chloride solution and mix.

5. Cool with contents cool.

6. With the spatula, collect soap, make two pieces of rice grains from it.

It is possible to aromatize the resulting soap using plant hoods, using such plants for this purpose: currant leaves, needles, calendula flowers, chamomile.

Areas of application of soap.

In addition to using soap as a detergent, it is widely used when bleaching tissues in the production of cosmetics, for the manufacture of polishing compositions of water-emulsion paints.

In everyday life, not to mention the industry, the wash process is subjected to different items and objects. Pollutants are the most diverse, but most often they are low-soluble or insoluble in water. Such substances are usually hydrophobic, since water is not wetted and do not interact with water. Therefore, various detergents are needed.

If you try to give this process to determine this process, then wash can be called cleaning the contaminated surface with a liquid containing a detergent or detergent system. As a liquid in everyday life, water is mainly used. A good detergent system must perform a double function: remove contamination from the surface cleaned and translate it into an aqueous solution. So, the detergent should also have a double function: the ability to interact with pollutant and translate it into water or aqueous solution. Consequently, the molecule of detergent must have a hydrophobic and hydrophilic part. "Phobos" in Greek means fear. Fear. So hydrophobic means "fearful, avoiding water." "Fillet" in Greek - "love", hydrophilic - loving, holding water. The hydrophobic part of the detergent molecule has the ability to interact with the surface of the hydrophobic pollutant. The hydrophilic part of the detergent interacts with water, penetrates the water and carries a particle of a pollutant attached to the hydrophobic end.

In this way, detergent Must have the ability to adsorb on the border surface, that is, possess surfactants (surfactants).

Salts of heavy carboxylic acids, for example CH3 (CH2) 14SooNa, are typical surfactants. They contain a hydrophilic part (in this case, a carboxyl group) and a hydrophobic part (hydrocarbon radical).

Practical work

"Secrets of soaps".

Objective: to study the process of washing of higher fatty acids.

Having studied theory, we will try to get soap in practice by drawing his cooking way.

So that our soap is safe for health, we will apply natural raw materials.

We use as equipment and raw materials:

· Flask round flat replaceable capacity of 1000 cm3,

· Glass wand,

· Tripod with devices,

· Alcohol,

· Porcelain glasses with a capacity of 500cm3 and 200 cm3,

· Porcelain spoon,

· Pinzeta,

· Technical scales,

· Glass glass capacity 100cm3,

· Fat beef 70g,

· Salo Pork 30g,

· Ethyl alcohol 20 ml,

· Na2CO3 solution,

· NaCl solution 20% 200 ml,

· Eucalyptus oil 2 drops dissolved in alcohol fragrant substance, Loskutka fabric size 5x5 cm,

· Mold for pressing soap.

Progress: And so start with the receipt of high quality kernel soap.

· Weighing on the technical scales of 70 g. Beef and 30g pork fat and put it in the flask with a capacity of 1000cm3, fixed in the tripod.

· Prepail the Na2CO3 calcined soda solution (25 g Na2CO3 + 30 ml H2O).

· In the flask with an adhelation of 20 ml of ethyl alcohol. It will help dissolve, contact non-polar fat in polar alkali.

· Caution, when heated and stirring, adhere to the prepared solution of alkali Na2CO3.

· The oil washer reaction passes only when heated. A sign of the reaction is the appearance of soap.

· In the resulting mixture, we pour a 20% solution NaCl and again heated the mixture to the complete soap compartment.

· Unlike hot water, the soap is almost not dissolved in the solid solution. Therefore, when desolation, it is separated from the solution and pops up.

· We will give a lot to cool a little, the layer of soap with a spoon on the flap of the fabric, to complete it (you need to work in rubber gloves!) And Promotion in Cold Water.

· Slightly squeezing, put it on another flap of fabric.

· We will check the pH of the soap (the normal level of pH 6-7). We were above us, so we were soaps again hung and washed with water.

Our second experience will be to get toilet soap.

To obtain a toilet soap, the kernel soap is grinding, kneading. Then add 2 drops of eucalyptus oil in soap (essential oil, liquid, yellow, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent).

Studying the properties of soap

To study the properties of soap, it is necessary to conduct a number of experiments confirming its detergent properties. This follows:

1. In one test tube pour 5 ml of distilled water, to another - as much tap, put in each piece of soap.

2. Close the corks and shake both test tubes at the same time for a few seconds.

3. Put test tubes to the tripod and using the stopwatch to determine how long the foam remains in each test tube. In the test tube with distilled water, the foam is held - 30 seconds, and with a tap 10 seconds.

4. Mark the view of the contents of each test tube. The solution was clouded from soap in two test tubes.

5. Use the universal indicator paper to determine the acidity of the soap solution. Soap solution has a weak alkali environment.

6. The presence of glycerol in the reaction mixture can be detected using a high-quality reaction to polyhydric alcohols, i.e., by the addition of freshly prepared copper hydroxide. When adding copper hydroxide in test tubes, the solution became bright blue.

Conclusions:

· Soap obtained at home, pleasantly smells, foams well and is soapped, possesses antibacterial properties and is environmentally friendly;

· Soap has a weakly familiar reaction of the medium;

· Gives a characteristic reaction to the content of glycerin.

Literature:

1. Aleksinsky experiments in Chemistry - M., 1995

2. Bogdanova. Laboratory works. 8 - 11 cl.: Studies. Manual for general education institutions. - M.: Astrel ": AST", 2001. - 112c.: Il.

3. Big Soviet Encyclopedia (in 30 volumes). GL ed. . Ed. 3rd, "Soviet Encyclopedia". 1972.t.17 Morshansk - Mattik. 1974.616c.

4. Gross, Weissman H. Chemistry for inquisitive - M., 1993

5. Zinoviev Zhirov - M., 1990

6. Selemeneva in everyday life - http: // Festival. one *****

7. Tobbin on soap production - M 1991

8. - Chemistry at Leisure - M., 1996

9. Shabanova Activities of students - http: // Festival. one *****

10. Shcherbakov projects: Organization of chemistry activities - http: // Festival. one *****

11. I will know the world: Children's Encyclopedia: Chemistry / Auto. - Sost. ; Art. . - M.: "AST Publishing House"; 1999. - 448C.

Review of special course « Methods of solving settlement tasks for chemistry for students of 10-11 class» chemistry teachers Kulikova N, S.

MOU "UMAGAN SOSH",from. Umya, Tulunsky district

This work is part of the program for the study of organic chemistry the theme "Fats", the elective course "Chemistry in everyday life".

Valentina decided to study this topic on his own, as it was interested, can soap be obtained at home and whether it will be it, as sold in stores.

In this project, the teacher already acts as a consultant. Knowing this, it can be noted that this work is a continuing process of formation of cognitive interests, research skills, the development of the ability to observe and analyze what is happening during the experiments of the phenomenon, the development of the skill practical activity and fixing the observation results, and then by the results of making the necessary conclusions.

The paper presents basic information about the origin of soap, the history of soap, composition, properties, the classification of soap, raw materials for its production and application.

The study of the theoretical part makes it possible to learn how to cook soap at home so that it is an environmentally friendly product. All these aspects are reflected in this research project.

And the choice of this topic contributes to the development of practical skills, the development of creativity.

The basic principle of performance is a personal interest of the student in obtaining chemical knowledge. Such an interest arose from Valentina due to the originality of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe project and fascinating the results obtained.

All sections of the project are interconnected, have continuity at each stage.

The work implements the principle of developing learning, aimed at obtaining new knowledge through research activities, develops practical research skills.

But the most important outcome of this project is that it contributes to the development of curiosity, research thought and sustainable interest in chemistry.

Project Manager.

The structure of the soap, its properties

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids (scheme 1), hydrolyzing in an aqueous solution with the formation of acid and alkali.

General solid soap formula:

Coli formed by strong bases of alkali metals and weak carboxylic acids are subjected to hydrolysis:

Emuliced \u200b\u200balignment formed, partially decomposes fats and exempts the dirt sticking to the tissue. Carboxylic acids with water form a foam, which captures dirt particles. Kalive salts compared with sodium is better soluble in water and therefore have a stronger detergent.

The hydrophobic part of the soap penetrates into the hydrophobic pollutant, as a result, the surface of each particle of contamination is surrounded by a shell of hydrophilic groups. They interact with polar water molecules. Due to this, the ions of the detergent together with pollution are removed from the surface of the fabric and go to water medium. This is where the contaminated surface is cleaning with detergent.

Soap production consists of two stages: chemical and mechanical. In the first stage (ward of soap), an aqueous solution of sodium (less often potassium) salts, fatty acids or their substitutes are obtained.

Preparation of higher carboxylic acids during cracking and oxidation of petroleum products:

Obtaining sodium salts:

FROM n. H. m. COOH + NaOH \u003d with n. H. m. Coona + H 2 O.

Soap cooking is finishing the processing of a soap solution (soap glue) with an excess of alkali or sodium chloride solution. As a result of this, a concentrated layer of soap pops up on the surface of the solution, called the kernel. The resulting soap is called sound, and the process of its separation from the solution is a sprinkler or planting.

Mechanical processing is cooling and drying, grinding, finishing and packaging of finished products.

As a result of a soap process, we get the most diverse products with which you can familiarize yourself.

The production of the household soap is finished at the stage of planting, while cleaning the soap from protein, coloring and mechanical impurities. The production of the toilet soap passes all stages of machining. The most important of them is grinding, i.e. Transfering the sound soap into a solution of boiling with hot water and repeated yoke. At the same time, soap is very clean and light.

Washing powders can:

Annoy the respiratory tract;

Stimulate penetration into the skin of poisonous substances;

Cause allergies and dermatitis skin.

In all these cases, it is necessary to go to the use of soap, the only disadvantage of which is that it dries the skin.

If the soap was cooked from animals or vegetable fats, then from the solution after separation of the nucleus, it is released formed when the glycerin is washed, which is widely used: in the production of explosives and polymer resins, as a softener of fabric and skin, in the manufacture of perfumery, cosmetic and medical preparations, in Confectionery production.

In the production of soap, naphthenic acids are used, isolated during the purification of petroleum products (gasoline, kerosene). For this purpose, petroleum products are treated with sodium hydroxide solution and aqueous solution of sodium salts of naphthenic acids is obtained. This solution is evaporated and treated with a cooking salt, as a result of which the mass-shaped mass of dark color pops up on the surface of the solution - soylonaf. It is treated with sulfuric acid for cleaning the soilft. This product insoluble in water is called asidol or asidol-soyloneft. Directly from asidola produced soap.

The roots of the Chukovsky rows "Long live a scented soap ..." called for children to clean and hygiene, which at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as in the post-war Russia, was particularly relevant.

Do I need to use soap today, is it safe to wash them every day, and what basic functions should be soap?

Analysis of more than a dozen research conducted in scientific laboratories throughout the world showed that daily hand washing with soap reduces the incidence of viruses during epidemics by 21%, infection with gastrointestinal infections by 31%.

This once again proves that you need to wash your hands with soap. A piece of solid toilet soap today is a necessary means of hygiene, which is in every family, they enjoy adults and children.

Interestingly, the first soap in our country was only the subject of luxury. In the XIV-XV century, soap was given by special occasions: on birthdays and weddings. What is there to say, if another 80 years ago (in childhood of our grandmothers), soap was in short. The hair was purified by water with bread and ash, underwear was washed by coastal clay earth or soda.

The hardest soap that is sold today in stores, invented the famous Arabic alchemist Gabir Ibn Khan in the 7th century. Almost 9 centuries passed while in Russian Empire For the first time began to produce soap in an industrial way. But despite this, until the middle of the XIX century, we used soap only nobles.

At this time, the first washbasin appeared, and in the aristocratic circles, the ladies were going for a fashionable action - washing with soap. The XX century strongly changed the use of soap, since it was at that time synthetic detergents and various chemical additives to it appeared. Interestingly, it was in Russia that in 1912 the first synthetic seals were invented without fats invented, but they did not find wide widespread. Subsequently, in 1930, the production of these substances launched the Americans, thanks to which today we have washing powders, shampoos, liquid soaps.

To understand how safely you can use soap, we will analyze its composition.

Soap composition

Solid soap:

• a mixture of high fatty acid salts (Laurinovaya, Oleinova, stearinovaya, palmitic),
• glycerol,
• flavors
• dyes.

A solid soap is obtained by reacting the washing of oils and fats with sodium hydroxide (alkali). The solid soap always has an alkaline reaction, since it contains sodium hydroxide residues.

Liquid soap:it is almost always based on synthetic surfactants (surfactants).

Difference from solid soap: It gives a good foam due to pavov, less alkaline pH, the presence of various softening and moisturizing additives.

Basic functions of soap

• Purification of pollution and hand hygiene

The soap molecule consists of two parts: hydrophobic (powdered water) - contains long organic radicals and thanks to this copes with contamination, and the hydrophilic part contains a carboxyl group that is responsible for the interaction of the water molecule.

• Antibacterial soap function

Experts are developing all new components to combat pathogens on the skin surface. To date, there are two most common antibacterial components: Triklozan and Trialicarban, which are registered by the US Environmental Protection Agency as components of hazardous pesticides. The worst thing is that these components are very resistant, and when we wash them into the sewer, they fall into the rivers and lakes.

The study of the composition of water in the Great Lakes, located in Canada and the Atlantic Ocean (the most famous Lake Michigan) showed that the triclosan was discovered in 90 percent of water samples and in many fish. The fact that we use daily and pour into the sewage system, as a result, the cycle will certainly return to us. Triklozan today find even in samples breast milk. In our country, Triklozan and Trialicarban are permitted components of soap.

According to dermatologists, the excessive use of antibacterial soap can lead to unpleasant consequences: allergies and illuminated skin microflora.

The famous dermatologist Irina Svogogudayev in many of his interviews has repeatedly emphasized that the usual solid soap, and even more so antibacterial, and the helpful microorganisms on the surface of the skin also destroys. In addition, the triclosane soap under constant use may be addictive, as it leads to the stability of microbes and even their mutations. Studies have shown that such a hospital bacterium as a cynical wand is generally resistant to its action.

There are several works devoted to the acquisition of microbial resistance to antibiotics under the influence of triclozan. Doctors advise to use such soaps only in unsanitary conditions. The American FDA Food Safety and Drug Administration (ThefoodandDrugAdminMintration) in 2016 issued a ban on the use of triclozan in soap for widespread production. Buy Triklozanova Soap in America can now only be prescribed in pharmacies.

• Cosmetic function soap

In modern conditions, soaps are used as a cosmetic or leaving facial cleansing agent. Experts are introduced into soap components sparing skin, feeding, wound-healing, moisturizing and shine giving it. However, dermatologists advise to use for the face only soap obtained from natural oils (olive, coconut) or special fans and muses containing soft seals.

Is it safe to use soap?

To answer this question, we turned to specialists, as well as to the scientific literature. It is known that the skin is needed to limit the organism from the aggressive external environment. A sharp temperature differences, humidity, various sources of contamination, UV radiation, pathogenic microorganisms, as well as soap type cleansing agents can act as an aggressor. The protective function of the skin performs the upper lipid layer in the horror. The lipid layer consists of free fatty acids, ceramides and cholesterol, and has an oily pH of the medium about 4.5-5. Maintaining pH at this level is extremely important for a healthy skin condition and microflora (LamberSh.Int.cosmet.science 2006, 28, p.359).

In dermatology, there is even such a concept as an acidic mantle of the horn layer. The physiological role of such an acidic mantle is to protect against the impact of various microorganisms. Disrupt such a mechanism is very easy. For example, with a frequent washbasin of a face with hot water with conventional solid soap or liquid cleansing agents containing sodium laureetsulfate or other aggressive surfactant.

The lipid layer is extremely easy soluble solid soap, as well as various hard pavamas.

If a lipid barrier is leaving, water is out of the skin, and at the same time the acidic medium on the surface is disturbed and the pH increases. Scientists calculated that normal skin with a weakly acidic medium (PH5-5.5) can be in contact with soap no more than 10-15 seconds without consequences. It will take about an hour to restore protective layer Epidermis after washing with such soap.

There are many messages in scientific articles from Australia, Germany, Japan that the continuous use of soap or alkaline cleansing means significantly increases the pH of the skin (Duncanc.n.The Effect of Anacid Iccean Server Sus Soap On The Skin pH AndMicro-Flora of Adult Patients : ANON-RANDOMIZED TWO GROUP CROSSOVER STUDY IN ANINTENSIVE CARE UNIT. INTENSIVE CRIT CARE NURS 2013; 29, 291). Korting and others reported that the skin of the skin has increased to such huge values \u200b\u200bas 8.5 with the continuous use of soap on the face and forearm (Korting H.C.Int.j.cosmet.science 1991; P.91).

Studies conducted in America showed that the PH level also affects the protective function of the skin. The skin of bald mice was affected by acetone, and then measured the pH. It was found that the protective barrier function of the skin was restored faster in the presence of an acid solution compared to neutral. The article by Journal of Investigative Dermatology Hatano magazine and others showed that maintaining an acidic medium in a lipid layer using alpha phantroxyc acid (AHA) and betahydroxyc acid (BHA) prevents the development of dermatitis in mice. Scientists have established that acid external means are able to treat various dermatoses (Hatanoy.j.invest.dermatol., 2009, 129: 1824-1835).

These acids today are part of a large pharmacy cosmetics, as well as to the means used in the treatment of skin diseases.

Oh soap handmade

Choosing a beautiful handmade soap, it is worth paying attention to its composition, as well as information about the manufacturer. Some manufacturers are taken as a basis for manual production soap. Chemical alkaline base. At the same time, the composition of such soap almost will not differ from ordinary slicing soap. Often, many dyes and flavors add a manual production soap, and the word "natural" is written in order to attract the buyer. The best natural soap is manually cooked using exclusively natural vegetable oils. For example, coconut, olive, palm. It is worth saying that the cost of such soap in Russia cannot be less than 150-250 rubles.

pH of the skin with various diseases

Lipid layer for proper work It is able to withstand various microorganisms, as well as external factors. The normal growth of the flora is optimal at acidic pH values, while pathogenic bacteria, such as S. staphylococcus, flourish at the neutral pH level (Körtingh.c.Actaderm.venereol. 1990). The increased pH value was observed in skin studies at various diseases. The study involved 100 children with atopic dermatitis. It was recorded that the pH of their skin is significantly higher than in healthy children. Also, dermatologists have discovered that the pH of the skin is higher in patients with vulgar ichthyosis (5.3 ± 0.7) than healthy (4.5). Enzymes responsible for peeling during ichthyosis depend on the pH, the change of which prevents the normal process of peeling. Therefore, for the treatment of this disease, drugs with lactic acid are used (ActadermveneLeol 2013, 93, SKIN PH: from Basic Science to Basic Skin Care, Sabam. Aliandgil Yosipovitch)

In people who suffer from contact dermatitis, as well as the copies of the foot, higher pH values \u200b\u200bwere recorded compared to healthy.

And finally, a study regarding adolescents suffering acne. Invitro bacteria, causing acne, with the values \u200b\u200bof the pH 6.5 actively multiplied by, and with the indicators of the pH less "6" growth decreased noticeably. In a study conducted within four weeks , The number of acne foci increased in the group used solid soap. The pH of the leather of adolescents used liquid cleansing agents containing acids decreased. (Körtingh.c.clin.dermatol, 1996, 14, p.23.körtingh.c.C.INFECTION 1995, 23: p. 89).

All these works again prove that patients suffering from skin diseases should not use solid soap or other alkaline detergents. It only aggravates their disease.

Problem skin often has an alkaline environment, so it needs to be regularly acidified, and it is not more snapped with soap. It is desirable that the face wash agent contains natural and synthetic acids (dairy, grape, apple, wine, lemonic acid, salicylic acid), as well as prebiotics.

Tips for using soap and cleaning facial and body skin

Solid or liquid soap?

Since the usual solid soap, as a rule, contains in its composition the residues of alkali and its pH is always overestimated, it is best to use such a soap for hand and legs. If possible, get a solid soap, made on the basis of natural oils.
Liquid soap, as well as various gels for the soul, give a good foam due to the pavs. Therefore, their pH is less alkaline. However, the presence of "hard" pavs (for example, sodium laureetsulfate) makes such a means difficult to clean. Some people note that after using gels for the soul, they have a resistant feeling of "chemistry" on the skin. Therefore, when choosing a liquid soap or gel, it is necessary to pay attention to the composition of the means.

1. First of all, you need to choose soap depending on which part of the body we want to use it and for what (cleansing from dirt, bacteria or for cosmetic purposes).
2. Solid soap is recommended to use only for washing hands and legs, where the skin is less sensitive. Such soap is good to use for disinfection and cleansing from dirt every day. Wash your hands should be in warm water with soap.
3. It is better to choose baby soap as a solid soap. All its components pass strict quality control. Often, natural plant extracts are included in such soap, which gives it antiseptic properties.
4. Liquid soap and cream-soap, in which pH from 5.5 to 6-7, can be used for washing the body, but not daily, and 2-3 times a week in combination with warm but not hot water.
5. Choosing a liquid soap, as well as a cleansing agent for a person, carefully read its composition. It is better to choose the means containing soft surfactants: any glucosides, Decylpolyglucose, betaine, polyglycosides, Cocamidopropyl Betaine, sodium cocoylisethinate, Sodiumcoco-sulfate, sulfosuccinate, Sodium sulfosuccinate, Glythereth Cocoate, Disodium Cocoamphodiacetate, Magnesium lauryl sulphate. The less foaming or soaps, the smaller the amount of surfactant it contains, the better.
6. It is not worth buying a liquid soap containing dyes and a large amount of fragrance. In general, it is better that the liquid soap does not even have a transparent color, but a slight muddy. This once again testifies that the complexes are added to it correctly selected "soft" surfactants.
7. If your skin is a problem problem, then choose tools with sour pH (less than 6).
8. To purify the delicate or sensitive skin, the faces are also suitable for intimate hygiene, which are not allergenic, but at the same time the dirt is well removed.
9. In order to competently choose a means for cleansing the face, it is better to turn to a dermatologist who will pick it up in your skin type.
10. It is not necessary to use soap containing triclozan and its analogues, even for washing hands. Only in emergency unsanitary cases.
11. If you have time, try to clean the skin of the face and neck using the natural components cooked at home.

Recipes of natural cleaning facilities for face

Recipe number 1. Means for any type of skin, simple cooking

For any type of skin, cleaning is suitable with a natural yogurt without additives. If the skin is fat, then mix 1 tablespoon of yogurt and 1 teaspoon of lemon juice. Apply the mixture on the face, avoiding the skin around the eyes. Rock warm water.

Recipe number 2. For oily skin, based on honey

• ¼ cup of water
• ¼ Cups lemon juice
• ½ cups of oat flakes
• ½ tablespoon of honey
  All ingredients place in a bowl and mix. Apply a mixture to a wet face and leave for 15 seconds, rinse with warm water.

Recipe number 3. Cucumber-based summer

• ½ cups of yogurt
• ½ Cucumber
• 5 sheets of mint.

All ingredients place in a blender, grind and apply on a pre-moisturized face, rinse with warm water.

It's hard to express in words how I like natural solid soap - In my family it is greater than the shower gel or liquid hand soap.

Today I will tell you about the most impressive organic products. And start, by tradition, from the iHerb ordered.

South of France Soap From Aiherba, I really like an ergonomic oval form (it is convenient to keep it in your hands), economical consumption and, of course, natural composition. My favorite from the tested - lavender Soap Lavender Fields (link) and herbes de Provence with olive herbs (link). Lavender very naturally smells a lavender, and the soap with olive herbs has an unobtrusive herbal fragrance.
The skin is soap not dried, which is also a big plus.
Volume: 170 gr.
Price: 130 rub.
The composition of the soap with olive herbs: Mass Balance Sustainable Palm Oil, Saponified Coconut Oil, Vegetable Glycerin, Organic Shea Butter, Natural Colorants, Blends of Natural and Essential Oils and Fragrance.

Another "soap" brand with iHerb, which I love, - One with Nature. (On the title photo - their soap in the center). They have big slices of soap (200 gr), which, nevertheless, nice and convenient to hold in their hands. Consisted sooo long, the skin is not dried, although it is washed off to the "squeak". I like lavender soapAlthough I warn you that he has a very strong, ethereal fragrance, which can be felt, barely opening the parcel (link to this soap).
Even more than Lavender One With Nature, I like soap with the dirt of the Dead Sea, Dead Sea Mud Soap Bar (link to this soap). It is valuable not by the aroma (there is practically no His soap), and small exfoliating parties - I really like this effect of scrub and when washing hands, and when washing the body.
But there is less, in my opinion, good sample — oNE ONE WITH NATURE WITH MATIA TRIPLE MILLED SOAP, Peppermint (link). I took it for the summer, hoping the cooling mentholic effect. At first, the soap was pleasantly smelled of mint, then the usual soap smell began to appear in it (almost like "economic"). In addition, it seemed to me that this soap dries a little skin.

Weight: 200 gr.
Price: 142 rub.
In the photo - soap with mint:


The composition is good:

Fragrant soap Honeymania ™ from The Body Shop No wonder is called fragrant: it flams on the whole bathroom. And in my opinion, the smell is more reminded honey Acacia.What honey, that for me a big plus.
I liked the design (translucent soap) and small sizeWhen soaping soap is nicely slippery, foams well. Does not twist, does not dry the skin.

Weight: 100 gr.
Price: 150 rub.


Structure: The base of Sodium Palmate soap is palm oil, which is very good.

Pleasant pleased soap and Weleda. I tried soap with calendulawhich can be used for adults and for children and rosemary soap. They differ, as it seemed to me, only on flavors - they are rather weakly pronounced, they do not remain on the skin. But the soap is not dried at all, I even tried to wash my face.
Composition of rosemary soap: Soaping the base of palm, coconut and olive oils, rosemary, glycerin, a mixture of natural essential oils, malt extract, salt salty.
The composition of the soap with calendula: Soaping the base of palm, coconut and olive oils, water, glycerin, a mixture of natural essential oils, calendula colors extracts, chamomile, iris root and tricolor violet, rice and malt, salt.

Weight: 100 gr.
Price: 337 rub.

Wonderful seemed to me Transparent Soap from L'Occitane: Soap "Zhenipalu" It has a very nice fruit-floral aroma, and "Victoria Regia" - Flower-aquatic. Fragravize the whole bathroom, buzz! On the skin, the fragrance, unfortunately, keeps short, but soap is needed and not for this. With all the main functions, it copes perfectly, not dried (despite the fact that the base of the soap is palm oil in the afternoon with a less natural sodium stearate), does not twice in water, it foams well. Even it is a pity that he has such a small size (75).

Weight: 75 gr.
Price: 250 rubles.


The composition of the soap "Zhenipalu":

Right on the photo - soap in the form of a leaflet from L'Occitane "Verbena". I love him for beauty 🙂


Contains exfoliating particles, the aroma is pleasant, but weakly pronounced. In this sense, he plays a transparent "ghenypal" and "Victoria Regia", but it wins in design and in composition (there is no sodium stearate).

Weight: 75 gr.
Price: 320 rub.
Structure:

Another interesting soap that is sold in the Caucasus And on the Internet, - "Tamba". I brought him my mother from the Caucasian resort.


Soap contains tambucan healing dirt, exfoliating particles of volcanic pumice, coffee and many other utilities.
Promises He is very loud.


Damn me to trick them to believe 😀 In the manual for the soap, it is said that it can be used as a mask. I left it soap literally for a couple of minutes: so much like then, my face was never burning in life. I thought, not to live to the morning :)))) The skin was not "put out."
But for hands and especially for the body (for priests and hips, for example, there are pex and coffee!) This soap is a great thing!
And the design is cool:


Weight: 80 gr.
Price: 150 rub.

Here is such a hefty I got a review.
Maybe you share your soap pets? I want to try something new 🙂