State social authorities. Social protection system of the population

The state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of social support of citizens is formed in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

According to Art. 7 of the Constitution « The Russian Federation is a social state, the policy of which is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a dignified life and free human development. (Article 7., Clause 1.). And also in the Russian Federation, labor and health of people are protected, a guaranteed minimum wage is established, state support for family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, disabled people and elderly citizens is provided, a system of social services is developing, state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection are established ( Article 7.P.2.).

The Constitution of the Russian Federation also establishes that the coordination of issues related to the protection of the family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood; social protection, including social security, is under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Thus, all of the above guarantees are implemented through the system of social protection of the population. The basis of state social guarantees are minimum social standards- that is, the minimum levels of social guarantees established by the laws of the Russian Federation or by decisions of representative bodies of state power for a certain period of time, expressed through social norms and standards, reflecting the most important human needs for material benefits, public and free services, guaranteeing an appropriate level of their consumption and intended to determine mandatory minimum budgetary expenditures for these purposes.

Social protection of the population is a practical activity for the implementation of the main directions of social policy.

When developing and implementing social policy, the question of necessity arises about social priorities, that is, social tasks that are recognized by society at this stage of its development as the most urgent and urgent, requiring priority solutions. At the same time, it is necessary not only to support, but also

In a broad general sociological sense, the term "social protection" first appeared in the United States in the 30s. and gradually became widespread in Western sociology to designate a system of measures that protect any citizen from economic and social disadvantage due to unemployment, loss or sharp reduction in income due to illness, childbirth, work injury or occupational disease, disability, old age, loss of breadwinner, etc. etc., and also became the main attribute of the social policy of any civilized state.

Social protection of the population is considered by Russian social law as a system of legal guarantees and protective measures that protect members of society from economic, social and physical degradation. It acts as a process of ensuring by state and municipal bodies of the existing guarantees and rights that protect the individual, his economic, socio-political, social needs and interests.

In practical terms, social protection is represented by a complex of legal economic, social guarantees enshrined in legislation and by-laws at the state level using a two-stage system of legal acts - federal and regional legislation.

At the same time, social protection also acts as a process of ensuring by state or other bodies the guarantees and rights existing in society that protect the individual, his economic, socio-political, social needs and interests in all spheres of society. In its action, it applies to all members of society, but the functional manifestation in relation to different groups not the same.

Social protection models(according to V.V. Antropov)

The economic model of social protection can be understood as the established principles of organization and functioning of its programs in a particular country. Four main models dominate in the countries of the European Union: continental or Bismarckian, Anglo-Saxon or Beveridge's model, Scandinavian and South European.

Continental model (Bismarck model) establishes a strong connection between the level of social protection and the duration of professional activity. It is based on social insurance, the services of which are financed mainly by contributions from employers and insured persons. This model is based on the principle of professional solidarity, which provides for the existence of insurance funds, managed on a parity basis by employees and entrepreneurs. They accumulate social deductions from wages, from which insurance payments are made. Funding for such systems, as a rule, is not carried out from the state budget, since the principle of budgetary universality is the opposite of such a model of social protection. However, in the modern conditions of the existence of the welfare state in Europe with its extensive network of social programs, this model of social protection, as a rule, is not always based only on this principle. Therefore, for low-income members of society who are unable to receive social insurance payments for a number of reasons (for example, due to the lack of the required insurance experience), national solidarity is realized through the social assistance system. In this case, we can talk about auxiliary mechanisms that are deviations from the main logic of the "Bismarck" model. Despite the existence of the principle of compulsory social insurance (for example, in Germany compulsory social insurance is prescribed by law), it is not fully observed. This is due to the existence of maximum wage levels, above which membership in social insurance regimes is not mandatory (only voluntary insurance is possible), or limitation of contributions (in this case, in the framework of compulsory social insurance, contributions are made only within the maximum wage, and social payments are calculated in relation to this level). Thus, this model is based on the principle of actuarial equity, when the amount of insurance payments is determined primarily by the amount of insurance premiums. At the time of his birth in Germany at the end of the 19th century. the German social protection system reproduced this very model. Today, the significant development of the social assistance system (based on the principle of assistance, not insurance) leads to a modification of this model and an increase in the share of budgetary financing of social protection.

Anglo-Saxon Model (Beveridge Model) represented in Europe by Great Britain and Ireland. It is based on the report of the British economist W. Beveridge, presented to the British government in 1942. Keynes's ideas that the dynamics of social production and employment are determined by the factors of effective demand, and, consequently, the redistribution of income in the interests of social groups, had a significant influence on the provisions put forward by Beveridge. receiving lower incomes can increase the money demand of mass buyers. The model is based on the following principles: the principle of universality (universality) of the social protection system - its extension to all citizens in need of material assistance; the principle of uniformity and unification of social services and payments, which is expressed in the same amount of pensions, benefits and medical care, as well as the conditions for their provision.

The principle of distributive justice is fundamental in this model, since in this case we are not talking about professional (as in the case of Bismarck's model), but about national solidarity. Funding for these social safety nets comes from both insurance premiums and taxation. Thus, financing of family benefits and health care is carried out from the state budget, and other social benefits are financed from insurance contributions of employees and employers. Unlike the continental model, this model includes social insurance with rather low social benefits and social assistance, which plays a dominant role in this system.

Scandinavian social protection model typical for Denmark, Sweden and Finland. Social protection is understood in it as a legal right of a citizen. Distinctive feature the Scandinavian model is a wide coverage of various social risks and life situations that require the support of society. The receipt of social services and payments, as a rule, is guaranteed to all residents of the country and is not conditional on employment and payment of insurance premiums. In general, the level of social protection offered by this model is quite high. Last but not least, this is achieved through an active redistributive policy aimed at equalizing incomes. A prerequisite for the functioning of this model is a highly organized society, built on the basis of a commitment to the principles of an institutional welfare society.

Funding for the social safety nets related to this model comes primarily from taxation, although insurance premiums from entrepreneurs and employees play a role. The only part of social protection that is separated from the general system is unemployment insurance, which is voluntary and administered by trade unions. Until recently, wage earners were practically exempt from paying insurance premiums and participated in the social security system through the payment of taxes. However, in the last decade of the XX century. There has been a trend towards a gradual increase in the share of employees' participation in financing insurance programs and an increase in insurance deductions from wages. The same tendency can be traced in relation to entrepreneurs, while social expenditures of the state have significantly decreased in recent years.

South European model social protection is represented in Italy, Spain, Greece and Portugal. Only in recent decades, under the influence of socio-economic and structural changes in these states, have social protection systems been created or improved. Unlike the previous ones, this model can be interpreted rather as developing, transitional, and therefore not having a clear organization. That is why the "rudimentarity" of this model is noted as its main feature by various Western researchers. As a rule, the level of social protection typical for this model is relatively low, and the task of social protection is often viewed as a concern of relatives and families. Therefore, the family and other institutions of civil society play an important role here, and social policy is predominantly passive and is focused on compensating for losses in the income of certain categories of citizens. A characteristic feature of this model is also the asymmetric structure of social expenditures. So, in Italy, this is manifested in the fact that the largest part of social spending is pensions (14.7% of GDP, while the average European level is 12.5%), while comparatively insignificant funds are spent on family, motherhood, education and employment policy. (about 1%).

The formation of modern systems of social protection is associated with the process of industrialization, the strengthening of state regulation of social processes, the complication of the socio-demographic structure of society. The peak of the development of social protection systems falls on the 1960-1970s, when many states assumed high obligations to ensure social protection of the population. This was facilitated by the accelerated rates of economic growth, the strengthening of the role of the state in socio-economic processes, and the formalization of the theory of the “welfare state”. Subsequent economic crises changed the situation, as a result of which in 1980 - 1990. outlined the main problems of the current stage of development of social protection systems. They were caused by a number of demographic, political and economic reasons. By the 1980s, the trend of expanding social protection had exhausted its possibilities, approaching the threshold values.

Social protection principles

Social protection is based on the following principles:

- Social partnership- the state solves practical social problems together with the interested bodies and organizations.

- Economic justice - socio-economic support for those who cannot participate in economic relations for objective reasons.

- Adaptability - the ability of the social protection system to self-development and self-improvement.

- Priority of state principles - the state acts as a guarantor of ensuring a socially acceptable standard of living for those who cannot achieve this on their own.

- Preventive measures for social protection - forecasting and prevention of social risks at the regional level for their more effective elimination, in particular, through a flexible combination of paid and free services.

Social protection facilities

Federal and regional legislation distinguishes the following categories of the population protected by certain legal acts, since they will be in difficult life situation:

elderly citizens living alone and living alone;
invalids of the Great Patriotic War and families of the dead servicemen;
disabled people, including disabled from childhood, and disabled children;
citizens affected by the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and radioactive releases in other places;
unemployed;
forced refugees and displaced persons;
children - orphans, children left without parental care and the family in which they live;
children with deviant behavior;
low-income families;
large families;
single mothers;
citizens with HIV or AIDS;
persons without a fixed abode.

For these categories social protection is considered as a system of permanent or long-term measures guaranteed by the state, providing conditions for overcoming a difficult life situation. These measures are aimed at creating the protected categories of the population equal opportunities with other citizens to participate in the life of society. These include social assistance and social support.

Social help- periodic or regular activities that contribute to the elimination or reduction of a difficult life situation.

In accordance with Art. 1 ФЗ №178-ФЗ dated July 17, 1999, the state social assistance is understood as the provision of social benefits, subsidies, compensations or essential goods to low-income families or citizens living alone at the expense of the budget. A person is recognized as poor if his monthly income is less than the subsistence level established in the subject of his residence.

Manual Is a sum of money presented free of charge. It is not targeted. That is, its recipient can dispose of the money at his own discretion. The payment of benefits is an auxiliary measure, its purpose is to support a person, and not completely provide him with material resources.

Unlike the manual, subsidy has a designated purpose, and is a payment for material goods or services provided to citizens.

Compensation- This is the reimbursement to citizens of the costs incurred by them, and not any, determined arbitrarily according to their needs, but established by the state. The assignment and payment of benefits and compensations are also carried out by the relevant departments of the territorial bodies of social protection of the population.

Social support- one-off or episodic short-term events, not directly focused on the elimination of a social problem, but contributing to its reduction.

For all disabled and socially vulnerable strata and groups of the population, social protection provides, in the manner prescribed by law, advantages in the use of public consumption funds, direct social assistance, and tax cuts. Social protection not only has a pronounced targeted focus, but also differs in the variety of its methods and forms, and is complex in nature. Along with social security, various forms of social assistance and support are used, including various forms of social services, counseling and psychological assistance.

For able-bodied citizens, social protection guarantees equal opportunities for life support through personal labor input, economic independence and entrepreneurship.

Social protection principles are declared by a number of regulations.

The guiding principle of social protection is social justice, according to which all members of society are provided with equal access to social benefits and guarantees on a legal basis.

Targeting social protection is a means of ensuring social justice, as it takes into account the individual difficult life situation of a particular person. The criteria for the provision of targeted social assistance are:

The contingent of protected people in legislative practice is limited to those categories of the population that are completely or partially deprived of the ability to work and self-sufficiency. Targeted assistance to those in need is provided in accordance with social criteria... The criteria are based on social standards, which are scientifically grounded indicators of the level of consumption of the most important goods and services, the amount of money income and other data characterizing the conditions of human life.

The principle of economic efficiency focuses on a positive ratio of the cost of social protection and its socio-economic effect. The amount of social spending should be in such a ratio that receiving benefits does not become preferable to wages. Contributions for financing the social sphere should be correlated with all economic indicators, including GDP, wage bill, income of the population, etc.

Based on the principle of an integrated approach, the tasks of supporting marginal segments of the population and stabilizing economic and social development, which are the leading goals of social policy, are most effectively solved. Comprehensiveness is ensured by the coordination and consistency of actions of the subjects of social policy, the unity of goals and directions of their activities.

The principle of social partnership focused on solving practical social problems by the state together with business, public organizations, representatives of various levels and branches of government.

The principle of solidarity, the essence of which is the redistribution of income from some socio-demographic groups to others.

The principle of adaptability assumes the ability of the social protection system to self-development and self-improvement.

The principle of economic justice is to protect all participants labor activity by maintaining the ratio of the size of wages between budgetary organizations and subjects of market relations. This principle is realized in two forms: fair exchange and fair distribution. Social justice implies social and economic support for those who cannot participate in economic relations for objective reasons (disabled people, children, adolescents, students, pregnant women, mothers with many children, etc.) or have lost their ability to work for various reasons.

The principle of priority of state principles suggests that the state should act as a guarantor of economic provision of a socially acceptable standard of living for those who cannot achieve this on their own.

The principle of economic independence local government emphasizes the role of local government. Social benefits and other payments at the federal level are guaranteed at a minimum level. All payments above this level are made from local budget and local funds so that the population of the region and its administration were interested in the development of the economy of their own region.

The right of preventive measures for social protection protects the ability to predict social risks at the regional level for their more effective elimination. Prevention of social risks is carried out by various mechanisms (for example, in the event of a job loss - assistance in finding a job). The combination of paid and free services allows us to satisfy a wide range of social needs of people.

Social law highlights a number ofsubjects of social responsibility for the quality of life of the population.

The most important subject of social protection of the population is the state, which develops and implements social protection measures. It provides a minimum level of social guarantees, creates conditions for people's livelihoods, develops a legal basis for social protection and organizes the work of non-budgetary state social insurance funds.

Public organizations actively influence the improvement of social protection of citizens. 49% of non-profit organizations belong to the category of public associations and carry out their activities in the social sphere.

The role of employers in the system of social protection of the population is growing, which is associated with the development of the domestic economy. Successful enterprises and firms with significant financial resources are increasingly providing their employees with additional social benefits: payment for rest, treatment, issuance of long-term interest-free loans, food, transportation .

The modern concept of social protection is based on the fact that it should not be limited to free assistance. The main subject of social protection of able-bodied citizens is a person who realizes his needs and interests in the field of social and labor relations.

The means of social protection are:

Regulatory constraints that prevent the consequences of market mechanisms from reaching socially dangerous levels. For this, the state regulates the minimum level of wages, guarantees the minimum permissible tax rates, guarantees a minimum free education and medical care;

The system of social stimulants in the form of benefits, subsidies, installments, free or partially paid services and incentives for benefactors.

Taking into account the results of a comprehensive analysis of the level of social and economic living conditions of population groups in need of support;

Organization of pension provision for citizens, including the creation of a non-state pension system;

Development of measures for material and household services for disabled and other citizens in need of social protection;

Creation of a targeted, differentiated support system on a state and charitable basis;

Organization and implementation of new forms and types of natural assistance, humanitarian, technical, extreme assistance.

The structure of the bodies of social protection of the population

The structure of the bodies of social protection of the population consists of the following elements:

The state represented by its representative and executive bodies operating at the federal, regional and local levels. They formulate a general concept, determine the main directions of social policy, its strategy, tactics, provide a legislative and legal basis, and implement specific provisions on the ground.
Structures of the emerging civil society (public associations, organizations, enterprises, firms).
Of great importance in solving the social problems of certain categories of the population are social activities carried out in the framework of enterprises, firms; activity of political, trade union and public associations, charitable and voluntary organizations. They implement social policy within relatively narrow limits corresponding to their competence. The management of the state social protection system depends on the level at which it is implemented.

For management, control, a unified system of executive bodies in the field of social protection is created, which is formed by social protection management bodies and their subordinate enterprises, institutions, organizations, territorial bodies.

An important goal in improving this system is to establish stable, orderly links between all its levels and institutions of social infrastructure that ensure its functioning.

At the federal level, the management of the social protection system is carried out by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation (see: www.rosmintrud.ru).

The management of the social insurance system is carried out with the help of specialized Funds: the Pension Fund, the Social Insurance Fund and the Mandatory Medical Insurance Fund.

At the regional level, management is carried out by the executive authorities of the constituent entity of the federation. So, in Moscow, the functions of implementing state policy in the field of social protection of citizens are carried out by the Moscow Department of Social Protection of the Population (see: Regulation on the Department on the website www.dszn.ru).

The department, its subordinate enterprises, institutions, organizations, as well as territorial bodies of social protection of the population form a unified state system of social protection of the population, providing state support for families, senior citizens, veterans and disabled people, persons dismissed from military service, and their family members, development systems of social services, implementation of state policy in the field of pensions and labor relations.

At the local level, most often there is a department of social protection of the population under the district administration. Consider, for example, the management structure in the city of Mytishchi, Moscow Region:

MANAGMENT STRUCTURE:

District departments of social protection of the population are territorial structural subdivisions of regional ministries or departments of social protection of the population and carry out functions of social protection in relation to the population of a particular municipality.

Understanding the features of the organizational structure of social protection bodies is necessary for a church social worker in view of the fact that he can, saving time and effort, directly contact a competent specialist to resolve a specific problem. The difficulty of studying this topic lies in the fact that each region forms the system of bodies and institutions independently, and even a regional body that controls the entire social sphere can be called completely differently, which somewhat complicates the understanding of the functions and tasks of these bodies. So, if in Moscow it is the Department of Social Protection of the Population, then in the Leningrad Region it is the Committee for Social Protection of the Population, the Ministry of Social Policy in the Sverdlovsk Region, and the Social Security Committee in the Kursk Region.

Organizational and legal forms of social protection of the population

Nesterova G.F.

Leading organizational and legal forms social protection of the population are:

The right to social security is one of the basic socio-economic rights of the population: “Everyone is guaranteed social security in cases of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law” (Constitution of the Russian Federation, Art. 39).

Pension provision guarantees the constitutional right of citizens to provide for old age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law. Pension relations in Russia are regulated by the laws "On state pensions in the Russian Federation" and "On labor pensions "Dated 17.12.2001. The grounds for providing labor pensions are insurance risks: reaching the age of incapacity for work, the onset of disability, loss of the breadwinner. The grounds for state pension provision are different, for example, the achievement of length of service. The legislation subdivides pensions: labor pensions for old age, for disability, for the loss of a breadwinner; state pensions to participants in the Great Patriotic War, military personnel and members of their families, civil servants for seniority and allocates pensions to disabled citizens who do not have the right to work pensions (social pensions). In accordance with the legislation, pensions are subdivided into state and labor pensions. Citizens who, for whatever reason, do not have the right to a pension in connection with labor and other socially useful activities, are assigned a social pension. Pensions are subject to indexation in connection with the increase in the cost of living in the manner prescribed by law.

Men who reach 60 years of age and women who reach 55 years of age have the right to a labor retirement pension with a work experience of at least 5 years. Certain categories of workers (miners, military) are assigned pensions on preferential terms (with a lower age and work experience).

Labor and its results are recognized as the main criterion for the conditions and norms of pension provision. Pension legislation ensures the right of citizens to choose one of the types of pension. An exception is established only for persons who have become disabled as a result of a military injury, who can simultaneously receive two types of pensions: for old age and for disability. Working pensioners are paid in full, and a supplement is provided for each year worked. Certain rules have been established for the recalculation of other types of pensions.

The circle of persons receiving a social pension includes: persons with disabilities, including persons with disabilities since childhood; children under the age of 18 who have lost one or both parents, citizens who have reached retirement age. The social pension does not depend on the participation of citizens in socially useful work and is set in an amount that depends on the minimum labor pension and is charged in a certain ratio.

Pension payments are financed by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation (PFR). The Pension Fund of the Russian Federation was created in 1990 for the purpose of state management of pension finance in the Russian Federation. The PFR is an independent financial and credit institution and is under the jurisdiction of the Government of the Russian Federation. The rate of insurance contributions to the Pension Fund is determined by federal law. The funds of the Pension Fund are formed from:

employers' insurance premiums,
insurance premiums of citizens engaged in individual entrepreneurial activities;
insurance premiums of other categories of working citizens;
allocations from the federal budget.

Non-state pension funds operate independently of the state pension system. Payment from these funds is carried out along with payments of state pensions. Non-state pension provision can be carried out both in the form of additional professional programs and in the form of personal pension insurance of citizens.

An important stage in the implementation of the concept was the adoption of the Federal Law “On individual (personified) registration in the state pension insurance system”. Additional pension provision is carried out by non-state pension funds (NPF);

According to the data of the Pension Fund of Russia, at the end of 2011, the coefficient of replacement of lost earnings by a pension (the indicator of the ratio of the average pension to the size of wages) was 20%.

According to international standards, a replacement rate of up to 20% is considered a gross violation of a citizen's pension rights. Convention of the International Labor Organization No. 102 requires this figure to be at least 40%. Russia has not yet ratified this document.

An important legal form of social protection of the population is the law "On State Social Assistance", which regulates state social assistance to low-income citizens and families at the expense of regional budgets and monthly cash payments (MAP) at the expense of the federal budget and "social packages" for certain categories of the population, included to the federal register. The system of social support for the population under this law is based on regional budgets. According to this law, the right to receive one-time state social assistance is granted to pensioners, disabled people, and other disabled citizens whose aggregate average per capita income does not exceed the minimum established at the regional level.

The financial source of social security is the current income of participants in social production, withdrawn through taxation (income tax) and earmarked contributions from employers and employees. These taxes and contributions, in addition to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, form the Social Insurance Fund, which forms the financial basis for social insurance benefits.

The objects of state social insurance are the temporarily economically inactive population.

Social insurance acts as an institution to protect the economically active population from the risks of loss of income(wages) due to disability(illness, accident, old age) or place of work.

The following are distinguished as social insurance risks:

the need for medical assistance;
temporary disability;
work injury and occupational disease;
motherhood;
disability;
the onset of old age;
loss of a breadwinner;
recognition as unemployed;
death of the insured person or disabled family members who are dependent on him.

The main task of the Social Insurance Fund- provision of state guaranteed benefits for temporary disability, pregnancy and childbirth, at the birth of a child, caring for a child upon reaching one and a half years of age, for burial, for sanatorium treatment and health improvement of employees and their families.

The formation of a modern social insurance system is taking place on the basis of the adoption of a number of laws: "On health insurance of citizens in the Russian Federation" (1993), "On employment in the Russian Federation" (1991), "On the basics of compulsory social insurance" (1999), " On compulsory social insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases "(1998)," On compulsory pension insurance in the Russian Federation "(2001).

Currently, there are two forms of social insurance: compulsory (according to the law for subjects of insurance - state) and voluntary. Typical types of social insurance are pension, medical, industrial accident insurance.

State pension insurance- type of insurance carried out at the expense of contributions from employers and employees in order to provide citizens with labor pensions for old age, disability, in case of loss of a breadwinner.

The law "On medical insurance of citizens in the Russian Federation" determined the legal, economic and organizational foundations of this institution of social protection. Purpose of health insurance- to guarantee citizens, in the event of an insured event, the receipt of medical care at the expense of the accumulated funds. In accordance with the Law, health insurance is presented in two types:

mandatory;
voluntary.

Compulsory health insurance is universal for the population of the Russian Federation and is implemented in accordance with programs that guarantee the volume and conditions for the provision of medical care to citizens.

Voluntary health insurance is carried out on the basis of programs that provide citizens with services in excess of those established in compulsory health insurance programs on the basis of payment for services by citizens or organizations.

In accordance with the Law, funds for compulsory health insurance (insurance payments for employees) are concentrated in the Federal and Territorial (regional) compulsory health insurance funds. Compulsory medical insurance is provided, therefore, by a system of funds, which consists of the federal fund and territorial compulsory medical insurance funds in the constituent entities of the Federation. The insurance rate of contributions for compulsory medical insurance paid by employers and other payers is determined by the federal law of the Russian Federation.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 41) defines the minimum social guarantees in the field of health care. To assess the minimum permissible level of satisfaction of medical care needs, indicators of the availability of doctors, hospital beds, and outpatient facilities per 1000 inhabitants in the region are used.

New subjects appear in the health care system - medical insurance organizations that choose medical institutions and pay for medical and preventive care provided to insured persons. Beginning in 1993, compulsory health insurance entered the Russian social insurance system, which is financed in the form of contributions by the majority of employers of all forms of ownership, as well as by the state directly from the budget. Health insurance has come to be regarded as the health care system most adequate to the market economy, improving the quality of medical services.

Insurance premiums of most enterprises account for 26% of the wage fund. certain types social insurance in relation to the accrued wages are:

to the Pension Fund - 19%;
to the Social Insurance Fund - 3.4%;
to the Mandatory Health Insurance Fund - 3.6%.

As national minimum standards in the field of labor remuneration, the following are established:

the minimum wage (minimum wage);
living wage for the working-age population.

The minimum social guarantees in the field of wages will not be valid until the economic function of wages is restored. In terms of social protection, this is important because wage- a category not only economic, but also moral, designed to provide a person with a certain social status.

One of the important aspects of minimum social guarantees is guarantees of protection against unemployment. There are two sides to solving this problem: the creation of economic conditions for maximum employment and self-employment of the population, on the one hand, and state support, on the other. State employment assistance programs adopted by the government annually are aimed at reducing the unemployment rate, as well as the implementation of the federal target program for job creation.

The state guarantees the unemployed:

payment of unemployment benefits;
assistance in finding a suitable job
payment of scholarships during the period of professional training, advanced training, retraining in the direction of the employment service;
the opportunity to participate in paid public works and temporary work.

Unemployment benefits are provided from regional budgets, paid during a year of unemployment, subject to an active search for a suitable job through the Employment Center and equal to the subsistence minimum for a given constituent entity of the Federation in the first 4 months of unemployment (later it decreases).

An important link in the social protection of the population is legally mandatory programs of employment, retraining and housing, aimed primarily at young people.

To stimulate the economic independence of young people, vocational training or retraining and socio-psychological preparation for entering the role of economically independent taxpayers are offered. This policy leads not only to a decrease in the number of unemployed, but also to other positive effects. To reduce the number of unemployed, the “income policy” and monetary policy are also actively used.

Thus, social protection is carried out at the expense of the federal, regional budgets, specially created off-budget social funds. Its complex nature can be represented, for example, by a system of measures for the social protection of disabled people:

Activities for the social protection of disabled people can be subdivided as follows:

Social service

One of the leading organizational and legal forms of social protection of the population is social services. Social services are the activities of social services for social support, the provision of social, social and medical, psychological and pedagogical, social and legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations.

The corresponding branch of social law is represented by two federal laws. Federal Law "On the Basics of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation" dated 10.12.95 No. 195-FZ is a framework, providing general concepts on the content, concept and organization of the social service system. The Federal Law "On social services for elderly citizens and disabled people" dated 02.08.95 №122-ФЗ specifies, in addition to regulating private issues of servicing the target category of persons, a number of concepts and mechanisms of social services. There are also 26 National Standards for Social Services for the Population. To these regulations include, for example, GOST R 52495-2005 “Social services for the population. Basic terms and definitions ", GOST R 52143-2003" Social services for the population. Basic types of social services ", GOST R 52142-2003" Social services for the population. Quality of social services ", GOST R 52496-2005" Social services for the population. Quality control of social services. Basic provisions ", GOST R 52497-2005" Social services for the population. The quality system of social service institutions ", GOST R 52883-2007" Social services for the population. Requirements for the personnel of social service institutions ”.

These standards are, in fact, technical and do not provide fundamental legal norms. They define the basic requirements for the volume, quality and forms of social services.

The state guarantees citizens the right to social services in the state system of social services for the main types of services defined by the Law.

The following basic concepts are applied in the Law (as amended by Federal Law of August 22, 2004 N 122-FZ):

1) social services - enterprises and institutions, regardless of the form of ownership, providing social services, as well as citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activities in social services to the population without forming a legal entity;

2) a client of a social service - a citizen in a difficult life situation, to whom social services are provided in this regard;

3) social services - actions to provide certain categories of citizens in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, to a client of a social assistance service provided for by this Federal Law;

4) difficult life situation - a situation that objectively disrupts the life of a citizen (disability, inability to self-service due to old age, illness, orphanhood, neglect, poverty, unemployment, lack of a definite place of residence, conflicts and abuse in the family, loneliness, etc. ), which he cannot overcome on his own.

Social services are carried out on the basis of an application from a citizen, his guardian, trustee, another legal representative, a government body, a local government body, a public association. Every citizen has the right to receive free information on the possibilities, types, procedures and conditions of social services in the state system of social services.

Foreign citizens and stateless persons in the Russian Federation enjoy the same right to social services as citizens of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise provided by international treaties of the Russian Federation.

In the Constitution of the Russian Federation there are no direct indications of social services, except for the explanation that in the Russian Federation, as in a social state, a system of social services is developing (Article 7, Part 2). Considering the basic principles of social services, formulated in Article 5 of the Federal Law "On the basics of social services for the population in the Russian Federation":

1) targeting;

2) availability;

3) voluntariness;

4) humanity;

5) the priority of providing social services to minors in difficult life situations;

6) confidentiality;

7) a preventive focus, it should be noted that they are not based on civil law, but introduce a certain block of norms that are analogous to the provisions of the 1948 Universal Declaration, since they are human rights enshrined in the Declaration. These principles include accessibility, voluntariness, humanity, confidentiality. Unfortunately, the Law does not decipher the concrete implementation of these principles in the form of articles. Partially their implementation is presented in Articles 7, 9, 11,12,15 of the Federal Law "On social services for elderly citizens and disabled people." So, for example, the principle of confidentiality, to which Art. 11 "Confidentiality of information". At the same time, the mechanism for implementing the principle of accessibility is very vague, and there are no direct references to it in any article of both laws. The voluntariness of the service is stated in Art. 7, 9, 12, but exceptions to this rule are given in Art. 15. Certain aspects of the implementation of the principle of humanity can be seen in Art. 7, 12 and some other articles of the Federal Law "On social services for elderly citizens and disabled people", but a single and consistent mechanism is not presented.

The system of social services includes state, municipal and non-state services. The state social service includes institutions and enterprises of social services, executive authorities of the Russian Federation and the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, in the competence of which the organization and implementation of social services are transferred. The municipal social service includes institutions and enterprises of social services, local self-service bodies, whose competence includes the organization and implementation of social services. Non-governmental social service includes institutions and social service enterprises created by charitable, public, religious and other non-governmental organizations and individuals.

TO types of social services relate:

The forms of services provided by social services are determined State standards:

Material assistance (cash, food, industrial goods, vehicles, special equipment, prosthetic and orthopedic products, medicines, fuel, etc.).
Home help (performance of household services, babysitting, medical and social assistance and other services).
Continuous service in a hospital (food, social welfare, health care, medical, labor rehabilitation, leisure activities).
Advisory assistance.
Provision of temporary shelter.
Organization of daytime stays in social service institutions.

A person in a difficult life situation can receive social assistance in case of contacting the social service. The specialists of the social institution are obliged to check the compliance of the parameters of the applicant's life situation with the normatively prescribed requirements for the recipient of social assistance.

The current system of social services in Russia is of a territorial-departmental nature, that is, it is as close as possible to the population.

Management of social services for the population is carried out by territorial (regional and district) bodies of social protection of the population, which build their activities in cooperation with the authorities of health care, education, culture, physical education and sports, law enforcement agencies, state services for youth affairs, employment services, as well as public, and religious organizations.

Funding for social services is carried out on a budgetary basis and consists of:

normative deductions from the budgets of the corresponding level (subject of the federation or municipal) in the amount of at least 2% of the expenditure side of the budget;
funds from the federal budget for the implementation of certain tasks;
finance as a result of the redistribution of funds between committees and departments of services at various levels for the implementation of regional, city and district programs;
additional funds from the regional and local budgets to ensure targeted measures to adapt the population's income to the growth in the cost of living;
income from paid services and from economic activities;
charitable donations and contributions from enterprises, public organizations and individuals, proceeds from charitable actions.

State standards of social services regulate social services that meet the most important human needs: social welfare; socio-psychological; social and legal; socio-pedagogical; socio-medical and other needs of citizens.

In Art. 25 of the Federal Law "On the Basics of Social Services in the Russian Federation" emphasizes that the effectiveness of social services is ensured by specialists who have professional education that meets the requirements and nature of the work performed, experience in the field of social services and are inclined by their personal qualities to provide social services. In Art. 36 of the Federal Law "On social services for elderly citizens and disabled people" defines the rights of social workers employed in the state and municipal sectors:

work on the terms of an employment contract (contract);
free preventive examination and examination upon admission to work and free dispensary observation in state and municipal health care institutions at the expense of the corresponding budgetary allocations;
protection of professional honor, dignity and business reputation, including in court;
obtaining qualification certificates and licenses for professional activities in the field of social services;
free receipt of living space and housing and communal services if they live in a rural area or urban-type settlement, in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

In addition, social workers have the right to be provided with overalls, shoes and equipment or to receive monetary compensation for their purchase, extraordinary service by a trade, catering, household, free travel on public transport, and a priority telephone installation.

A number of factors are holding back the development of the social service network:

problems associated with the mechanism for controlling the volume and quality of social services provided;
lack of competent, educated specialists in the social sphere;
imperfection of the regulatory framework;
insufficient funding of some projects;
insufficient awareness of the population about the activities of social services;
low social status and inadequate wages of social workers;
low awareness of the population about the activities of social services;
lack of broad participation in the formation of the state order for the volume of services to the population in terms of social services for all sectors of social partnership: public authorities, local governments, businesses and associations of entrepreneurs and non-profit organizations.

Non-state social services are also more competitive in terms of the quality of the proposed services and their prices. The role of religious social organizations is constantly growing, as they are more actively taking care of the elderly, dependent people, children left without parental care.

Characteristics of modern social services

Currently creating various social service networks with the aim of providing assistance to different groups of the population is close to completion. This means that many social problems have organizational, legal and financial frameworks for their solution defined by law. On the one hand, it turns out that the crystallization of bureaucratic structures in social work is close to completion. On the other hand, in order to meet the requirements of a changing reality, social services must be flexible in responding to new problems, increasing the number of functions of existing services or creating new, specialized ones.

The tendency to create the most economical territorial network of social services, covering all problem categories of the population with its activities, led to the design and implementation of modular system services. In this system, each service consists of branches-modules specialized in providing social assistance to a certain category of the population. Depending on the problems of the served area, the structure of a social service institution is formed as a set of departments-modules that most adequately meet local social needs.

The widest range of modules have comprehensive centers of social services for the population (KTSSON)... They can contain up to 13 branches:

Organizational and methodological branch aimed at macro-social events. Conducts social monitoring of the service area, draws up its "social passport". Forecasts social processes and proposes measures to improve the social protection of the population of the territory. Introduces advanced forms and types of social assistance. Develops and distributes methodological materials on social protection issues. Informs the population through the media about the activities of the CCSC.
Advisory department advises on social services, career guidance, education and employment of people with disabilities. Promotes the solution of legal problems within the competence of the bodies of social protection of the population, Provides social and psychological counseling, provides emergency psychological assistance via the "hotline".
Department of urgent social services in a crisis situation provides one-time assistance with free hot meals or food sets, clothes, shoes and other necessities, cash benefits to support life. Provides psychological, pre-medical, social and legal assistance. Assists in obtaining temporary accommodation.
Department of commercial services for low-income citizens provides essential goods at reduced prices to low-income citizens sent by the emergency department of social services.
Department of psychological and pedagogical assistance to families and children patronizes dysfunctional families, promotes the upbringing of children, teaching family members a healthy lifestyle, maintaining mental and physical health, resolving family conflicts. Conducts a personality examination, behavior analysis to determine the tactics of psychological and pedagogical assistance. Diagnoses the psychophysical, intellectual and emotional development of the child, his inclinations and abilities. Corrects developmental distortions and communication disorders in children, inappropriate emotional reactions and stereotypes of behavior, conflicting relationships between parents and children, deviant parental attitudes in raising children, violations of marital relations. Conducts trainings to relieve anxiety and stress, overcome inappropriate forms of behavior. Organizes the activities of self-help groups, communication clubs, conducts seminars, round tables, talks on family and childhood issues.
Department of assistance to women in difficult life situations patronizes women with physical and mental health problems or victims of psychophysical violence. Carries out work to increase stress resistance and psychological culture of women in the field of interpersonal, family and parental communication. Promotes the creation of a favorable microclimate in the family, overcoming violations of marital and intra-family relations. Provides social and psychological assistance in adapting to the socio-economic conditions of life.
Department of Prevention of Neglect of Children and Adolescents patronizes maladjusted children prone to antisocial behavior. Provides social assistance to orphans and children left without parental care. Identifies the causes of social maladjustment. Conducts psychological, medical and pedagogical diagnostics of forms and degrees of maladjustment. Forms individual and group social rehabilitation programs. Involves in their implementation correctional children's institutions, institutions of additional education, bodies of the social sphere. Supervises the implementation of correctional and rehabilitation measures by families at home.
Department of day care for children and adolescents implements programs for their social rehabilitation in semi-stationary conditions. Creates rehabilitation groups of 5-10 people in their free time from study according to group programs that take into account individual rehabilitation programs. Provides medical, social and psychological assistance, conducts training sessions and circle work, promotes active leisure, provides groups with hot meals and conditions for daytime sleep.
Department of rehabilitation of children and adolescents with physical and mental disabilities carries out psycho-social, social-pedagogical, social-medical, social-household, social-labor habilitation in the conditions of a day stay. Teaches parents the methods of education and habilitation. Creates conditions for the implementation of individual programs in conjunction with other institutions of the social sphere in their free time. Organizes leisure and out-of-school education depending on age and health status. Teaches the skills of self-service, behavior, self-control, communication. Conducts vocational guidance, labor and game therapy. Interacts with parents in order to ensure continuity of habilitation activities and adaptation of children in the family. Consults families, including on social and legal issues. Provides clients with hot meals and naps.
Department of Social Services at Home for Seniors and Disabled Citizens provides social assistance to people who have partially lost the ability to self-service in order to prolong their stay in their usual habitat and maintain their social, psychological and physical status. Depending on the nature and degree of need, it provides social, consulting and psychological and social services included in the Federal List of State-Guaranteed Social Services, as well as, at their request, additional social services.
Specialized Department of Social and Medical Services at Home for Seniors and Disabled Citizens provides home-based social services, first-aid medical and medico-social assistance to people who have lost the ability to self-service and have chronic diseases. Provides qualified care and moral and psychological support to clients and their family members, trains relatives in the skills of caring for patients, monitors the state of health, and prevents exacerbations of diseases. Among the services: sanitary and hygienic assistance (wiping, washing, hygienic baths, cutting nails, combing, changing clothes) temperature and pressure measurement, compresses, dressings, treatment of pressure sores and wounds, feeding weakened patients, taking samples for laboratory tests, calling a doctor at home, accompanying clients to medical institutions and visiting them during hospitalization.
Department of day care for senior citizens and disabled people provides social, socio-psychological, household, socio-cultural services to people who have retained the ability to self-service, attracts them to feasible work activities and maintains an active lifestyle. Conducts social rehabilitation activities in the form of rehabilitation therapeutic groups and groups for the development of communication skills, therapeutic and recreational physical education, occupational therapy, lectures, excursions, individual socio-psychological counseling.
Department of temporary residence of elderly citizens and disabled people organizes living conditions close to home, provides social rehabilitation services for single people who have fully or partially retained the ability to self-service and free movement. Provides treatment by the environment: adaptation of clients to new living conditions, restoration of their personal and social status with the help of correctional and rehabilitation methods, similar to those used in the daytime department of these categories of citizens. Provides social welfare, social medical, social consulting assistance.

Center for social assistance to families and children contains modules aimed at working with these categories of the population, including:

advisory department
emergency department
department of psychological and pedagogical assistance
department of assistance to women in difficult life situations
department for the prevention of neglect of minors
juvenile day care unit
Rehabilitation department for minors with physical and mental disabilities

This set is complemented by reception department carrying out reception, identifying the needs of children and families living in the service area, sending them to the appropriate departments of the Center, creating a data bank on appeals to the Center and inpatient department implementing programs of social rehabilitation of maladjusted children in a temporary hospital. The directions and forms of work in this department are similar to the activities of the day care department for children and adolescents. As a structural unit of the Center, it can be organized social shelter for children and adolescents, which works as a temporary hospital for social rehabilitation programs and accepts orphans and children left without parental care.

Social service centers provide services to elderly citizens and people with disabilities and consist of the relevant modules:

Social rehabilitation centers for minors specialize in the social rehabilitation of maladjusted children, or in the rehabilitation of children with physical and mental disabilities. Both forms of centers consist of departments with standard functions:

Social shelters for children and adolescents - temporary hospitals, in which orphans and children left without parental care live before their final arrangement. In accordance with the goals, objectives and state of children, they can consist of the following units:

Centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population provides socio-psychological, socio-pedagogical and psychotherapeutic assistance to families with children. Carries out measures to increase stress resistance and psychological culture, prevention of deviant forms of behavior of family members, psychological and social correction of developmental disorders of children and conflict relationships between parents and children. Advises on the development of children, the formation of marital and family relations. Provides assistance to families in raising children, teaching family members a healthy lifestyle, maintaining physical and mental health. Organizes the activities of self-help groups, communication clubs, emergency telephone numbers.

Emergency Psychological Assistance Centers by Telephone differentiate activities according to the characteristics of the served category of the population. Depending on it, the services “Child in Danger”, “Woman in Danger”, and “Man in Danger” are distinguished.

Crisis centers for women are branches of the center for social assistance to families and children, specializing in helping women in crisis situations and, according to the content of their work, may include

Home care centers represent a part of social service centers that specializes in home-based social and social and medical services for elderly citizens and disabled people. They include:

Social homes for lonely elderly are intended for free living of lonely elderly people and married couples, provided that they remain independent and provide them with psychological, social and medical and social assistance. Hotel-corridor-type apartment buildings, where clients live, who have given their housing to the state in exchange for a one- or two-room apartment in the House. Nursing posts are on duty on the floors, the halls are intended for meetings and circle work. The lower floors are occupied by departments and household services that provide medical and social, social rehabilitation and other services, including a canteen, laundry, post office, etc. in such a way that the client satisfies his needs without leaving the House if it is difficult for him to walk. The House has:

organizational and methodological department
advisory department.

Department of psychological and pedagogical assistance conducts classes in recovery T-groups and groups for the development of communication skills, organizes circle and socio-cultural work, self-help groups.

Gerontological centers carry out medico-social, social-rehabilitation, social-consulting work with elderly citizens at their place of residence. Contain:

organizational and methodological department
advisory department
department of medical and social rehabilitation
day care department.

Home Social Services Units, specialized social health care at home and inpatient department are introduced into the structure of the Center if the territorial Center for Social Services or KTSSON cannot timely carry out this activity in relation to elderly citizens.

Inpatient social service institutions (boarding houses) provide assistance to citizens who, for various reasons, cannot serve themselves and receive care from relatives and family members. In addition to their structure organizational and methodological and stationary branches include medical and labor workshops where clients voluntarily work, mastering various work skills, and social rehabilitation departments combining elements of basic and additional education with activities typical of departments of psychological and pedagogical assistance.

Depending on the contingent served, these institutions are subdivided into boarding homes for the elderly and disabled, neuropsychiatric boarding schools for persons with profound mental retardation or incurable mental illness, orphanages for mentally retarded children, boarding homes for children with physical disabilities.

Night home provide counseling, social rehabilitation and, in some cases, medical and social services to persons without a fixed place of residence and occupation (homeless citizens). The structure of the Houses consists of:

In recent years, various changes have been taking place in the structures of the centers associated with the consolidation of organizations and the transition to a different system of both financing the work with clients itself and encouraging the work of specialists; there is a reassignment of institutions. However, it is worth talking about the results of these transformations a little later.

Benefit- in a broad (general sense) - this is an improvement in the position of the subject in comparison with the usual state by endowing him with additional powers or by exemption from certain duties. In a narrow (special, sectoral) sense, this is the release of the subject from the burden of performing (bearing) part of the duties, enshrined in legal norms (Sakhno S.V., Zelenova V.V. The concept and place of the institution of benefits in the social security system. - [Electronic document] . - Access mode: http://www.zabgu.ru/sites/default/files/s_ahno_zelenova.pdf Date of access: 01.09.2013) Sakhno Zelenova The concept of benefits

See: A.N. Averin State system of social protection of the population: textbook. M .: RAGS, 2010 .-- 124 p .; Platonova N.M., Nesterova G.F. Theory and methodology of social work. M: Academy, 2010.384 p.

// Grigorieva I.A., Kelasev V.N. Theory and practice of social work: Textbook. - SPb .: Publishing house of SPbSU, 2004 .-- S. 313-315. (Grigorieva)

The structure of the bodies of social protection of the population consists of the following elements:

The state represented by its representative and executive bodies operating at the federal, regional and local levels. They formulate a general concept, determine the main directions of social policy, its strategy, tactics, provide a legislative and legal basis, and implement specific provisions on the ground.

Structures of the emerging civil society (public associations, organizations, enterprises, firms).

Of great importance in solving the social problems of certain categories of the population are social activities carried out in the framework of enterprises, firms; activity of political, trade union and public associations, charitable and voluntary organizations. They implement social policy within relatively narrow limits corresponding to their competence. The management of the state social protection system depends on the level at which it is implemented. Gusov, K.N. Social Security Law of Russia / K.N. Gusov M.O. Buyanova. - M .: Prospect, 2013 .-- S. 321.

An important goal in improving this system is to establish stable, orderly links between all its levels and institutions of social infrastructure that ensure its functioning.

At the federal level, the management of the social protection system is carried out by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation.

The management of the social insurance system is carried out with the help of specialized Funds: the Pension Fund, the Social Insurance Fund and the Mandatory Medical Insurance Fund.

At the regional level, management is carried out by the executive authorities of the constituent entity of the federation. So, in Moscow, the functions of implementing the state policy in the field of social protection of citizens are carried out by the Moscow Department of Social Protection of the Population (Regulations on the Department on the website www.dszn.ru).

Figure 1 shows the structure of social protection.

Figure 1. Structure of social protection

District departments of social protection of the population are territorial structural subdivisions of regional ministries or departments of social protection of the population and carry out social protection functions in relation to the population of a particular municipality.

Output. Social protection is considered as a set of legislatively enshrined economic and legal guarantees that ensure the observance of the most important social rights of citizens. These are the protection of mothers and children, labor and health of citizens, the establishment of the minimum wage, social protection of the disabled and the elderly, the development of a system of social services, state pensions and benefits. Particular attention is paid to the organization of the work of social security bodies.

The structure of social protection is a set of legislative acts, measures, as well as organizations that ensure the implementation of measures for social protection of the population, support for socially vulnerable segments of the population http://www.grandars.ru/college/sociologiya/socialnaya-zashchita-naseleniya.html.

It includes:

1. Social security https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0% BE% D0% B5_% D0% BE% D0% B1% D0% B5% D1% 81% D0% BF% D0% B5% D1% 87% D0% B5% D0% BD% D0% B8% D0% B5 - - originated in Russia in the 20s of the twentieth century. and meant the creation of a state system of material support and services for the elderly and disabled citizens, as well as families with children at the expense of the so-called public consumption funds. This category is essentially identical to that of social protection, but the latter applies to a market economy.

In addition to pensions (for old age, disability, etc.), social security included benefits for temporary incapacity for work and childbirth, for caring for a child under the age of one year, assistance to families in maintaining and raising children (free or on preferential terms nurseries, kindergartens, boarding schools , pioneer camps, etc.), family benefits, maintenance of disabled people in special organizations (nursing homes, etc.), free or on preferential terms, prosthetic care, provision of vehicles for disabled people, vocational training for disabled people, various benefits for families of disabled people. During the transition to the market, the social security system largely ceased to fulfill its functions, but some of its elements have entered the modern system of social protection of the population.

2. Social guarantees http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/fin_enc/29544 - provision of social benefits and services to citizens without regard to labor input and means testing based on the principle of distribution of these benefits according to the needs of the available public resources. In our country, social guarantees include:

guaranteed free medical care;

general availability and free education;

the minimum wage;

minimum pension, scholarships;

social pensions (disabled since childhood; disabled children; disabled people who have no work experience; children who have lost one or both parents; persons over 65 (men) and 60 (women) years without work experience);

benefits at the birth of a child, for the period of caring for a child until he reaches the age of 1.5 years, up to 16 years;

ritual burial allowance and some others.

From January 1, 2002, the amount of benefits associated with the birth of a child has been increased. Thus, the size of a lump sum for the birth of a child increased from 1.5 thousand rubles to 4.5 thousand rubles and in 2006 - up to 8000 rubles, a monthly allowance for the period of parental leave until the child reaches the age of one and a half years from 200 to 500 rubles, and in 2006 - up to 700 rubles. This allowance provided 25% of the subsistence minimum for an able-bodied person. The amount of the monthly allowance for a child under 16 has not been revised and is 70 rubles. Its ratio with the size of the child's subsistence minimum was 3.0% in 2004. In Moscow and some other regions, this allowance in 2006 increased to 150 rubles.

A kind of social guarantees are social benefits. They represent a system of social guarantees provided to certain groups of the population (disabled people, war veterans, labor veterans, etc.). In 2005, benefits in kind were replaced with monetary compensations for these categories of the population. Since January 1, 2005, the privileged category of citizens has the right to use the social package and the right to receive monthly cash payments http://www.grandars.ru/college/sociologiya/socialnaya-zashchita-naseleniya.html. The cost of the social package is set at 450 rubles. It includes travel by suburban transport, free drug provision, spa treatment and travel to the place of spa treatment. The law stipulates that from January 2006 beneficiaries will be able to choose between the social package and the receipt of the corresponding amount of money.

From January 1, 2006, in accordance with the law, monthly cash payments were established in the following amounts: invalids of the Great Patriotic War - 2000 rubles; WWII participants - 1,500 rubles; war veterans and a number of other categories of beneficiaries - 1100 rubles.

Persons who worked during the Second World War at air defense facilities, the construction of defensive structures, naval bases, airfields and other military facilities, family members of victims or deceased war invalids, WWII veterans and war veterans will receive 600 rubles a month.

People with disabilities who have the third degree of restriction to work are paid 1,400 rubles a month; second degree - 1000 rubles; first degree - 800 rubles; disabled children will be paid 1000 rubles. People with disabilities who do not have a degree of restriction to work, with the exception of disabled children, receive 500 rubles a month.

Social insurance is the protection of the economically active population from social risks based on collective solidarity in compensation for damage. The main social risks associated with the loss of ability to work, work and, accordingly, income, are illness, old age, unemployment, motherhood, accidents, industrial injuries, occupational diseases, death of the breadwinner. The social insurance system is financed from special off-budget funds formed by contributions from employers and employees, as well as state subsidies. http://www.grandars.ru/college/sociologiya/socialnaya-zashchita-naseleniya.html

There are two forms of social insurance - compulsory (with state support of its funds) and voluntary (in the absence of state aid). Citizens are supported primarily through cash payments (pensions and benefits for sickness, old age, unemployment, loss of a breadwinner, etc.), as well as through financing the services of healthcare organizations, vocational training, etc., related to the restoration of working capacity.

Social support (assistance) is provided to socially vulnerable groups of the population who, for one reason or another, are unable to provide themselves with income. Assistance is provided both in cash and in kind (free meals, clothing) and is funded from general tax revenues. Means testing is usually required to receive social assistance. Assistance is provided to those people whose incomes are below the minimum living standards, and is an essential element of the policy of fighting poverty, ensuring a minimum guaranteed income, as the realization of the right to life.

Social support is not limited to material assistance only. It also includes measures in the form of assistance and services provided to individuals or groups of the population by social services to overcome difficulties in life, maintain social status, and adapt to society.

The activities of social services for social support, the provision of social, household, medical, pedagogical, legal services and material assistance, the implementation of social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations has formed a separate branch of the social sphere - social services http: // www. grandars.ru/college/sociologiya/socialnaya-zashchita-naseleniya.html.

The system of social service institutions in Russia is developing at a very fast pace. During the period 1998-2004, the total number of social service institutions increased by one third. At the same time, the number of institutions for the elderly and disabled has increased by more than one and a half times compared to 1985, and by 18% compared to 1998. The number of centers for social assistance to families and children in 1998-2004 increased by 2 times, social rehabilitation centers - by 2.5 times. There are 25 rehabilitation centers for young people with disabilities, 17 gerontological centers. New types of social service institutions have appeared: crisis centers for women, while the only crisis center for men, crisis departments for girls.

Work aimed at helping, supporting and protecting people, and, above all, the socially weak strata of society, is called social work.

The objects of social work are people in need of outside help: old people, pensioners, disabled people, seriously ill people, children; people who are in a difficult life situation: unemployed, drug addicts, adolescents who have fallen into a bad company, single-parent families, convicts and those who have served their sentences, refugees and displaced persons, etc.

The subjects of social work are those organizations and people who carry out this work. This is the state as a whole, which implements social policy through state bodies of social protection. These are public organizations: the Russian Association of Social Services, the Association of Social Educators and Social Workers, etc. These are charitable organizations and charity societies such as the Red Cross and Red Crescent.

The main subject of social work are people who are engaged in it professionally or on a voluntary basis. There are about half a million professional social workers (that is, people with an appropriate education and diploma) all over the world (in Russia there are several tens of thousands). The bulk of social work is done by non-professionals, either as a result of circumstances or because of their beliefs and a sense of duty.

Society is interested in increasing the efficiency of social work. However, it is difficult to define and measure it. Efficiency is understood as the ratio of the results of activities and the costs necessary to achieve this result. http://www.grandars.ru/college/sociologiya/socialnaya-zashchita-naseleniya.html Efficiency in the social sphere is a complex category that consists of goals, results, costs and conditions of social activity. The result is the final result of any activity in relation to its goal. It can be positive or negative. In social work, the result is the satisfaction of the needs of its objects, clients of social services, and on this basis, an overall improvement in the social situation in society. The criteria for the effectiveness of social work at the macro level can be indicators of the financial situation of the family (person), life expectancy, the level and structure of morbidity, homelessness, drug addiction, crime, etc.

Closely related to the criterion of effectiveness is the problem of the limits of social assistance to citizens. As in the implementation of income policy, it is necessary to take into account the possible negative consequences of massive social support: the emergence of dependency, passivity, unwillingness to make decisions and solve their own problems. Negative phenomena in the social sphere may arise (for example, active support of single mothers can lead to a decrease in the marriage rate and, ultimately, fertility).

Introduction

1.1 Treasury chambers

1.2 Shelters for the poor, the sick, the lepers

Conclusion

Introduction

In modern works, little attention is paid to the history of the formation and development of social protection agencies in Russia, and, as a rule, they are of an "article" nature. There may be a prejudice that the bodies of social protection of the population appeared only with the establishment of this specialty. So in the publications one can find the statement that the initial milestone in its history should be considered the end of 1990, when the President of the International Association of Social Workers visited Russia.

But it is impossible to agree with these, tk. the history of the emergence of elements of social protection is rooted in antiquity. The intellectual development of civilization, one way or another, was accompanied by the development of socio-economic relations. An example of this is the codes of justice developed in Babylon, China, Greece, England and France, which can be attributed to elements of social policy. They called to love your neighbor, to take care of the poor and the old; in fact, a classification of people in need of support was born, i.e. social protection. The transition from a slave to a feudal system undoubtedly increased the level of social protection of a huge number of people - slaves. The development of the social sphere has a huge creative potential, capable of even changing socio-economic formations.

Thus, the origins of the formation of social protection bodies should be sought in antiquity, when the prerequisites for the development of social work were just emerging. A person cannot live outside society, therefore he has always faced and is faced with various manifestations of social activity, with the development of society occur qualitative changes in social work, its structure is being improved, its importance is increasing. One should not underestimate the most important historical events, which greatly influenced the development of various forms of social assistance.

Normal "viability" of the state is possible only under the condition of social stability of society. Therefore, the problems of social protection were relevant for all periods of the development of society. In my opinion, the history of the development and formation of social welfare agencies has a unified development pattern for many countries. However, it should be noted that the system of state social support in each country was formed taking into account historical conditions and, despite the similarity and uniformity of the tasks being solved, it has differences in approaches, methods and organizational design.

Based on the foregoing, the relevance of the course work lies in expanding ideas about the place, role and significance of the history of the formation and development of social protection bodies in Russia in the formation of the principles of humanism, patriotism and citizenship.

The goal is to study and show in a generalized, chronological form the history of the formation and development of the system of social protection bodies in Russia, the most important elements of the historical experience of social protection, which were carried out by state bodies, private individuals, and church institutions in Russia.

body social protection population

1. Formation of bodies of social protection of the population in the pre-revolutionary period

.1 Treasury chambers

Treasury chambers were introduced into the system of local administration in accordance with the "Institutions for the administration of provinces of the All-Russian Empire" of 1775, within the framework of the administrative reform aimed at unifying the entire state administration throughout the empire, which was at the same time a direct development of the provisions of the provincial reform of Peter I. time Russia finally becomes a unitary state, and its administration begins to build up into a strict system.

According to the "Institutions" in all cases concerning the multiplication of state revenues and the allocation of amounts, there were Treasury chambers at the local level. The Chamber was in charge of the tax business, supervised the receipt of taxes, and exercised financial control. She was in charge of the sources of state revenues: state property (land, water, state enterprises); state, palace, economic peasants; wine leases and contracts; the sale of salt; in charge of government buildings. The Treasury Chamber supervised private trade and industry, carried out accounting and statistical work on revisions (censuses of the taxable population). The jurisdiction of the treasury chambers included customs and drinking, auditing of local accounts.

The treasury was in charge of the treasury, which was in charge of receiving and storing monetary collections and issued sums of money to officials, i.e. were state receipts and expenditures. All the remaining amounts were to go to the main treasury. In their own state, the treasuries had a county treasurer and four jurors - custodians of the treasury. In the treasuries, heraldic paper, stamps, parcels, arshins were sold, they also issued commercial and trade certificates, patents for excise duties, travel documents and passports for the bourgeoisie. At the same time, the treasury performed the role of a "locker", accepting sums of money and other material values from various institutions, officials and individuals.

The chairman of the treasury chamber itself was the vice-governor, the members - the director of the economy, the adviser, two assessors and the provincial treasurer. This subordination scheme was a direct implementation of the principle of one "master" in the province, which was the governor. In accordance with this principle, the central government tried to delegate most of the powers to local institutions, of course, leaving behind only the leadership of the military sphere and foreign affairs. Thus, most of the central departments were liquidated, and local organizations came under almost complete control of the governors. Treasury chambers were no exception. However, already in the 80s of the 18th century, a new central department appeared - the Expedition of State Revenues, a kind of prototype of the Ministry of Finance, which concentrated in its hands all issues of the financial sphere and directed the activities of the treasury chambers and county treasurers. This circumstance, in fact, became the cause of many collisions between the provincial administration and local government chambers. On the other hand, the necessary measures have been taken to eliminate such disputes. They consisted not in the introduction of new rules for the relationship between the two branches of government, but in the actual replacement of the position of the head of the Expedition by the Prosecutor General of the Senate. Since the governor was subordinate only to the Senate and the Empress, it was believed that such a measure would completely eliminate all possible friction.

This system of subordination existed for quite a long time, although it was subject to partial restructuring on the part of the supreme power, which manifested itself in the increasing centralization of the entire administration, the removal of some functions from the governor and the reassignment of provincial institutions to the corresponding central departments. This trend continued and intensified even more at the beginning of the 19th century, when the collegium system almost completely exhausted itself and needed to be replaced.

The most important step to reorganize and streamline management in the 19th century was the approval of the ministerial system, which influenced the entire administration of the empire.

According to the instructions of 1831, the Treasury chambers consisted of 6 departments: economic; branches of treasuries; forest; drinking fees; salt and control. In some provinces, the salt part was handled in the drinking department, and in the forestry department. The internal economy of the chamber was entrusted to the chancellery. In addition, it was through the office that the bulk of the cases for all treasuries passed. At the head of the audit, drinking fees and salt departments were advisers. The treasury department and the control department were headed by the treasurer and the provincial controller, respectively. Thus, the presence of the chamber included a vice-governor as its chairman, advisers, a provincial treasurer, a provincial controller, one or more assessors. The chairman was appointed and dismissed on the recommendation of the Minister of Finance by imperial order. The management of the chamber was based on a collegial basis, and all major issues were decided by the general presence after discussion by a simple majority of votes. In addition to the departments at the treasury chamber, there was also an office and land surveyors. Instruction of 1831 assigned to the new structure of the state chambers

The treasuries consisted of a county treasurer, a journalist, one or more accountants and a jury who received and issued money. Control over these institutions was entrusted to the provincial treasury, which, in fact, became the forming body of the treasury system itself.

The local government reform of 1837 ("General Mandate to Civil Governors") significantly strengthened the power of the governors, combining in their person the functions of management and supervision. All questions concerning his interaction with state chambers and other financial and economic institutions were transferred to the department of the 4th department of the provincial government. Until 1837, the economic department in the treasury was predominant. Therefore, after the reform of 1837, during which the economic departments were transferred to the newly created chambers of state property, the competence of the treasury chambers decreased. But on the other hand, in 1837 the final approval of the local bodies of the Ministry of Finance took place with the publication of an order to civil governors, according to which the vice-governors were transferred to the provincial government, and a special chairman was appointed to the treasury chamber, who formally became the third most important person in the province. He sat in a number of provincial institutions: in the committee of zemstvo duties, in the commission of national food, in the provincial road commission, when examining the insane; he presides over the recruiting presence, etc. It turned out that, in essence, the state chambers were not so much dependent on the provincial government.

They continued to be in charge of accounting and reporting on the income and expenditure of amounts circulating in the provincial cash desks, the organization of population censuses, recruiting, state property auctions, regular receipts of taxes, etc. The treasuries subordinate to them exercised control over the receipt of arrears, received and stored government revenues, performed a number of duties related to the collection of indirect taxes, etc.

The Chamber enjoyed quite a lot of independence, since, being directly subordinate to the Ministry of Finance, it practically fell out of the jurisdiction of the governors and the entire provincial administration, which belonged to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. According to his position, the chairman of the chamber was the third person in the province. He replaced the governor if the vice-governor could not enter this position.

In fact, the chairman of the treasury chamber becomes the second most important official in the province, because, unlike the vice-governor, he was more subordinate to his own department than to the governor, who could monitor his actions and bring information about violations to the Minister of Finance and disorder, but he himself could not impose any penalties on the treasury chamber and its officials. Both the treasury chambers and the governors were responsible for organizing the collection of taxes and the collection of arrears, and the role of the latter was predominant. In addition, the rank of the chairman of the treasury chamber, as a rule, was higher than the vice-governor. So, for example, on January 1, 1853, there were 53 chairmen of the treasury chambers, of which there were 29 actual state councilors (54.7%), state councilors - 22 people (41.5%), collegiate councilors - 1 person. The rank of one chairman is not specified. Thus, if the rank of the IV class consisted of 5 vice-governors, then more than half of the chairmen of the treasury chambers had the same rank. The positions of vice-governors were 21.1% of collegiate advisers, and chairmen of state chambers - 1.9%. Based on this, it is quite possible to conclude that there are inconsistencies in the provincial administration itself. And if the question of proportionate rank-making has occupied the government since the 30s of the XIX century, then the relations of governors with state chambers at the turn of the 50-60s of the same century were regulated by the "General Mandate to Civil Governors" dated June 3, 1837. At the same time, repeated attempts were made to supplement this regulation with various orders. Let us consider the above aspects of interaction between the provincial administration and the state chambers in a little more detail.

Issues related to the activities of the entire system of treasury chambers were ordered to be resolved independently, or submitted to the Ministry of Finance. The President of the House had to seek the consent of the Governor only when new, urgent measures were needed. The treasury chamber communicated with the governor regarding cases concerning the transfer of taxable persons to monks, the adoption or adoption by merchants of children taken into foster care, and the issuance or confirmation of credit recruitment receipts, while this communication was of a consultative nature.

At the same time, the governor had the right to present legal requirements to the leadership of the state chambers, which they had to fulfill. In addition, at the end of each year, the chairpersons provided the governors with a list of resolved and outstanding cases for viewing. In the event of the discretion of improper execution of affairs, the governor reported this to the chairman of the treasury chamber for action. The governor had to inform the Minister of Finance about all these actions. At the same time, they were strictly forbidden not only to appoint an investigation, but generally to impose any penalties on the chamber and its officials.

Governors had broader powers over local treasuries. In the process of audits of the province, they had the right not only to inspect cash and state property in stores, but also to check the documentation and, if violations were found, to impose an investigation.

In the process of collecting taxes, there is also no direct dependence of the chambers on the governors. The law did not provide for any agreement, let alone control over each other. But the governor was still considered the main responsible person in this case. Twice a year, the chambers provided information on the progress of collection of taxes and on arrears. The governor, along with this information, in his all-subject report, set forth his opinion on the effectiveness of the work of the chambers.

In the permanent functions of the chamber, the primacy of the governors remained only in the conduct of auctions and the conclusion of contracts. All deliveries and contracts in the amount of 5,000 rubles to 10,000 rubles were subject to the approval of the governor. If this did not follow, or the amount exceeded 10,000 rubles, the case was redirected to the ministry, depending on its specifics.

All penalties and awards of officials went in the chamber, regardless of the governor's consent, either through the chamber itself, or through its submission to the Ministry of Finance. This deprived the governors of control over the staff of the chamber and the provincial treasury.

The independence of the department of the treasury chambers is due to several reasons. Firstly, the legal status of the treasury chambers was formed before the famous "Order" of 1837, which put the governors in the position of the owners of the provinces, and therefore the text of the "Order" automatically fixed the already existing provisions on their relationship. Secondly, the state chambers, unlike other local institutions, performed more specific functions. Third, the ruling circles recognized a more effective order in which the mutual antagonism of governors and government chambers and the desire to curry favor contributed to the successful collection of taxes. And, fourthly, the independence of the treasury chambers was facilitated by their control functions.

The abolition of serfdom in 1861 increased the workload of the treasury chambers. If earlier salary sheets fixing taxes were drawn up once every three years, then since 1861 the chambers had to do this annually. In addition, due to the more frequent transition of peasants to other estates, the number of cases in the wards about registration and discharge of souls has also increased. The treasury chambers had to take over the supervision of the collection of redemption payments, limiting the actions of the Provincial peasant presences to the consideration and approval of the transactions themselves on the redemption of land in 1864.

In 1862-1866, the chamber underwent a number of significant changes. In 1862, excise administrations were formed on the basis of the department of drinking taxes allocated from the chamber. Together with the release from control functions and the formation for this purpose of control chambers - bodies subordinate to the State Control, the unity of the cash desk was introduced throughout the empire (1863-1865), this was expressed in the elimination of all departmental cash desks and the transfer of their values to the provincial treasury, which significantly increased its role. A division of affairs took place between the provincial and uyezd treasuries: the provincial treasury turned into an expenditure treasury, and the uyezd treasuries into receipts. All these changes not only did not narrow the competence of the chamber, but, on the contrary, significantly complicated the current paperwork.

Significant changes in the competence of the chambers required clarification of their status, which was done in 1865. A corresponding instruction was issued, which secured the status of the chamber as "the highest financial institution in the province for overseeing ... the receipt of state revenues and the production of expenditures and for managing the cash offices of the Ministry of Finance, as a secondary manager of loans to the Ministry of Finance and ... an accounting institution."

In May 1866, the government chambers were reorganized: their responsibilities became more complex. In this connection, the structure of the state chambers has changed. Now it consisted of 3 departments: the treasury, the audit department and the office.

In 1878, a more significant change took place in the structure of the state chambers. The functions were redistributed between its three departments: in the first, administrative office work for cash management was concentrated, in the second - auditing office work, in the third - accounting for state revenues and expenditures transferred from the treasury. But the treasury chambers themselves did not introduce and did not collect any fees, and they could not cancel the established fees.

In the next 20 years, the structure of the treasury chambers changed again, and their functions expanded: by 1894, the governor (formerly chairman) was at the head of the treasury chambers, who alone decided all matters.

The general presence, under the chairmanship, consisted of his assistants and section chiefs, joined in some cases by representatives from the control chamber and the military. The increase in the state budget and cash turnover of cash offices, the creation of new sources of income (state railways, state-owned wine sales) complicated bookkeeping and reporting.

An attempt was made to unite the treasury chambers with excise departments, i.e. to create general financial bodies, which led to the introduction of the position of a tax inspector in the treasury chambers. He oversaw the activities of non-financial institutions. Along with it, tax offices were created to establish fees from trade and industrial enterprises.

After 1863, the following functions were assigned to the provincial and district treasuries:

collection of state revenues, their storage, payments, movement of funds from one treasury to another or to a bank;

reception, storage and spending of special funds of government agencies (except for the Synod);

issuance of certificates for the right to trade and trade;

accounting for all expenses and income, reporting, etc .;

acceptance for temporary storage of the amounts of public places, public institutions and officials.

Treasuries were subject to planned and sudden checks, which were carried out by the general presence of the treasury chamber, the governor, and representatives of the Ministry of Finance.

In 1890, the treasury was charged with the responsibility of accepting and keeping all the zemstvo sums. According to the law of 1899, they were obliged to distribute the incoming land taxes between the treasury and the zemstvo. In addition, since 1885, savings banks were opened at the treasuries, and the introduction in 1887-1888. banking operations (in cities where there were no offices and branches of the State Bank), as a result of which new forms of accounting and reporting were introduced, complicated the activities of treasuries.

In connection with the expansion of functions, the treasury chambers and the treasury were divided: chambers by 4, and the treasury by 7 categories, which were assigned at the discretion of the Ministry of Finance.

The treasury chambers were liquidated after the revolution.

.2 Shelters for the poor, sick, lepers

The main form of charity for the poor, sick, and lepers in pre-revolutionary Russia was the organization of almshouses and orphanages.

In the old days, the word "charity" meant compassion for one's neighbor, mercy. Its object is traditionally considered to be those suffering from serious ailments, the sick, the crippled, the disabled, orphans, the elderly, the poor ...

For those in need, various charitable institutions were built - hospitals, orphanages, schools, colleges, almshouses. Charity was one of the main virtues of Christianity. In pre-revolutionary Russia, charity was usually not included in government programs to help the poor; it was carried out by individuals and societies helping those in need. State aid was designated by the term "charity" (public charity). Charity was widespread in the state and public life of Russia. Even under Prince Vladimir, the poor and the poor could come to the prince's court and receive there "every need, drink and food ...". This example was followed by Vladimir Monomakh, in the following words outlining the duties of the prince in relation to the poor: "be fathers of orphans"; "do not leave the strong to destroy the weak"; "do not leave the sick without help." Russian tsars and queens widely distributed alms during exits and departures, church holidays, visits to prisons. The princely and tsarist charity was an example for the boyars as well.

The basis of charity in the pre-Petrine era was Orthodox churches and monasteries. Under the latter, almshouses were arranged for the poor and the elderly, and in lean years food supplies were distributed from the monastery's stocks to the hungry, and general meals were arranged for the poor. In the XVIII century. the scale of Russian philanthropy has grown significantly.

In 1775, a special order of public charity appeared in the composition of the new provincial institutions. He was entrusted with the care of education, treatment, arrangement public schools, orphanages, orphanages and almshouses for the elderly, work and restraining homes. 65 years later (1840) in the country there were already about 800 such institutions. In 1860-1870. care for public care was transferred to zemstvos and cities. In Moscow in 1894 district guardianships for the poor were established everywhere. Moscow occupied a special place in the history of Russian philanthropy. Under Catherine, nursing homes for the poor were created in Gatchina. Catherine II decided that the charity of the poor is the main thing for the Supreme Power. In each province, special Orders of public charity were created, which were supposed to deal with issues of helping the poor.

The rise and flowering of charity in the second half of the 18th and first third of the 19th centuries. became the result of noble philanthropy (philanthropy). The construction of hospitals, shelters, almshouses for the poor was a matter of honor and prestige. Wealthy noblemen Golitsyn D.M., Sheremetev N.P., Strekalov A.N. and others donated huge amounts of money for the construction of various charitable institutions. The charity system in old Russia was distinguished by a variety of forms of institutions and societies. The activities of the institutions of the Department of Institutions of the Empress Maria (1796), named after the wife of Emperor Paul I. By 1900, the Department of Mary consisted of more than 500 educational and charitable institutions where tens of thousands of people lived, studied, and received treatment. ... The largest institutions of the Office of Mary included the council of orphanages, ladies' guardianship for the poor, the so-called Mariinsky hospitals for the poor, and others. In parallel with the Office of Mary in Russia, there was a Philanthropic (since 1816 Humanitarian) society created in 1802 on the initiative of Alexander I, the main goal of which was to provide voluntary all-round assistance to the poor.

Church charity was on a wide scale in Russia. Only in Moscow at the beginning of the XX century. there were 69 church trusteeships of the poor. More than 100 small almshouses were supported by the Moscow parish churches. Establishments of estates were of particular importance in the system of private charity. In Moscow, at the expense of nobles, merchants, priests, educational institutions, shelters, almshouses were organized, where representatives of this class studied or lived. Russian public and private charity since the second half of the 19th century. existed mainly on donations from the merchants. The merits of this class are especially great for the development of charitable institutions in Moscow. Representatives of famous merchant dynasties: the Alekseevs, Bakhrushins, Baevs, Boevs, Lyamins, Mazurins, Morozovs, Solodovnikovs, Khludovs, etc., built dozens of charitable institutions and institutions with their own funds, supplied them with modern medical equipment for those times. In total in Moscow by the beginning of the XX century. there were 628 charitable institutions: almshouses, shelters, temporary shelters and hostels, lodging houses, free and cheap canteens and teahouses, houses of industriousness, communities of sisters of mercy, dispensaries, etc. The forms of assistance in them were also distinguished by a great variety: the provision of housing, accommodation, free meals, the issuance of one-time or permanent cash and in-kind allowances, medical assistance, payment for medicines. Charity in other cities of the Russian Empire had approximately the same structure.

V tsarist Russia the fight against leprosy was not, in fact, properly subsidized. The state did not allocate permanent funds for it.

Some enthusiastic doctors waged a heroic struggle against leprosy, made a useful contribution to science, acting at their own peril and risk, without sufficient support from the state and society. The allocation of lepers to special shelter houses located outside of settlements began in Russia in the 18th century. By the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, leper colony appeared, located near Astrakhan, in the Terek region (since 1897) and in the Kuban Region. Cossack troops(1901-1902), leper colony appeared in Estonia and Livonia, a leper colony "Steep Streams" was created, organized in 1894 at the expense of the zemstvos. Medical care in them was scanty and imperfect.

2. Bodies of social protection of the population in the Soviet period

2.1 People's Commissariat of Social Security

After the October coup, a new structure was created in Russia, which took up the abolition of the existing aid agencies with the redistribution of funds and property for the needs of the state. First, it became the Ministry, and eventually the People's Commissariat for State Guardianship (NKGO). Among the liquidated institutions were charitable organizations and societies for the assistance of disabled people operating in the Russian Empire. They were canceled on November 19, 1917. And by the end of January 1918, the entire previous guardianship system was destroyed.

By March 1918, the main directions of activity in the field of state social security were formed: the issuance of rations to the families of front-line soldiers, the provision of shelter for those crippled in the war and the appointment of pensions to them; adjusting activities educational institutions state guardianship. To solve the acute problem of financial and material support of social events by that time, the NKGO resorted to a wide range of measures - from targeted redistribution of material resources, the organization of charity lotteries to the introduction of a tax on public shows and entertainment.

Since April 1918, purposeful state support of citizens in need begins to be carried out, as a means of carrying out social policy. At this time, the People's Commissariat for Social Security (NSCS) was formed. This body determined a new strategy of social assistance, proceeding from the tasks of building a socialist society of the Bolshevik model. Then a class approach began to take shape in providing different types help. According to the provision on the social security of workers, only persons "whose sources of livelihood are their own work, without the exploitation of others', had the right to receive assistance from the state." The new legislation established the main types of social security that the working population could count on: medical assistance, the issuance of assistance and pensions (in connection with old age, disability, pregnancy, childbirth).

By the middle of 1918, NKSO developed its activities in the following directions: protection of mothers and babies; work in orphanages; activities to provide for minors accused of unlawful acts; distribution of food rations; provision of disabled warriors; medical aid.

Activities in the field of social protection during this period, including the issuance of various kinds of assistance, were carried out by different departments - the Commissariat of Work (provided assistance to the unemployed), the Job Exchange, the Commissariat of Agriculture, etc., which led to the duplication of certain functions. Therefore, in 1920, a delimitation of the functions and powers of different departments took place. The functions of the People's Commissariat for Work include the establishment of general norms for pensions and assistance. All medical institutions that used to belong to the NKSO were transferred to the People's Commissariat of Health.

The social protection strategy was significantly changed by the New Economic Policy (NEP), introduced in the early 20s of the last century. The main activities of the NCCO during that period were: providing the peasantry and persons with "independent work" in the manner of compulsory mutual assistance; cooperation of disabled people; workers' social insurance; state support of families of Red Army soldiers in cities. At the same time, the NCCO bodies were entrusted with the following types of work: providing "assistance to victims of counterrevolution" (injured Soviet employees, political amnestied, political emigrants, political refugees, as well as families of the specified circle of persons), combating begging and prostitution, assistance during natural disasters , custody and care. According to the government decree, they were provided with work, clothing, housing, medical and financial assistance, they were issued pensions, sent their children to orphanages, etc.

One of the important activities of state bodies for social protection and security in the 20s was the fight against child homelessness. The problem of hundreds of thousands of street children was solved by opening orphanages, labor communes, and educational colonies. The search for ways of social education continued

An important area of social protection was the support of the peasantry. In the mid-1920s, it became the main object of the NKSO, which assisted in the organization of peasant public mutual assistance (KOV). It was legalized in May 1921, and already in 1922, active work began on the creation of peasant committees for public mutual assistance. They were assigned the functions of self-sufficiency and patronage of those in need.

In the 30s of the last century, the main tasks of social protection were proclaimed work on employment and training of disabled people; provision of families of Red Army soldiers, provision of pensions for war invalids, families whose members died in the war, disabled; organization of mutual aid funds in collective farms; providing assistance to the blind and deaf; assistance to cooperatives of disabled people. In 1931, at the People's Commissariat of Social Security, a special Council for the Employment of Disabled People was created. By the decision of the government for them on industrial enterprises 2% of the total number of jobs were booked.

In 1937, a new regulation on the People's Commissariat for Social Security was issued, according to which the range of tasks of the NKSO expanded. It covered the state provision of disabled people with work and other categories; organization of material and household, cultural, medical and health-improving and sanatorium-resort services; management of the activities of social security institutions, the work of medical and labor expertise (LTEC), the training of social security workers; approval of laws for social security. During this period, under the control of the NCCO were the Council for the Cooperation of Disabled People, the Union of Mutual Insurance and Mutual Assistance Funds for the Cooperation of the Disabled, the Society of the Blind, and the Society of the Deaf and Mute.

The negative side of the social policy of the 1930s is also the practice of solving social problems of some categories of people at the expense of the rights and freedoms of others, in particular, believers. Many ministers of the church were expelled from their churches and left without a livelihood. Thus, the general state of social security in the 30s was problematic.

With the outbreak of World War II, all the life and activities of the multimillion population was directed towards military needs. The extreme situation required extraordinary measures from the NCCO. This affected both evacuations and the mobilization of labor and the distribution of material resources, including food. Industrial enterprises, qualified specialists, workers of science and culture were evacuated to the rear regions of the country. In total, about 25 million people were resettled to the cities and villages of the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, and the republics of Central Asia. With the beginning of the war of 1941-1945, a number of decrees were issued regarding the social security of the families of front-line soldiers. He regulated the procedure for the payment of financial aid to the families of front-line soldiers. The 1942 decree introduced some clarifications in this order. In 1943, a resolution was adopted by the Soviets to the People's Commissar of the USSR "On benefits for families of servicemen who died and disappeared without a trace on the fronts of the Patriotic War."

Another set of military problems is social assistance and social rehabilitation of the wounded. Millions of streams of wounded demanded urgent measures not only regarding their evacuation, but also regarding rehabilitation. In the fall of 1941, aid committees were created to serve the sick and wounded soldiers of the Red Army. In 1942, the State Defense Committee organized homes for invalids of the Great Patriotic War (later transformed into labor boarding schools). In them, crippled soldiers prepared for further labor activity, received labor specialties, and underwent retraining.

At this time, the problems of child protection and the care of orphans acquired new features and dimensions. The task was to evacuate children from orphanages inland and to open new institutions. The resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On the arrangement of children who were left without parents" envisaged the creation of an additional network of orphanages, as well as the participation of citizens in the upbringing of children in the form of guardianship and patronage.

In 1949, the NKSO was renamed into the Ministry of Social Security, and at the end of the 50s it began new stage the development of social protection and the formation of its organs in the USSR.

2.2 Social Security Departments

By the end of 1918, the People's Commissariat of Social Security was a ramified systemic entity and was divided into seven departments. The presence of specialized structural units allowed the Commissariat to cover all the most significant segments of the population in need of help and protection, and to work consistently and systematically. The People's Commissariat of Social Security was divided into the following departments:

The Department of Maternity and Infancy Protection, which was in charge of obstetric institutions, shelters for mothers with children in the postpartum period, consultations on the care and feeding of children, and the like;

Department of Orphanages;

Department for the provision of minors accused of socially dangerous acts (Department of Defective Children);

Medical department in charge of sanatoriums and medical institutions for the general population;

The Department of Pensions and Benefits and Provision of the Disabled, Widows and Old People, and the same department is responsible for providing assistance to revolutionary fighters, amnestied, political and returning emigrants;

Soldering subsection. In charge of the distribution of food rations to families of victims of the war;

The department of crippled warriors, whose terms of reference included follow-up care, provision of prostheses, labor and professional assistance, shelters for military cripples and their retirement.

However, other commissariats continued to provide social protection of the population, a clear delineation of responsibilities occurred only in 1920.

2.3 Pension Commissions, Employment Councils

In accordance with Art. 100 of the USSR Law "On Pension Provision of Citizens in the USSR" pensions are assigned by the commissions for assigning pensions formed by the district (city) or the corresponding Councils of People's Deputies. The commission is formed in the composition determined by the Council of People's Deputies. Along with other members, the head of the district (city) department of social security is included in the commission.

Under the authority of the commission for the appointment of pensions on its behalf, pensions can be appointed solely by a member of the commission - the head of the district (city) department of social security. However, in all cases, at the request of the applicant for a pension and other interested persons and organizations, the issue of assigning a pension is decided by the commission for assigning pensions.

The competence of the commissions for the appointment of pensions formed in accordance with Art. 100 of the USSR Law "On Pension Provision of Citizens in the USSR" includes: legal assessment of the content and proper execution of documents submitted to confirm the length of service, and, if necessary, making decisions on conducting checks on the validity of their issuance; making, if necessary, decisions on offset or exclusion from the calculation of the length of service of certain periods of labor activity; establishment of the length of service according to testimony; setting the time for caring for individuals, as well as periods of residence in certain territories or in places of forced detention during the Great Patriotic War, to be included in the length of service.

March 1931 at the People's Commissariat of Social Security of the RSFSR, the Council for the Employment of Disabled People was established. The same Soviets were created everywhere. There were targets for the distribution of disabled people among enterprises. A new form of employment in the mid-1930s was the organization of workers with pulmonary tuberculosis. For them, special workshops were created at enterprises, in the cooperation of disabled people. By a government decision, 2% of the total number of jobs were reserved for them at industrial enterprises.

In the 30s of the last century, the main tasks of social protection were proclaimed work on employment and training of disabled people; provision of families of Red Army soldiers, provision of pensions for war invalids, families whose members died in the war, disabled; organization of mutual aid funds in collective farms; providing assistance to the blind and deaf; assistance to cooperatives of disabled people. During this period, various cooperatives and public organizations of people with disabilities developed: societies of the blind, associations of the deaf and dumb. These public organizations were engaged in the creation of artels and cooperatives, thus solving the issues of attracting people with disabilities to work. They assisted government agencies in conducting therapeutic measures, prosthetics, training, retraining, and job placement.

Some citizens especially need help in finding employment: disabled people; persons released from institutions executing a sentence of imprisonment; minors between the ages of 14 and 18; persons of pre-retirement age (two years before the onset of the age that gives the right to retire to an old-age labor pension); refugees and internally displaced persons; citizens dismissed from military service and their family members; single and large parents raising minor children, disabled children; citizens exposed to radiation due to radiation accidents and disasters; graduates of institutions of primary and secondary vocational education, looking for a job for the first time.

3. Formation of bodies of social protection of the population in the 90s

3.1 Creation of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation

The main principle of a democratic society is that everyone is obliged to provide for themselves. But everywhere there are people who, for certain reasons, cannot take care of themselves. This can happen due to their old age, weakness caused by an illness, single women, large families, disabled people who need treatment and care. Society cannot leave them to their fate, and therefore tries to help and provide them with certain material benefits. To accomplish these tasks, special state systems have been created and are working, which set as their main task the provision of material and other social benefits to such citizens. Each person should not forget that someday he may also find himself in a difficult situation, the solution of which can only be helped by public assistance.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation contains the main provisions of the institution of social assistance: Art. 7. 1. "The Russian Federation is a social state, the policy of which is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free human development"; Art. 7. 2 "The Russian Federation protects the work and health of people, establishes a guaranteed minimum wage, provides state support for family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, the disabled and the elderly, develops a system of social services, establishes state pensions, benefits and other social guarantees. protection. "

Having established the basic provisions of this institution, the Constitution does not provide a broader explanation of the existence, activity, development of state structures that are directly involved in the issues of social protection of the population of our country.

The basis for the construction of the institute under consideration was continued by the President of the Russian Federation. So in 1996, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Social Protection of the Russian Federation) was formed. But in the structure of the Government of the Russian Federation, approved in March 1997, the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population does not appear. However, the Ministry of Labor and Social Development was created, to which the functions of the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population were transferred. It is difficult to explain and even understand what is the matter. So there probably would be no consensus about this institution, if the Presidential Decree "On the Structure of Federal Executive Bodies", which has not been amended many times, had not acquired its latest edition, where the present name of the institute has already appeared and stuck. So in accordance with Art. 112 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, no later than a week after appointment, submits proposals to the President of the Russian Federation on the structure of federal executive bodies), the President decided: to approve the attached structure of federal executive bodies. And in order to form this structure, create the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation on the basis of the abolished Ministry of Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation and the Federal Employment Service of Russia. The institute in question was created at a rather large legislative framework accepting the functions and powers of several ministries at once.

The Ministry of Labor and Social Development was created on a fairly large legislative basis, taking over the functions and powers of several ministries at once. The structure of the Ministry consisted of 11 departments: complex analysis and forecasting of social development; working conditions and labor protection; on issues of civil service; on the settlement of collective labor disputes and the development of social partnership; population and employment policy; on pension issues; for family, women and children; on social issues of citizens dismissed from military service and their family members; on the issues of rehabilitation and social integration of disabled people; for veterans and elderly people; employment of the population.

The main federal executive body that conducts state policy and management in the field of labor, employment and social protection of the population is the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation.

The Ministry in its activities is guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees and decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation and the Regulation on the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 23.04.97, No. 480 as amended and additions.

The Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation carries out its activities in cooperation with other federal executive bodies, executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies, public and other associations, as well as other organizations, regardless of their organizational and legal form.

In accordance with the tasks assigned to the ministry, it builds its work in different directions and carries out its functions in the following areas: solving complex problems of social development; raising the standard of living and income of the population; salary; working conditions and labor protection; social partnership in labor relations; population; employment; development of human resources; social insurance; pension provision; social protection of the population; social services for the population; public service; legislation on labor, employment and social protection of the population; international partnership.

The Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation is headed by a minister who is appointed and dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation bears personal responsibility for the fulfillment of the tasks assigned to the Ministry of Labor and Social Development and for the exercise of its functions.

In 2004, many functions of social protection will be transferred to the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation.

3.2 Creation of regional and local bodies of social protection of the population

The history of our state is rich in its own experience of the formation and development of all forms of public charity. The developed traditions have not lost their significance in our days, when the need for further improvement of both existing state structures of charity and the creation of new ones that most meet modern requirements, as well as the deployment of various forms of public and private charity, has become especially acute. These traditions, enriched by international experience in the provision of social services to the population, are now firmly entrenched in our reality: it coordinates and determines the development paths of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation, a ramified network of regional (regional, territorial) departments of social protection of the population and territorial (municipal) bodies of social work, specialized and comprehensive social service institutions are functioning, various charitable societies and social support funds are being created

The implementation of all government measures in the field of social protection of the population, starting from the 90s, was carried out by the Ministry of Social Protection of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Ministry). According to the decree of the Government of the RSFSR of December 26, 1991, the Ministry was entrusted not only with the development of a strategy of state policy in the field of protection of the disabled population, motherhood and -social expertise, implementation of foreign economic activity, etc.

The system of social services consisted of state, municipal and non-state aid institutions. The main forms of activity of these services were: material assistance; home help; service in a hospital environment; provision of temporary shelter; organization of daytime stays in social service institutions; advisory assistance; social patronage; social rehabilitation and adaptation of those in need; social help.

In 1994, the Department of Social Protection was created within the Ministry of Social Protection by a decision of the Government of the Russian Federation. He was involved in the development of a federal pension strategy, organization of payments, recalculation and delivery of state pensions, ensuring the uniform application of federal law and other issues.

In different regions, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the bodies of social protection of the population of the region, the krai are called differently, for example, Departments, Directorates, Departments, Committees, Ministries, but the main tasks and functions of these bodies are the same. The department, its subordinate enterprises, institutions, organizations, as well as territorial bodies of social protection of the population form a unified regional state system of social protection of the population, providing state support for families, senior citizens, veterans and disabled people, persons dismissed from military service, and their family members, development of the system of social services, implementation of state policy in the field of pension provision and labor relations.

Regional social programs make it possible to concentrate funds primarily on protecting the most socially vulnerable groups of the population and supporting those who cannot take care of themselves, based on the most effective methods of providing social assistance and social services, developed and tested both in this and in others. regions, without reducing funding and increasing the amount of social assistance to especially needy categories of the population.

The bodies of social protection of the population of the regions of Russia over the years of their existence have gone through a difficult path of formation, reorganization and renewal. Through the labor and efforts of several generations of social workers in the regions, a wide network of social institutions has been created, a significant personnel potential of the industry has been accumulated, thanks to which a complex of various social services is provided to the population. At the same time, in practice, many of the areas of social programs due to the lack of funding from the budgets of various levels cannot be implemented on time.

The territorial system of assistance, which is associated with the development of the institution of social work - the central aspect of the modern system of social protection of the population of Russia - consists of a set of various institutions with different forms of ownership, a system of subordination, methods of work, as well as sources of funding and legal status. At the same time, the problems that exist at the regional level are refracted in the systems of city and district assistance to those in need. City structures of social assistance work within the framework of federal, regional and regional social programs, however, the uniqueness of the region, socio-cultural traditions, specific socio-economic problems suggest the need to create original models of the urban structure of management and assistance.

Conclusion

The result of the above is the position of social protection at the present time, as an example, we cite the remark of S.V. Tetersky: "To some extent, we are returning to the pre-revolutionary mechanism of charity, while preserving at the same time the elements developed during the Soviet period."

In order to avoid many mistakes in the further development of the system of social protection of the population, and in particular, charity, it is necessary to study and summarize both foreign and existing historical experience. The study of which shows that assistance to the poor is more effective when it is decentralized with the involvement of the general public; with the interaction of all parties involved in the process - charitable, private, public organizations, the Church and the state - both in obtaining comprehensive information about those in need of assistance, and in coordinating assistance to them. The state should create a unified system of laws, regulatory framework, incentives to provide assistance to those in need through a system of benefits and incentives. And also a necessary condition is to attract the attention of the public and the media to the problems of social protection.

Thus, drawing conclusions from the course work, we can say that in the 90s the profession of a social worker was constituted, the origins and traditions of which were laid in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. And:

the course work sets out a chronological, systematic presentation of the stages of the emergence and development of social protection agencies in Russia and shows the evolution of the views and approaches of scientists to the development of social protection in the past;

This work shows the dynamics of the formation and development of social protection agencies in Russia as a practical activity aimed at supporting a person in a difficult life situation in different historical periods.

Social security services are an integral part of the social policy of the modern Russian state. Their necessity is a question that does not require discussion, their effectiveness is a problem in modern Russia. There are such shortcomings of social services in Russia, such as:

focusing work only on the "socially unprotected layers of the population", while other large groups of people are left unattended;

lack of a unified social policy;

low (rather insufficient) qualifications of social workers;

a meager set of social services.

With a scientific approach and sober control over the situation, the implementation of all the recommendations of theorists and practitioners of social work, stable funding in Russia, a high level of social assistance to the population can be achieved.

Bibliography

1.Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993) / R G. December 25, 1993

2.USSR Law of 15.05.1990 "On Pension Provisions for Citizens in the USSR"

3.Federal Law of 10.12.1995 No. 195-FZ "On the Fundamentals of Social Services in the Russian Federation"

4.Federal Law of 17.07.1999, No. 178-FZ "On state social assistance in the Russian Federation"

5.Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 24. 06.1996, No. 739 "On the provision of free social services"

6.Bolotina, T.N.Social services in Russia and their activities: history and modernity - M., 2001. - 108 p.

7.Vasilieva, T. D. Activities of local authorities to optimize social protection of the population. - M. 1997

8.Guslyakova L.G. Features of the formation of a system of social protection of the population // Culture and mentality of the population of Russia: Abstracts. report - SPb., 2003.

9.Guslyakova L.G. The practice of social work: problems, searches, solutions // Education and social development of the region. - Barnaul, - 2005. - No. 1. -

10.Zhukov, V.I., Zaymyshev, I.G. et al. Theory and methods of social work. In 2 volumes. - M .: Soyuz, 1994 .-- 195p.

11.Manzina, N.P. State social assistance. - M .: March, 2005 .-- 108 p.

12.Romanova, P.V. Need and order. The history of social work in Russia, XX century. - M .: Scientific Book, 2005 .-- 464 p.

13.Dictionary-reference book on social work / Ed. Kholostova, E.I. - M .: Jurist, 2000 .-- 424 p.

14.Social work: theory and practice: Textbook. Allowance / Resp. ed. etc. and. Sci., prof. E.I. Kholostova, D.I. US. Sorvin. - M .: INFRA-M, 2004.

15.Svistova, E.B. Formation of the system of social protection of the population of Russia in the first half of the 90s of the XX century / E.B. Svistova // Russian civilization: past and present. Sat. scientific. works. Issue 25 / Ed. Gosteva R.G. and Yaretskiy Yu.L. - M .: Evroshkola, 2005 .-- p. 170-174.

16.Tetersky, S.V. Introduction to Social Work: Textbook. allowance. M .: Academ. Project, 2002.496 p.

17.Tsvetkova, Social management at the municipal level // The Economist. - 2009. - No. 7.

18.Firsov, M.V., Studenova, E.G. The theory of social work: Textbook. manual for university students. M: VLADOS, 2000.432 p.

19.Kholostova, E.I. Social policy: Textbook. allowance. - M .: INFRA-M, 2001 .-- 284 p.

20.Yakushev, A.V. Social protection. Social work. Lecture notes. - M .: A-Prior, 2007 .-- 224 p.

Footnotes

Fundamentals of Social Work: Textbook / Otv. ed. Pavlenok, P.D. - M .: INFRA-M, 1999

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 14.08.96 "On the structure of Federal executive bodies" No. 1177

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 17.08.99 "On the structure of Federal executive bodies"

Tetersky, S.V. An introduction to social work. - M., 2003

The most important part of social protection of the population is the institution of social work bodies. The purpose of their activities is to pursue state policy aimed at establishing stable and orderly links between different levels of the organizational system, designed to form social relations in society, provide citizens with potential life benefits to meet their needs, and develop economic independence in management.

The objects of management in the system of social protection of the population are institutions and organizations, labor and educational collectives of this system, as well as relations between people. Subjects of management - bodies directly involved in the problems of social assistance to the population (ministries, committees, departments, departments, departments of social protection of the population, labor collectives). The main function of bodies and institutions of social protection of the population is to improve the activities of its various structural elements, regulated by certain norms and controlled by social institutions to ensure the achievement of the set goals.

The main levels of social work bodies:

Federal level (republic);

Labor collective;

Non-governmental (charitable) public organizations.

An important role in the system of social protection of the population is played by trade unions, administration and various forms of self-government in labor collectives.

The main functions of the bodies of social protection of the population at the federal level:

1. organization of pension services and provision of benefits;

2. social services;

3. medical and social expertise;

4. rehabilitation of disabled people and provision of prosthetic and orthopedic assistance;

5. social assistance to families and children;

6. preparation of legislation on social protection of the population;

7. foreign economic and international cooperation;

8. development of provisions on the foundations of social policy;

9. analysis and forecast of the standard of living of various categories of the population;

11. development of social standards, etc. The functions of the bodies of social protection of the population at the regional (local) level are regulated by higher authorities with a certain independence and include:

1.providing and solving production and economic problems;

2. planning and financial and economic activities;

3. creation of various social assistance funds;

4. solution of economic problems, etc.;

The functions of the labor collective:

a) production and economic;

b) political;

c) managerial;

d) social;

e) educational;

Forms of social protection are “reflected in collective agreements additional measures social protection, support (payments, benefits, in-kind assistance, etc.) for employees and their families, as well as pensioners at the expense of the respective funds of enterprises. "

The social functions of the labor collective are:

1.improving the material and cultural living conditions of people;

2. development of the social structure of the team;

3. improving relations within the team;

4. improvement of social security, health care;

5. organization of assistance in family life, leisure activities;

6. observance of the principle of social justice.

Certain functions are performed by various charitable organizations and funds for social assistance to the population:

a) social and medical assistance to the lonely, the elderly, the infirm;

b) social rehabilitation of disabled people;

c) legal assistance to socially needy categories of the population, etc. Social encyclopedia / Ed. count A.P. Gorkin, G.N. Karelova, ED, Katulsky and others - M: Bolyi. Grew up. Ents-I, 2000. 255.

Social security and social insurance system in the Russian Federation

In modern conditions, social protection is becoming the most important function of society, all of its state bodies and social institutions. There are also forms of social protection and of a private nature - pensions, health insurance, social services. This indicates that a multi-structured organizational structure of the system of social protection of the population is emerging in our country.

The leading forms of social protection of the population at present are pension provision, provision of social benefits, benefits to especially needy categories of the population, state social insurance, and social services. Let's consider them in more detail.

Pension security is a state regular cash payment, a pension that is paid in established order certain categories of persons from social funds and other sources intended for these purposes.

Pensions are paid upon reaching a certain age, the onset of disability, the death of the breadwinner, long-term performance of a certain professional activity - length of service.

The main types of pensions are labor and social. The labor pension includes old-age pension, disability pension, survivor's pension, seniority pension. If citizens, for some reason, are not entitled to an ore pension, a social pension is established for them.

The right to a pension on a general basis is granted to women upon reaching 55 years of age with a total length of service of at least 20 years, and men upon reaching 60 years of age with a length of service of at least 25 years.

Funding for the payment of pensions is carried out Pension Fund The Russian Federation at the expense of insurance premiums from employers and citizens, as well as at the expense of the federal budget of Russia. All pensions are indexed in due course due to the rise in the cost of living. With an increase in the minimum amount of pensions, all pensions increase in proportion to the increase in their minimum amount. Social protection of the population: the experience of organizational and administrative work / Ed. V.V. Kukushin. - Ed. 4th, rev. and add. - Moscow: ICC "Mart", Rostov - on - don: Publishing center "Mart", 2004. - p. 371.

Another form of social protection of the population is the provision of social benefits, benefits to especially needy categories of citizens.

In modern conditions, the number of social payments and benefits is over 1000, they are established for more than 200 categories of citizens, the number of people applying for them reaches almost 10 million people. With the help of social benefits and benefits, the implementation of social guarantees of citizens is ensured, individual situations and the presence of such circumstances as poverty, orphanhood, unprotected motherhood, unemployment, prolonged illness, etc. are taken into account more fully.

Compulsory state social insurance is a means of reimbursing social risk and a means of social redistribution, taking into account the principle of social justice. This is one of the types of state material support of the population in the event of disability due to illness and in other cases stipulated by law.

State social insurance is carried out at the expense of special funds formed by special contributions from employers and employees, as well as subsidies from the federal budget for the material support of employees and their families.

Provision for state social insurance is divided into cash payments, material goods and services. In modern conditions, the need to reform the entire system of state social insurance has become obvious, a more complete use of approved different countries the world of principles: the guarantee of assistance to the insured and the mandatory nature of the conditions and norms; chargeable; solidarity; automation of financing based on the accumulation of insurance premiums; strictly targeted nature of funds and their return; definition of insurance space in combination with differentiation of various types of insurance, etc. Improvement of social insurance provides for:

Exemption of state social extra-budgetary funds from payments unusual for them, separation of insurance payments from taxes;

Introduction of differentiated sizes of insurance premiums for state social insurance, depending on the degree of danger, harmfulness, severity of work and the state of working conditions;

Strengthening the personal participation of citizens in the financing and management of the social insurance system;

Development of voluntary forms of social insurance at the expense of citizens' funds and income of enterprises.

This will make it possible to turn social insurance into the most important reliable component of the system of social protection of the population.

Social services represent a wide range of socio - economic, medico - social, psychological and pedagogical, socio - legal, social - household and other social services and material assistance, adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation. E. I. Kholostova Social work: Textbook. allowance. - 2nd ed. - M .: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashkov and Co", 2005. p. 375.