The essence of the agricultural reform P stationpine. The reform of Stolypin briefly

In Russia, the beginning of the XX century is characterized by a major decay of the empire and the creation of the state - Soviet Union. Most laws and ideas have not embodied in reality, the rest was not destined to hold out for a long time. One of the reformers at that moment was Peter Stolypin.

Petr Arkadyevich was from the noble family. He served in the Ministry of the Interior, awarded the emperor himself for the successful suppression of the peasant uprising. After dissolution State Duma And the Government of the young speaker took the post of prime minister. The first thing was requested by a list of unfulfilled bills, which began to create new procedures for the country management. As a result there are several economic solutionswho were called Stolypinsky.

Laws of Peter Stolypin

Let us dwell on the history of the origin of the plan for the development of the country's economy - Stolypinskaya agrarian reform.

Background of land relations

Agriculture at that time brought about 60% of the pure product and was the main branch of the state economy. But the Earth was separated unfair between classes:

1. The landowners owned most of the sowing fields.
2. The state had basically forest areas.
3. The peasant class got the earth, almost unsuitable for processing and further sowing.

The peasants began to welt, as a result, new territorial units were turned out - rural societiesHaving administrative rights and obligations to their members. In the resulting villages there were oldas, elders and even a local court who considered small offenses and the claims of people to each other. All the supreme posts of such communities were exclusively from the peasants.

Representatives of the highest layers of society living in these villages could become members of the community, but without the right to use the land owned by the settlement administration, and were obliged to obey the rules of peasant offices. Consequently, rural officials facilitated the work of the central authorities of the country.

Most of the land owned communitieswhich could redistribute sites in arbitrary form between peasants, which led to the emergence of new rural farms. The size of the site and grade varied depending on the number of workers. Often, the land was taken from the old people and widows, who were not able to care for her fully, and gave out young families. If the peasants changed permanent place Residence - moved to the city - they did not have the right to sell their sites. When dismissing the peasants from the rural community, the station was automatically switched to her property, so the land was leased.

To somehow equalize the problem of "utility" sites, the board has invented new way Earth cultivation. For this, all fields belonging to society have been cut into peculiar strips. Each farm has received several such strips in different parts of the field. This earth processing process has become noticeable to slow down prosperity. agriculture.

Household ownership of land

In the Western Territories of the country for the working class, the conditions were easier: the peasant community has highlighted the site with the possibility of transferring it by inheritance. And also this land was allowed to sell, but only to other persons of the working layer of society. The rural councils belonged only streets and roads. The peasant associations had the perfect right to buy land through private transactions, being full owners. Often the acquired areas were divided among community members in proportion to invested funds, and everyone cared for their share. It was profitable - than more square Fields, the smaller the price is on it.

Peasant unrest

By 1904, the meeting on the agricultural issue did not bring any results, despite the fact that rural communities once again made the nationalization of land owned by landowners. A year later, the All-Russian Union of Peasants was created, which supported the same proposals. But it also did not accelerate the problems of the country's agricultural issue.

The summer of 1905 marked terrible at that time - The beginning of the revolution. The peasants who did not have forests on community lands, unimpressed landlord reserves, swung their fields and raised estates. Sometimes there were cases of violence against representatives of law enforcement agencies and arsons of buildings.

Stolypin at the time held in the Saratov province post of the governor. But soon he was appointed chairman of the Council of Ministers. Then Peter Arkadyevich, without waiting for the meeting of the Duma, signed the basic provision that allows the government to make urgent solutions without coordination of the Duma itself. Immediately after that, the ministry put on the agenda the draft law of the agrarian system. Stolypin and his reform were able to peacefully suppress the revolution and give people hope for the best.

Peter Arkadyevich believed that this the law is the most important goal for the development of the state.. It would give a significant increase in the economic and production table. The date of adoption of the project is in 1907. The peasants became easier to exit the community, they had the right to their own land plot. And also resumed the work of the peasant bank, which intermedible between the working class and landowners. The question of the peasants' resettlement, which was given a lot of benefits and huge land puts, which as a result of the agricultural reform of Stolypin brought a tremendous economic increase and the settlement of deserted districts like Siberia.

Thus, the Stolypin agrarian reform reached a conceived target. But, despite the growth of the economy, the improvement of ideological and political relations, adopted bills were under threat of failure due to the mistakes allowed. When trying to establish social security of the working class of the state, it was necessary to carry out rigid repression to organizations that promoted the beginning of the revolution. And also did not fulfill the rules labor Code In enterprises, such as insurance against accidents and observance of the duration of the working shift - people overtime processed 3-5 hours a day.

September 5, 1911 The great reformer and politician Peter Stolypin was killed. Some time after his death, the new board revised all the bills created by him.

Agrarian question - always the main for Russia

Since 1906, the Government of Russia under the leadership of P.A. Stolypin was held a set of activities in the field of agriculture. These events are generalized called "Stolypin agrarian reform."

The main tasks of reform:

• transfer of false lands to the property of the peasants;
• the gradual abolition of the rural community as a collective owner of land;
• wide lending peasants;
• buying landlord land for resale to peasants on preferential terms;
• land management, allowing to optimize the peasant economy due to the elimination of the sevisor.

The reform set both short-term and long-term goals.

Short-term: Resolution of the "agrarian question" as a source of mass discontent (first of all, the cessation of agricultural unrest). Long-term: Sustainable prosperity and development of agriculture and peasantry, the integration of the peasantry into the market economy.

Objectives of agricultural reform

The agrarian reform was aimed at improving the peasant relief land use and touched a little land tenure. It was held in 47 provinces of European Russia (all provinces, apart from the three provinces of the Ostsey region); The Cossack land tenure and land tenure of Bashkir was not affected.

Historical need for reform

P.A. Stolypin (third left) during dating with farm not far from Moscow, October 1910

The idea of \u200b\u200bagrarian reform arose as a result of the revolution 1905-1907, when agrarian unrest intensified, and the activities of the first three state DUM. Agricultural excitement has achieved a special scope in 1905, the government hardly managed to suppress them. Stolypin at this time was the governor of the Saratov province, where the unrest were especially strong due to the crown. In April 1906, P. A. Stalypin was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs. The government project on the forced alienation of part of the landlord land was not adopted, the Duma was dissolved, and Stolypin was appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers. Due to the fact that the situation with the agrarian issue remained uncertain, Stolypin decided to take all necessary laws, without waiting for convocation II of the Duma. On August 27, a decree was published for the sale of state land peasants. October 5, 1906 was issued a decree "On the abolition of certain restrictions on rural orders and individuals of other former feedbacks"devoted to the improvement of the civil status of the peasants. On October 14 and 15, decrees were published, expanding the activities of the peasant land bank and facilitating the conditions for the purchase of land with peasants on credit. On November 9, 1906, the chief legislative act of reform is published - Decree "On the addition of some decisions of the current law relating to peasant land tenure and land use", proclaiming the right of peasants to consolidate the ownership of their valid lands.

Thanks to the bold step of Stolypin (edition of the laws of 87 article. This article allowed the government to take emergency laws without approving the Duma during the break between the dissolution of one Duma and the convening of a new one), the reform acquired an irreversible nature. The II Duma expressed a more negative attitude towards any endeavors of the government. She was dissolved in 102 days. The compromise between the Things and the Government did not happen.

The III Duma, not rejecting the government course, took all government bills extremely long. As a result, the Government since 1907 refuses active legislative activities in agrarian policy and proceeds to expanding government agencies, an increase in the volume of distributed loans and subsidies. Since 1907, the statements of the peasants about the consolidation of the ownership of the Earth are satisfied with large delays (there are not enough personnel of land sustaining commissions). Therefore, the main efforts of the government were aimed at training personnel (primarily of the Ambers). But increase I. cashDirected on the reform in the form of funding of the peasant rammer bank, subsidizing agronomic assistance activities, direct benefits to peasants.

Since 1910, the government course is somewhat modified - more attention begins to be given to supporting the cooperative movement.

Peasant life

On September 5, 1911, P. A. Stalypin was killed, the Prime Minister became the Minister of Finance V. N. Khodtsov. Kokovtsov, showing less initiative than Stolypin, followed by a scheduled course, not bringing something new to the agricultural reform. The volume of land sustaining works on land exploration, the number of land fixed in the ownership of the peasants, the number of land sold to peasants through the peasant bank, the volume of loans to the peasants consistently grew up to the beginning of the First World War.

During 1906-1911. Decrees were published, as a result of which the peasants had the opportunity:

• take put in the property;
• freely exit the community and choose another place of residence;
• realcate to the Urals to get land (about 15 hectares) and money from the state to lifting the farm;
• migrants received tax breaks, freed from service in the army.

Agricultural reform

Have the objectives of the reform of Stolypin reached?

This is a rhetorical question when evaluating the activities of reformers, it does not have a definite answer. Each generation will give his answer.

Stolypin stopped the revolution and began deep reform. At the same time, he fell victim to the attempt, could not bring his reforms to the end and did not reach his main goal: for 20 peaceful years, create great Russia .

Nevertheless, during its activities the following results were achieved:

1. A cooperative movement has developed.
2. The number of wealthy peasants has increased.
3. On the gross collection of bread, Russia was 1 place in the world.
4. 2.5 times the livestock has increased.
5. About 2.5 million people moved to new lands.

Agricultural reform in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, called Stolypinsky in honor of Prime Minister Peter Arkadyevich Stolypin, was not directly due to economic, but political tasks. After the peasant unrest 1902-1906. We were looking for the possibility of the appearance of the village, and P. Stolypin tried to find the support of power in a strong man. However, the reforms had more economic grounds laid throughout the development of the village after the cancellation of serfdom. A preventive wedge, although it fell by 1900 by a quarter, nevertheless, 30 thousand landlord families belonged to the same land as 10 million peasant families. Up to 40% of the land of possible agricultural use was in specific and state ownership. Therefore, the main requirement of all the peasants during the excitement of the beginning of the XX century, was the section of the landlord and royal lands.

But the government in the course of the reform decided to play against the contradictions of the peasantry itself. Among the peasants, social differentiation quickly intensified. By the beginning of the XX century. 16.5 million peasants had land put on 1 tenth, the fifth of the peasantry turned out to be at all landless - these were rural bars, which had 3.5 million or 20% of the adult male population of the village.

In general, the poor were about 50% of the peasants and used only about 30% of the Earth, while 10% of the Kulac farms used almost half of the whole land. The peasant's peasant was on average for one audit soul constantly decreased and amounted to in the 1860s. - 4.8 tenths, in the 1880s - 3.5 decishes, in 1900 - 2.6 decishes.

The main obstacle to the path of capitalist modernization of agriculture in Russia began 20 V. There was no landowner land tenure, but community. The landowner economy faster than peasant evolved towards the market, improved the technology and organization of the economy. Note that the share of landlord farming in England, for example, was much larger than in Russia. It did not prevent the fact that the Agriculture of England was one of the most developed in the world. Community land tenure in Russia by the beginning of the 20th century. It has spread almost 100% of agricultural land used by peasants.

With the development of the market and social differentiation in the village, communal landowings began intensified. The frequent redistribution of land was dictated by attempts to the poor layers, not so much to improve their economic situation as worsening the position of the richest fellow villagers. Yes, and the royal government at first even prevented the weakening of the community, so in 1893 the law was adopted, prohibiting the redemption of payments for her left lands, since the community was made to collect taxes, when a rich paid for the poor .

Despite the fact that the agrarian reform is called Stolypinskaya, its main ideas and proposals for the trends belonging to S. Witte, who in 1896 first spoke against community land tenure and a circular law. In 1898, in connection with this, he turned with an official letter to the king and in 1903 he managed to cancel a circular order, after which each family was now fully answered for their subsidy.

After the peasant unrest 1902, special editorial commissions were created under the Ministry of Internal Affairs to revise all the legislation on peasants, including land tenure, about the community, about a circular order, etc. In the same year, a special meeting was created under the leadership of S. Witte to clarify the needs of agricultural production. 618 local committees of this meeting were also formed. In these organizations, the main mass was the officials and landlords, and the peasants were only 2%.

At meetings and in print, basic ideas were made, laid the basis of agrarian reform. In most speech, the main reason for the peasants was called technical backwardness, therefore it was proposed to improve the technology of the farm, to move to a multipolon with crops of root and herbs. And since this modernization prevented the community, the majority of the committees made a conclusion about the need to help the transition from community land tenure to the residential and farm, submitting to the peasants the right to exit communities even without its consent. It was also indicated for the need to allow peasants leaving the community to sell their land, the level of peasants with other estates in economic and civil rights, etc. But then the Wittov meeting was recognized too left and dissolved.

However, the reforms in the village have long begins and even overrere, and peasant unrest revealed in the middle of 1905 forced to begin the urgent transformations of agriculture even to P. Stolypin. On August 12, 1905, new rules have been introduced that expanded the activities of the peasant bank. On August 27, the law on stateless lands was adopted for the same purpose. On November 3, 1905, the redemption payments for the valid land were marked by the law. The peasants have long paid the amount of redemption and for this time they paid only interest in installments. On March 14, 1906, new land management rules were adopted, and on March 10, 1906 the law on freedom of the relocation of peasants.

At the peak of revolutionary events in the fall of 1905, the project of Professor P. Migulin on the immediate transfer of half land in the peasants was very popular about the immediate transfer of half of the landlord. The government at this time was ready to convey to them 25 million dec. landlocker and specific land. But at the beginning of 1906, after some decline in the revolution, these bills were rejected and landlord became inviolable. Instead, the government focused on an increase in the number of strong peasant farms at the expense of the poorest members of the community.

The arrival of P. Stolypin in the spring of 1906 to the post of Minister of the Interior, and in July and the defendant of the Council of Ministers sharply accelerated agricultural reforms. P. Stolypin himself almost did not put forward new ideas, and his merit is that he spent this reform consistently and even overly rigidly, relying on his police experience and apparatus. The transition to the new rate of agrarian policy was completed by law of November 9, 1906, which was called "about changing and adding some decisions about the peasant land tenure" or as it was essentially called "about the destruction of the community." Note that the agrarian laws of P. Stolypin conducted a non-parliamentary manner in addition to the State Duma, in accordance with the order of 87 articles of basic laws such as emergency and impressive deposits. Duma legalized these reforms only on June 14, 1910.

In agrarian reform, 3 main directions can be distinguished: 1. The destruction of the community and the change in the peasant land tenure. 2. Using the peasant landing bank to plant wealthy peasant farms by selling land and assistance to loans. 3. Migrating policies for free land of the North Caucasus, Urals and Siberia due to lack of land in Central Russia. These three directions are closely interrelated and complement each other. Consider them more in more detail.

All peasant communities were divided into two groups: the communities did not conduct the redistributes of the Earth and the communities who carried out such redels. The first were recognized directly transmitted to the residential land tenure, and all sections of the land were fixed behind individual housewives based on personal property. In communities, where the redistribution was held, householder could require consolidation for him to the personal property due to the redistribution of land. The community was obliged in the event of a minor to provide land plots weighted in one place. The peasants preserved the right to use joint grounds (haymaking, forest, etc.). The peasants went to the cut, if they continued to live in the village, and on the farm, if they transported the house to their site.

In the case when during the month, the community did not consider an application for exit, the authority intervention took place from above. If at the time of the exit, the peasant used more land, which accounted for an average per capita in the community, he redeemed it at the community at 1861, which were 2-3 times lower than the actual prices of the beginning of the 20th century. Anyone who distinguished him could freely sell his land than a particularly widely used small earth, which went to the city. Although the law and limited the possibility of buying a fallen land no more than 6 showers, nevertheless, it gave more opportunities on the concentration of land from rich owners.

The results of this direction of agrarian reform can be judged by such data. Until January 1, 1916, in total in European Russia, the requirements for the consolidation of land in the property of 2755 thousand households were stated, 1008 thousand with an arable land of 14,123 thousand decrees from the community. In addition, satisfactory acts received on the fixation of the plots, where 470 thousand householders were redistributed with an area of \u200b\u200b2796 thousand dec. Total, it came out of the community and secured the land in the personal property of 2478 thousand householders with an area of \u200b\u200b16919 thousand decons, which was 40 provisions of European Russia about 24% of all peasant yard.

The greatest number Outputs from the community falls in 1908 - 1909. This is explained by the fact that at this time the most interested in, i.e. The most wealthy or those who sought to quickly eliminate their land and landowner economy. In subsequent years, therefore the number of fixes and outputs has greatly decreased. The largest number of exits and consolidation was observed in the territories, the capitalist of the most developed, such as the Kiev province and Novorossia.

The 2nd Direction of the Stolypin reform includes the activities of the peasant bank for the sale of land and supporting strong owners among the peasants. The Peasant Pasmod Bank received the right to independently buying private ownership of land in the first place of the landlord and selling their peasants. The bank helped the nobles with the benefit to sell their estates, crushed them, as well as providing him with stateless and specific lands, broken into the plots, and sold to the peasants. The bank issued loans to the arrangement and development of peasant farms, assisted on resettlement.

For ten years of reforms (1906 -1915), private estates were transferred to the land fund of the peasant bank for 4326 thousand dec., And the specific land was only 1258 thousand dec. The state of the same lands were transferred to the peasants only in case of relocation to Siberia, but also here, despite the huge territories, the number of ready-to-settlement, land-based plots were quickly exhausted. The land price was constantly growing, largely due to the speculative activity of the peasant bank, and by 1916 he climbed 1.5-2 times. For 1895-1905 The bank bought land in the landowners an average of 71 rubles for the des., And for 1906 - 1915, 161 rubles. This, despite the decline of 80%, for all economic laws and the price of land should have fallen. Therefore, even P. Stolypin himself insisted on the sale of land, directly the peasants themselves, bypassing the bank. Sold the peasant bank of the Earth from his foundation mainly by independent peasant farms. So, for 1907 - 1916. Branches sold 54.6%, 4.4% farmers, rural societies -17%, and - 5% of all land sales.

Sold land and peasants. For 1908 -1915 1.2 million. Peasant yards sold their worthless land with an area of \u200b\u200b3.9 million dec., Moreover, more than half of the land sold out at all with the village and went to the city, others sold the land to buy it in one site and in case of resettlement. The peasant bank issued loans for the development of farms, but also differentiation was observed here - only 159 rubles per person were issued through the community, and on a sibli-500 rubles.

For a long time, the royal government not only did not encourage the relocation of the peasants to the outskirts of the country, where many free lands, but even prevented this. So, the Law of 1881 and 1889 put the relocation of any restrictions in order not to deprive the landlord of cheap tenants and workers. Only during the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway began to encourage the resettlement. In 1890 - e. The Land Building Commission of General I. Zhilinsky was operated. 722 migrating plots were built, hundreds of wells, values, and reservoirs. Total costs amounted to 2.5 billion rubles - these are about two annual budgets of that time. Only on June 6, 1904, the Resettlement was announced by the law, but at the same time it was divided into a promoted government (financial and other benefits) and not encouraged.

In the course of the Stolypin reform, the number of landless and low-earth peasants should have increased even more, and to weaken their excitement, it became in every way to resettle into free land, mainly to the east, although a little bit at the North Caucasus. The resettlement was actively helped by the peasant bank loans and subsidies. Busy states engaged in immigrants promised to transfer them to private ownership. Behind the Urals, who wanted to get the Earth for free, was transmitted for 15 dec. on the owner and 4,5 dec. For each family member. The peasant bank was supposed to buy land in immigrants left the location at the market price. It turned out to be material assistance for moving. For those resettled in the Far East, 400 rubles were issued per family, and 200 rubles for free. On average, it turned out 165 rubles per family. Migrants were exempted from taxes for 3 years and from calling to the army.

For 10 years of reforms for the Urals, more than 3 million people moved, they were mastered about 30 million dec. empty lands. The maximum number of immigrants reached in 1908-1909, as well as out of the community. Then the optimistic expectations for a successful move and the device of a rich owner at a new place weakened, especially since some migrants began to return back and talk about failures. The landoweered commissions did not always cope with their work, lacked funds for arrangement, part of them at all unwinded, prevented ignorance of local natural conditions, tormented diseases, etc. So, for ten years, more than 100 thousand displaced persons died. Constantly increased the stream of residence returned to the old place. If at first returned was only 6 - 8% of all left, then in subsequent years 20% -30%, and in the hungry 1911, 64% returned. In total, from 3 million people who left for the Urals, about 0.5% million returned back.

Despite the initial promise, private ownership of Earth received a small spread to Siberia. Most of the land belonged to the treasury or causative army. Usually, the peasants who settled on the stateless lands, received her not in the property, but in perpetual use. P. Stolypin considered even the issue of selling government land behind the Urals. This only confirms the ignorance of the concrete economic situation, he still understood more in police issues.

The peasants did not always have enough funds even on the passage, not to mention the arrangement. The Stolypin Agricultural Program was not limited to these three directions. He made a number of proposals to improve the peasant land tenure and land use, on the organization of the system of state insurance of peasant farms, the establishment of a primary education system for peasants and the development of it up to average, with it 150 more existing initial peasant schools was added to 150, changed in local self-government. The cooperative movement of all species among the peasants was rapidly developed, the center of this movement was a specially created popular bank. If for 1901 - 1905 In Russia, 641 consumer society were created, then for 1906-1911. 4715 is 7.4 times, and the number of credit comrades for 1905-1913. rose 6.7 times. Successfully developed production cooperation, for example, Siberian Massels. Siberian oil in Europe was considered better than Dutch.

P. Stolypin believed that the agrarian reform was successful, and if he demanded 50 years to reorganize the village, then in March 1910. He stated that with such a successful work after 6-7 years, the community would almost be almost not, therefore the government will not carry out its violent breaking. In general, at the beginning of the XX century. Agriculture developed successfully. The yield grew, for example, in 1906 in 1906, was 31.3 poods. with Des., in 1909 -55.4 PUD., In 1913, 58.2 PUD; By rye, respectively, -34.5 PUD., 53.1 PUD., 61.3 PUD. Wheat grinding in 1906 amounted to 565,9 million. Pood, in 1913. -1082.3 MLN. Pood. -Rost in 1.8power; rye, respectively, 819,6mln. Pood. and 1299.1 million. Pood. -1.6 times. Exports of grain reached in 1912 15.5 million tons and increased compared with 1900 by 2 times.

It was worse with the development of animal husbandry. From 1900 to 1913, the number of horses increased from 19.7 million to 22.8 million heads, livestock from 31.7 million heads to 31.9 million; pigs from 11.7 million heads up to 13.5 million and sheep even decreased from 47, 6 million heads to 41.4 million per capita and the amount of livestock decreased on the tithing crown. So, per 100 dec. Sowing 56 provinces accomplished livestock in 1901 -1905. 46 goals. And in 1913 -43; Sheep, respectively, 66 and 56 goals; The number of pigs increased from 17 heads to 18 heads. These facts show that, despite the outlined in 1900 - 1913. Agrotechnical rise in agriculture mainly has not yet been completely thinned and continued to develop by expanding the grain areas and reducing the forage space and the number of livestock, especially per capita. And this is characteristic of the extensive development of agriculture by expanding the areas used.

Although several grew up and the technical level, which was manifested in the increase and use of agricultural machinery and fertilizer. If in 1900, agricultural machines were consumed in the amount of 27.9 million rubles and in 1908 by 61.3 million rubles, then in 1913, in the amount of 109.2 million rubles. However, this increase in the number of machines used was, of course, due to the capitalizing landlord and Kulac economy. The general technical level of the majority of peasant farm remained very low, most of the peasant fields were processed by hiding, sowing breads and their threads were carried out primitive manual way. Thus, in 1910, 3 million wooden plows were used throughout the agriculture of Russia, 7.9 million wooden housings, 5.7 million wooden harrows, 15.9 million harrows with iron teeth and only 490 thousand completely iron Brooron, 811 thousand. Rold machines and only 27 thousand steam hammers.

Only before the world war itself, the number of iron plows compared with the amount of kerching and wooden plows. There were no tractors and other complex machines at all. The use of artificial fertilizers is another sign of the intensification of agricultural production, Russia has severely lagged from the West on this basis. In 1900, their 6 million poods were imported., And in 1912 already 35 million PUD. The inner production of phosphates of all species was 1425 thousand in 1908., By 1912, up to 3235 thousand poods increased, i.e. While it was mostly foreign goods.

Another indicator of intensive development of agriculture is the expansion of crops. Here for 15 prevailed years there was significant progress. The sowing areas under cotton have increased to the greatest extent, the sunflowers are 61%, sugar beets - 39.5%, tobacco - 18.5%, potatoes -15.8%, for 79.3% feeding herbs. Although this extension went mainly due to new areas, and not by grain, as in the most developed countries. Square under the grain in Russia, too, increased 10.8%.

However, these some successes in agriculture cannot be attributed only to the Stolypin reform, since at this time there was a common world rise in agriculture, the agricultural crisis ended at the end of the XIX century. Russia was lucky with the fact that except 1911, all other years brought good yields. In general, P.Stoliphina failed to pacify the village. Social differentiation and contradictions in it even aggravated. The number of poor people exceeded 60%, the proportion of slaughtered in 1913 amounted to 31.4%. Still, all the peasants agreed into the section of the landlord and specific land, and the poor and the Kulatsky section.

Community land tenure applied to 75% of peasant lands. Because of the archaic relations in the village, productive forces and growth of yields developed slowly, especially compared to the West. The royal government preserved backward relations in the village until the end of the XIX century, maintaining the interests of the landowners and seeing their support in the peasant community and the village middle peasant. But the economic and socio-political contradictions from this were accumulated and aggravated. What kind of heat they reached, showed peasant unrest 1902 and 1905-1906. The merit of P. Stolypin was that he did not try to hide from these problems and to play with the whole village, and took a firm course to strengthen the Union only with one part of the peasantry - strong owners.

But the fists did not become a strong support of the royal power, they retained extensive ties with all the peasantry and could not consolidate into independent political force. Like all the peasants, they still dared on landlords and royal lands, so together with all the peasantry they first supported the February Revolution, and then at first even the Bolsheviks (in the elimination of landlords of royal land tenure). Thus, agrarian reforms in Russia were late for several decades, which affected not only in the rescue of the productive forces, but also in support in general all the peasants of Russia began the trivial of the beginning of the XX century.

Stolypin reforms (briefly)

Since 1906, the Stolypin has spent its reforms, when the prime minister was appointed to the death of September 5, which came from the bullets of killers.

Agricultural reform

In short, the main purpose of the agricultural reform of Stolypin was to create a wide layer of rich peasants. Unlike the reform of 1861, the emphasis was made on the sole owner, and not on the community. The former, community form was shot by the initiative of the working peasants, and now, freed from the community and without looking around at the "poor and drunk," they could dramatically increase the efficiency of their management. The law of 14.06.1910 said that from now on "every householder, who owns her valid land in community law, may at all times demand strengthening about the personal ownership of it from the factory land." Stolypin believed that the wealthy peasantry would become a real support of autocracy. The activities of the Credit Bank became an important part of the Stolypin agrarian reform. This institution sold to the farmers in the debt of the Earth, or state or repurchased from the landowners. Moreover, the interest rate on the loan for independent peasants was twice as low as for communities. Through credit bank The peasants acquired in 1905-1914. About 9 and a half million hectares of the Earth. However, at the same time, measures against non-payment were tough: they were selected from them and went on sale again. Thus, the reforms not only allowed the opportunity to acquire land, but also encouraged to work actively on it. Another important part of the reform of Stolypin was the resettlement of peasants for free lands. The draft law prepared by the Government provided for the transfer of state lands to Siberia in private hands without redemption. However, there were difficulties: there was not enough funds nor landowners for land management work. But despite this, relocation to Siberia, as well as the Far East, Central Asia and the North Caucasus gained the pace. Moving was free, and specially equipped "Stolypinsky" cars allowed to carry railway Cattle. The state tried to equip life at the resettlement sites: schools, medical items, etc. were built.

Land

Being a supporter of the Zemstvo management, Stolypin spread the Zemskie institutions for some provinces, where they were not before. It was not always politically simple. For example, the conduct of Zemstvo reform in the Western provinces, which historically depended from the gentry, was approved by the Duma, who supported the improvement of the position of the Belarusian and Russian population, which made the majority in these territories, but met a sharp rebuff in the State Council, which supported the gentry.

Industry reform

The main stage in solving the working question years of Stolypin's premiership was the work of a special meeting in 1906 and 1907, which prepared ten bills affected by the main aspects of labor at industrial enterprises. These were questions about the rules of hiring workers, insurance of accidents and diseases, working hours, etc. Unfortunately, the positions of the industrialists and workers (as well as those who raised the latter to disobedience and the rebellion) were too far from each other and the compromises found were not satisfied with neither the others (than those who would have used all sorts of revolutionaries).

National Question

Stolypin perfectly understood the importance of this issue in such a multinational country as Russia. He was a supporter of the association, and not the disagreement of the peoples of the country. He offered to create a special ministry of nationalities, which would have studied the features of each nation: history, tradition, culture, social life, religion, etc. - In order for the greatest mutual benefit, they poured into our huge power. Stolypin believed that all nations should have equal rights and obligations and be true to Russia. Also, the task of the new ministry was to make the internal and external enemies of the country, striving to sow an interethnic and religious retail.

Stolypinsky reform

The reform of 1861 is the first stage of the transition to individualization of land tenure and land use. But the abolition of serfdom did not lead to progress of private property. In the 80-90s, the government sought to plant community structures in the village, which contradicted in the future free peasant property. Overcome these difficulties could reform initiated by P. A. Stolypin. His concept "offered the path of development of a mixed, multi-way economy, where government forms of farms were to compete with collective and private." Composite elements His programs - the transition to farms, the use of cooperation, the development of land reclamation, the introduction of a three-stage agricultural education, the organization of a cheap loan for the peasants, the formation of an agricultural party, which really represented the interests of small land tenure.

Stolypin puts forward a liberal doctrine of the rural community control, elimination through the blasting, the development of private ownership of the village and achievements on this basis of economic growth. As the peasant farm-type peasant economy is progressing, during the development of relations between the sale and sale of the Earth, a natural reduction in the landlord of the land should occur. The future agricultural system of Russia was presented to the premiere in the form of a system of small and medium farms, united by local self-governing and few in the sizes of the noble estates. On this basis, the integration of two crops - noble and peasantic was to integrate.

Stolypin makes a bet on "strong and strong" peasants. However, it does not require ubiquitous uniformity, unification of land tenure and land use forms. Where, due to local conditions, the community is economically viable, "it is necessary to choose the peasant himself that the way to use the Earth, which is most suitable."

Agricultural reform consisted of a complex consistently conducted and related activities. Consider the main directions of reforms.

The activity of the peasant bank.

With a scope was carried out by the Bank Purchase of Lands, followed by reselligents to their peasants on preferential terms, intermediary operations to increase peasant land use. He increased the loan to peasants and significantly reduced it, and the bank paid larger percentage According to its obligations, the peasants paid him. The difference in the payment was covered at the expense of subsidies from the budget, for the period from 1906 to 1917, 1457.5 billion rubles.

The bank actively influenced the form of land tenure: for peasants who acquired land in sole ownership, payments were declining. As a result, if until 1906, the majority of land buyers amounted to peasant groups, by 1913, 79.7% of buyers were the sole peasants.

The destruction of the community and the development of private property.

For the transition to new economic relations, a whole system of economic legal measures to regulate the agrarian economy was developed. By decree of November 9, 1906, the predominance of the fact of the sole ownership of land on legal right of use was proclaimed. The peasants could now highlight the land that was in actual use, from the community, not believing with her will. The land put on the property is not a family, but a separate householder.

Measures to ensure the strength and stability of labor peasant farms were carried out. So, in order to avoid speculation of land and the concentration of property, the marginal state of individual land tenure was limited, the sale of land was permitted by non-priests.

Law on June 5, 1912, allowed the issuance of a loan on the security of any fallen land purchased peasants. Development various shapes Credit - mortgage, ameliorative, agricultural, land suproof - contributed to the intensification of market relations in the village.

In 1907 - 1915 25% of households stated from the community from the community, and it was indeed stated 20% - 2008.4 thousand householders. New forms of land tenure received widespread: farm and cut. As of January 1, 1916 there were already 1221.5 thousand. In addition, the law of June 14, 1910 found an excessive way out of the community of many peasants, only formally considered community. The number of such farms was about one-third of all community courtyards.

Moving the peasants to Siberia.

By decree on March 10, 1906, the right to relocate the peasants was granted to everyone without restrictions. The government has allocated considerable funds for the cost of the device of immigrants in new places, their medical care and public needs, on the laying of roads. In 1906-1913, 2792.8 thousand people moved to the Urals. The scale of this event was determined by difficulties in its implementation. The number of peasants who failed to adapt to new conditions and forced to return, accounted for 12% of the total number of immigrants.

The results of the migrating company were as follows. First, during this period a huge leap in the economic and social development of Siberia was carried out. Also, the population of this region over the years of colonization increased by 153%. If there was a reduction in the sowing areas before relocation to Siberia, then for 1906-1913 they were expanded by 80%, while in the European part of Russia by 6.2%. At the rate of development of animal husbandry, Siberia also overtook the European part of Russia.

Cooperative movement.

The loans of the peasant bank could not fully satisfy the demand of the peasant money. Therefore, a considerable distribution received a credit cooperation that has passed two stages in its motion. At the first stage, administrative forms of regulation of small loan relations were dominated. Creating qualified personnel of the inspectors of a small loan and allocate significant loans through state banks on initial loans by credit partnerships and for subsequent loans, the government stimulated a cooperative movement. At the second stage, rural credit partnerships, accumulating equity, developed independently. As a result, a wide network of institutes of small peasant loan, loan-saving banks and credit partnership served by the population of peasant farms were created. By January 1, 1914, the number of such institutions exceeded 13 thousand.

Credit relations gave a strong impetus to the development of production, consumer and sales cooperatives. Peasants at the cooperative basis were created by dairy and oil artel, agricultural societies, consumer shops and even peasant artistic milk factories.

Agricultural events.

One of the main obstacles to the economic progress of the village was the low culture of agriculture and the illiteracy of the overwhelming majority of producers who are accustomed to work under common custom. During the years of reform, the peasants turned out to be large-scale agroeconomic assistance. Specially created agro-industrial services for peasants who organized training courses In cattle breeding and dairy production, democratization and the introduction of progressive forms of agricultural production. Much attention was paid to the progress of an extracurricular agricultural education system. If in 1905 the number of listeners on agricultural courses amounted to 2 thousand people, then in 1912 - 58 thousand, and on agricultural readings, respectively, 31.6 thousand and 1046 thousand people.

Currently, the view was that the agricultural reforms of Stolypin led to the concentration of the land foundation in the hands of a few rich layers as a result of the monkeying of the main mass of the peasants. Reality shows the reverse increase swelling "Middle Layers" in the peasant land use. This is clearly seen from the data given in the table. During the reform, the peasants actively bought the land and increased their landfund annually by 2 million tents. Also, peasant land use increased significantly due to the rental of landlocker and government lands.

Distribution of the Land Foundation between the groups of peasants - buyers

The results of the reform are characterized fast growth Agrarian production, an increase in the capacity of the domestic market, an increase in the export of agricultural products, and the trade balance of Russia acquired more and more active in nature. As a result, it was possible not only to derive agriculture from the crisis, but also to turn it into the dominant of the economic development of Russia. The gross income of the entire agriculture amounted to 52.6% of the total VD. The income is just national economy Due to the increase in the cost generated in agriculture, increased in comparable prices from 1900 to 1913 by 33.8%.

The differentiation of agrarian production types by districts led to an increase in agricultural marketability. Three quarters of the entire recycled industry of raw materials came from agriculture. The turnover of agricultural products increased over a period of reform by 46%.

Even more, by 61% compared with 1901-1905, increased agricultural products in pre-war years. Russia was the largest producer and exporter of bread and flax, a number of animal products. So, in 1910, the export of Russian wheat amounted to 36.4% of total world exports.

The said at all does not mean that the pre-war Russia should be represented by the "peasant paradise". There were no problems of hunger and agricultural overpopulation. The country still suffered from technical, economic and cultural retardation. According to I. D. Kondratyev, in the US, on average, the farm accounted for fixed capital in the amount of 3900 rubles, and in European Russia the fixed capital of the middle peasant economy barely reached 900 rubles. The national income on the soul of the agricultural population in Russia was approximately 52 rubles a year, and in the USA - 262 rubles.

The growth rate of labor productivity in agriculture was relatively slow. While in Russia in 1913 received 55 puddles of bread from one tenth, 68 were received in the United States, in France - 89, and in Belgium - 168 pounds. Economic growth took place on the basis of the intensification of production, but by increasing the intensity of manual peasant labor. But during the period under review, socio-economic conditions were created for the transition to a new stage of agrarian transformations - to turning agriculture to the capital-intensive technologically progressive sector of the economy.

But a number of external circumstances (the death of Stolypin, the beginning of the war) interrupted the Stolypin reform. Stolypin himself believed that the success of his undertakings would need 15-20 years. But for the period 1906 - 1913, a lot was done.

What lessons can we extract from the experience of the Stolypin reform? First, Stolypin began his reforms with a large delay (not in 1861, but only in 1906). Secondly, the transition from the natural type of economy to the market in the conditions of administrative command system It is possible, first of all, on the basis of the active activities of the state. At the same time, the financial and credit activity of the state should be played a special role. An example of this can serve as a government, which managed to reorient the powerful bureaucratic apparatus of the Empire with an amazing workflow of the Empire. At the same time, "the local economic and economic profitability was sacrificed consciously for the sake of the future social effect from the creation and development of new economic forms." So the Ministry of Finance, the Peasant Bank, the Ministry of Agriculture, other state institutions operated.

Thirdly, where administrative principles of economic management and equalization methods dominated, there will always be a strong opposition to transformations. Consequently, it is necessary to have a social support in the person of initiative and qualified segments of the population.

LITERATURE

1. Kovalchenko I. D. "Stolypinsky Agrarian Reform"; "History of the USSR" No. 2 1992.

2. Glagolev A. "Formation of the economic concept of P. A. Stolypin"; "Economy Questions" № 10,1990.

3. Rumyantsev M. "Stolypinsky Agrarian Reform: Prerequisites, Tasks and Results"; "Economy Questions" № 10,1990.

4. Stolypin P. A. "Collection of speeches P. A. Stolypin, pronounced in meetings of the State Council and the State Duma of 1906-1911" (Reprint Play).

Arkhyz water delivery.