The main members of the proposal. What are the subject and predicate

The grammatical basis of the sentence. The concept of the main members of the proposal

The grammatical basis of a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.

The grammatical base expresses the grammatical meanings of the sentence. They are associated with the meanings of mood and tense of the predicate verb.

Troops are moving towards the front.

(The action actually takes place and takes place in the present.)

He came to see us yesterday.

(The action actually took place, but in the past tense).

You should have talked to your mother, Ivan!

(The action is not realized in reality, but it is desirable for the speaker).

The subject and the predicate are called the main members of the sentence, because all the minor members in the sentence directly or indirectly extend them.

Let us show the dependence of the secondary terms on the main ones in the following diagram:

Amazed Varenukha silently gave him an urgent telegram.

Subject as a member of a proposal. Subject expression forms

The subject is main member a sentence that denotes the subject of speech and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?

Subject in Russian can be expressed in different ways, sometimes in "unusual" forms. The following table will help you to correctly determine the subject.

The main ways of expressing the subject.

Predicted as a member of a sentence. Types of predicate

The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject of a special connection and has the meaning expressed in the questions what makes the subject of speech? what's going on with him? what is he like? what is he? who is he? and etc.

The predicate in Russian is simple and complex. A simple (simple verb) predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of any mood.

Compound predicates expressed in several words, one of them serves to connect with the subject, while the semantic load falls on the others. In other words, in compound predicates, lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.

(Verb was colonel

(Verb started serves to communicate with the subject, on the word work the semantic load of the predicate falls.)

Among the compound predicates, a compound verb and a compound nominal predicate are distinguished.

Learn more about the types of predicates. Simple verbal predicate

A simple verb predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of any mood.

It can be expressed in the following forms of the verb:

We emphasize that if you are expected tomorrow, a simple verb predicate is expressed by the compound form of the future tense of the verb wait.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verb predicate consists of two components - an auxiliary verb, which serves to connect with the subject and expresses grammatical meaning predicate, and the indefinite form of the verb, which expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(I started here - this is an auxiliary verb, and gnawing is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

(I don't want to here - this is an auxiliary verb, and offending is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

Combinations of some short adjectives (must, glad, ready, obliged, etc.) and the auxiliary verb-link can act as an auxiliary verb in the form of one of the moods (in the present tense, this link is omitted).

(the bundle should be omitted here).

So, let's imagine the structure of a compound verb predicate by the formula:

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate consists of two components: a connective verb, which serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part, which expresses its basic lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here the connective verb becomes, and the nominal part is expressed by the adjective viscous.)

(Here the connecting verb will be, and the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by the noun handball player.)

We represent the structure of a compound nominal predicate by the formula:

The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed by the following parts of speech: a noun, an adjective (full and short, different forms of degrees of comparison), a participle (full and short), a numeral, a pronoun, an adverb, a word category of a state, a verb in an indefinite form.

In the Russian language, at least four main types of one-part sentences can be distinguished.

Basic types of two-part sentences

Knowing the basic types of two-part sentences, it is easier to find grammatical bases in them.

Basic types of one-part sentences

Minor members of the proposal: definition, addition, circumstance

All members of the proposal, except for the main ones, call minor.

Minor members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical base, but extend (explain) it. They can explain other minor members as well.

Let's demonstrate what has been said with the diagram:

According to their meaning and role in the sentence, minor members are divided into definition, addition and circumstance. These syntactic roles are identified by questions.

Appreciated (to what extent?) high- circumstance.

Appreciated (what?) canvases- addition.

Canvases (whose?) his- definition.

Supplement as a member of a proposal. Types of add-ons

An addendum is a minor member of a sentence that answers questions of indirect cases (that is, all but the nominative) and denotes a subject. The add-on usually propagates the verb, although it can also propagate other members of the sentence.

I enjoy reading (what?) Magazines. (Here, the addition of magazines distributes the predicate.)

Reading (what?) Magazines is fun. (Here the addition of the journals distributes the subject.)

Additions are most often expressed by nouns (or words in the function of nouns) and pronouns, but they can also be represented by the indefinite form of the verb and meaningful phrases.

He shaved during the campaign (with what?) With a bayonet. (Here the addition of a bayonet is expressed by a noun.)

This is understandable only to connoisseurs (what?) Of beauty. (Here the complement of the beautiful is expressed as an adjective as a noun.)

And I will ask you (about what?) To stay. (Here the object remains in the indefinite form of the verb.)

He read (what?) A lot of books. (Here, the addition of many books is expressed in a combination that is integral in meaning.)

Additions are direct and indirect.

Direct objects refer to transitive verbs and denote the subject to which the action is directly directed. Direct complements are expressed accusative without a pretext.

I don’t know when I’ll see my relatives now.

These furnaces used to melt steel (c. P.).

All other additions are called indirect.

Play the piano (p. P.).

I put the bread on the table (VP with an excuse).

I was forbidden to worry (expressed in the indefinite form of the verb).

An educated person is distinguished, first of all, by his ability to competently express his thoughts both orally and on paper. In order to follow the rules of punctuation, you need to know everything about the main members of the sentence.

The grammatical basis of the sentence (aka predicative) consists of the main members of the proposal, which are subject and predicate ... Usually, the subject is written out and distinguished with one line, and the predicate - with two.

The article answers the most important questions:

1. How to find grammatical basis suggestions?
2. Which members of the sentence make up its grammatical basis?
3. What is the grammatical base of?

The subject is a word indicating the subject to which the predicate belongs. For example: The sun came out from behind the mountains. The sun is a subject expressed by a noun. A wide variety of parts of speech can act as a subject.

The subject can be expressed not only in single words, but also in phrases.

• The combination of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case. For example: Katya with Arina love to go in for figure skating.
• Pronoun, as well as numeral and adjective in superlative degree. For example: The most daring came forward.
• Pronoun or noun in the nominative case combined with a participle or adjective. For example: Someone bad tore up her sketchbook.
• The combination of a numeral in the nominative case and a noun used in the genitive case. For example: Seven guys went out into the yard.

I wonder what the subject can even a phraseological unit.

Predicate

The predicate is associated with the subject and answers questions such as "what does the object do?", "What happens to it?", "What is it?" The predicate in a sentence can be expressed through several parts of speech:

Compound predicates

A predicate often consists of several words. Such predicates are called composite. Compound predicates can be verbal or nominal.

Composite verbal predicates are expressed in the following ways:

Compound nominal predicate may consist of:

• A linking verb to be and a short adjective. For example: Today Margarita was especially pretty.
• Verbs become, appear, reckon and other semi-descriptive verbs combined with a noun. He finally became a doctor!
• Verbs meaning the state of the subject. Marina works as a teacher.
• Verb combined with an adjective in different forms.His dog was prettier others.

In a two-part proposal, both main members are present. However, there are also such sentences in which only one main term is used. They are called one-piece.

The subject in one-part sentences is most often a noun in the nominative case.

It can be expressed through a verb in its various forms.

In one-piece definitely personal the sentence the predicate is expressed by the verb in the first / second person, singular / plural and present / future tense in the indicative mood or as a verb in the imperative mood. Today I'm going for a walk. Don't touch a dirty dog!

In a one-part indefinite-personal predicate is a verb in the third person and plural, present, future or past tense in the indicative mood. Also, the predicate can be expressed by a verb in an imperative or conditional mood. There's a knock on the door! Let him call aunt Dasha. If I had been informed earlier, I would not have been late.

IN generalized personal In a sentence, the predicate is expressed either by a verb in the second person singular or plural, or by a verb in the third person and plural. In this way, they are now talking to visitors.

In one-piece impersonal a predicate is a verb in the third person singular and present or future tense. Also, the predicate can be a neuter verb in the past tense or conditional mood. It makes me sick. It was getting dark.

It is important to remember that the number of grammatical bases in a sentence is not limited. How to determine the grammatical basis of a complex sentence? The grammatical stem of a complex sentence is as easy to determine as the stem simple sentence... The only difference is their number.

Subject and predicate are those members of the sentence, without which the main syntactic unit untenable. In addition to their definition and designation, there is another difficulty in the scheme - punctuation. The dash between subject and predicate is often skipped, which leads to errors and lower scores. Let's consider the main members of the sentence in terms of syntax and punctuation.

Subject

The subject of speech is indicated in the sentence by the subject. It always appears only in the nominative case. For example, "Summer days are replaced by autumn coolness." By asking what is being said here, you can easily find the subject. It is about coolness. The word is used in the form of the nominative case, respectively, the train of thought is correct.

The most common subjects are:

• Nouns in the nominative form.
• Pronouns (morphologically similar to nouns): Everyone thought about the trip after the incident.
• Infinitives: Work is the main rule of a successful career.
• Phrases: The three brothers stood at a distance.

Predicate

The predicate is presented in the Russian language more extensively. It indicates what is being told in the sentence about the subject of speech. It is a mistake to believe that this term means only action. It can denote what the object is, who and what it is.

For example: I'll talk to the director tomorrow about your problem. The predicative "talk" indicates an action.

The trees turned silver from the first snow and light frost. The predicative "became silver" indicates what the subject of speech is.

The tiger is a dangerous beast, but extremely cute. The predicative "beast" says who is performing the action.

Distinguish between simple and compound predicates. The first ones consist of one or more words and contain both lexical and grammatical meaning. "I'm studying at the best institute in the country" - the predicate "I'm studying" is expressed by the present tense verb, consists of one word. "I will study at the best institute in the country." Here the predicative consists of two words, which are the form of a complex future tense.

A compound predicate includes two or more words. Its main difference from the simple one is that each of the parts carries either a lexical or grammatical component. "I wanted to study at the best institute in the country" - here the predicative consists of two words, one of which (wanted) indicates grammatical signs: singular, m.r., past. time, and the second (to study) is in the form of an infinitive, but it contains a semantic content.

It should be noted that the subject and the predicate are equal members of the sentence. Between them does not exist subordination... In other words, they are not a phrase. However, there is still consistency in number or number and gender.

When is the dash?

Usually the subject and predicate are not broken with punctuation marks. However, there are situations when, without an auxiliary part, the grammatical base contains nouns, infinitives or numerals. In such cases, a dash is placed between the subject and the predicate. Let's analyze these cases and give examples.

1. Subject and predicate are nouns. In this case, there is a compound nominal predicate without an auxiliary verb: "A cat is a pet, domesticated many thousands of years ago." Subject - "cat" (noun), predicate - "pet" (noun).
2. The main members of the sentence are infinitives. Here is a compound verb predicate without a linking verb: "To learn - to contribute to your own future." The subject is "to learn" (the verb in the initial form), the predicate is "to do" (the verb in the initial form).
3. Subject and predicate are numerals. "Five ten - fifty." The part before the dash is the subject, "fifty" is the predicate.
4. Grammatical base: noun as subject and verb-infinitive as predicate. "Your duty is to help your colleagues." The subject is "duty" (noun), "to help" is a predicative in the form of an infinitive.
5. The opposite case to the previous one: the subject is an infinitive verb, the predicate is a noun. "It is your responsibility to help your colleagues." "To help" is an infinitive subject, "duty" is a predicate expressed by a noun.

Also, a dash between the subject and the predicate must be placed if indicative particles are used in the predicate: "Kindness is a ray of light in the world of soullessness"; "Hope is what remains after many disappointments."

Dash is not put

Sometimes, incorrectly defining the subject, the predicate, the dash is placed incorrectly.

Let us examine the cases when this punctuation mark not needed:

1. If the predicate contains negation (the "not" particle). The heat is not a reason to stay at home.
2. If there are comparative particles adjacent to the predicate. The forest is like a fairy tale.
3. With the subject pronoun, the predicate is not separated by a dash. He is a talented general practitioner.

However, not everyone fully understands what this mysterious definition means. Let's try to fill in the gaps in our knowledge and understand in detail the predicate and subject. What parts of speech can they be expressed? And in what cases are they separated in a letter such as a dash?

Definition

To understand what predicate and subject are, you need to understand their definitions.

Subject who? or what? and denoting the subject that is being discussed in the sentence. Warm weather is established throughout the entire region... IN this example the word "weather" acts as a subject (that is, a subject of speech), and those grammatical features that will receive the other main member of this sentence - the predicate - depend on it.

Predicate- this is one of the main members of the proposal, answering the questions: what to do? what? what's happening? who it(or what) item? It denotes the action that the subject of speech does, its state or sign. In the above example, the verb " established "... From the subject, he received such signs as the singular and the feminine ending.

Ways of expressing subject and predicate

This is one of the most difficult issues in the described topic. Indeed, in order to understand what the predicate and the subject are, it is necessary to be able to correctly identify them in speech.

Subject

The subject in a sentence can be expressed by the following parts of speech:

• Noun or pronoun (in I. p.). The weather is fine.
• Adjective, numeral or participle (in I. p.). Seven don't wait for one.
• Composite structures:
• numeral + noun: A lot of people crowded into the room;
• adjective + preposition + noun: The best athlete did not come to the start of the competition;
• pronoun + adjective or participle: Something light rustled in the air;
• noun + preposition + noun: Elena and her husband came to visit friends.
• Infinitive. Smoking is harmful to health.

Predicate

The predicate in a sentence can be expressed by the following parts of speech:

• Verb (simple or compound). Marina dreams of becoming a biologist.
• A noun. Victor is my only love.
• Adjective or participle. How rich is the nature of the Ural Mountains!

Dash between subject and predicate

The table below clearly shows in which cases the main members
sentences are separated in the letter by this punctuation mark.

It should be remembered what the predicate and the subject are, as well as the fact that when changing places in a sentence, they change their functions. My best friend is Julia. Julia is my best friend.

The concepts of subject and predicate are among the most basic in the Russian language. It is with them that the acquaintance of children with the syntax begins. It is very important for the student to understand this section and fix it in memory, since all subsequent rules for punctuation, complex sentences and many other sections will be inextricably linked with the subject and predicate. These two concepts form the grammatical basis, so it will also be discussed in this article. Refresh your memory and help your child learn new knowledge.

What is the subject

To begin with, consider the rule of the Russian language:

• The subject is one of the main members of the proposal. It can denote both an object and an action or a sign of the predicate. Answers the question “Who?” And also “What?”.

As a rule, this member of the sentence is expressed by a noun or a pronoun. It is emphasized by one line.

• For example, in the sentence “Grandma went to the market” the subject will be the noun “Grandmother”, since in this sentence the grandmother is the main character.
• If you take the sentence “He loves ice cream”, then the pronoun “He” will be the subject in it.

However, there are others interesting cases, in which absolutely any part of speech acts as a subject, if it can be defined as a noun. For example:

• Five go to the right. In this sentence the word "Five" will be subject, although in its usual form it is numeral. Here it replaces the noun, acting as the main member of the sentence.
• Miser pays twice. In this case, the subject will also be the word "Miser", which is a noun, and outside the sentence - an adjective.

A verb also often acts as a subject if it is in an indefinite form:

• Going to the store is his main goal. This is difficult sentence, in one of the parts of which the subject is the infinitive.

And, finally, even a whole phrase can become the subject. These can be indivisible names, full name of a person.

• Anna Sergeevna was in a hurry to go home. In this sentence, the subject is Anna Sergeevna.

After a while, the child will be able to determine the subject intuitively, without reading the rules by heart.

What is a predicate

The predicate needs to be underlined with two parallel horizontal lines, answers the question "What is it?" and “What does that do?”, and also denotes an action or some sign of a subject.

The predicate has several types:

• Verb.
• Composite nominal.
• Compound verb.

It is better to disassemble each type of predicate separately. The simplest of these is the verb.

• A verb predicate is usually expressed by a verb in certain moods: indicative, imperative, and also conditional. To determine the predicate correctly, you need to refresh your memory and remember what moods are.
• Possibly a predicate in the form of a stable phrase.
• Phraseologisms also refer to the verb predicate.

The compound verb predicate is easy to notice:

• In this case, two verbs answer the main question of the predicate. For example: "He continued to eat anyway." The predicate will be “continued to eat”.
• Or "The cat needs a lot of sleep." Now the predicate is “you need to sleep”.

A compound nominal predicate is so called because it contains a linking verb and a nominal part: a noun or pronoun, adverbs, participles.

• She was beautiful. In this sentence, the predicate is “was a beauty”, since the word “was” is often a linking verb, and “beauty” is a nominal part.

You may not be able to remember everything the first time, but after solving the tasks you will succeed.

What is grammatical base

The grammatical main are the main members of the sentence, namely: the subject and the predicate. They are connected in meaning and are distinguished by horizontal lines.

The stem itself, as a rule, is highlighted in the sentence with square brackets.