The concept, structure and importance of the fuel industry in the fuel and energy complex and the national economy of Russia. Industry Industry: Fuel Industry

fuel Russia Geographical Field

The concept and structure of the fuel industry

Fuel industry - a set of branches of the mining industry employed and processing various types of fuel and energy raw materials.

The fuel industry is part of the fuel and energy complex Russian Federation.

This industry includes: oil (oil producing, oil refineries), gas, coal, peat, shale, uranium, wood.

Fuel - a group of resources used mainly to obtain thermal, mechanical and electrical Energy.

Fuel is classified:

1) in physical condition:

gaseous;

2) by method of receipt:

Natural, mined directly from the Earth (coal, oil, natural gas, shale, peat, firewood, uranium);

Artificial, resulting in the processing of natural fuel and other substances (coke, fuel oil, gasoline, coke gas, domain gas, etc.).

By fuel resources, Russia ranks first in the world. Their structure in the regional section is characterized by the most part of the obvious predominance of coal, but he plays a leading role everywhere as a condition for the development of the fuel base industry. In Western Siberia, Volga region, in the North Caucasus and the Urals, the primary meaning of this point of view has oil and natural gas.

Among other minerals, oil and gas occupy a special position in the fuel industry, determined by a number of reasons.

First, oil and gas are raw materials, even partial replacement of which to alternative - will require a significant restructuring of the structure of industrial production and significant capital investments.

Secondly, oil and gas are consumed on a huge scale and at the modern rate of oil consumption has a sharp tendency to exhaust. Transition to the development of high-quality worst natural characteristics Oil and gas resources cause rapid costs of these goals.

Thirdly, being a unique raw material, oil and gas require significant labor costs for their identification, production, transportation and processing.

Features of the fuel industry.

Its products in further production stages are transformed into thermal energy.

The ubiquitous need for fuel industry products.

The fuel is transported only to the location of the burning, and in the weight composition of the new products does not participate financially.

All types of fuel (excluding gas) have a huge mass and transportation requires large costs.

Almost all types of fuel are used in all sectors of the national economy. The main consumer of all types of fuel and energy resources (except for motor fuel) is the industry. The industry consumes more than half of the total consumption of fuel and energy resources in the national economy, about three-quarters of boiler-furnace fuel, almost two-thirds of electricity and 80% of thermal energy produced centrally on CHP and in large boilers.

Russia has huge fuel resources and fully ensures them. Support on its own fuel and energy resources are a serious advantage of our economy. Russia is considered to be a major exporter of fuel among the countries of the world. The fuel industry has a large area-forming value, it creates prerequisites for the development of fuel production and serves as a base for the formation of industrial complexes, including petrochemical, carbonic, gas-industrial.

Table 1 Production of primary energy resources by type of fuel in Russia (million tons of conventional fuel)

The consumption of primary fuel and energy resources in Russia significantly exceeds the same indicator in other countries under consideration, which is quite obvious, taking into account the population and manufactured GDP. At the same time, Russia is noticeably ahead of its "four" partners and for relative specific energy consumption, which is 4.29 tons. e. per person against 2.45 - 2.88 tons. e. For a person in Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine (2001). In Russia, this indicator is close to the average per capita energy consumption of industrial countries (OECD - 4.68 tons of AD / person), which could be evaluated positively, if not considering the energy intensity of GDP. Unfortunately, the energy intensity of Russian GDP, taking into account the parity of the purchasing power, is exactly 2 times higher than that of the OECD countries (respectively: 0.44 and 0.22 t. E. / Thousand dollars). If we carry out a comparison on GDP in prices and on the 1995 currency exchange rate, then, according to the estimates of the IEA, the gap in the energy intensity of GDP increases sharply and exceeds 8 times (Russia - 1.65 tons. E. / Thousand dollars; OECD - 0.19 t. E. / Thousand dollars). GDP's energy intensity comparison shows both the energy saving potential that remains among Russia and on the existing opportunity to "strengthen" the ruble exchange rate.

(TEK) - one of the inter-sectoral complexes, which is a combination of closely interrelated and interdependent branches of the fuel industry and electric power industry. It also includes specialized species Transport - pipeline and trunk high voltage lines.

The fuel and energy complex is the most important structural component of the Russian economy, one of the factors of development and placement of the country's productive forces. The share of the fuel and energy complex in 2007 reached more than 60% in the export balance sheet. The fuel and energy complex has a significant impact on the formation of the country's budget and its regional structure. The complexes of the complex are closely related to all sectors of the Russian economy, have a large district-forming importance, create prerequisites for the development of fuel industries and serve as a base for the formation of industrial, including electric power, petrochemical, carbonic, gas-industrial complexes.

At the same time, the normal functioning of the fuel and energy complex holds the deficit of investments, high level The moral and physical wear of fixed assets (in the coal and oil-producing industry has exhausted the project resource more than 50% of the equipment, in the gas industry - more than 35%, over half of the main oil pipelines is operated without overhaul 25-35 years), an increase in its negative impact on environment (The share of the fuel and energy complex accounts for 1/2 emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, 2/5 wastewater, 1/3 of solid waste from all consumers).

The peculiarity of the development of the fuel and energy complex of Russia is the restructuring of its structure towards increasing the last 20 years natural Gas (more than 2 times) and reducing the proportion of oil (1.7 times) and coal (1.5 times), which is due to the continuing inconsistency in the placement of productive forces and fuel and energy resources (TER), as up to 90% The total reserves of the TER fall on the eastern regions.

The structure of the production of primary energy resources in Russia * (in% to the result)

The needs of the national economy in fuel and energy depends on the dynamics of the economy and on the intensity of energy saving. The high energy intensity of the Russian economy is due not only to the natural geographical features of the country, but also the high proportion of energy-intensive industries of the heavy industry, the predominance of old energy distribution technologies, direct energy losses in networks. There is still no broad practice of energy-saving technologies.

Fuel industry. Mineral fuel is the main source of energy in modern farm. By fuel resources, Russia ranks first in the world. In their regional structure, coal predominates, but in Western Siberia, the Volga region, in the North Caucasus and the Urals are paramount importance and natural gas.

In 2007, in the whole country, oil production amounted to 491 million tons, gas - 651 billion m3, coal - 314 million tons. In placing fuel production, starting from the 1970s. Xx in. And up to this day, the trend is clearly traced - as the most effective fields of oil, natural gas and coal, in the western regions of the country, there is a displacement of the main volumes of their extraction to the East. In 2007, 93% of natural gas were mined in the Asian part of Russia, more than 70% of oil and 92% of Russia coal.

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Electric power industry

Electric power industry - The basic industry whose development is an indispensable condition for the development of the economy and other spheres of life. It produces about 13,000 billion kW / h in the world, of which only the United States accounts for up to 25%. Over 60% of electricity in the world is produced on thermal power plants (in the US, Russia and China - 70-80%), approximately 20% - on HPP, 17% - nuclear Stations (in France and Belgium - 60%, Sweden and Switzerland - 40-45%).

The most secured electricity per capita is Norway (28 thousand kW / h per year), Canada (19 thousand), Sweden (17 thousand).

Electric power industry together with fuel industries, including intelligence, production, processing and transportation of energy sources, as well as electrical energy, forms the most important for the economy of any country fuel and energy complex (TEK). About 40% of all primary energy resources of the world are consumed to generate electricity. In a number of countries, the main part of the fuel and energy complex belongs to the state (France, Italy, etc.), but in many countries a mixed capital plays the main role in the fuel and energy complex.

Electric power industry is engaged in the production of electricity, its transportation and distribution. The feature of the electric power industry is that its products cannot accumulate for later use: the production of electricity at a time must comply with the size of consumption, taking into account the needs of the power plants themselves and network losses. Therefore, connections in the electric power industry have consistency, continuity and are made instantly.

The electric power industry has a great impact on the territorial organization of the economy: allows you to master the TER remote or northern regions; The development of trunk high-voltage lines contributes to a more free placement of industrial enterprises; Large hydropower plants attract energy-intensive production; In the eastern regions of the electric power industry is a branch of specialization and serves as the basis for the formation of territorial production complexes.

It is believed that for the normal development of the economy, electricity production should overtake production growth in all other industries. Most of the generated electricity consumes industry. The production of electricity (1015.3 billion kWh in 2007) Russia ranks fourth after the United States, Japan and China.

A central economic district (17.8% of all-Russian production), Eastern Siberia (14.7%), Urals (15.3%) and Western Siberia (14.3%) are allocated on the scale of electricity production. Among the subjects of the Russian Federation in the development of electricity are leading Moscow and the Moscow region, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, Irkutsk Region, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Sverdlovsk region. Moreover, the electric power industry of the center and the Urals is based on imported fuel, and the Siberian regions operate on local energy resources and transmit electricity to other areas.

The electric power industry of modern Russia is mainly represented by thermal power plants (Fig. 2), working on natural gas, coal and fuel oil, in last years The share of natural gas increases in the fuel balance of power plants. About 1/5 of domestic electricity produce hydroelectric power plants and 15% of nuclear power plants.

Heat power plantsworking on low-quality corner, as a rule, is to the places of its prey. For power plants on fuel oil, their best accommodation next to the oil refineries. Power plants on gas due to the relatively low value of its transportation is predominantly to the consumer. Moreover, primarily transferred to the gas power plant of large and largest cities, as it is a cleaner fuel in ecological ratio than coal and fuel oil. CHP (producing and warm, and electricity) is regardless of the fuel on which they work (the coolant during transmission is quickly cooled).

The largest thermal power plants with a capacity of more than 3.5 million kW each are Surgut (in Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous District), Reftinskaya (in the Sverdlovsk region) and Kostroma GRES. The capacity of more than 2 million kW has Kirishkaya (near St. Petersburg), Ryazan (Central District), Novocherkasskaya and Stavropol (North Caucasus), Zainskaya (Volga region), Reftinskaya and Troitskaya (Ural), Nizhnevartovskaya and Berezovskaya in Siberia.

Geothermal power plants using the deep heat of the Earth are tied to a source of energy. In Russia, the Pozhetskaya and Mutnovskaya GTES operate in Kamchatka.

Hydroelectric station - Extremely efficient sources of electricity. They use renewable resources, possess ease of management and a very high coefficient useful action (more than 80%). Therefore, the cost of electricity produced is 5-6 times lower than on the TPP.

Hydroelectric power plants (hydroelectric station) is more economical to build on mountain rivers with a large height drop, while on plain rivers to maintain a constant water pressure and reduce dependence on seasonal fluctuations in water volumes, the creation of large reservoirs is required. For more use of the hydropower potential, the hydropower stations are built. In Russia, hydropower cascades were created on the Volga and Kame, hangar and Yenisei. The total capacity of the Volga-Kamsky Cascade is 11.5 million kW. And it includes 11 power plants. The most powerful are Volzhskaya (2.5 million kW) and Volgograd (2.3 million kW). Saratovskaya, Cheboksarskaya, Votkinskaya, Ivankovskaya, Uglich, and others operate also.

Even more powerful (22 million kW) - Angaro-Yenisei Cascade, which includes the largest HPP: Sayan (6.4 million kW), Krasnoyarskaya (6 million kW), fraternal (4.6 million kW), Ust-Ilimskaya (4.3 million kW).

Tidal power plants use high tidys and sweating energy in the bay cut-off from the sea. In Russia, there is an experimental oxygenucleus PES from the northern coast of the Kola Peninsula.

Nuclear power plants (NPP) use highly transportable fuel. Given that 1 kg of uranium replaces 2.5 thousand tons of coal, nuclear power plants are more advantageous to post it near the consumer, primarily in areas devoid of other types of fuel. The first nuclear power plant was built in 1954 in Obninsk (Kaluga Region). Now there are 8 nuclear power plants in Russia, of which the Kurskaya and Balakovskaya (Saratov region) of 4 million kW each. In the western regions of the country there are also Kola, Leningrad, Smolenskaya, Tverskaya, Novovoronezh, Rostov, Beloyarskaya. On Chukotka - Bilibinsk Athz.

The most important tendency for the development of electric power industry is the unification of power plants in power systems that produce production, transmission and distribution of electricity between consumers. They represent a territorial combination of power plants of different types working on a general burden. The pool of power plants in the power system contributes to the possibility of choosing the most economical regime loads for different types of power plants; In the conditions of the high length of the state, the existence of the belt time and the mismatch of peak loads in separate parts Such power systems can be maneuvering the production of electricity in time and space and move it as needed in counter directions.

Currently functions Unified Energy System (UES) of Russia. It consists of numerous power plants of the European part and Siberia, which work in parallel, in uniform mode, concentrating more than 4/5 of the total power of the country's power plants. In the regions of Russia east of Baikal there are small isolated power systems.

The energy strategy of Russia for the next decade provides for the further development of electrification due to the economically and environmentally sound use of TPP, NPP, HPP and unconventional renewable energy types, improving the safety and reliability of existing NPP power units.

Will Russia fuel industry be competitive in the third millennium?

The fuel and energy complex (TEK) has much in our country more importantThan in other countries, due to the characteristics of the geographical position of Russia, the severity of its climate, the need to overcome huge distances.

Fuel industry - part of the fuel and energy complex. It includes the extraction of fuel, its processing and transportation. The leading industries of the fuel industry are coal, gas and oil.

How the role changes separate species fuel?

Over time, the value of various types of fuel changes. Up until the end of the XIX century. In Russia, the main fuel was firewood. Then the coal came out first. Finally, since the 1960s. Oil becomes the main fuel. A sharp decrease in oil production in the 1990s. (almost twice) When maintaining gas production volumes, gas fuel (Fig. 24) was preserved.

Fig. 24. Fuel and Energy Complex (TEK)

The extractive industry (including fuel extraction) has a "unpleasant" property for the economy: its enterprises (mines, cuts, wells for coal, oil and gas) are extremely short-lived. After some time after commissioning, they have to close them, since the reserves are already exhausted. And in order to maintain production at one level, you need to constantly put into operation new enterprises, master new territories, build roads, pipelines, erect new cities.

And if newly open deposits are located in areas with an adverse climate, you need to develop special measures to attract the population there: pay a higher salary, provide various benefits. All this significantly increases the extraction of fuel, makes it less competitive.

Fig. 23. Changing the structure of fuel consumed in Russia

How to explain that oil and gas is now dominated in the structure of fuel consumed?

That was how Russia's fuel industry developed, which in the reserves of fuel resources occupies one of the first places in the world.

What is the value of coal in the country's farm?

The coal industry is the "old" industry, its flourishing fell in Western Europe in the middle of the XIX century, and in Russia - at the beginning of the XX century. (See the second, that is, "coal-metallurgical", Condratyev cycle (Fig. 3)).

Coal was the main fuel of the Epoch of Industrialization. It was dependent on the work of power plants, metallurgical plants, railways. Coal retains its great importance and now, although its share in the fuel and energy balance has decreased significantly.

Fuel and Energy Balance - The ratio of production and use (consumption) of all evils of energy.

The reserves of coal in Russia will be enough for hundreds, if not thousands, years, unlike gas and oil, whose explored reserves are enough for several decades.

Where are the main coal deposits?

IN Russian Empire industrial mining Coal began at the end of the XIX century. In the Donetsk Basin (Donbas), most of which are now located in Ukraine. Donbass remained the largest coal mining area for a long time. In the 1930s. They began to master the largest coal mining district in Asian Russia - Kuznetsky (Kuzbass). And during the Great Patriotic Warwhen Donbass was captured by the German fascist troops, the shock pace was built railway Before Vorkuta and mastered the Pechora coal pool. In the 1970s. I began to master the Kansky-Achinsky bromade basin, where now open way Get the cheapest coal in Russia.

The coal industry is much more dispersed than petroleum or gas (Fig. 25). Coal in Eastern Siberia and the Far East is particularly played, where there is almost no gas or oil. Coal is the main fuel and in all of the extreme north of Russia, where it is mined, despite the high cost, on a variety of small mines and cuts: it is more profitable than to carry oil products for long distances.

Fig. 25. Coal industry

What are the features of the accommodation of the coal-mining industry?
Why in Siberia is being developed by the Canco-Achinsky coal pool, not Tungusky?

Coal deposits from the end of the XIX century. In all countries of the world, the basis of the formation of large industrial areas. The extracted coal was used to generate electricity, electricity attracted other production. The development of the chemical industry is associated with coal processing. If coal was coking, metallurgy often occurred. A similar industrial area was formed in our country in Kuzbass.

Coking coal - Stone coal from which special processing You can get coke needed to smell cast iron.

Why did social problems exacerbate in coal regions?

As the old industry, the coal industry requires itself special attention. Currently, work is underway for reconstruction and technical re-equipment of promising and simultaneous closure of unprofitable mines. However, if the mine closes, at the same time new jobs should be created for miners, and for this you need large means. Many coal cities and towns in Russia now have a high level of unemployment.

The prospects for the coal industry of Russia are primarily connected with the transition to open development in cuts (now there are still more than 1/3 of coal is mined by the underground method, in mines). The cost of coal in cuts is much less than in mines, although open development makes greater damage to nature.

What are the features of the location of the oil industry?

Oil industry - the basis of the modern economy. Nowadays, the society is unthinkable without cars, and the car can not move without gasoline. With no liquid fuel, airplanes will not take off, will not move from the place of the tractor, sea and river ships, sneakers and armored personnel carriers.

Fig. 26. Oil industry

Name and show the largest oil fields on the map.
What are the features of the accommodation of enterprises of the oil and oil refining industry? Match Figure 26 with a population density map. Make conclusions.

But oil is also more valuable raw materials for the chemical industry, from which even some foods can be obtained.

The first oil district of the Russian Empire was Baku (now - in the territory of Azerbaijan). At the beginning of the XX century. It produced more than 90% of Russian oil. Another old oil production area is Grozny.

Fig. 27. Mining and transportation of oil. From well to gas station.

From the 1950s. The development of deposits of the Volga-Ural district, especially in Tataria and Bashkiria begins. From here, pipelines are built to the east of the country, north-west and to the southwest, to Ukraine and Novorossiysk. In the Volga-Ural district, the most favorable conditions for oil production took shape. It was a completely mastered and populated area, close to the main consumers.

At the initial stage of the development of oil deposits, as a rule, there is a lot, and it is under pressure to the surface itself, that is, mining is produced by the cheapest "fountain" way. However, the longer the mining lasts, it becomes more difficult: you have to use pumps, pump water to the layers to create pressure, etc. It is sooner or later the costs of extraction increase so much that it becomes disadvantageous. In addition, the development of each area is starting from the largest deposits, and as they are exhausted, they go to all smaller.

When the Volga-Ural district joined the stage of falling extraction, our economy was lucky: Giant deposits of Western Siberia were opened. They began to master the 1960s. Western Siberia has become the main oil database of the country. The conditions of work here were much worse than in the Volga-Ural district. Solid swamp, abundance bloodsowing insects (GNUS) in the summer very coldy In winter, no roads, remoteness from oil consumers - all this complicated the development of the area.

Fig. 28. Oil refinery

Currently about 2/3. Russian oil is obtained in the Tyumen region (mainly in Khanty-Mansiysk and to a lesser extent - in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts). About 1/4 oil is mined in the Volga-Uralsky district, mainly in Tataria, Bashkiria, Perm and Samara regions. All other areas account for only 7-8% of all-Russian mining.

Recently, oil development began in promising areas - on the shelves of Barents and Okhotsky (near the northeast coast of Sakhalin) of the seas. These areas are in even more severe conditions, and mining will cost more. Therefore, oil and petroleum products are becoming increasingly significant: the use of cars with less gasoline cost per 100 km run, reducing the use of liquid fuel for heating, etc.

Oil refining in various types of fuel (gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, diesel fuel, etc.) occurs on refineries (refineries), which also relate to the fuel industry. The refinery is mainly located in the consumption areas, since oil transportation is much more convenient (especially the cheapest pipeline transport) than the transportation of various types of petroleum products. Revenues of the country depend on the power of the refinery, since it is less profitable to sell crude oil than its processing products.

Fig. 29. Benzokolontka

Why did the gas industry become the most promising industry of the fuel industry?

Gas industry appeared in Russia after the Great Patriotic War. The gas field was opened in the Stavropol Territory, then in the Komi Republic (Ukhta), under Orenburg and near Astrakhan.

Now the gas industry is the most consistently working industry of the fuel and energy complex. To a large extent, this is due to the fact that large deposits of Gaza (Urengoy, Bear, Yam-Burg's) in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, where now about 90% of the total Russian gas is mined, it was put into operation quite recently in the 1980s. ., And only enter the stage of extraction falling.

Perspective areas of gas production - Yamal Peninsula (where gas pipeline is built to Western Europe), Barents Owl Zone and the Okhotsk Seas. As well as oil, gas in Russia in the future will be mined in increasingly harsh districts and will be more expensive.

Fig. 30. Gas industry

Due to the gas covers about half of all the needs of the country in the fuel. Currently, the gas is the cheapest and most environmentally friendly fuel. Its use requires high costs only in the first stages when it is necessary to pave gas pipelines to each city and the village, and then laying up networks to each house and apartment. The heating of most major cities of European Russia translated on gas, which made it possible to reduce air pollution. Unfortunately, the gas field is practically no east of Yenisei, so in these areas of the city they are heated with coal, which makes air more contaminated in them.

What is the role of oil and gas in foreign trade?

Starting from the 1970s. (When global oil prices have increased dramatically, and then on gas) the export of fuel plays an increasing role in the Soviet, and then in the Russian economy. In the USSR, imports were strictly controlled (domestic goods were crossed from competition), and when in the 1990s. Almost all restrictions on foreign trade were removed, in Russia, as you already know, a flow of imported goods, the competition with which many could not stand russian manufacturers. But where did Russia have a currency in order to pay for imports? Of course, it was obtained primarily by exporting oil and gas. It is thanks to the removal of fuel, our country has the ability to import food, consumer goods, equipment. Moreover, these industries are the main tax payers in the state budget. It means that the payment of pensions, salaries to teachers and doctors, the content of the army and much more depends on the work of oil workers and gas (and from oil and gas prices in world markets!).

Fuel export prospects are mainly connected with Russian gas (since oil production is likely to reduce). And the explored gas reserves in Russia account for about "/ 3 worlds, and in the coming decades its exports may increase.

conclusions

Summing up the characteristics of the fuel industry, it is important to pay attention to the main features of its development in Russia:

the presence of significant stocks of fuel resources at very high costs of their production;
concentration of stocks in the east of the country;
a change in the role of individual types of fuel and areas of their production in the farm of Russia;
special export value of gas and oil sectors;
the need to solve complex socio-economic and environmental problemsassociated with the fuel industry.

Questions and tasks

Evaluate geographical position Separate coal basins from the point of view of supplying fuel to other areas of the country and its possible sale abroad.
What do you think that problems exist in our country due to the concentration of fuel resources in the East, and consumers in the west of Russia?
Why are the fuel types over time inferior to their advanced positions to other species? To build a more complete answer, use Figure 3 (Condratyev cycles).
Compare using the textbook cards, the geography of the three fuel industry industries: petroleum, gas, coal. Which of these industries is most concentrated, and what is the most dispersed? Select the types of economic areas with various combinations of fuel resources:
1. there are all three types:
2. one species;
3. no one.

Federal state autonomous

educational institution

higher professional education

Siberian Federal University

Institute of Business Management and Economics

Department of Economics and Managers

ESSAY

Fuel industry of Russia and Krasnoyarsk Territory

Student group UB11-01 Kireev M.

Student group UB11-01 Ikvin V.

Likhacheva Teacher TP

Krasnoyarsk 2013.

Introduction .............................................................................. 3.

1 Characteristics of the industry ........................................................................... .... 6.

1.1 Russia .. ........................................................................ .6

2 Mechanical Engineering in the fuel industry ........................ 14

2.1 Russia ............................................................................................. 14

Conclusion ........................................................................ ... 27

List of sources used ........................................ .... 28

Introduction

Fuel industry - a complex of the mining industries engaged in the extraction and processing of various types of fuel and energy raw materials: coal mining, oil, gas, combustible shale, peat, uranium ores. The fuel industry is part of the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation.

This industry includes: oil-producing, oil refining, gas, coal, peat, shale, uranium-producing.

Fuel - a group of resources used mainly to obtain thermal, mechanical and electrical energy.

Fuel is classified:

In physical condition:

gaseous;

By method of obtaining:

natural, mined directly from the Earth (coal, oil, natural gas, shale, peat, firewood, uranium);

artificial, resulting in the processing of natural fuel and other substances (coke, fuel oil, gasoline, coke gas, domain gas, etc.).

The coal industry is among the most important sectors of the national economy. Great value of coal in the country's fuel balance. Coals can be used to obtain combustible gases, etc. A large number of special coal varieties goes to the production of coke needed for the metallurgical industry.

Among other minerals, oil and gas occupy a special position determined by a number of reasons.

Secondly, oil and gas are consumed on a huge scale and at the modern rate of oil consumption has a sharp tendency to exhaust. The transition to the development of the qualitatively worst in the natural characteristics of oil and gas resources is rapidly increased costs for these purposes.

Thirdly, being a unique raw material, oil and gas require significant labor costs for their identification, production, transportation and processing.

Features of the fuel industry.

Its products in further production stages are transformed into thermal energy.

The ubiquitous need for fuel industry products.

The fuel is transported only to the location of the burning, and in the weight composition of the new products does not participate financially.

All types of fuel (excluding gas) have a huge mass and transportation requires large costs.

Industrial characteristics

1.1 Russia

1.1.1 Oil industry.

Economic and geographical characteristics of the oil industry.

The oil industry is an integral part of the fuel and energy industry, which includes the production and production of fuel, production of energy (electrical and thermal), distribution and transport of energy and fuel.

The oil industry is the industrial industry, including the exploration of oil and oil and gas fields, drilling wells, oil production and associated gas, oil pipeline transport.

According to the degree of research, the deposit is divided into four groups:

A) detailed deposited fields.

C) pre-explored deposits.

C1) weakly explored deposits.

C2) The boundaries of deposits are not defined.

Figure 1. Oil production in the territory of the Russian Federation

On the territory of the Russian Federation there are three large oil bases: Wesnosibirsk, Volgo-Ural and Timano-Pechersk.

Oil is not used in its original form, so oil refining plants - its main consumer. They are located in all areas of the country, because It is more profitable to transport crude oil than its processing products that are necessary in all sectors of the national economy. In the past, she was transported from railways in tanks from the departures of consumption. Currently, most of the oil is pumped through oil pipelines and their share in transportation continues to grow. The oil pipelines include pipelines, pumping stations and petroleum. Oil speed - 10-12 km / h. Standard diameter - 12 thousand mm. Performance per year - 90 million tons of oil. On efficiency with pipelines, only sea transportation of tankers can compete. In addition, they are less dangerous in the fireplace and dramatically reduce losses during transportation (delivery).

The cost of building a trunk oil pipeline usually pays off in 2-3 years.

1.1.2 Gas industry.

Economic and geographical characteristics of the gas industry.

The role of certain types of fuel in the Russian economy changed. At the beginning of the century, firewood had great importance. Then they gradually began to be crowned with coal (by the 50th Gg. The coal industry gave more than half of all fuel). And later began the growth of oil and gas.

Natural gas production is characterized by high concentration and is focused on areas with the largest and most profitable fields.

Figure 2. Natural gas production in the Russian Federation

Only five deposits - Urengoy, Yamburg, Polar, Bear and Orenburg contain 1/2 of all industrial stocks of Russia. Bear reserves are estimated at 1.5 trillion. 3, and Urengoysky - 5 trillion. 3.

The following feature lies in the dynamism of location of natural gas production, which is due to the rapid expansion of the dissemination boundaries of the identified resources, as well as the comparative ease and low-cost involvement in the development. In a short time, the main centers for the extraction of natural gas moved from the Volga region to Ukraine, the North Caucasus. Further territorial shifts are caused by the development of deposits of Western Siberia, Central Asia, the Urals and the North.

1.1.3 Gas processing and gas condensate.

Unlike oil, natural gas does not require great pre-recycling for use, but it must be immediately sent to the consumer. Gas is the main type of fuel where there are no other energy resources.

Several regions of gas processing are formed - Orenburg, Astrakhan, Sosnogorsky (Komi Republic) and West Siberian. They differ in the nomenclature and number of products, which is primarily due to the volume of proven reserves of the nearest deposits and the chemical composition of the gas produced here.

1.1.4 Coal Industry.

Economic and geographical characteristics of the coal industry.

The coal industry in the amount of fuel production in physical terms is in the first place, significantly surpassing all the other sectors of the fuel industry in terms of the number of working and cost of production base funds.

Coal resources are differentiated by different features, among which, first of all, it is necessary to select the depth of the occurrence, the degree of metamorphism and the nature of geographical distribution.

Figure 3. Coal mining in the Russian Federation (mln. T).

It is very important that 54% of reserves are located at a depth of 300 m, 34% - at a depth of 300 - 600m. And 12% - at a depth of 600 - 1800 m. Soil, the reserves of stone and 2/3 brown coals are in the depths zone to 300m. In different areas, stocks in depth zones are far from equally. The coals of the Urals are closest to the surface (about 9/10 reserves - in the zone of up to 600 m). The deepest occurrence of coal is characteristic of the European part of Russia.

Of the total geological reserves of coal in the country, over 9/10 fall on the eastern regions, including about 60% - to Siberia and 30% - to the Far East. In general, the identified coal resources are located in the country more scattered than oil and natural gas. At the same time, the bulk is focused in several largest basins. For example, Tungusky, Lensky, Canco-Achinsky and Kuznetsky pools have more general geological reserves of coal.

1.1.5 Fuel industry enterprises

The fuel industry is one of the most profitable activities in the Russian Federation. Hence the presence of a large number of large companies and corporations. As of 2012, in the 10 largest enterprises of the Russian Federation in terms of capitalization, 7 companies dealing with the oil and oil and gas industry (Gazprom, Rosneft, LUKOIL, TNK-BP, NOVATEK, Surgutneftegaz , Gazprom Neft). And in 2007, among the 400 largest enterprises of the Russian Federation, the company of the oil and gas and coal industry in terms of sales occupied 34.1% (31 enterprises). In general, the official register of subjects engaged in oil production has 187 positions.

The annual production of primary energy resources in Russia is more than 12% of the total global production. Today, the fuel and energy complex (TEK) is one of the most important, sustainably working and dynamically developing production complexes of the Russian economy. It accounts for about a quarter of the production of gross domestic product, a third of industrial production, about half of the federal budget revenues, exports and currency revenues of the country.

Due to the high prices for oil on the world market, the production of production exceeded that forecast that was laid in the "Energy Strategy of Russia until 2020". Thus, at average prices on russian oil In the world market in the range of 95-100 dollars. Barrel - oil production in Russia can reach 550-590 million tons per year, and first of all by entering into the development of new deposits.

1.2.1 Oil

The Krasnoyarsk Territory according to the initial predictive resources of oil, natural gas and condensate is in second place in the country after the Tyumen region. Initial geological (projected) resources in the region are 55.8 billion tons. The conditional hydrocarbons (TSU), and the established oil resources are 8.3 billion tons, the free gas is 23.6 trillion m 3 dissolved in gas oil - 637.7 Billion m 3 and condensate - 1.6 billion tons. In the gases of the central regions, it contains helium (estimated 33.4 billion m 3).

The volume of oil production in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the first quarter of 2013 increased by 24.2 percent compared to the same period last year.

In January-March 2012, 4.29 million tons of fuel was extracted in the region from the depths. Thus, it can be said that over 5.2 million tons of oil produced in the province in the region.

As for natural and associated gas, its production amounted to 870.5 million cubic meters in January-March 2013 - an increase of 18.5 percent.

In 2012, the Krasnoyarsk Territory provided about 3% of Russian oil production - 135 million barrels or about 18 million tons of oil. Almost all oil - 99% mined at the Vankor field, which has been operating since August 2009. Also, 470 million cubic meters of gas were produced on vaccore.

From January to November 2010, 1901 million cubic meters of natural and associated gas was produced in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which amounted to 128% of the relevant period last year.

All mined gas is used in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and is not exported beyond its limits. In addition, in 2009, 18,25.5 million cubic meters of natural fuel from the Tyumen region were imported into the territory of the region.

In the Krasnoyarsk Territory in January-September 2010 on the development of the form economic activity "Natural gas production" by large and medium organizations was used by 1.6 billion rubles of investments in fixed assets, which is 4.9% more compared to the same period in 2009.

According to data at the end of 2009, a gas is 20.8% of the Housing Foundation of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In urban areas, it is equipped with a gas of 15.2% of the total area of \u200b\u200bresidential premises, in the countryside - 38.7%. In January-September 2010, 12.5 thousand tons of liquefied gas released the population. The actual level of payment by the population for gas supply services in January-September 2010 amounted to 96.5% of the amount of accrued payments.

Over the past six years (November 2010, by December 2004), household gas supply rates increased 3 times. At the end of 2004, the average gas tariff for the population was 46.75 rubles per person per month, the gas liquefied in the ballons of 50 liters - 187 rubles. At the end of 2009, the fee per liquefied gas was 99.30 rubles, and a five-silathyl tire cylinder of liquefied gas - 456.12 rubles. In 2010, gas supply rates increased by 32.3% in February, including a year for gas per month with a person grew by 38.3%, and amounted to 136.80 rubles. The five-stenched cylinder of liquefied gas is 574.56 rubles.

1.2.3 Coal

Giant coal reserves are concentrated in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The Kansky-Achinsky pool (with reserves of 640 billion tons) is the largest in the region and one of the most promising not only in Russia, but also in the world. Coal in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is mined mainly in the open way.

The deposits of coal in the ninesession (now Krasnoyarsk) were known in the first half of the XVIII century, but their practical development began only a few centuries later. The "combustible stone" from the Kansky-Achinsky pool for the first time began to apply for industrial purposes in 1905 in 1939-1954, after the detection of powerful layers in the Borodino district, Nazarovo, Abana, Itat, Partizansky, became the largest base of the country's coal industry . After the opening of the Berezovskoye field with industrial reserves, more than 5.9 billion tons of the region became one of the main suppliers of fuel for the developing heavy industry and energy. Borodinsky and Berezovsky cuts were the largest in the USSR.

There are two large companies, Krasnoyarskraiyugol and Suek on the coal mining market. The first part includes a "Pereyaslovsky" incision with the highest productivity among the entire coal industry - 684 tons per month per employee. SUEK is engaged in the development of the Kansky-Achinsky basin.

The subsoil users of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in January-June 2012, compared to the first half of last year, increased coal mining by 6% - to 20.3 million tons of coal.

The mining of brown coal (lignite) for six months amounted to 20 million tons, which is 5.7% more than in the same period last year. Stone coal mining increased by 28.1% - to 292 thousand tons.

Last year, the regional subsoil users produced 40.194 million tons of coal, in 2010 - 40.71 million tons of coal.

According to the forecast of the socio-economic development of the region for 2012-2014, an increase in coal production volumes at the expense of the phased entry of new energy facilities at coal fuel - Zheleznogorsk CHP and the power unit of the Krasnoyarsk CHPP-3 is planned. In addition, by 2014, the construction of the third power unit "Berezovskaya GRES" is supposed to be completed with a capacity of 800 MW, which will further increase the annual amount of coal mining at OJSC "Berezovsky - 1" OJSC.

Thus, in 2012 it is planned to increase the extraction of coal by subsoil users of the region by 1.1%, 2013 - by 6.9%, 2014 - 11.5%.

2 Engineering in the fuel industry

The existing fleet of drilling equipment is characterized by extremely high degree Wear, moral and physical obsolescence of most of the equipment exploited and cannot complete this task.

Table 1. Demand structure for oil and gas equipment, $ billion

Table 2. Production structure of oil and gas equipment, $ billion

In Soviet times, providing an oil and gas complex with the necessary equipment was one of the priorities of the country's mechanical engineering. Soviet Union Almost fully ensured itself with the main types of oil and gas equipment, the quality of equipment as a whole corresponded to the level of developed countries (although by the end of the 1980s. there was some lag). By the mid-1980s. In Russia, 550-570 drilling rigs for operational and deep exploration drilling were produced annually. The leader in the volume of production of drilling plants was "Uralmashzavod", which accounted for about 65-70% of the total production. This plant was a monopolist in the production of systems for drilling wells with a depth of over 2500 meters.

In the 1990s. The demand for drilling equipment collapsed, the production volumes of drilling rigs for 1997 decreased to 12 sets (reduction of more than 45 times to Soviet maxima!). Starting from 1998-1999, the production of drilling rigs began to gradually increase due to improving the situation in the oil and gas complex, the growth of production drilling (for other types of oil and gas equipment, the situation was even more severe - so, the production of turbo clubs by 2002 decreased more than 200 times compared with Soviet maxima). As a result, according to the end of 2002, 98 drilling rigs were produced. However, in 2003, another decline in production was recorded - cancellation in 2002 deductions for reproduction of the mineral resource base led to a significant decrease in exploration and, as a result, a drop in demand for drilling tetrees. In the next three years, the production of drilling rigs fluctuated in the range of 45-70 sets per year. The decline in the volume of production was associated with some deterioration in the market situation and as amended in the industry itself - the situation around Uralmashzavod OJSC (output of the drilling division from one of the leading manufacturers of oil and gas equipment). By 2007-2008 Against the background of the growth of drilling volumes and increasing the procurement of drilling equipment with oil and oil-breeding companies, the production of drilling equipment has grown significantly. In 2008, the maximum production was achieved over the past 16 years (since 1992) - 103 sets. The economic crisis led to a significant decrease in purchases new techniqueAs a result, according to preliminary estimates, the production of drilling rigs in 2009 amounted to 35 units.

Table 3. Production of oilfield and drilling geological exploration equipment, billion rubles.

In recent years, the structure of the industry has undergone significant changes, and, unlike many other industries (where the trend towards the consolidation of assets, the creation of large sectoral industrial groups) in the production of drilling equipment was not observed a clear trend towards the consolidation of the industry. So, in 2004-2005 From the structure of one of the leading manufacturers of oil and gas equipment, OJSC Uralmashzavod, a drilling division was bred, control over which in 2005 received the Integra Group. In 2007, the Kungur group was established, which united Kungur and Ishimbay engineering plants and a number of other enterprises.

By the end of 2009, more than 70% of the total production of drilling rigs were concentrated in enterprises of three companies - Integra Group (URBO), Volgograd Drilling Plant and Kungur Group. The main volume of production of the Kungur group in the drilling equipment segment accounts for mobile drilling rigs with a carrying capacity of 100-250 tons, as well as self-propelled drilling rigs for drilling search wells for oil and gas. Volgograd Drilling Truck Plant produces stationary drilling rigs with a carrying capacity of 100-320 tons and mobile drilling rigs with a loading capacity of 125-200 tons. In 2006-2008 The company produced about 40 sets of drilling rigs, conducts active work on the development and implementation of new technologies, expanding the product line. The production of heavy drilling rigs was led by the Urals (group "Integra"). According to the company, over the past 4 years (2006-2009), more than 40 installations were produced. At the same time, Uralmash remained the main supplier of components for the Uralmash, the drilling rigs continued to be issued under the Uralmash brand. The main developments used by the "URBO" were also made as part of the Unified Uralmash. The de facto "Urbo" became the center of arrived in this production chain, so the rupture of production relations with Uralmash led to a significant decrease in the efficiency of the "Luxury" (an increase in transport costs, difficulties with quality control due to an increase in the number of suppliers, etc. ).

In fact, the experience of the separation of Uralmash showed the inefficiency of this model - to ensure an effective, competitive production, the model that has developed in Soviet times is the concentration of the design bureau, the production of components and the final assembly within the same company. In a rapidly growing import, such consolidation is a prerequisite for the preservation of drilling equipment in the country as such. On the this moment In the segment of the production of heavy drilling plants with such capabilities (the union of all links of the production chain within one company) is only "Uralmash". Not only the fate of the enterprise (the ability to significantly increase sales volumes), but also the fate of the entire industry is now depends on the successful return of the plant to the market for drilling rigs. Now is the time to engage in the development of the industry in order to ensure its future for decades ahead.

In the Soviet years, against the background of a fairly rapid development of the oil and gas complex in 1960-1980, a permanent increase in the procurement of oil and gas equipment was observed, so the average age of operated in the production of machines was significantly lower than the regulatory service life (at the level of 10-12 years), which created a certain margin of safety . In the 1990s. The continuation of the use of existing equipment allowed almost completely stopping the purchase of new equipment. The multiple reduction in the volume of procurement led to an increase in the wear of the existing oil and gas park, in particular drilling equipment, by the mid-2000s. reached 70-80%. The middle age of the drilling rig rose to 15-16 years.

Figure 4. Park structure of drilling rigs,% to the result

To evaluate the current fleet of drilling equipment, IEF estimated the volume of visible sales of drilling rigs to consumers (as the amount of production within the country and net imports) in recent years and, using standard assumptions about the rate of disposal of equipment, has come to an estimate of the existing drilling park at the level of 1.7- 2.0 thousand settings. These estimates coincide with the estimates of a number of sectoral experts. It should be noted that the fleet of existing equipment is significantly different from the actually exploited Park: the number of operating drilling rigs in the country is 700-800 units, taking into account the repair facilities, an effective (valid) fleeting park can be estimated only in 850-1000 units. More than 90% of the existing equipment make up the installation of Russian production, although in recent years there has been expansion to the Russian market of Chinese and (to a lesser extent) of Western manufacturers. However, despite the growth of the procurement of drilling rigs in 2006-2008, only 30% of the total drill park has a lifetime of less than 10 years, a significant part of the drilling plants was made in the Soviet years or in the early 1990s. And to now, morally outdated.

One of the main features of the Russian market of oil and gas equipment of the last 10-15 years was the dominance of expenses for maintaining the current operation on the expansion of production. In the late 1990s. Drilling equipment was sent less than 4% of all the costs of oil and gas equipment. In recent years, drilling equipment costs increased to 15-20% of all costs for oil and gas equipment, but the situation is still fundamentally different from the situation in countries leading an active policy on the expanded reproduction of the mineral resource base, increasing production volumes. So, in the US, the costs of drilling equipment even in the late 1990s. Not lowered below 25% of total expenditures on oil and gas equipment, and in recent years they have grown to 40-45%. Similarly develops a branch in Asia and Latin America. The exceptions are the countries of Western Europe, where in recent years the volume of expenditures on drilling equipment does not exceed 5% of all costs for equipment, which is associated with a high study of the available oil and gas provinces (above all, the North Sea), the extremely low probability of opening new significant deposits, entry Most large oil and gas fields in the stage of falling mining and, as a result, reduction of production drilling. Another example of sufficiently low rig expenses are the countries of the Middle East and Africa, where the exploitation of high-tech wells on unique fields allows for sufficiently small volumes of drilling and relatively low expenditures on oil and gas equipment (including drilling out) to ensure not only maintenance, but also build Oil production.

The fuel and energy industry includes the fuel industry (that is, the production and processing of various types of fuel) and electric power industry.

The whole history of human civilization is associated with the development of various types of fuel and energy. And in the Epoch of HTR Energetics has a huge impact on the development and placement of production.

There are great differences in the fuel and energy industry by regions and individual countries. Most of the energy resources are produced in developing countries and exported to the USA, Western Europe and Japan.

The energy problem of humanity refers to the category of global and is considered usually as a global energyary problem. On this scale, it first manifested itself in the 70s, when energy and raw materials crisis broke out. The energy crisis caused the rise in price of raw materials. And, although then oil and other energy carriers have cheapened again, global problem Ensuring fuel and raw materials retains its meaning today.

The emergence of the energyary problem is due primarily to the rapid increase in the consumption of mineral fuel and raw materials and the scale of their production.

Solving the energyary problem on modern stage The development of the world economy should go intensely, which consists in a more rational use of resources and in the implementation of resource saving policies.

The era of cheap fuel and raw materials in most countries of the world has developed a resource-intensive economy. First of all, it was related to countries rich in mineral resources. But now, as a result of the resource-saving policy of economically developed countries of the West, the energy consumption of their farm has decreased significantly. And developing countries are far behind them in this regard. Of the economically developed countries, the CIS, South Africa, Bulgaria and Australia are distinguished by high resource-intensity.

Measures contributing to the savings of resources should be to increase the efficiency of the useful use of fuel and raw materials. For example, the average global level of useful use of primary energy resources is 1/3.

In addition, in the coming decades, we can expect changes in the structure of the global consumption of primary energy sources: reducing the share of oil and coal in the energy consumption and growth of the share of natural gas, hydropower and alternative sources Energy.

This will help improve the environmental situation, as oil production, emergency oil emissions, open coal mining, as well as the use of sulfur fuels, negatively affects the natural environment.

According to the forecast compiled by the Energy Information Administration of the US Department of Energy, the volume of PER consumption in the world by 2030. Compared to 2010 May increase by about 43%.

Most fast growth Energy consumption for the forecast period is expected in developing countries. In these countries, energy consumption increases at about 70%, at that time in OECD countries, no more than 15%.

Energy consumption in the world differs significantly not only between large groups of countries, but even between the individual leading countries of these groups. Therefore, in the work, the development of the EEC industries in industrialized countries belonging to OECD, and developing countries. In each of these groups of countries, the development of the leading country of the Group is considered: on OECD countries in the United States, on developing countries - in the PRC.

A sharp increase in world oil prices in the first half of 2008. followed by their fall can be explained by many reasons. One of the main reasons is the following. In the period from 2000 in 2007 The average annual growth rates of GDP in developing countries with market economies amounted to about 7%, while oil prices grew by insufficient pace. As a result of the rise in the rise in oil prices from economic development, oil companies found themselves in a difficult situation on the increasing investment in the exploration and development of oil fields. Production volumes could not satisfy the outpacing volume of oil demand. Even the member countries of OPEC and, above all Saudi ArabiaWith significant reserve oil production facilities for the market shortage on the market, have been forced to reduce their backup capacity. Prices for oil by July 2008. reached a record level - $ 147 per barrel. However, the global financial and economic crisis has covered the world led to a sharp reduction in oil demand and world prices for it by the end of 2008. Fell up to $ 33 per barrel.

For the near future, as you exit from the financial and economic crisis and the most excellent demand for oil, especially by the PRC and India, one can expect some balance between the supply and supply of oil.

The rate of economic growth is one of the most important factors affecting the volume of PER consumption. However, this impact has its own characteristics in industrialized countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), developing countries and countries with economies in transition, including Russia

Table 1

The average annual growth rate of GDP (in a numerator) and PER consumption (in denominator) in the main regions of the world, %%

Sources: 1. "International Energy Outlook 2009", (US, Wash., DOE / EIA, May 2009).

2.WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK. (France. Paris, IEA, NOVEMBER 2008).

3. Energy strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030.

In OECD countries in 1990-2005. The more moderate growth rates of both the economy and the volume of energy consumption are preserved. However, the World Economic and Financial Crisis 2008-2010. Especially severe impact on the economy and consumption of PER countries of the OECD countries. Under the influence of the economic and financial crisis, the growth rate of the economy under this group of countries in the period 2006-20010. Fell more than 2.2 times, and PER consumption pace is 12 times.

In developing countries in 1990-2005. The high growth rates of both the economy and the PER consumption are preserved. The high rates of economic growth and PER consumption in developing countries are associated primarily with primary industrialization and development of basic industries (including mining), the introduction of energy-intensive technologies, as well as the creation of modern infrastructure. Particularly high growth rates of the economy and consumption of PER during this period are characteristic of the countries of Southeast Asia, where the growth rate of the economy amounted to 6.15% per year and the growth rate of PER consumption - 5.05%.

Economic and financial crisis 2008-2010. I had a smaller impact on the rate of economic growth and consumption of developing countries. The rate of economic growth of these countries in 2006-2010. amounted to 5.10% compared with 3.75% per year for previous years, and PER consumption pace, on the contrary, increased from 2.30% to 2.80% per year.

In countries with economies in transition in 1990-2005. There was a deep economic downturn, accompanied by a sharp reduction in PER consumption.

Especially high rates of falling the economy in - 0.6% per year occurred in Russia when falling in the rate of PER consumption in -1.6% per year. In the period 2006-2010. Despite the economic and financial crisis in Russia, the growth rates of the economy amounted to 4.9% per year. Such an indicator is associated with the country's outlet from a deep downhill economy in previous years, as well as established in 1999-2008. High global oil prices.

Taking into account the main factors affecting the amount of consumption of primary energy resources, as well as, taking into account a slight decrease in the demand for PER in connection with the financial and economic crisis of 2008-2010, Table 4 shows the forecast estimates of the PER consumption on average variant of GDP growth rates for 2006-2030. According to the main regions, as well as the world as a whole.

Table 4.

The dynamics of PER consumption on the main regions of the world for 2006-2030. (million T.T.)

The basis of world energy is 3 industries of the fuel industry.

Consumption liquid species Fuel in the world for the forecast period

grow from 4255 million tons in 2006. up to about 5335 million tons to 2030, or an increase of about 1080 million tons (Table 8). More than 80% of growth in total growth in liquid hydrocarbon consumption falls on the developing countries of Asia and the countries of the Middle East, in which higher economic growth rates are expected. The main consumer of liquid hydrocarbons is the transport sector where up to 80% of the increased volume of these products will be directed.

Table 8.

Dynamics of internal consumption and production of liquid fuels in the world in 2010-2030. (mln. T) Oil industry

At the present stage, this is the leading industry of the global fuel and energy industry.

If you take individual regions and countries, the largest increase in the consumption of liquid hydrocarbons for the forecast period in the amount of 620 million tons is expected in developing countries of Asia, including in China, an increase of 340 million tons, in India - by 100 million tons. The increased volume of consumption of liquid hydrocarbons of the PRC ranks first in the world. In the PRC, more than two thirds of the increase in consumption will be spent on the needs of transport, the share of consumption of which will increase from 40% in 2010. to about 55% by 2030. Another major consumer of oil is the industry. The share of oil consumption in industry as the share of its consumption in transport will fall from 48% in 2010. Up to about 39%. The PRC is the leading country of the world on the use of oil in the chemical and petrochemical industry.

The share of the consumption of liquid fuels of fuel in the electric power industry, although it will be reduced from 2.8% to about 1.6% by 2030, but the preservation of its consumption in this sector is associated with to some extent to reduce the dependence of its economy from excessive coal consumption. Similarly, a slight decrease in the share of liquid fuel consumption in residential and commercial sectors will occur.

After the PRC, the countries of the Middle East are occupied by the countries of the Middle East, where its consumption in 2010-2030. The geographical distribution of oil reserves: grows by almost 120 million tons. Among the countries of the Middle East, the largest volumes of oil consumption by 2030. Expected in Saudi Arabia, Iran and Turkey. In Turkey, oil consumption will grow with a leading pace in the industry and approaches the level of oil consumption in transport. In the rest of the countries of the Middle East, oil consumption will grow in a faster pace on transport. A significant increase in oil consumption is expected in the housing and commercial sectors. In Saudi Arabia, in connection with the plans of the further development of the chemical and petrochemical industry, a significant increase in consumption in these industries is expected.

Oil consumption in Central and South America countries in the period 2010-2030. It will increase by about 60 million tons. Of this volume, approximately half of the increase in oil consumption will be on Brazil. Next are argentina and Venezuela. The large agro-industrial sector of Argentina will consume most of the petroleum products. In Venezuela, more than 60% of oil consumed will be spent on transport.

In countries in Africa, with a minor increase in the consumption of liquid fuels for the forecast period, the share of its transport consumption will grow from 52% to about 55% by 2030.

Argentina and Colombia is expected to reduce oil production, respectively, from 35 to 15 million tons, respectively, from 25 to 20 million tons. In the countries of Africa, oil production is expected for the period 2010-2030. from 580 million tons of approximately 680 million tons. The main increase in oil production is expected in three countries: in Algeria - by 30 million tons (from 110 to 140 million tons), Angola - by 20 million tons (from 115 to 135 million tons) and in Nigeria - by 10 million tons (from 155 to 165 million tons). In Libya, a decrease in oil production from 95 million tons is expected to approximately 75 million tons. In the other oil-producing countries of Africa (Egypt, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, etc.) for the forecast period, significant changes are expected in the volume of oil production.

In developing countries in Asia for the forecast period 2010-2030. A small increase in the production of liquid fuels from 395 million tons is expected to approximately 420 million tons (an increase of only 25 million tons). With an increase in oil production in India and maintaining the volume of oil production without a change in other countries in the region, a decrease in the total production of liquid fuels from 205 million tons in 2010 is expected to decrease in the PRC. Approximately 180 million tons of 2030. (drop in almost 45 million tons). However, the production of non-traditional types of liquid fuel in this country will grow from 5 million tons in 2010. Approximately 25 million tons to 2030. or growth almost five times. In the CIS countries, oil production for the forecast period can grow from 630 million tons of approximately 840 million tons. Or increases by about 210 million tons. In this forecast, oil production in Russia, i.e. Rising production from 500 million tons in 2010. up to 530 million tons to 2030 corresponds to the indicators given in the "Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030" However, with the established trend in the fall in oil production in the country from 2006. Oil production in 2008 It fell to 488 million tons. The trend of reducing oil production is primarily related to the fall of the extracted oil reserves in the country.

The share of developing countries in these reserves is 86%. The largest oil areas are the Persian Gulf Region, Russia. Total oil is mined in 80 countries. The largest manufacturers are Saudi Arabia, USA, Russia, Iran, Mexico, China, Venezuela. The developing countries as a whole account for more than 50% of oil production. In international trade comes up to 40% of the total oil produced.

In the world economy, a huge territorial gap between the areas of mining and oil consumption was formed. For its overcoming, powerful transport streams arose.

Gas industry

Table 12.1.

The dynamics of domestic consumption and natural gas production in the world in 2006-2030. (billion m3)

Received development in the second half of the 20th century. In the structure of world fuel consumption, gas ranks 3rd place after oil and coal - 20%. Gas is the most pure energoresource.

According to the explored reserves of natural gas (there are all the time all the time), the CIS and South-West Asia are especially allocated, from individual countries - Russia and Iran.

The "top ten" gas producing countries of the world includes Russia, USA, Canada, Turkmenistan, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Indonesia, Algeria, Saudi Arabia. About 15% of the mined gas is exported, the main exporters are CIS countries, Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, Algeria, Indonesia.

The main flows of gas exports are directed to Western Europe, Japan, USA.

Coal industry

Despite the decline in coal in power consumption, the coal industry continues to be one of the leading industries of world energy. Compared to the oil industry, it is better provided with resources.

World coal reserves are 1.2 trillion. t. Approximately 66 ° / o of them accounted for economically developed countries, primarily in the United States, CIS countries, Great Britain, Germany, Australia.

Asia is leading among coal mining regions Western Europe, North America and CIS countries. Leading countries - China, USA, Russia, Poland, India, Australia, Germany, South Africa, Ukraine, Kazakhstan (all together they give 3/4 coal mining).

Unlike oil and gas for export there is a small part of the extracted coal-8%.

Basic exporters - USA, CIS, Australia. Main importers - Japan, Republic of Korea, Italy, Canada, France, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Germany, Brazil.

Coal mining growth since 2006 for 2030 In the People's Republic of China, the United States and India can be 1570.0, 115.0 and 65.0 million, respectively. T.T., which assumes that a larger amount of coal consumption in these countries will be satisfied with the internal production in these countries. A significant increase in coal mining will also occur in Australia. New Zealand and other developing countries in Asia.

The increase in coal production in Australia and New Zealand will be approximately 160.0 million tons. And it will be mainly aimed at exporting from Australia .. an increase in coal production in other developing Asian countries by about 140.0 million ton. will be used for internal consumption and export. Growth in small coal mining for the forecast period is expected in Russia, in countries in Africa and Central and South America, respectively, by about 55.0, 65.0 and 80.0 million. T.T.

Prospects for world coal trade. In late 2008 As a result of the world's global economic and financial crisis, the volume of imports dropped sharply. As a result of an excess supply in coal exporter countries, coal production has occurred. Despite the uncertainty of the timing of the exit from the global economic crisis in the long run, a significant increase in international trade in coal is expected.

It is expected that in the forecast period, the import of coal can grow from 741.72 million. T.T. Until about 990.0 million tp. by 2030 Such a volume of growth in world trade of coal is in accordance with the projected growth of coal consumption, especially in developing Asian countries.