Murat Kumpilov was elected head of the Republic of Adygea. Murat Kumpilov Elected Head of the Republic of Adygea State and Environmental Protection

The position of the President of Adygea gave birth to the post-reform period in Russia. The parade of sovereignties led, among other things, to the fact that on June 28, 1991, the legally independent Republic of Adygea was born, which was previously an autonomous Circassian (Adygei) region within the Krasnodar Territory. At the same time, republican authorities were created in Adygea, including the parliament.

First

At the turn of 1991-1992, the first presidential elections in Adygea were held. They became a well-known business executive in the republic and ex-communist Aslan Dzharimov. In 1993, Dzharimov on behalf of Adygea signed the Federal Treaty. In the same year, Russia approved the republican status of Adygea. In 1997 he won for the second time. In 2002, he lost the elections. As before, he continues his career, but already diplomatic.

Second

The second president of Adygea, Khazret Sovmen, is a man with an interesting fate. In the past, an officer of the Black Sea Fleet, a doctor of technical sciences, worked in gold mining artels in Siberia and the Far East. He made his first steps in business during the cooperative movement in the USSR in the 80s. Led artels. This activity led to a dark story about bribing officials. However, Sovmen was acquitted. It is not without reason that he is considered the richest Adyghe in the world. "Became famous" for endless shuffling in the government of the republic. Despite some popularity in Adygea, he did not run for a second term.

Third and last but first chapter

Aslan Tkhakushinov spent the longest time (ten years) as the first person in Adygea. True, the second part of this time was already in the position not of the President, but of the Head of the Republic. In this capacity, he became the first. In the republic, they decided to give the position a more modest name. Tkhakushinov is a prominent scientist who has done a lot for the development of higher education in Adygea, an experienced functionary in the field of education, physical culture, sports and youth policy. Served two terms of office. Resigned after his second term.

Head of the Republic today

Today the Head of the Republic of Adygea within the Russian Federation is Murat Kumpilov. The young leader has extensive experience in tax and treasury structures. The position of the Head was preceded by the work of the Prime Minister of the Republic.

Problems of Adygea

Despite the excellent weather conditions in Adygea, this region cannot be classified as prosperous. The absence of significant reserves of highly valuable natural resources (gas reserves are small) makes the economic situation difficult. The basis of the economy today is agriculture. The existing industrial infrastructure related to agriculture (food) and natural resources (woodworking, forests - the main wealth of the republic), in fact, did not stand the test of the post-reform period and is in a dilapidated state. The only stably operating industrial enterprise manufactures equipment for gas workers. It is necessary to revive the economy, open new directions, for example, tourism, which has a certain potential in Adygea.

The dilapidation of communal, urban facilities, social facilities also makes life in the republic not very comfortable.

The problems of corruption and clannishness and nepotism traditional for the Caucasian republics in the authorities are seen as acute. Suspicions of embezzlement of public funds and abuse of authority against the highest level of republican officials were repeatedly expressed. All the heads of the republic worked to solve these problems, and the current leader of Adygea will have to fight them. Probably enough work for his successor.

Presidents of Adygea

Name	Years of life	Time in office	The consignment	Career (before and after)
Aslan Alievich Dzharimov	7.11.1939	1992-2002	Our home is Russia	Before: Adygei Regional Committee of the CPSU, Krasnodar Regional Committee of the CPSU, Adygei Regional Council of People's Deputies, People's Deputy of the USSR. After: Deputy RF. Now: Consul General of Russia in Bulgaria.
Khazret Mejidovich Sovmen	1.05.1937	2002-2007	United Russia	Before: Deputy Chairman and Chairman of Gold Mining Artels. Now: businessman.
Aslan Kitovich Tkhakushinov	12.07.1947	2007-2011	United Russia	Head of the MaySTU, deputy of the city, regional and republican councils of people's deputies.

Heads of the Republic of Adygea

There were only two such leaders. However, they managed to do a lot.

In the heart of the republic

The residence of the Head of the Republic of Adygea is the capital city of Maykop. The ancient settlement has had the status of a city since 1870. During the Caucasian wars, it was of great importance for the Russian Empire as a stronghold.

Today Maykop is a modern city with a developed infrastructure, the largest settlement in Adygea. The population is about 145,000 people. According to the latest population census (2010), the ethnic composition is dominated by Russians (71%), followed by Adyghes (18%) and Armenians (3%). This alignment roughly corresponds to the general republican.

The inauguration ceremony was held at the State Philharmonic of the Republic. Kumpilov read the text of the oath in the two state languages ​​of the republic (Russian and Adyghe), and then the chairman of the regional parliament, Vladimir Narozhny, handed him a certificate of the head of the republic.

In a solemn atmosphere, the new head of the region also received a specially made copy of the Constitution of Adygea and state attributes of power.

After that, Kumpilov was congratulated by the former leaders of this subject of the Federation - Aslan Dzharimov and Aslan Tkhakushinov. Tkhakushinov, in his speech, noted the "business acumen and political flair" of his successor. "Despite his youth, he learned to solve the most difficult tasks, becoming a like-minded and reliable colleague," the ex-head added.

Our goal is to bring the republic to a qualitatively new level of development, to make it a prosperous region of Russia,” Kumpilov said at the inauguration ceremony. - Our moral duty and a matter of honor is to make every effort to ensure a decent life for the inhabitants of Adygea, to maintain peace and harmony in our beautiful land.

Let's remind, today at the XV meeting the deputies of the parliament of the Republic of Adygeya have chosen a new head of the region. As a result of a secret ballot, Murat Kumpilov, the acting head of Adygea, became the leader. In the next five years, he will head the executive branch of the republic.

All 48 deputies present in the hall voted for Kumpilov. Two other candidates (Chairman of the Committee on Legislation, Legality and Issues of Local Self-Government of the RA Parliament, Chairman of the Just Russia faction Alexander Loboda and General Director of the Zareem plant Shamsudin Pshizov) did not get votes.

The new head of the region, speaking to the deputies, noted that the republic had to solve many problems, especially in the field of healthcare. It is necessary to take serious steps to improve the system of free drug provision, the availability of high-tech medical services, and improve the work of ambulance services. In education, he promised to end secondary school shifts.

We have realized far from the full potential, - he believes. - It is necessary to make the agro-industrial complex more efficient and modern, by stimulating the development of the dairy and horticultural industries, to give impetus to the farming movement. It is necessary to simplify the procedure for providing public services to the population of the region, to create more comfortable conditions for small businesses and external investors.

At the end of the parliamentary session, Kumpilov addressed the ex-head of the RA Aslan Tkhakushinov, who was in the hall, with the following words: "Nine years ago you accepted me into your team and gave me the opportunity to realize myself. I will not let you down."

A procedure was applied providing for the election of the highest official of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation by deputies of the republican parliament, reports press service of the head of Adygea.

The meeting was held by the Chairman of the State Council - Khase RA Vladimir Narozhny, vice chairmen - Mukhamed Ashev And Asker Savv.

AiF/ Photo by Alexey Gusev

The meeting was attended by Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Southern Federal District Vladimir Ustinov, Chief Federal Inspector of the Office of the Plenipotentiary of the President of the Russian Federation in the Southern Federal District for the Republic of Armenia Sergei Drokin, deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation Vladislav Reznik And Murat Khasanov, senator from Adygea Murat Hapsirokov, and about. Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia Natalya Shirokova, State Advisor to the Head of the Republic of Armenia Aslan Tkhakushinov, President of the Constitutional Court Asker Tlehatuk, Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Armenia Aslan Trakhov, Chairman of the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Armenia Igor Divin, RA Prosecutor Mark Bolshedvorsky, Member of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation Ishak Mashbash, representatives of republican and municipal authorities.

According to the current legislation, the political parties represented in the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Armenia have previously put forward their candidacies for approval by the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin.

AiF/ Photo by Alexey Gusev

"United Russia" proposed the candidacy of the acting head of the RA Murata Kumpilova, LDPR - Chairman of the RA State Council-Khase Committee on Education, Science, Youth Affairs, Sports, Mass Media and Interaction with Public Organizations Tembota Shovgenov but. "Fair Russia" nominated the chairman of the State Council-Khase Committee of the Republic of Armenia on Legislation, Legality and Local Self-Government Issues Alexandra Loboda and Murat Kumpilov, representatives of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation also supported the Acting Head of Adygea and proposed, in addition to him, to the post of the highest official of the region, the Director General of OAO Zarem Shamsudina Pshizova.

AiF/ Photo by Alexey Gusev

Of these, the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, in accordance with the Federal Law “On the General Principles of Organization of Legislative (Representative) and Executive Bodies of State Power of the Subjects of the Russian Federation”, submitted three candidates for consideration by the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Armenia for election to the post of head of the region.

These are Acting Head of the Republic of Armenia Murat Kumpilov, Chairman of the Committee of the State Council - Khase of the Republic of Armenia Alexander Loboda and General Director of Zarem JSC Shamsudin Pshizov.

AiF/ Photo by Alexey Gusev

At a meeting of the republican parliament they were presented Vladimir Ustinov, having read out the letter of the President of the Russian Federation addressed to the Chairman of the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Armenia. Vladimir Ustinov expressed confidence that when choosing a candidate for the post of head of the RA, the deputies will be guided by the interests of the region's residents, their choice will be objective and impartial.

The floor was also given to deputies, leaders of factions of political parties in the republican parliament. The speakers noted that earlier among the party members there was a discussion of all candidates, meetings and consultations were held. The high professional qualities of each of the candidates were noted. However, taking into account the extensive experience of managerial work, the results achieved in the executive authorities, the speakers recommended voting for Murat Kumpilov.

AiF/ Photo by Alexey Gusev

After the discussion of the electoral programs, the elections were held. As a result of a secret ballot, all 48 deputies of the republican parliament cast their votes for Murat Kumpilov.

In the keynote speech, the head of the region expressed great gratitude to the population of the republic for the support and solidarity, the correct understanding of what is happening in the foreign and domestic policy of the country, which is an important factor for socio-political stability and successful development of the region. Murat Kumpilov reported on the main achievements of the republic over the past ten years, as well as on the tasks for the coming period, the main of which is to improve the welfare and living standards of the population of the republic.

The head of Adygea stressed that the regional policy would be built taking into account the needs and interests of the population of the republic. To this end, close cooperation with public and religious organizations, professional associations, and the parliament of the republic will continue.

AiF/ Photo by Alexey Gusev

In future activities, emphasis will be placed on gatherings of citizens, personal receptions, and the simplification of the procedure for providing state and municipal services will continue.

For the development of the real sector of the republic's economy, it is planned to create industrial parks. A new impetus in the agro-industrial complex will be the stimulation of milk production, livestock and crop production. Work will continue on the development of another strategic direction - tourism.

It is planned to take work to improve the business climate and reduce bureaucratic barriers to a new level. At the same time, the main focus is on attracting investments to the republic.

Murat Kumpilov stressed that every achievement in the economy means new jobs, an increase in tax revenues to the budget, and an opportunity to develop the social sphere more efficiently. Here, an important role is assigned to the implementation of the May decrees of the President of the country, work to develop demography, address issues of improving the health of the population, and the environment.

Work will be intensified to provide support to the elderly; provision of living quarters for orphans; resettlement from dilapidated housing, to address the housing issues of young and large families. In the republic, work will also be intensified in the field of healthcare, education, culture, and the creation of sports infrastructure within walking distance will continue. Another priority area is vocational education. Murat Kumpilov stressed that Adygea should not lose its future specialists, therefore, when training personnel, they will take into account, first of all, the needs of the republic's employers.

AiF/ Photo by Alexey Gusev

“Our countrymen are waiting for new tangible changes for the better. As I have already said, creating comfortable living conditions is our main task. It is put by the head of state Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. The inhabitants of the republic should know that they can count on state assistance, that their interests and legal rights are fully respected. We all want to live in a strong and friendly republic. I am sure that together we can achieve this,” said Murat Kumpilov.

To solve many of the tasks set, the region still needs serious support from the federal center, so the region will also strengthen interaction with federal authorities.

“I want to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation for the support you have shown me today. Separately, I want to thank Vladimir Vasilyevich Ustinov, Plenipotentiary Representative of the Russian Federation Resident in the Southern Federal District, for his constant attention to the republic and the support provided in solving the socio-economic problems of the region. I look forward to further close cooperation. We have a lot of work ahead of us, and together we have to fulfill our duty to the inhabitants of Adygea, actively carrying out work to protect their interests,” said Murat Kumpilov.

Congratulating the newly elected head of the region, Vladimir Ustinov noted the great contribution of the former leader of Adygea and expressed his hope that the republic would continue to develop actively, using the full potential.

“There are popular tourist routes in Adygea. Hospitable and hardworking people live here. The main task and meaning of the work of the authorities is to reveal human potential, to create the most favorable conditions for their work. I believe that your experience and knowledge will become the key to fruitful cooperation with the parliament of the republic. Taking into account the opinion of the population, practical work on the socio-economic development of the republic will be built,” Vladimir Ustinov said.

In conclusion, the chairman of the republican parliament, Vladimir Narozhny, solemnly handed over to Murat Kumpilov the signed resolution of the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Armenia on the election of the head of the Republic of Adygea.

History

The post of President of the Republic of Adygea (until March 24, 1992 - SSR Adygea) was introduced in accordance with the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the SSR Adygea of ​​June 28, 1991. In December 1991 - January 1992 (in two rounds) elections of the first President of the Republic were held in Adygea. They became A. A. Dzharimov. On October 19, 1994, members of the Constitutional Commission prepared a draft of a new Constitution - the basic Law of the Republic and submitted for consideration by Khase of the Republic of Adygea. After a constructive discussion, the session of the Legislative Assembly adopted the draft and submitted it to the nationwide discussion of the inhabitants of Adygea. On March 6, 1995, after 4.5 months of national discussion and two-fold consideration in the Parliament and subsequent thorough revision, the draft Constitution was submitted for final consideration and adoption by the Legislative Assembly (Khase) - the Parliament of the Republic of Adygea, present in full force. As a result of a three-day scrupulous article-by-article discussion, on March 10, 1995, the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea was adopted unanimously. It fixed the status and powers of the President of Adygea.

On December 28, 2010, the Federal Law was adopted, which establishes that the name of the highest official of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation (the head of the highest executive body of state power of the constituent entity) cannot contain words and phrases that make up the title of the position of the heads of state - the President of the Russian Federation. This law establishes a transitional period until January 1, 2015, during which the constitutions and charters of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation must be brought into line with it.

On April 20, 2011, at the II meeting of the State Council-Khase of Adygea, the deputies approved amendments to the constitution of the republic to replace the name "President of the Republic of Adygea" with "Head of the Republic of Adygea".

Powers of the Head of the Republic

Chapter 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea. Head of the Republic of Adygea and executive power Article 74

The head of the Republic of Adygea is the highest official of the Republic of Adygea (the head of the highest executive body of state power of the Republic of Adygea).

Article 75

The head of the Republic of Adygea, in the exercise of his powers, is obliged to comply with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea and the laws of the Republic of Adygea, as well as execute decrees of the President of the Russian Federation and resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Article 76

1. The head of the Republic of Adygea is elected by citizens of the Russian Federation residing on the territory of the Republic of Adygea and possessing active suffrage in accordance with federal legislation, on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot. 2. A citizen of the Russian Federation who, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal law, has a passive electoral right, who does not have citizenship of a foreign state or a residence permit or other document confirming the right to permanent residence of a citizen of the Russian Federation in the territory of a foreign state and over 30 years of age. 3. The head of the Republic of Adygea is elected for a period of five years and cannot hold the specified position for more than two consecutive terms. The term of office of the Head of the Republic of Adygea is calculated from the day he takes office. 4. Elections of the Head of the Republic of Adygea are held in accordance with federal legislation and the law of the Republic of Adygea. 5. The powers of the Head of the Republic of Adygea may be terminated early in cases and in the manner determined by federal law. 6. In the case and in the manner prescribed by federal legislation, the performance of the duties of the Head of the Republic of Adygea is carried out by a person appointed by the President of the Russian Federation. 7. The head of the Republic of Adygea may be recalled by voters registered on the territory of the Republic of Adygea, on the basis and in the manner established by federal legislation and the law of the Republic of Adygea. (Article 76 as amended by the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Armenia dated 06.06.2012 No. 94)

Article 77

1. When taking office within one month after the empowerment, the Head of the Republic of Adygea takes the following oath to the people: “I solemnly swear to the multinational people of Adygea, in the performance of the duties of the Head of the Republic of Adygea, to strictly follow the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea, federal laws and the laws of the Republic of Adygea, respect and protect the rights of man and citizen, conscientiously carry out the duties entrusted to me by the people. 2. The oath is taken in a solemn atmosphere in the presence of deputies of the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea and judges of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Adygea.

Article 78

The head of the Republic of Adygea: a) determines the main directions of domestic policy and foreign economic relations of the Republic of Adygea in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea and the laws of the Republic of Adygea; b) ensures the rights and freedoms of citizens legally located on the territory of the Republic of Adygea, security and territorial integrity of the Republic of Adygea; c) represents the Republic of Adygea in relations with federal state authorities, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and in the implementation of foreign economic relations, while having the right to sign contracts and agreements on behalf of the Republic of Adygea; d) conclude agreements on the mutual transfer of the exercise of part of the powers of the executive bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Adygea; e) exercise the right of legislative initiative in the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea; f) submits to the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea the draft of the republican budget of the Republic of Adygea, programs of socio-economic development of the Republic of Adygea, as well as reports on their implementation; g) sends annual messages to the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea; g.1) submits to the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea annual reports on the results of the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Adygea, including on issues raised by the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea; h) promulgates constitutional laws, laws of the Republic of Adygea, certifying the promulgation of constitutional laws, laws by signing them or issuing a special act, or rejects laws; i) have the right to participate in the work of the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea with the right of an advisory vote; j) ensures the coordination of the activities of the executive authorities of the Republic of Adygea with other state authorities of the Republic of Adygea and, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, organizes the interaction of the executive authorities of the Republic of Adygea with federal executive authorities and their territorial bodies, local governments and public associations; k) has the right to demand the convening of an extraordinary meeting of the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea, as well as to convene the newly elected State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea for the first meeting earlier than the term established for this State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea by the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea; l) has the right to apply to the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea with a proposal to introduce amendments and (or) additions to the resolutions of the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea or cancel them, and also have the right to appeal against these resolutions in court; m) determines the structure of the executive bodies of state power of the Republic of Adygea in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea; o) may chair meetings of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Adygea; p) forms the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Adygea and decides on his resignation, appoints the Prime Minister of the Republic of Adygea with the consent of the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea; deputies of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Adygea, with the exception of the deputies of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Adygea, who combine their position with the position of the head of the executive authority of the Republic of Adygea; heads of the executive authorities of the Republic of Adygea, in charge of finance, economic development, social protection and agriculture, and also dismisses them from office; p) appoints and dismisses other heads of the executive authorities of the Republic of Adygea in accordance with federal legislation and the legislation of the Republic of Adygea; c) together with the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea makes a decision on giving consent to the appointment of the Prosecutor of the Republic of Adygea; r) have the right to suspend or cancel the acts of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Adygea, ministries and other executive authorities of the Republic of Adygea in case of their contradiction with the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea, laws of the Republic of Adygea and acts of the Head of the Republic of Adygea; s) takes part in the formation of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Adygea in the manner prescribed by the law of the Republic of Adygea, as well as the Central Election Commission of the Republic of Adygea in the manner prescribed by federal law and the law of the Republic of Adygea; t) appoints official representatives of the Republic of Adygea and dismisses them from office; u) have the right to apply to the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Adygea and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation; v) awards state awards of the Republic of Adygea and confers honorary titles of the Republic of Adygea; h) forms a single Administration of the Head of the Republic of Adygea and the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Adygea; w) exercise other powers

Article 79

1. The head of the Republic of Adygea, on the basis of and in pursuance of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, normative acts of the President of the Russian Federation, resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea and the laws of the Republic of Adygea, issues decrees and orders. 2. Acts of the Head of the Republic of Adygea and acts of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Adygea, adopted within their powers, are binding in the Republic of Adygea. 3. Acts of the Head of the Republic of Adygea, acts of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Adygea should not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws adopted on the subjects of the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subjects of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Adygea, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic Adygea and the laws of the Republic of Adygea. Article 80 Guarantees of social protection and protection of the honor and dignity of the Head of the Republic of Adygea are established by federal law and the law of the Republic of Adygea. Article 81 1. The head of the Republic of Adygea has the right to decide on the early termination of the powers of: a) the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea in the event that this body adopts the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea and the law of the Republic of Adygea, another regulatory legal act that contradicts the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws adopted on the subjects of jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and subjects of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Adygea, the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea, if such contradictions are established by the appropriate court, and the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea did not eliminate them within six months from the date of entry into force of the court decision; b) the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea, if it is established by the decision of the relevant court that has entered into force that the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea, elected in the competent composition, has not held a meeting for three consecutive months; c) the newly elected in the competent composition of the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea in the event that the decision of the relevant court that has entered into force establishes that the specified state authority of the Republic of Adygea did not hold a meeting within three months from the date of its election in the competent composition. 1.1. The head of the Republic of Adygea has the right to decide on the early termination of the powers of the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea within three months from the date of entry into force of the decision of the relevant court. 2. The decision of the Head of the Republic of Adygea on the early termination of the powers of the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea is taken in the form of a decree.

Article 82

1. The Head of the Republic of Adygea begins to exercise his powers from the moment he takes the oath and terminates their execution after the expiration of his tenure in office from the moment the oath is taken by a citizen of the Russian Federation, endowed with the powers of the Head of the Republic of Adygea. 2. The powers of the Head of the Republic of Adygea are terminated early in cases provided for by federal legislation.

5. In cases when the Head of the Republic of Adygea is temporarily (due to illness or vacation) unable to perform his duties, they are performed by the Prime Minister of the Republic of Adygea. The Acting Head of the Republic of Adygea has no right to conclude agreements on the mutual transfer of the exercise of part of the powers of the executive bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Adygea, to dissolve the State Council-Khase of the Republic of Adygea, to make proposals for amendments and revision of the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea, to decide on the resignation of the Cabinet Ministers of the Republic of Adygea, to make changes to the structure of the executive bodies of state power of the Republic of Adygea.

List of Presidents and Heads of the Republic of Adygea

• Aslan Alievich Dzharimov - January 5, 1992 - February 8, 2002
• Khazret Medzhidovich Sovmen - February 8, 2002 - December 13, 2006
• Aslan Kitovich Tkhakushinov - from December 13, 2006 (from April 20, 2011 - Head of the Republic of Adygea)

Links

Authors: M. G. Shartse (State authorities), G. I. Gladkevich (Population, Economy, Health care, tourism, recreation), V. R. Erlikh (Historical essay.), A. N. Prokinova (Health care, tourism , recreation), S. U. Alieva (Literature.), A. N. Shukurova (Fine art and architecture), K. S. Tuko (Music) / 2005 /. Zh. V. Lokteva (general information, population, economy), M. N. Petrushina (nature: physical and geographical essay), S. G. Mereminskiy (religion), V. R. Erlikh (historical essay), A. N Prokinova (health care), V. V. Seleverstov (mass media), S. U. Aliyeva (literature), A. N. Shukurova (fine arts and architecture), K. S. Tuko (music) /2017/. Update: BDT edition /2020/Authors: M. G. Shartse (State Authorities), G. I. Gladkevich (Population, Economy, Health Care, Tourism, Recreation), V. R. Erlikh (Historical essay); >>

ADYGEA (Republic of Adygea), a subject of the Russian Federation. Located in the south of the European part of Russia, in the west of the North Caucasus; It is surrounded on all sides by the territory of the Krasnodar Territory. Part of the Southern Federal District. The area is 7.8 thousand km 2. Population 463.5 thousand people. (2019; 453.4 thousand people in 2017; 447.1 thousand people in 2002; 432.6 thousand people in 1989; 385.6 thousand people in 1970; 284.7 thousand people in 1959). Capital - Mr. Maykop. Municipal unit ( 2019): 2 urban districts (Maikop and Adygeysk), 7 municipal districts, which include 3 urban settlements and 48 rural settlements.

Government departments

The system of public authorities of the republic is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea (1995). State power is exercised by the State Council - Khase of the Republic of Adygea, the Head of the Republic of Adygea, the government headed by the Prime Minister, other executive authorities in accordance with the republican law. The State Council - Khase of the Republic of Adygea - is the permanent supreme and the only legislative (representative) body of state power of the republic. It consists of 50 deputies: 25 deputies are elected in single-mandate constituencies with an approximately equal number of voters on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot, 25 - in a single constituency in proportion to the number of votes cast for the lists of candidates for deputies nominated by electoral associations in in accordance with the electoral law. Deputies are elected for a term of 5 years. They can carry out deputy activities both on a professional permanent basis and without interruption from their main activities. The number of deputies working on a permanent professional basis is established by a republican law. The head of the Republic of Adygea is the highest official of the republic (the head of the highest executive body of state power). The head of the Republic is elected by citizens of the Russian Federation residing in Azerbaijan and possessing active suffrage on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot. The procedure for elections and requirements for candidates are established by federal law. The Head of the Republic determines the main directions of domestic policy and foreign economic relations, determines the structure of the executive bodies of state power in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea, and may chair meetings of the Cabinet of Ministers. The Head of the Republic forms the Cabinet of Ministers and decides on his resignation, appoints, with the consent of the State Council - Khase of the Republic of Adygea, the Prime Minister and his deputies, heads of executive authorities in charge of finance, economic development, social protection and agriculture, as well as relieves them of their posts, performs other functions.

Nature

Relief

Most of A. is located on an inclined terraced Kuban plain high. from 20 m in the northwest to 300 m in the southeast. 1 / 3 of the territory is occupied by the ridges of the Greater Caucasus - Wooded (up to 742 m high), Pasture (up to 992 m), Rocky (up to 1121 m), Peredovy (up to 2368 m), Main (Waterdividing; up to 3238 m, Mount Chugush - the highest point of A.) and intermountain basins (Dakhovskaya and others). There are many picturesque gorges and canyons (Khadzhokh gorge, Meshoko canyon). In the southwest there is the Lagonaki upland with various karst forms; the most famous are the Soaring Bird Cave (one of the deepest in Russia, up to 535 m deep) and Big Azish cave. In the south the Fisht-Oshtenovsky massif rises (most of - in the Krasnodar Territory; highest point– Mount Fisht, 2867 m). Suffosion and erosion are active on the plain, and landslides, screes, landslides, and mudflows are active in the mountains.

Climate

On the territory of Azerbaijan, the climate is temperate continental, warm, and insufficiently and moderately humid. On the plain, the average temperatures in January are from 0 to -2.4 °С, in July 22–23.5 °С; precipitation is 550–700 mm per year. In the mountains, the average temperatures in January are from -3 to -8 ° C, in July from 21 ° C at high. 500 m to 13 °С for 2000 m; rainfall up to 2000 mm per year or more (max. 2744 mm). The greatest amount of precipitation falls from April to November. The height of the snow cover varies from 5–10 cm in the plains to 1 m or more in the mountains. Frequent thaws. The frost-free period is from 190 days in the plains to 160 days in the highlands. 1500 m. Thunderstorms, hail are typical.

Inland waters

In A. ok. 5 thousand watercourses, of which 131 rivers are more than 10 km long. Main river - Kuban with left tributaries Laba, Belaya, Pshish, Chekhrak (Chokhrak), Fars, Psekups, etc. The density of the river network is from 0.3 km / km 2 in the plain to 1.5–1.9 km / km 2 in the mountains . 5 reservoirs [Krasnodar, Shapsugskoe, Oktyabrskoe (Tahtamukaiskoe), Shendzhiyskoe and Kuzhorskoe] and 294 ponds were created. Numerous mineral and thermal springs. In A. - more than 100 small lakes of various origins, the largest - glacier-karst Psenodakh. The region of Mount Fisht is the westernmost region in the Caucasus with dwarf glaciers (total area less than 1 km2). OK. 30 glaciers in the river basin. White.

Soils, flora and fauna

The meadow steppes of the flat part of Armenia (with meadow chernozems, leached and drained) have been practically plowed up. In a narrow strip of forest-steppe with gray merged soils, formed on the site of broad-leaved forests, agricultural landscapes also predominate. In the floodplains of the rivers, forests, water meadows, and areas of meadow-marsh vegetation are common. Above is a belt of broad-leaved oak, oak-hornbeam forests on gray forest soils, with a height. 450–550 m - beech forests on burozems and humus-calcareous soils; 600 m - beech-fir forests, from high. 1200 m - coniferous forests with fir, eastern spruce (west of the range), pine. Forests cover approx. 40% of the territory. From high 1700–2000 m stretches a belt of birch and beech crooked forests, thickets of Caucasian rhododendron. Above, subalpine tall-grass meadows on soddy alpha-humus soils are common; 2400–2500 m – alpine low-grass meadows. The flora includes 2000 species of higher plants, many relics (Nordmann's fir, yew berry, Caucasian blueberry, narrow-fruited holly, etc.), endemics (Otran's bell, Oshten's gentian). The Caucasian lily, the arcuate bird lily, the Caucasian belladonna, etc., are included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.

In the forest-steppe, there are the Caucasian shrew, the common water shrew, the large jerboa, the raccoon dog, the raccoon, the Caucasian viper. Brown bear, lynx, wild boar, roe deer, Radde shrew, European mink, martens, etc. have been preserved in the forests; bison are protected. The chamois, the West Caucasian tour, the stone marten, the vulture, and the bearded vulture live in the highlands.

The natural conditions for the life of the population are the most favorable in most parts of Armenia, and relatively favorable in the mountains. The mild climate, the predominance of fertile chernozems and gray forest soils are favorable for agriculture. Reduce the potential of drought and dry winds, dust storms, in winter - thaws, hail, strong winds.

State and environmental protection

The ecological situation is relatively satisfactory. 80% of the flat part of Azerbaijan is occupied by agricultural - x. land, in the main arable land. Soil erosion and salinization are typical. The fertility of chernozems has halved, and fat super-powerful Pre-Caucasian chernozems have practically disappeared. Soil is contaminated with pesticides. 25 thousand hectares of fertile lands were flooded and flooded by the waters of the Krasnodar reservoir. On flooded lands, crops of agricultural crops get wet. cultures. Mountain pastures are subject to erosion, their productivity is reduced. Altogether there are 112.8 thousand hectares of erosion-hazardous lands in Azerbaijan. Small rivers are polluted, water reservoirs are silted up. The share of polluted wastewater in total discharges is 15.9% (2018). The total volume of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere is 66.1 thousand tons, including from stationary sources - 7.6 thousand tons, from road transport - 58.5 thousand tons (2018). Biodiversity is declining; the recreational load on the natural environment is growing.

Protected natural areas occupy about 1/3 of the area of ​​​​A., among them - part Caucasian Reserve, Bolshoy Tkhach natural park, nature reserves (Maikopsky, Kuzhorsky, Dakhovsky, Shovgenovsky, etc.), 41 natural monuments (Aminovka River Canyon, Meshoko Stream Canyon, Bolshoi Rufabgo Stream Waterfalls), Fisht Special Ecological Tourist Area, etc .; natural monuments Buyny Ridge, the upper reaches of the Tsitsa (Tsitse) river, the upper reaches of the Pshekha and Pshekhashkha rivers - as part of the object world heritage Western Caucasus.

Population

Most of the population of Adygea are Russians (63.6% - 2010, census). Adyghe account for 25.2% (mainly in the north: Teuchezhsky district - 65.8%, in Shovgenovsky district - 62.9%, Koshekhablsky district - 51.9%). There are also Armenians Circassogai- 3.7%, in the Maykop region - 10.7%), Ukrainians (1.4%), Kurds (1.1%, in the Krasnogvardeisky region - 13.1%), Tatars (0.6%).

The values ​​of indicators of the vital movement of the population (per 1000 inhabitants, 2019): birth rate 9.1, death rate 12.5, natural decline 3.4. Infant mortality 4.7 per 1000 inhabitants (2019). Share of women 53.3% (2019). The proportion of the population (%, 2019) is younger than working age (under 16 years old) - 19.7, people of working age (from 16 to 60 years old for women and up to 65 years old for men) - 61, older than working age (over 60 years old for women and 65 years for men) - 19. The average life expectancy of the population is 78.8 years (2019; men - 69.1, women - 78.6 years). Migration population growth 56 people. per 10 thousand inhabitants (2015).

The average population density is 58.4 people / km 2 (2019), the northern plains of the republic are most densely populated; high concentration of the rural population (thousand people, 2019) in large rural settlements (Giaginskoye 15.5, Krasnooktyabrskoye 11.4, Tulskoye 11.0, Krasnogvardeyskoye 11.1). The share of the urban population is 47.1% (2019; 52.1% in 1989; 32.4% in 1959). Cities (thousand people, 2019): Maikop (140.5), Adygeysk (12.7).

Religion

In 2020, 89 religious organizations were registered on the territory of Azerbaijan, including 59 Orthodox, which are part of the Maikop and Adyghe diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church (formed in 1994, the current name and territory since 2000). Among them is 1 monastery: St. Michael-Athos Trans-Kuban cenobitic men's hermitage (in the village of Pobeda, Maykop region; established in 1877, liquidated in 1928, revived in 2001). Also registered are 15 communities of various Protestant denominations (Baptists, Pentecostals), 12 Muslim communities (under the jurisdiction of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Republic of Adygea and the Krasnodar Territory), 1 community of Old Believers each (Russian Orthodox Old Believer Church), Armenian Apostolic Church and Judaists. Relics of pagan beliefs are preserved among the Adyghes.

Historical outline

Man has been known on the territory of Armenia since the Lower Paleolithic. The Acheulian period is represented by a number of locations in the middle reaches of the river. Belaya (Fortepyanka, Abadzekhskoye, etc.), the sites of Mustier (Fars, Kolosovka), Upper Paleolithic (Kamennomostskaya cave) were found. The Neolithic era includes the upper layers of the Kamennomostskaya cave, the Eneolithic - Meshoko, Svobodnoe, etc. The Early Bronze Age (end of the 4th - 3rd millennium BC) is represented by Maikop culture: at an early stage - burial mounds such as Bolshoy Maikopsky (Oshad), ground burial grounds (Psekupsky and others), settlements (Sereginsky, Meshoko, etc.); later - stone burial tombs, discovered near the village of Novosvobodnaya. In the Middle Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC), dolmens and settlements were known in the foothills of Africa. dolmen culture(Starchiki and others). In the barrows of the steppe Trans-Kuban region at this time there are inlet burials of the North Caucasian culture and catacomb culture. A series of finds from the Kuban center of metallurgy and settlements of the Kobyakovo culture (Krasnogvardeiskoye I, II, Lesnoye, etc.) date back to the Late Bronze Age, and Proto-Meotian soil burial grounds (Nikolaevsky, Fars) and settlements (Krasnogvardeiskoye II) belong to the Early Iron Age. K ser. 7th c. BC e. the formation of the Meotian culture is completed. Rich kurgan burials appear (Klady, Khadzhokh, Uashkhitu, Kelermes), the inventory of which reflects the participation of the Meotians in the Scythian campaigns (chariots, things of Near Asian origin, depicting motifs). The Scythian-Meotian time (middle 7th–4th centuries) includes other burial mounds and ground burials ( Ulsk burial mounds, Sereginsky, Kuzhorsky mound, Kurdzhips, etc.), sanctuaries (Ulyap, Nacherezy). From the 3rd c. the influence of the Sarmatians, who appeared on the right bank of the Kuban, begins to be felt in the Trans-Kuban region and especially intensifies by the 1st century. BC e. In the Meoto-Sarmatian period (1st–4th centuries AD), settlements with citadels (Takhtamukayskoye, Assokolaiskoye, Novovochepshiyskoye, etc.), ground burial grounds (Chernyshevsky, Sereginsky, etc.), rich mounds (Khatazhukai, Konchukokhabl, Kurdzhips ). Monuments of the 5th–6th centuries in Trans-Kuban are close to the type Pashkovsky burial ground(Hubl and others). From the last third of the 6th c. up to 630 A. was included in the control zone Turkic Khaganate. The influence of nomads is evidenced by materials of burials of the 7th century. Meshoko. In the 8th–9th centuries in the steppe part of Azerbaijan, burials of the so-called. Kuban-Black Sea group of cremations, which is associated with kasogs, subordinate Khazar Khaganate. By the 10th c. to the river Kuban advanced groups Circassians from the Black Sea region and mountainous Africa, they began to assimilate a significant part of the Kasogs.

In 1238–39 the territory of Armenia was captured by the Mongols. In the 2nd floor. 13th–2nd floor. 15th century The Genoese colonial cities of the Black Sea region had a great influence on the cultural and historical development of Azerbaijan. From the 14th–15th centuries the settlement of the Adygs began in the central part of the North Caucasus and their division into several ethnic groups, on the basis of which the Kabardians, Circassians and Adyghe. This period includes finds from Belorechensky barrows(ethnic attribution is debatable). In the 16th–18th centuries wars against the Circassians were waged by the Ottoman Empire and Crimean Khanate, which forced them to seek the patronage of the Russian state. In 1552–57, several Adyghe embassies arrived in Moscow. Since that time, the territory of Armenia began to be considered voluntarily included in the Russian state. By the 1860s as a result Caucasian War 1817–64 and the mass eviction of the Circassians within the Ottoman Empire, only 5% of them remained in the Russian Empire. They lived in the area Kuban region. 21.3 (2.4). 1888 Emperor Alexander III approved a new regulation on the establishment of administrations of the Kuban region, Terek region And Black Sea province, according to which they abolished the institutions of the civil department and established the military-Cossack administration without the participation of the mountain peoples. In the 1st World War, the Circassians fought as part of the Circassian regiment of the "Wild Division". During the Civil War of 1917–22, there was a significant outflow of Circassians to Turkey and the countries of the Middle East.

On July 27, 1922, the Circassian (Adygei) Autonomous District was created by the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, on August 24 it was renamed into the Adygei (Circassian) Autonomous District, on August 13, 1928 - into the Adygei Autonomous District. Was in the Kuban-Black Sea region(1922–24), Southeast Region (1924), North Caucasus Territory (1924–34), Azov-Black Sea Territory (1934–37), Krasnodar Territory(1937–91) RSFSR. Center - Krasnodar, since 1936 - Maikop. On June 28, 1991, a declaration of state sovereignty was proclaimed. According to the law of the RSFSR of July 3, 1991, it was transformed into the Soviet Socialist Republic of Adygea as part of the RSFSR. On March 24, 1992, the modern name was adopted.

economy

Included in the North Caucasian economic region. The volume of GRP is 99.4 billion rubles. (2017), per capita 218.9 thousand rubles. Adygea is an industrial and agricultural region. Industrial products are 2.4 times more expensive than agricultural products (2019).

GRP structure (%, 2017): industry 19.9; 15.1; construction 6.1; services, including trade 16.0.9.6, public administration and military security, compulsory social security 8,7,transport and communications 6,6, healthcare 5.6. education 5.1, 1.7; other activities 5,6.

The ratio of enterprises by form of ownership (% of the total number of organizations, 2017): private 77.0; state and municipal 14.0; public and religious organizations (associations) 6.5; other forms of ownership 2.5.

Economically active population 200.6 thousand people. (2017), of which 75.8% are employed. Sectoral structure of employment (%, 2017): industry 18.6, trade 15.9, agriculture, hunting and forestry 10.6, education 10.1, construction 9.2, healthcare 7,9,transport and communications 6,5.real estate transactions 2,1,provision of other communal, social and personal services 4,3.hotel and restaurant business 2,0; other activities 12,8. Official unemployment rate 8.8% (2017). Cash income per capita 24.6 thousand rubles per month. (2017); 13.5% of the population have incomes below the subsistence level.

Industry

Leading industries: food and food flavoring (51.3% of the total value of the republic's products, 2018); chemical (15.4%); forest (14.2%).

The extraction of oil and natural gas is small - 0.3–0.5 thousand tons and 0.3 billion m 3 per year, respectively. Four gas condensate fields are being developed (2018): Koshekhablskoye (Koshekhablsky district; discovered in 1974, developed since the beginning of the 1980s; natural gas production 317 million m 3, gas condensate 2.74 thousand tons; since 2006 operated by Yuzhgazenergy ”), Maikopskoye (Maikop district; discovered in 1958, developed since 1960; largely depleted), Severo-Kuzhorskoye (Giaginsky district) and Nekrasovskoye (Krasnogvardeysky district), as well as the Anhydrous gas-oil and gas Shirvanskoye (both Maikop district) fields . The Dakhovskoye uranium ore deposit (near the village of Nikel, Maykop District) is almost completely depleted.

The republic is experiencing an acute shortage of electricity, which is covered by supplies from the energy system of the Krasnodar Territory (Krasnodarenergo) and the unified energy system of the North Caucasus. Maykop hydroelectric power station on the river. Belaya (Maikop, part of the Belorechensky cascade; built in 1950; capacity of about 9.5 MW, under the control of LUKOIL-Ekoenergo) is used to cover peak loads. To reduce energy shortages in the Shovgenovsky and Giaginsky districts, the Adygei wind farm with a total capacity of 150 MW is being put into operation (2020; managed by Nova-Wind, a division of Rosatom State Corporation).

The leading enterprise in mechanical engineering is the plant of the ZAREM company (Maikop Gear Plant; 1974; production of gearboxes, multipliers, clutches and forage harvesters ). Among other enterprises of the industry - Maykop machine-tool plant named after. M.V. Frunze (1892; production of metal-cutting machines ), Maykop Machine-Building Plant (1942; hydraulic manipulators - only approx. 1/3 of the all-Russian production ), factories of companies: Maikopnormal (1963; the only enterprise of this profile in the North Caucasus; fasteners, including forrailway lines, pipelines and high-pressure hoses, as well as fittings and fittings), Maikoppromsvyaz(electric power and other equipment for facilities and communication lines) and "Korpus" (Maikop; parts of electrovacuum devices, etc.).

Metalworking is represented by the production of metal structures for hydraulic engineering and treatment facilities (Gidrokonstruktsiya company), water towers and other welded metal structures (Stalkon), tin cans and lids for food products (Silgan Metal Packaging Enem, a division of the Austrian Silgan Metal packaging"). All enterprises in this direction are concentrated in the urban-type settlement of Enem, Tahtamukay district).

The chemical industry began to develop relatively recently, in the 1990s; its leading sub-sectors are the production of paints and plastic products. There are enterprises of the following companies: Indian "Berger Paints" (2005; Enem urban-type settlement; production of paint and varnish products), "Yuzhgazstroy" (Maikop; polyethylene and polypropylene pipes), "Plant of container products "Akpol"" (Adygeysk; plastic container; both - 2010), "Plastic-Trade" (2007; in the structure of "Constell Group"; plastic bags, film, etc.), "Formika-South" (2005; preforms - blanks for plastic bottles and caps), " Ural-Yug-Plast" (2000; plastic products for interior decoration and packaging), "Gellas" (1993), "Planet of Windows" (2006; both - metal-plastic windows and doors; all five - in the urban-type settlement of Yablonovsky, Takhtamukaysky district ) and "New Technologies" (2009; subdivision of "Constell Group"; Tahtamukay village; recycled low and high pressure polyethylene granules, stretch film, consumer goods).

It is well provided with its own raw materials and therefore the timber industry is successfully developing. Logging 250 thousand m 3 per year. The main harvested species are fir, beech, oak and ash. In Maykop, the main processing enterprises of the industry are represented - a woodworking plant (production of joinery structures and products, including parquet), factories of companies: "Vitlas Plywood and Furniture Company" ( plywood and products from it), "Kashtan and K" (cabinet furniture), Kartontara, PKF Paktar and MGOI Shans (all three are the production of corrugated cardboard and products from it - the largest production of corrugated cardboard in the South of Russia),"Polygraph-South" (printing products) . Several enterprises operate in other settlements: in the village of Tulsky (Maikop district) - the Leader company (production of interior doors), in the village of Takhtamukay - the New Technologies company (toilet paper, table napkins, kitchen towels and paper handkerchiefs) , in the urban-type settlement of Tlyustenkhabl (Teuchezhsky district) - the company "Rosupak-South" ( egg containers).

The building materials industry plays an important role. Gypsum is being mined (the Shushuksko-Levoberezhnoye, Gipsovaya Polyana, Farsovskoye-1 and Pobedovskoe deposits; all four are in the Maykop district), limestone (Khadzhokhskoye deposit - for the sugar industry; Mishoko-1 and Mishoko-2 deposits - for the cement industry; all three - Maikop district), dolomite, sandstone, quartz sand, pebbles, gravel, crushed stone (Koshekhablsky plant of non-metallic materials of the company "Adygeyanerud" in the village of Koshekhabl), expanded clay, medicinal clay and glauconite (the so-called agricultural ores). Extraction (thousand tons, 2018) of crushed stone 503.2, gravel 109.0, sand and gravel mixture 714.0 and sand 224.6.

Production of reinforced concrete products - in Maykop (reinforced concrete products plant; plant of building materials and structures), Druzhba village (Koshekhablsky district; Koshekhablsky plant of building structures and reinforced concrete products, 1983), Tulsky village (Maikop region; plant of reinforced concrete products) and the urban village type Tlyustenkhabl (Teuchezhsky plant of building materials, 1967). Among other enterprises of the industry in Maykop are the crushing and screening plant of the Southern Industrial Corporation (production of sand and gravel, sand and crushed stone), the plants of the companies: VOLMA-Maikop and Maikopgipsstroy (both dry building mixes ) and "S-Stone" (1992; natural stone cladding). The Kuzhorsky brick factory (the village of Kuzhorskaya, Maikopsky district) produces bricks and tiles, the Enemsky building materials plant (1969) and the Keramzit production and commercial company (both in the Enem urban-type settlement) produce expanded clay and expanded clay blocks.

Light industry is poorly represented. Among its enterprises are the Maikop twine factory (hemp ropes, twine, ropes made of hemp, jute and sisal fiber; also cores for steel ropes), factories of the Adygei hemp company (Ulsky village, Shovgenovsky district; hemp fiber) and the Zigzag company factory ( Maykop; overalls, bed linen, men's shirts, etc.).

The leading industry is food and flavoring. Its enterprises produce bakery and confectionery products, meat and dairy products, canned meat and fruits and vegetables, fruit juices, vegetable oil, various alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. The region is known for its brands: "Adyghe cheese" (soft curdled texture, made from cow's milk), "Adyghe long leaf tea" (in terms of the content of microelements and vitamins it competes with elite varieties of Chinese, Indian and Ceylon tea; tannin content up to 16%; the first plantations appeared in the 1930s; these are the most northern and frost-resistant tea bushes in the world) and "Adyghe salt" (a mixture of salt with herbs and spices).

Wheat flour is produced by the Dondukovskaya elevator (the village of Dondukovskaya, Giaginsky district), rice - plant of the Krasnodarzernoprodukt company (Adygeysk). The leading enterprises of the baking industry are the Tulsky bakery (Tulsky settlement; 1 / 3 bakery products of the republic), the Giaginsky combine of bakery products (village of Giaginskaya), the factories of the companies Maykopkhleboprodukt and Psekups (also flour confectionery; the urban-type settlement of Yablonovsky).

Meat is processed by meat processing plants: the agro-industrial complex "Kyevo-Zhuraki" (the largest in the republic) and "Ly-Chet-Nekul" (both Maykop), milk - dairy plants: Adygeisky (1959; Maikop) and Krasnoulsky (Grazhdansky farm, Maikop district), dairy plants: Giaginsky (1949; Giaginskaya village; processes 2 / 3 milk produced in the republic, it accounts for approx. 1 / 2 the total cost of dairy products in Adygea; produces 3.2 thousand tons of soft and semi-hard cheeses, 2.5 thousand tons of butter and spreads, 2 thousand tons of dry whey per year), Tambovsky (2001; Tambovsky farm, Giaginsky district; 2.4 thousand . tons of cheese and 600 tons of butter per year), "Shovgenovsky" (1968; aul Khakurinokhabl, Shovgenovsky district), "Krasnogvardeysky" (village Krasnogvardeyskoye)and Novy (2004; Novy settlement, Takhtamukay district).

The largest enterprise in the oil and fat industry is the plant of the Mamruko company (village Egerukhai, Koshekhablsky district; the country's only supplier of sunflower oil to Japan); among others, the Giaginsky oil processing complex (2011; processing of soybeans), factories of the companies: Our Product, Maslodel (both in the village of Giaginskaya) and Sodruzhestvo (the village of Krasnogvardeyskoye). Processing and canning of vegetables is carried out by factories of the following companies: Complex-Agro (1998; Maykop; also baby food, juices and nectars), Ovokon-South (2002; urban-type settlement Yablonovsky), Southern Alliance (2004; stanitsa Dondukovskaya; also juices and nectars), Yumiks (1990; stanitsa Abadzekhskaya, Maykop district; apple jam), Yagodka (village Krasnogvardeyskoye; juices), a branch of the Zapadny Khladokombinat company (1998; Otradny village, Tahtamukay district; frozen fruits and vegetables).

Production of strong alcoholic beverages and wine - at the factories of the following companies: "Victoria" (2001; liqueurs, tinctures, balms, vodka, vermouth, ports, etc.), "Drinking House" (vodka, cognac, balsam, also mineral and drinking water; both - in the city of Maykop), "South-Vino" (farm 17 years of October), "Vagrus" (Pobeda village; both - Maykop region, grape wines), beer - the Maikopsky brewery (1882; capacity 30 million tons). liters of beer per year; also soft drinks and drinking water), Maikop brewery "Concord" and brewery "Asbir" (Adygeysk; also kvass and lemonade; both - 2011), soft drinks - at the plant of the company "Mramor" ( 1996; Adygeisk; mineral and drinking water) and the Maikopskaya lemonade factory (2000; mineral water and soft drinks). 4 deposits of mineral waters are being exploited: Maykop iodine-bromine, Khanskoe hydrocarbonate-sodium, Kurdzhipskoe hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium and Abadzekh chloride-sulfate-sodium (all - Maikop region).

In the village of Ulyap, Krasnogvardeisky district, the Adyghe Salt enterprise (2002) is fruitfully developing for the production of Adyghe salt, Ulyap adjika and dry mixes for national dishes.

The value of exports of the Republic of Adygea is 38.8 million dollars (2017; including to the CIS countries - 26.4%), imports - 48.9 million dollars (from the CIS countries - 8.8%). Top merchandise exports (% of value, 2017): food products and agricultural raw materials (53.4), timber and pulp and paper products (17.8), chemical products (16.2), machinery, equipment and vehicles ( 3.9), metals and products from them (1.8). Main commodity import items (% value, 2017): metals and metal products (29.0), machinery, equipment and vehicles (27.2), chemical industry products (12.9), wood and pulp and paper products ( 6.7), food products and agricultural raw materials (6.3). Main trading partners: China, Germany, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, the Netherlands, Turkey and Argentina.

Agriculture

The value of gross agricultural output is 21.7 billion rubles. (2018; 11.2 billion rubles in 2010, 4.2 billion rubles in 2005), per capita 47.6 thousand rubles. In terms of value, the share of crop production is 56.4% (2018), livestock - 43.6%. The sown area in farms of all categories is 233.0 thousand hectares (2018; 29.5% of the area of ​​the republic). The structure of sown areas (%, 2018): cereals and legumes (63.1), industrial crops (27.8), fodder crops (6.0), potatoes and vegetables and gourds (3.0).

Crop production specializes in the production of cereals (corn, wheat, barley, oats and triticale) and oilseeds (sunflower, soybeans and rapeseed) crops, vegetable growing, melon growing, viticulture and horticulture, as well as the cultivation of essential oil crops and tea. Production in farms of all categories (thousand tons, 2018): grain and leguminous crops (553.5), including wheat (358.9; 35th place among the regions of the Russian Federation); corn for grain (73.8); barley (42.2); sunflower seed (72.8; 20th place); soybeans (13.0); rapeseed (9.0); potatoes (23.1); vegetables and melons (57.8); fruit (29.0; 24th). Adygea occupies the 4th place among the regions of the Russian Federation in terms of the gross harvest of beans and the 13th place in melons and gourds.

Industrial vegetable growing is represented by the cultivation of vegetables in closed ground in 4 greenhouse complexes (in the Maikop and Teuchezh regions); the largest - "Rainbow" (Sovkhozny village, Maikop district) produces 90% of vegetables grown in the republic in greenhouses (1.7 thousand tons in 2016; the main products are cucumbers, tomatoes and peppers; the total area of ​​greenhouses is 6 hectares). The leading horticultural farm is Agro-Center (2006; Sergievskoye village, Giaginsky district; cultivation of Italian varieties of apples and their seedlings; area 162 ha).

Livestock in farms of all categories (thousand heads, 2018): pigs (71.3; share of agricultural organizations - 88.1%), sheep and goats (56.2; household households - 66.6%), cattle (46.6; household households - 76.7%), of which dairy cows (23.5). Cattle breeding of the republic is predominantly meat and dairy. Poultry farming and breeding horse breeding (Kabardian breed) are developed. Production (thousand tons, 2018): livestock and poultry meat in slaughter weight 25.7, milk 119; chicken eggs 101.6 mln.

The largest enterprises in the industry: Maykop Poultry Plant and Adygei Feed Mill (village of Giaginskaya; capacity 200 thousand tons of products per year; both are part of the Resurs Group of Agricultural Enterprises; production of compound feed, obtaining hatching eggs, growing broiler chickens, production and sale of chilled and frozen poultry meat), the Oktyabrskaya poultry farm (the urban-type settlement of Enem) and the poultry processing plant "Ptitsevod" (Maikop; jointly produce over 2/3 of poultry meat in the republic).

Services sector

The basis of the financial system of the republic is formed by branches of the Bank of Russia and the country's leading commercial banks - Sberbank, Rosselkhozbank, Avangard Bank, Sovcombank, etc. There is a local commercial bank - Maikopbank (1990; headquarters - in Maykop).

Retail trade turnover 95.2 billion rubles. (2018; per capita 209.4 thousand rubles), public catering enterprises 3.2 billion rubles. (7 thousand rubles), paid services to the population 12.7 billion rubles. (27.9 thousand rubles).

Tourism plays an important role. Its main types are recreational, ecological, sports, cultural and educational. Specially protected natural areas - Caucasian Reserve(on its territory - the Museum of Nature, 1956; the village of Guzeripl, Maykop district), the Bolshoi Tkhach natural park (1997; Maikop district), Goncharsky dendrological park named after. P.V. Bukreeva (1970; Giaginskiy district), reserves: Maykop and Kuzhorskiy botanical, Dakhovsky state complex hunting (all three - 1991, Maikopskiy district) and Shovgenovskiy hunting species (1963; Shovgenovskiy district). There are 40 state natural monuments of republican significance: the Buyny Ridge (1996), the upper reaches of the Pshekha and Pshekhashkha rivers, the upper reaches of the Tsitsa River (both - 1997), etc. Ski and toboggan runs operate in winter, hiking, horse and bicycle routes in summer, rafting is also developed (rafting on the Belaya River), rock climbing, speleotourism, hang gliding and other types of sports tourism. Alpine camp site "Lago-Naki" (at an altitude of 1600 m; near the residential village of Nikel), mountain sanatorium "Kavkaz" (on the Kurdzhips River, near the Sadovy farm, both - Maikop district).

Among the popular tourist sites are archeological monuments of different eras ( Maikop kurgan , Ulsk burial mounds, Khadzhokh, Svobodnoe and Meshoko settlements, the medieval Maykop fortress), museums in the city of Maikop, etc., St. Michael-Athos Trans-Kuban cenobitic male deserts.

The International Festival of Adyghe (Circassian) Culture, the Interregional Festival of Cossack Culture, the festival of the author's song "Primrose" (since 2000, as part of the international spring sports and tourism games "Interrally Belaya"; Maykop District), as well as the multi-day cycling race "Friendship of the Peoples of the North Caucasus" are held "(Maikop - Krasnodar - Stavropol - Cherkessk - Pyatigorsk - Nalchik - Vladikavkaz).

Transport

Due to the rugged terrain, the main mode of transport is automobile. The total length of hard-surface public roads is 4,402 km (2018), their average density is 564 km per 1,000 km2 (63 km per 1,000 km2 on average in the country). Adygea ranks 5th among the regions of the Russian Federation in terms of the share of paved roads (92.5% against 70.4% on average in the country). The main highways: Krasnodar - Adygeysk - the village of Ryazanskaya (Krasnodar Territory) - the village of Krasnogvardeyskoye - Ust-Labinsk (Krasnodar Territory), with a branch from the village of Ryazanskaya to Maikop and the village of Kamennomostsky, as well as Maykop - the village of Giaginskaya - the village of Khakurinokhabl - the village of Koshekhabl - urban-type settlement of Mostovskoy (Krasnodar Territory). Freight turnover of road transport 306.4 million tons km (2018), passenger turnover 110.9 million passengers about km.

The total length of railways is 160 km (2018). The railways do not constitute a single network, there are four sections in total: Kuban station - Enem-1 station on the Krasnodar - Krymsk line, with a branch from Enem-1 station to Psekups station (on the Krasnodar - Tuapse line), Koshekhabl station - Goncharka station on the line Armavir - Tuapse, with a branch from the Belorechenskaya station (Krasnodar Territory) through Maykop to the Khadzhokh station (Kamennomostsky village). Navigation is carried out on the river. Kuban (in the area below the confluence of the Laba river, including along the Krasnodar reservoir). A section of the Tikhoretsk-Tuapse oil pipeline and several gas pipelines pass through the territory of Adygea. In Maykop there is a landing site for helicopters and light aircraft (until 2009 the status of an airport). The nearest international airport is in Krasnodar.

healthcare

For 2018 in A. - approx. 270 medical institutions (including 19 hospitals, 3421 beds), 1769 doctors, 4315 paramedical personnel. The overall incidence was 665.5 per 1000 inhabitants, of which respiratory diseases - 221.0, injuries and poisonings - 82.6, diseases of the genitourinary system - 50.8, diseases of the circulatory system - 42.3 (2018). Health care spending in 2018 amounted to 1666 million 600 thousand rubles.

Education. Scientific and cultural institutions

As of 2018, there are 134 preschool institutions (23.2 thousand students), 154 secondary schools (51.3 thousand students) in the republic. 7.3 thousand students study in 8 professional educational organizations (2018). In the higher education system, there are 3 universities (including branches), where 13.2 thousand students study (2018). There are 134 club institutions, 144 mass libraries, 8 museums in the republic. The main scientific institutions (including the Adyghe Republican Institute for Humanitarian Research named after T.M. on the basis of the Pedagogical Institute), libraries (including the largest - the National Library, founded in 1895), museums (including the National Museum, founded in 1925; art gallery of the Republic of Adygea, dates back to 1979, modern name and status since 1992; and others), the Adyghe Republican College of Arts named after U.Kh.

Media

At the beginning of 2020, more than 20 newspapers are published in Azerbaijan: among them are regional publications of the federal media (“Arguments and Facts - Adygea”, “Adygea Today”), party publications (“Adygeiskaya Pravda”, “Youth of Adygea”, “LDPR in Adygea” ), regional magazines (“Spring of Adygea”, “Literary Adygea”), most are published in Russian, less often in the Adyghe language. The largest print media - "Soviet Adygea" and "Adyge mak" ("Voice of the Adyghe") - are published both in Russian and in the Adyghe language.

The All-Russian State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company has a branch in Adygea and broadcasts in two languages. Radio broadcasting is also bilingual: "Adygeya Plus". In the capital of the republic, there are 2 studios of municipal television (MBU "Maikop Television"), newspapers are published: "Maikop News", "Mayak" (Tulsky village).

Among the Internet media, the portals “Adygi.ru”, “Adyge Republics. Business Portal” and the social network “Maikopchane”.

Literature

Adyghe literature began to take shape in Russian. language in the 1st floor. 19th century: Khan-Girey, S. Inatov, S. Kazy-Girey, D. S. Kodzokov and others. 19th century enlightening texts appear in Adyghe. lang. (Sh. B. Nogmov, U. Kh. Bersey, P. Tambiev). Prof. lit-ra in Adyghe. lang. arose in the 1920s: prose writers - T. M. Kerashev, I. S. Tsei, A. D. Khatkov; poets - M. S. Paranuk, Ts. A. Teuchezh; playwrights - A. K. Evtykh, Yu. I. Tlyusten, A. M. Chuyako; children's writers (prose and poetry) - Sh. I. Kubov, R. A. Merkitsky, A. M. Gadagatl, I. Sh. Mashbash. From Ser. 20th century developing national prose in Russian lang. (Evtykh, Merkitsky), prof. lit. criticism and literary criticism (A. A. Skhalyakho, K. G. Shazzo, U. M. Panesh, T. N. Chamokov, R. G. Mamiy, Kh. G. Tleptsershe, and others).

Architecture and fine arts

Artistic and archaeological monuments on the territory of Azerbaijan include a rich burial inventory of the Maikop culture in the settlements and burial mounds of Kon. 4th - ser. 3rd millennium BC e., jewelry animal sti la in the Scythian-Meotian burial mounds of the 7th–5th centuries. and others. In the 20th century. formed prof. depict. art of A. (creativity of K. K. Sidashenko, I. V. Sokolov, V. M. Mekhed, D. M. Meretukov, A. M. Bersirov), since the 1970s. graphics were especially developed (Yu. G. Kirichenko, F. M. Petuvash, T. M. Kat, A. M. Kuanov, M. G. Tuguz, and others).

Music

The basis of traditional musical culture is the folklore of the Adyghes (for oral art, see the article Adygs), Russians (including the Kuban Cossacks), Armenians, Ukrainians, Kurds, and other peoples. The national choral manner of singing the Adyghes (the center of the tradition is the Nart epic) is being revived by the groups "Nart Shao" (Shovgenovsky district), "Ashhamez" (Tahtamukaysky district), "Zhyu" (literally - an undertone [in the traditional Adyghe choir], also a war cry ; created in 2005 in Maykop on the basis of the Adyghe State University, the leader is the master of restoration of ancient Adyghe musical instruments Z. L. Guchev).

The first recordings of folklore and works of professional music based on the folklore of Armenia appeared in the 19th century. (A. A. Alyabiev, M. A. Balakirev, S. I. Taneev). In the last decades of the 19th century urban musical life began to develop, opera singers and instrumentalists toured. The Pushkin People's House in Maikop (built in 1899–1900) hosted concerts organized by the conductor P. A. Makhrovsky, one of the founders of the Yekaterinodar branch Russian Musical Society(RMO, IRMO). Gradually, the local intelligentsia was involved in cultural and educational activities, in Yekaterinodar (now Krasnodar) a national House of Culture was opened and an Adyghe amateur troupe was created. In 1908–10, performances with songs and dances “The Circassian Program” and “Kunchuk’s Raid on Azov” were staged here, in which amateur actors took part, representing, among other things, the traditional vocal and choral art of the Circassians. In the future (until the 1990s), the drama theater also remained the main center for preserving the ancient song culture of the Circassians. Gradually Maykop became the musical center of A..

From 1920 - 30s. musical activity developed. The Russian musicians M.F. Gnessin, A. F. Grebnev, G. M. Kontsevich, V. L. Messman, N. N. Mironov, A. P. Mitrofanov, who laid the foundations of musical folklore and created numerous arrangements, including for the first time - in the genres of instrumental music (orchestral overture "Memories of Adygea" by Messman, sextet "Adygea" by Gnesin, etc.). In con. 1920s at the House of Education Workers, a choir and orchestra were created that performed popular European classics. In 1925–36, a symphony orchestra existed at the Gigant cinema (later it served the drama theater). The first professional educational institution in Azerbaijan was the Children's Music School, which opened in 1936 in Maykop on the initiative of I. V. Svyatlovskaya, who actually led the city's musical life in the 1930s and 1950s. In 1960, the Adyghe Regional Musical College was founded in Maykop, under which the first symphony orchestra in Azerbaijan was organized (it still performs today). In the 1960s - 70s, a wide network of amateur creative groups functioned, against this background, the formation of composer creativity took place (national composers of European orientation appeared in the 1960s), the priority of song genres developed in line with the Soviet mass song using Adyghe melos . In 1961, the Adyghe Regional House of Folk Art (now the Center of Folk Culture of the Republic of Adygea) was founded in Maikop, which until 1972 was directed by the composer and folklorist Sh. S. Shu. Thanks to his efforts, work was carried out to collect, study, revive and promote the old Adyghe song. In 1969, a composer section was formed at the House of Folk Art. In 1968–84, the Choir of the Adyghe Song functioned at the Choral Society, since 1978 it was headed by G. K. Chich; The repertoire of the choir included old folk songs arranged by V. M. Anzarokov, A. K. Nekhay, G. K. Chich, songs by Ch. M. Anzarokov, R. Kh. Siyukhov, A. K. Nekhay, U. Kh. Tkhabisimov, K. S. Tuko and other composers. Until 1991, professional composers of A. were part of the Krasnodar branch of the Union of Composers of the USSR. The first chairman of the Union of Composers of the Republic of Adygea (1992) - A. K. Nekhay.

Singer, harmonica player, and composer U. Kh. anthem A.; many of his songs (about 600 in total) spread in Armenia as folk songs. A. K. Nekhai is the first certified composer in Azerbaijan (in 1983 he graduated from the Tbilisi Conservatory in the class of A. V. Shaverzashvili). His most significant works are the first Adyghe opera "Peals of Distant Thunder" (1983, based on the novel "Bziyuk Battle" by I. Sh. Mashbash; staged in 2011 in Maikop: project of the State Philharmonic Society A.), the rhapsody "Zafak Khagaudzha" (1998, based on a dance melody by harmonist Mohammed Khagaudzh, who died in 1918). Choirmaster, teacher, folklorist, composer G. K. Chich is the author of works in various genres, among them is the oratorio "The Tale of the Adyghes" (2001, to the words of the poem "Legends of the Ancient Mountains" by H. Ya. Beretar). Composers A. Kh. Gotov, D. Ch. Anzarokov, M. A. Khupov work outside the republic, maintaining interest in the Adyghe theme in instrumental music. Among other well-known musicians of A.: singer and folklorist G. A. Samogova (1928-95), the first Adyghe pop singer R. Z. Sheozheva, opera singers Sofia Chich, Timur Guazov; harmonists (pshynao - performers on the Adyghe harmonica) K.Kh. Tletseruk, A. M. Tlekhuch. Among musicologists - A.N. Sokolov. The growth of performing professionalism in the 1990s. contributed to the active work of the first Minister of Culture A. - FP. teacher A. A. Hanahu (1946–99).

In Maykop there are: Chamber Musical Theater of the Republic of Adygea named after A.A. Hanahu (founded in 1993); The State Philharmonic of the Republic of Adygea (founded in 1971 as a regional, modern status and name since 1999), it includes the State Symphony Orchestra (1993, among the initiators of its creation - A. A. Khanahu; artistic director since 2014 - A. A. Turenko, chief conductor since 2015 - A. Sh. Khusniyarov) , the State Orchestra of Russian Folk Instruments "Russian Daring" (1993), the Chamber Musical Salon (1995), the pop-jazz ensemble "Oshten" (since 2000; founded in 1996). State Ensemble of Folk Song and Dance "Islamey" (1991, organizer and artistic director - A.K. Nekhay). Union of Composers A. (1992). In 1997, the Musical and Pedagogical Faculty of the Adyghe State University was transformed into the Institute of Arts. Specialized musical and educational institution - Adyghe Republican College of Arts named after U. Kh. Tkhabisimov (2002; former music school).

Festivals are held: Inter-regional festival of Cossack culture (Tulsky village, Maykop region, since 1992, current status since 2015). International Festival of Adyghe (Circassian) Culture (Maikop, since 2000, the 7th was held in 2016).

Theatre

Theatrical art of A. began to take shape from the beginning. 20th century, when the Circassian Charitable Society and various amateur groups staged performances in Yekaterinodar (now Krasnodar), Armavir, and others. Professional theatrical art developed with the opening of the Adyghe Theater College in 1933 in Krasnodar. In 1936, the first Adyghe studio was opened at GITIS under the direction of L. M. Leonidov and M. M. Tarkhanov. In 1936, the Russian Drama Theater was organized in Maikop, and in 1937, the Adyghe State Farm Theater. In 1941, both troupes merged into the Regional Drama Theater named after A. S. Pushkin, which existed until 1942. The activities of the Russian troupe resumed in 1943. The restoration of the Adyghe troupe began in the 2nd half. 1950s; in the beginning. 1960s it was replenished by graduates of the Adyghe studio of GITIS. Since 2000, two independent groups: the Adyghe Drama Theater (now the National Theater of the Republic of Adygea named after I.S. Tsey) and the Russian Drama Theater named after A.S. Pushkin. M. S. Akhedzhakov played a major role in the development of the theater in the postwar years. In Maikop there are: the State Academic Folk Dance Ensemble "Nalmes" (1936), the State Folk Song and Dance Ensemble "Islamei" (1991), the A. A. Khanakhu Chamber Musical Theater (1993). Since 2005, the Interregional Festival of Adyghe-Abkhazian theaters "Our Caucasian Chalk Circle" has been held in Maikop. In 2001, a branch of RATI (GITIS) was opened.