What is the deepest well. Road to hell: the deepest well in the depths of the earth

In the distant already in 1990, in the southern part of Germany, a group of scientists decided to look at our planet's depths at the junction of two tectonic plates faced more than 300 million years ago, when the continent was formed. The final goal of scientists was drilling one of the deepest wells in the world of well to 10 km.

It was originally assumed that the well will be a kind of "telescope", which will give an opportunity to learn more about the depranes of our planet and try to learn about the Earth's kernel. The drilling process was held as part of the Continental Deep Drilling program and lasted until October 1994, when the program had to be collapsed due to financial problems.

They called the Kontinentales TiefesRemporogramm der Bundesrepublik, abbreviated by KTB, and the closing time was drilled by more than 9km, which did not add enthusiasm to scientists. The drilling process itself was not to say that it would be easy. For 4 years, scientists, engineers and workers had to face a whole pole sophisticated situations and pretty complex tasks. For example, Buru had to pass through the rocks heated to a temperature of about 300 degrees Celsius, but even under such conditions, the drillers were still cope with the cooling of the well with liquid hydrogen.

However, despite the fact that the program was rolled out, scientific experiments did not stop and carried out them until the end of 1995 and it is worth noting, they were not in vain. During this time, we managed to open new, fairly unexpected facts of the structure of our planet, new temperature distribution cards were drawn up and data was obtained on the distribution of seismic pressure, which allowed to create models of a layered structure of the upper part of the earth's surface.

However, the most interesting scientists were descended. Dutch scientist Lottt Given, who, together with acoustics engineers and scientists from the research center of Geophysical Research (Germany), did what many dreamed of - practically in the literal sense of the word, he "heard the heartbeat" of the Earth. To do this, he and his team needed to conduct acoustic dimensions, with which the research team recreated the sounds that we could hear at a depth of 9 kilometers. However, now you can hear these sounds and you.

Despite the fact that CTB on this moment It is considered the deepest well in the world, there are several similar wells, which, however, are already sealed. And among them there is a well, which during its existence managed to miss the legends, it is Kola deep well- Fodder, more known as "road to hell." Unlike other KTB competitors, the Kola well reached 12.2 km deep and was considered the deepest well in the world.

Its drilling began in 1970 in Murmansk region (Soviet Union, now the Russian Federation), 10 kilometers west of the city of Polarmar. During the drilling, the well survived several accidents, as a result of which the workers had to concrete a well and start drilling with a much lesser depth and at a different angle. Interestingly, it is with a series of accidents and pursuing a group of failures associate the cause of the legend that the well was drilled to the very same thing that neither there is a real hell.

As the text of the legende says, after passing a line of 12 km, scientists, with the help of microphones managed to hear the sounds of screams. However, they decided to continue drilling and during the passage of the next mark (14 km), suddenly stumbled upon emptiness. After the scientists have lowered the microphones, shouts and moans of men and women came to them. And after some time, an accident occurred, after which drilling work was decided to stop

And, despite the fact that the accident really was, no cries of people did not hear scientists, and all the talk about the demons, no more than fiction - said David Mironovich Guberman, one of the authors of the project, the well drilling was drilling under whose leadership.

After another accident in 1990, to achieve a depth of 12,262 meters, the drilling was completed, and in 2008, the project was abandoned, and the equipment was dismantled. Two years later, in 2010, the well was presserved.

Note that such projects as drilling wells as KTV and Kola, are for geologists' scientists at the moment the only way and the ability to study the subsoil of the planet.

In the 50-70 years of the last century, the world changed at an incredible speed. Things appeared, without which it is difficult to submit today's world: Internet, computer, cellular communication, conquest of cosmos and sea depths appeared. The man was rapidly expanding the spheres of his presence in the universe, but the structure of his "house" - the planet Earth he still had rather approximate views. Although the idea of \u200b\u200bultra-deep drilling was not Nova: Back in 1958, the Americans launched the Mohole project. Its name is formed from two words:

Moho. - the surface called in honor of Andria Mochorovichich - Croatian geophysics and the seismologist, which highlighted the lower boundary of the earth's crust in 1909, at which a hopping increase in the speed of seismic waves occurs;
Hole. - Well, hole, hole. Based on the assumptions that the thickness of the earth's crust under the oceans is much less than on land, not far from the island of Guadelupe, 5 wells were drilled at a depth of about 180 meters (with the depth of the ocean to 3.5 km). For five years, the researchers have drilled five wells, collected many samples from the basalt layer, but did not reach the mantle. As a result, the project was recognized as a failed and work turned.

At a depth of 410-660 kilometers under the surface of the land of the Ocean of the Archean period. Such discoveries would be impossible without the methods of ultra-inclined drilling, developed and used in the Soviet Union. One of the artifacts of those times - the Kola ultra-deep well (SG-3), which even after 24 years since the cessation of drilling remains deepest in the world. Why did they have been drilled and what discoveries it helped to commit, tells "Lenta.ru".

The pioneers of ultra-deep drilling performed the Americans. True, on the academic ocean: in a pilot project, they involved the Glomar Challenger ship, designed just for these purposes. In the meantime, in the Soviet Union, the corresponding theoretical base was actively developed.

In May 1970, in the north of the Murmansk region, 10 kilometers from the city of Polar began, drilling of the Kola ultra-deep well. As it was supposed, it was timed to the century since the birth of Lenin. Unlike other ultra-deep wells, SG-3 drill exclusively for scientific purposes and even organized a special geological exploration expedition.

The drilling seat was chosen unique: it was on the Baltic shield in the region of the Kola Peninsula to the surface there are ancient rocks. The age of many of them reaches three billion years (our planet itself is 4.5 billion years old). In addition, there is Pechenga-Imandra-Warresuga riftogenic deflection - a Czhepod-like structure depressed into ancient rocks, the origin of which is explained by the deep fault.

Scientists took four years to drill a well to a depth of 7263 meters. While nothing unusual was done: the same installation was used as in the extraction of oil with gas. Then the well stood without business for a whole year: the installation was modified for turbine drilling. After the upgrade, it was possible to drill about 60 meters per month.

The depth of seven kilometers presented surprises: alternating solid and not very dense rocks. Alarm frequent, and in the bodies of the well there was a lot of cavern. Drilling continued until 1983, when the depth of SG-3 reached 12 kilometers. After that, scientists have collected a big conference and talked about their successes.

However, due to the non-accurate handling of the brown in the mine, a section of five kilometers long. For several months she was trying to get it, but did not succeed. It was decided to start drilling from a depth of seven kilometers again. Due to the complexity of the operation, not only the main trunk, but also four additional ones, was drilled. To restore lost meters, left for six years: in the 1990th, the well reached a depth of 12262 meters, becoming the deepest in the world.

Two years later, the drilling was stopped, subsequently the well was molded, and in fact - they abandoned.

Nevertheless, a lot of discoveries made a lot of discoveries on the Kola ultragool. Engineers have created a whole system of ultra-deep drilling. The complexity was not only in the depths, but also in high temperatures (up to 200 degrees Celsius) due to the intensity of drills.

Scientists were not simply moved deep into the earth, but also raised samples of rocks and cores for analysis. By the way, it was they who studied the lunar soil and found out that in composition it almost completely corresponds to rocks extracted from the Kola well from a depth of about three kilometers.

At a depth of more than nine kilometers, the deposits of minerals were reached, including gold: in the olivine layer of its as much as 78 grams per ton. And this is not so little - gold mining is considered possible at 34 grams per ton. A pleasant surprise for scientists, as well as for the nearby plant, was the discovery of a new ore horizon from copper-nickel ores.

Among other things, the researchers learned that granites do not go to the superfrek basalt layer: in fact, the Archean Gneus arrested, which traditionally belong to the fractured rocks. This produced a kind of revolution in geological and geophysical science and completely changed traditional ideas About the bowels of the earth.

Another pleasant surprise is the discovery at a depth of 9-12 kilometers of high-rescued fractured rocks saturated strongly mineralized waters. According to scientists, they are responsible for the formation of ores, but before it was believed that this is only happening on much smaller depths.

Among other things, it turned out that the temperature of the subsoil is slightly higher than that: at the depth of six kilometers, a temperature gradient was obtained at 20 degrees Celsius per kilometer instead of 16 expected. The radiogenic origin of the heat flux was established, which was also not agreed with the previous hypothesis.

In the deep layers of the age of more than 2.8 billion, scientists found 14 types of petrified microorganisms. This made it possible to move the time of life on the planet for one and a half billion years ago. The researchers also found out that there are no sedimentary breeds at depths and there is methane, forever buried the theory of biological origin of hydrocarbons.

It occupies the first position in the list of "ultra-deep well of the world." It was drilled in order to study the structure of deep earthly breeds. Unlike other available wells of the planet, this has been drilled exclusively from a research point of view and was not used to mining useful resources.

Location of Kola ultra-deep station

Where is the Kola ultra-deep well? ABOUTon is located in the Murmansk region, near the city of Zapolyarny (about 10 kilometers from him). The location of the well is truly unique. It was laid on the territory in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Kola Peninsula. It is where the land every day pushes various ancient rocks to the surface.

Near the well there is Pechenga-Imandra-Warzugian riftogenic deflection, resulting from a fault.

Kola ultra-deep well: the history of appearance

In honor of the century of anniversary on the occasion of the birthday of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, in the first half of 1970, the beginning of the drilling of the well was laid.

On May 24, 1970, after approval by the geological expedition of the location of the well, the work was started. Up to the depth of about 7 thousand meters everything went easy and smoothly. After the intersection of the seven thousandth turn, the work went more difficult and permanent collaboration began to occur.

As a result of constant breaks lifting mechanisms And the bugs of drill heads, as well as regular columns of the well walls, were subject to the process of cementing. However, due to permanent problems, work continued for several years and was extremely slow.

On June 6, 1979, the depth of the well crossed the border of 9583 meters, thereby having broken the world record of oil production in the United States of America Berta Rogers, located in Oklahoma. At this time, in the Kola well, the order of sixteen scientific laboratories continuously worked, and the drilling process was controlled personally by the Minister of Geology Soviet Union Kozlovsky Evgeny Alexandrovich.

In 1983, when the depth of the Kola ultra-deep well reached 12,066 meters, the work was temporarily frozen in connection with the preparation for the International Geological Congress of 1984. At its end, work was resumed.

The renewal of works fell on September 27, 1984. But on the first descent, the drilling column was torn off, and once again there was a borehole. Work resumed from the depth of about 7 thousand meters.

In 1990, the depth of the drill well reached a record 12,62 meters. After the cliff, the next column received an order to stop drilling well and complete the work.

The current state of the Kola well

In early 2008, the superhong of the well on the Kola Peninsula was considered abandoned, the equipment was dismantled, and a project to demolish the existing buildings and laboratories was already launched.

In early 2010, the director of the Kola Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences reported that at present the well was subjected to the conservation process and destroyed independently. Since then, the question has not risen.

The depth of the well today

Currently, the Kola ultra-deep well, the photo of which are represented by the reader in the article, is considered one of the large-scale drill projects on the planet. Its official depth is 12,63 meters.

Sounds in the Kola Well

When the drill plants crossed the frontier of 12 thousand meters, the workers began to hear strange sounds emanating from the depth. At first they did not attach importance to this. However, when all the drilling techniques silence, and in the well there was a coffin silence, the unusual sounds came, which the workers themselves called "screams of sinners in hell". Since the sounds of the superhong of the well were considered rather unusual, it was decided to record them with the help of heat-resistant microphones. When the records were listened, everyone was amazed - they were like shouts and screams of people.

A few hours after listening to records, workers found traces of a powerful explosion of previously unknown origin. The works were temporarily discontinued until the circumstances clarify. However, they were resumed after a few days. Having descended again in the well, all with a fading of the heart expected to hear the human shouts, but there was truly a sobral silence.

When the proceedings began on the origin of sounds, questions began to be asked about who I heard. The affected and frightened workers tried to avoid response to these questions and only disgusted by the phrase: "I heard something strange ..." Only a few times and after closing the project, the version was put forward that the sounds of unexplored origin were the sound of tectonic plates. This version was refuted with time.

Seculate wells

In 1989, the Kola ultra-deep well, the sounds of which excitement of the human imagination was called "Road to Hell". The legend originated on the air of the American television company, who perceived the firsthapel article in the Finnish newspaper about the Kola wells for reality. The article stated that each drilled kilometer on the way to the 13th brought a solid misfortune country. As the legende says, at a depth of 12 thousand meters, workers have been shattered by human cries about the help, which were recorded on ultra-sensitive microphones.

With each new kilometer on the way to the 13th in the country there were cataclysms, so, on the above route was collapsed by the USSR.

Also noted that, drilling a well to 14.5 thousand meters, the workers stumbled into void "rooms", the temperatures in which reached 1,100 degrees Celsius. Lowering one of the heat-resistant microphones into one of these holes, recorded moans, crops and screams. These sounds were called "voice of hell", and the well itself became referred to as "the road to hell".

However, soon the research team itself has refuted this legend. Scientists reported that the depth of the well at that time was only 12,263 meters, and the maximum fixed temperature is 220 degrees Celsius. Only one fact remains irrefutable, thanks to which there has such a dubious glory of the Kola ultra-deep well, - sounds.

Interview with one of the workers of the Kola ultra-deep well

In one of the interviews dedicated to the refutation of the legend of the Kola well, David Mironovich Guberman said: "When I ask me about the truthfulness of this legend and about the existence of a demon, which we found there, I answer that this is a complete nonsense. But if you are honest, I can not refute the fact that we encountered something supernatural. At first we began to disturb the incomprehensible origin of the sounds, then there was an explosion. When we looked into the well, on the same depth, a few days later, everything was absolutely normal ... "

What benefits brought by the drilling of the Kola ultra-deep well?

Of course, one of the main advantages of the appearance of this well can be called significant progress in the field of drilling. New methods and types of drilling were developed. Also personally for the Kola ultra-double well created drill and scientific equipment, which is used to this day.

Another plus was the opening of a new location of valuable natural resourcesAmong which there is also gold.

the main scientific goal The project for the study of the deep layers of land has been achieved. Many existing theories (including about the basalt layer of the Earth) were refuted.

The number of ultrahooth wells of the world

In total on the planet there are about 25 ultra-deep wells.

Most of them is located on the territory of the former USSR, however, about 8 are located all over the world.

Ultra-deep wells located on the territory of the former USSR

In the territory of the Soviet Union, there was a huge number of ultra-short wells, but such: such:

1. Murutau well. In the depths of the well reaches only 3 thousand meters. Located in the Republic of Uzbekistan, in a small village Murutau. The drilling of the well began since 1984 and has not yet been completed.
2. Krivoy Rogo well. In the depth reaches only 5383 meters from 12 thousand conceived. Drilling began in 1984 and ended in 1993. The location of the well is Ukraine, the neighborhood of the city of Krivoy Rog.
3. Dneprovsko-Donetsk well. It is a barehouse of the previous one and is also located in Ukraine, near the Donetsk Republic. The depth of the well today is 5691 meters. Drilling began in 1983 and continues to the present.
4. Ural well. Holds a depth of 6100 meters. Located in the Sverdlovsk region, near the city of Upper Tura. Works lasting for 20 years, starting from 1985 and ending 2005.
5. Bikhikhlskaya well. Its depth reaches 6,700 meters. Drilling well took place from 1962 to 1971. It is located on the Caspian lowland.
6. Aralsol well. Its depth of one hundred meters more than Bichagal and is only 6,800 meters. The year of drilling and the location of the well are completely identical with the Biizhal well.
7. Timan-Pechora well. Its depth reaches 6904 meters. Located in the Komi Republic. To be more accurate, then in the Vuktyl area. Works last about 10 years, starting from 1984 ending 1993.
8. Tyumen well. Depth reaches 7502 meters from 8000 planned. There is a well near the city and the village of Korochuevo. Drilling took place from 1987 to 1996.
9. Shevchenko well. It was drilled during one 1982 in order to mining oil in Western Ukraine. The depth of the well is 7520 meters. Located in the Carpathian district.
10. EN-Yakhinskaya well. It has a depth of about 8250 meters. The only well, which exceeded the drilling plan (was originally planned 6000). Located in Western Siberia, near New Urengoy. Drilling lasted from 2000 to 2006. Currently, there was a last active borehole in Russia.
11. Saatlinskaya well. Its depth is 8324 meters. Drilling was carried out in the period from 1977 to 1982. It is located in Azerbaijan, 10 kilometers from the city of Satail, within the Kursk Arc.

World ultra-deep wells

On the territory of other countries, there are also a number of ultra-deep wells that can not be bypass:

1. Sweden. Silyan Ring is a depth of 6,800 meters.
2. Kazakhstan. Tasim southeast depth of 7050 meters.
3. USA. Bighorn depth of 7583 meters.
4. Austria. Creekdorf is a depth of 8553 meters.
5. USA. University depth of 8686 meters.
6. Germany. KTB-Oberpfalz depth is 9101 meters.
7. USA. Beydat-unit depth of 9159 meters.
8. USA. Berta Rogers depth is 9583 meters.

World records in ultra-deep wells in the world

In 2008, the global record of the Kola well was beaten by the oil well of Maersk. Its depth is 12,290 meters.

After that, several more world rectors of ultra-deep wells were recorded:

1. In early January 2011, the record was beaten by a well for the production of oil production "Sakhalin-1", which reaches 12,345 meters.
2. In June 2013, the record breaks the well of the Chavinsky field, the depth of which was 12,700 meters.

However, riddles and secrets of the Kola ultra-deep well to today's day Not disclosed and not explained. Regarding sounds present during its drilling, new theories arise to this day. Who knows him, maybe this is really the fruit of a stormy human imagination? Well, where then so many eyewitnesses? Maybe, soon there is a person who will give a scientific explanation of what is happening, and possibly a well will remain a legend that will retell many more centuries ...

Kola ultra-deep well - the deepest drilling well in the world (from 1979 to 2008) is located in the Murmansk region, 10 kilometers west of the city of Polar, on the territory of the Geological Baltic Shield. Its depth is 12,62 meters. Unlike other ultra-deep wells, which were made to produce oil or geological exploration, SG-3 was drilled solely for the study of the lithosphere in the place where Mochorovich's border. (Abbreviated the Mocho border) is the lower boundary of the earth's crust, on which there is a jump-like increase in the rates of longitudinal seismic waves.

The Kola ultra-deep well was laid in honor of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Lenin, in 1970. The strata of sedimentary rocks by that time were well studied in oil mining. It was more interesting to be drilled there, where volcanic rocks about 3 billion years old (for comparison: the age of the Earth is estimated at 4.5 billion years) overlook the surface. For mining of minerals, such breeds are rarely deeper than 1-2 km. It was assumed that already at a depth of 5 km, the granite layer will change Basaltov. On June 19, 1979, the well broke a record of 9583 meters, which previously belonged to the well Berta Rogers (oil well in Oklahoma). IN best years 16 research laboratories worked on the Kola ultrahooth well, personally supervised the Minister of Geology of the USSR.

Although it was expected that a pronounced border between gratings and basalts would be discovered, only granites were found in the core in the entire depth. However, at the expense high pressure Compressed granites have strongly changed physical and acoustic properties. As a rule, the raised core crumbled from the active gas release in the sludge, since it did not hold the pressure from changing the pressure. Remove a rugged piece of core was able only with a very slow rim of the drilling projectile, when the "excessive" gas, being still under pressure to a large pressure, managed from the rock to go out. The cracks at great depth, contrary to expectations, increased. At the depth, there was also water that filling the cracks.

Interestingly, when the International Geological Congress was held in Moscow in 1984, at which the first results of the well study were presented, then many scientists were jokingly offered to immediately burrow it, because it destroys all the ideas about the structure of the earth's crust. Indeed, strangeness began in the first stages of penetration. For example, theorists also promised theoretics before the start of drilling, that the temperature of the Baltic shield will remain relatively low to the depth, at least 5 kilometers the surrounding temperature exceeded 70 degrees Celsius, on seven - for 120 degrees, and at a depth of 12 fry It is stronger than 220 degrees - 100 degrees above the predicted one. Kola drillers questioned the theory of the layer-by-layer structure of the earth's crust - at least in the range of up to 12,62 meters.

"We have the deepest hole in the world - you need to use it!" - Gorky exclaims the permanent director of the Scientific and Production Center "Kola Supervubokaya" David Guberman. In the first 30 years of the existence of Kola ultra-deep Soviet, and then Russian scientists broke through 12,62 meters depth. But since 1995, drilling discontinued: it became a certain financing project. The fact that it is allocated within the framework of UNESCO's scientific programs is enough only to maintain the drilling station in working condition and the study of previously extracted rock samples.

Guberman recalls with regret, how many scientific discoveries took place on Kola ultragool. Literally every meter was a revelation. The well showed that almost all of our previous knowledge about the structure of the earth's crust is incorrect. It turned out that the land is not at all like a puff pastry.

Another surprise: Life on the planet Earth arose, it turns out, by 1.5 billion years earlier than was supposed. At depths, where it was believed that there are no organications, they found 14 species of petrified microorganisms - the age of deep layers exceeded 2.8 billion years. At even greater depths, where there are no sedimentary rocks, methane appeared in huge concentrations. This completely and completely destroyed the theory of biological origin of hydrocarbons, such as oil and gas, and almost fantastic sensations. When in the late 70s Soviet automatic space station brought 124 grams to Earth moon soilThe researchers of the Kola Scientific Center found that it is like two drops of water similar to samples from a depth of 3 kilometers. And the hypothesis arose: the moon broke away from the Kola Peninsula. Now seeking where exactly. By the way, the Americans who brought half the ground from the moon, so nothing sensible with him. Placed in hermetic containers and left for future generations for research.

Completely unexpectedly, Alexey Tolstoy's forecasts were confirmed from the novel "Hyperboloid Engineer Garina". At a depth of over 9.5 kilometers, they found the real storehouse of all sorts of fossils, in particular gold. This olivine layer is brilliant predicted by the writer. Gold in it 78 grams per ton. By the way, industrial mining It is possible at a concentration of 34 grams per ton, but, most amazing, at even greater depths, where there are no sedimentary rocks, it was found natural gas Methane in huge concentrations. This completely and completely destroyed the theory of biological origin of hydrocarbons, such as oil and gas

Not only scientific sensations, but also mysterious legends, were also associated with the Kola bore, but the mysterious legends, most of which were when checking the fiction of journalists. According to one of them, the original source of information (1989) was the American television company Trinity Broadcasting Network, which, in turn, took the story from the reporting of the Finnish newspaper. Allegedly when drilling a well, at a depth of 12 thousand meters, the microphones of scientists recorded screams and moans.). Journalists, not even thinking that the microphone is simply not possible at such a depth simply (which record device will be able to work at temperatures above two hundred degrees?) They wrote about the fact that the drillings heard the "voice from the underworld."

After these publications, the Kola ultra-deep well was called "dear to hell," arguing that each new drilled kilometer brought the country's unfortunately. According to the fact that when the drillings conducted the penetration of the thirteenth thousand meters, the USSR broke up. Well, and when the well was drilled to a depth of 14.5 km (which did not really happen), suddenly stumbled upon unusual voids. Invitriped by this unexpected discovery, the drillings were lowered there a microphone capable of working with extremely high temperatures, and other sensors. The temperature inside the allegedly reached 1,100 ° C - was the heat of fiery chambers, in which, allegedly, it was possible to hear human screams.

This legend still cares on the immense expanses of the Internet, surviving the culprit itself of these gossip - the Kola well. The work on it was stopped back in 1992 due to lack of financing. Until 2008, it was in a canned state. A year later, the final decision was made to abandon the continuation of research and dismantle the entire research complex, and the well - "bury". The final liquidation of the well occurred in the summer of 2011.
So, as you see, and this time scientists failed to get to the mantle and explore it. However, this does not mean that the Kola well did not give anything to science - on the contrary, she turned all their ideas about the structure of the earth's crust.

RESULTS

The tasks set in the project of ultra-deep drilling are made. Special equipment and technology of ultra-deep drilling, as well as for the study of drilled on the high depth of wells have been developed and created. Received information, one can say, "first-hand" about the physical condition, properties and composition of rocks in their natural occurrence and on Kern to a depth of 12,62 m. Excellent gift The homeland of the well issued at a low depth - in the range of 1.6-1.8 km. Industrial copper-nickel ores were opened there - a new ore horizon was found. And very by the way, because the local nickel plant is missing ore.

As noted above, the geological forecast of the cut of the well was not justified. The picture, which was expected during the first 5 km, stretched at 7 km in the well, and then completely unexpected rocks appeared. Predicted at the depth of 7 km of basalt did not find, even when they dropped to 12 km. We expected the border that gives the greatest reflection during seismic sensing is the level where the granites are moving into a more durable basalt layer. In fact, it turned out that there are less durable and less dense fractured breeds - Archean Gneisse. This was not suggested. And it is fundamentally new geological and geophysical information that allows you to otherwise interpret the data of depth geophysical studies.

Unexpected, fundamentally new data on the eating process in the deep layers of the earth's crust were also fundamentally new. Thus, at the depths of 9-12 km, highly fascinated rocks were met, rich in underground strongly mineralized waters. These waters are one of the sources of ore formation. Previously, it was believed that this is possible only at significantly smaller depths. It was in this interval that in the core found an increased gold content - up to 1 g of a 1 ton of rock (a concentration that is considered suitable for industrial design). But will there ever be cost-effective gold mining from such a depth?

Changed and ideas about thermal mode Earthly subsoil, on the deep temperature distribution in the areas of basalt shields. At a depth of more than 6 km, a temperature gradient 20 ° C is obtained for 1 km instead of the expected (as well as at the top) of 16 ° C by 1 km. It has been revealed that half of the heat flux has a radiogenic origin.

Earthly subsoil contains as many mysteries, how immense expanses of the universe. This is how some scholars think, and they are partly right, because a person still does not know exactly what it is under our feet deep underground. Just the existence earth civilization We were able to deepen the inside of the planet a little more than 10 kilometers. This record was put back in 1990 and lasted until 2008, after which it was updated several times. In 2008, an oblique oil well of Maersk Oil BD-04A was drilled, 12,290 meters long (al-shahine oil pool in Qatar). In January 2011, an oblique oil well of 12345 meters deep was drilled at the Outtit-Sea Field (Sakhalin-1 project). The record at the depth of drilling at the moment belongs to the well Z-42 Thailskoye deposit, the depth of which is 12,700 meters.