Spelling of general nouns. Examples of general nouns
- Bully Petya now and then clashed with classmates
- Bully Masha constantly quarreled with neighbors
- The bully sun no longer allowed the last snow to lie quietly and made deep holes in nm.
- Rva Zina cried and cried. A ditch - it is a ditch.
- Moat Kostya cried all day long. Moat - he is a moat.
Nouns general kind is a group of nouns that, depending on the context, can be either masculine or feminine nouns.
Among them there can be both common nouns and proper nouns.
Examples of common nouns of a general gender: orphan, filthy, quiet, orphan. You can say both unhappy orphan and unhappy orphan.
Examples of proper names of a common gender are the names Sasha, Shura, Zhenya and others, which can be used both in relation to a woman and in relation to a man. This also includes foreign-language surnames with an ending in a vowel (for example: Morua) and some other surnames (for example, with the ending -YH: Borzykh).
The gender of the imn of nouns in Russian is a lexico-grammatical category that directly refers to the aggregate of masculine (TV), feminine (antenna), neuter (sun) and the so-called general gender (crybaby, clever, egoza).
The last group of words includes many classic examples, when a noun looks like a feminine word, but can be correlated and semantically consistent with words different parts speech having the form of any of the genders.
for instance.
Generic nouns are words, looking at which it is impossible to determine what gender they belong to. But you can say so, for example:
In the first context, the word ditch used as a masculine noun. And in the second context - as a feminine noun quot ;. Everything depends on the meaning of the sentence and the entire text with a general noun included in it:
Some universal proper names (Zhenya, Sasha, Valya, Shura, Sima, Bondarenko, Cool, Zherdai). In the same group, you can situational include a number of words denoting a profession (he is a doctor; she is a doctor; he is a janitor, she is a janitor).
But it should be borne in mind that the last examples (with professions) are far from classical and in many cases are erroneous. In the dictionary, the word doctor, for example, will appear with a note about belonging to the male gender. So it is with the janitor. Therefore, one can only say that such words sometimes take upon themselves some functions nouns of a general gender, while not being such.
General nouns in Russian are those nouns that can be used both in masculine and feminine gender, and both grammatically and in meaning are both masculine and feminine (and neuter) nouns. For example: smart, smart - these words are general nouns.
In Russian, nouns usually belong to one of three genders: masculine (city, youth, apprentice), feminine (matrushka, girl, nanny) and middle (lake, crossroads, mumi). But among the nouns of the first declension with the ending -a highlight words general kind which are either masculine or feminine depending on the context:
Confused Tom is always looking for a pen. Confused Kolya asked me for an elastic band.
In the first example, the word confused is feminine, as indicated female name, in the second it is masculine.
The words of the general gender traditionally include nouns: orphan, crybaby, bully, liar, slob, gourmet, antics, singer, freak, crammed, tramp, etc.
The common gender of nouns means that, depending on the adjacent words in the sentence, such nouns can become both masculine and feminine or neuter without changing the spelling.
Such words include a number of nouns, for example, crybaby, workaholic, Sasha, Valya, doctor, incognito, ignorant, etc. Thus, such nouns are immediately visible to the naked eye, since it is impossible to say to which gender they specifically belong.
An example of using generic nouns:
There are a lot of such nouns in the Russian language. Depending on the context in the sentence, they can be either feminine or masculine. And do not be confused by the typically feminine ending a or its absence in some cases.
Examples from professions: doctor, judge, cook, secretary, foreman, director.
Non-declining surnames and abbreviated names: Sasha, Valya, Zhenya, Belykh, Chernenko, Sizykh.
Emotionally colored nouns that give some characteristics of a person: bully, slob, bungler, hard worker, clever, clumsy, fool, gaping, rogue, ignorant.
There are also immutable words such as vis-a-vis, incognito, protege.
Examples of nouns general kind In russian language:
sleepyhead, nehochuha, bully, well done, clever, clever, slob, sucker, mean, hard worker, orphan, baby, fidget.
With these words we can call people of both sexes:
Katyushka dormouse. Pavlik dormouse.
She's a slob. He's a slob.
There are nouns in Russian that do not refer to either masculine or female sex... These are general nouns. Such nouns include, for example, words such as good fellow, bully, sleepyhead, sweetheart, ignorant, ignorant and others.
In the Russian language there is such an interesting concept as general nouns.
These are nouns that can be either masculine or feminine, depending on what kind of object they are associated with.
These nouns have 1 declension - that is, they end in A and on I.
They are used to indicate the characteristics of the character of a creature.
For example, dirty, imaginative, clean, etc.
These words can refer to any living creatures whose behavior can be somehow characterized - that is, to people, animals ...
Examples of
1) Masha is quiet!
What a quiet person you are! '' - said the mother to her son.
2) I have a daughter - a crybaby! - my friend complained
Ivan, so you, it turns out, are a crybaby! - the classmates laughed at the boy.
3) Katya, well, you and sleepyhead! '' - said mom
`` Get up, sleepyhead! '' - the grandmother woke up the grandson.
General nouns in the Russian language mean those words of nouns that can be equally well combined with words of both masculine and feminine gender. We can say that these are some kind of intermediate words. Example: Vanya - sleepyhead; Tanya is sleepyhead. SON'S WORD.
Also, these are words such as fidget, quiet, dirty, vagabond.
Balda, poor man, white-handed, beast, talker, tramp, beech, brute, bigwig, lying, know-it-all, squeezed, drank, upstart, bouncer, unfortunate, thug, dirty, gulena, reveler, hustler, good fellow, darling, goner, cudgel fool, fool, bigot, fidget, greedy, victim, bully, cheerleader, bully, brash, stutterer, scum, scum, splinter, bore, sang, tucked in, healed, crammed, cripple, capricious, bite, grimace, bloodsucker, bloodsucker, carousel, gourmet, liar, sloth, lomak, muff, baby, good fellow, ignorant, ignoramus, fool, touchy, dropout, fidget, slob, ripped off, glutton, goody, scribbler, crybaby, beggar, whimsy, beggar, fastidious, addicted pestered, burning, rogue, simpleton, rogue, chatterbox, drunkard, hard worker, gaping, confusion, shit, rogue, self-taught, hypocrite, handsome, orphan, curmudgeon, sweet tooth, sweet tooth, sleepyhead, daredevil, dandy, frightened, taratorka grouse, quiet, hurry, stupid, clever, ugly, prude, hap huh, sly, baller, rogue, sneak.
Gender of non-declining nouns
Non-declining nouns reveal their genus syntactically, in combination with words that explain them: military attaché short interview.
In modern literary language, no declined nouns make up about 350 common nouns, excluding the vast group of non-declining proper names, geographical names and compound words.
The genus of non-declining nouns is associated with the semantics of the word. First of all, animate and inanimate nouns are distinguished. In animate nouns, the gender is determined by the biological sex of the named persons or animals. Words that call males by profession, social status, character traits, etc., are masculine nouns: attache, bourgeois, impresario, caballero, entertainer, croupier, curé, effendi, yankees.
Females refer to feminine gender: ingenue, lady, madame, mademoiselle, milady, miss, mrs, pani, frau, emancipe.
Some nouns that have a general gender meaning can be used both in relation to a man and in relation to a woman: vis-a-vis, incognito, protege, ultra and etc.
Words denoting animals are qualified in dictionaries as masculine words: dingo, zebu, kiwi-kiwi, hummingbird, kangaroo, cockatoo, marabou, pony, flamingo, chimpanzee... The exception is the names of the African fly tsetse(f) and commercial fish iwashi(f)
In the text or in oral speech, when the female of the animal is called, for all nouns that are recommended as masculine words, agreement can also go according to the feminine gender: kangaroo feeding the cub, the little chimpanzee was named Betsy.
The names of inanimate objects most often refer to neuter nouns. Deviations from this general rule and fluctuations in generic design are observed primarily in cases where non-declining words are closely related to semantically close generalizing words. Sometimes in these cases the genus of the generalizing word wins, although in general, throughout the 19-20 centuries. there is a tendency to eliminate fluctuations in favor of variants of the neuter genus.
In the modern literary language, the following fluctuations and deviations from the norm are recorded: avenue(f.and Wed.), auto(Wed and M.), whiskey(Wed and f, rarely - m), Jersey(Wed and m.).
The list of nouns in the genus of which fluctuations are observed:
Bolero (m and w), wildebeest (m and f), dingo (m and f), jersey (m and w) ), incognito (middle name and middle word more often), coffee (middle name and middle word - colloquial), mango "tropical tree" (middle name and middle word), mezzo -soprano (Wed and f. - colloquial), pas de deux "kind of pair dance" (Wed and f.), pas de trois "kind of ballet dance for three "(Middle and middle), rally (middle and middle), salami (f), soprano (middle and middle).
Open lesson of the Russian language in grade 6 on the topic "General nouns"
Hello guys!
Hands, feet, head,
Shoulders, belt and back-
Everything has names.
Turned, smiled, sat straight
And ready this very moment
Learn Russian language!
Introduction.
We open notebooks, write down the number, great work. ( SLIDE 1)
Once in a lesson, I heard from a student the answer that all nouns change in gender, number and case. Is it correct?
Pupils: - no, nouns by gender do not change. They belong to one of the genera: male, female, middle. And depending on this, they belong to one of three declensions.
Teacher: Indeed, in Russian, unlike English, Armenian, Turkish, where there is no division by gender, each noun belongs to one of the genders.
Phrases are written on the board. What should be done? What do we need to know for this? (genus) And what is the difficulty? (non-declining nouns)
Let's restore what was written. So, the goal of our work is to write the endings correctly!
BUT! Today they work independently with cards, on which the same type of task, 1 option of 1 row. You make the choice yourself: 1 task is simple, 2 is a difficult task, you can do 2 if you have time.
Well, everyone else works in notebooks and at the blackboard.
Pass the chalk to another
Tram ... depot, fruit .. jelly, fast .. kangaroo,
strong .. coffee, 7th .. avenue, friendly .. chimpanzee,
hospitable .. Sochi, full of water .. Congo, expensive ... shampoo, new ... tulle.
So, to summarize, why are we defining a genus? To put the ending correctly. Why do we need this? To be literate
As you can see, adjectives faithfully serve alongside nouns and help us not to be mistaken in their gender.
But if you do not know this, you can remain an ignoramus !!! Or ignorant? Am I confused? (slide 2)
Fill in the meaning: where is the ignorant, where is the ignorant? (on pieces of paper)
Illiterate, poorly educated person - ____ ignorant ___________________
Rude, ill-mannered person - ___________ ignorant ____________________
So, 1 is an ignoramus, 2 is an ignoramus, write it down. (slide 3)
So what word should I use? If you do not know this, you can remain an IGNORANCE!
By the way, what kind of word is NEEDLE (this is a man - that means masculine). Sheet on the board.
Sometime early in the morning
With a friend we sat down in the meter
And we drove a meter away
The film is about a kangaroo.
The kangaroo entered the cafe.
I took a free table there
And sits behind the domina
With chimpanzees and cockatoos.
Why are you laughing? Anything wrong?
So what can you call an illiterate person? (Ignoramus)
Teacher: Very funny poem, because the words of kangaroo, subway, cinema, domino, chimpanzee, cockatoo never change. They are called unbending.
You are so ignorant! Oh, but you are a girl, so you are so ignorant, but we have determined that the word NEEDLE is masculine.
You confused me, so the IGNORANCE - he or she?
On the slide:
Here comes to the kids,
Starts a fight.
Everyone is afraid in the yard
So ... a bully.
So what kind of noun is bully? Such a bully? Such a bully? Sheet on the board.
What ending do you think the pronoun lacks?
Such a bully.
Don't girls fight?
Formulate a problematic question: what kind of nouns that denote either male or female?
Nouns that denote either male or female are called with general nouns
So, write down the topic: Generic nouns.
What tasks do you think you should set yourself when studying new topic?
FIND OUT which nouns belong to the general gender
LEARN to use them correctly in speech.
At the end of the lesson, try to answer the question: "Why did general words appear in the Russian language?" sheet on board
Working with the tutorial
Let's read the rule on page 96 of the tutorial.
So, general nouns are emotionally colored words, have a pronounced evaluative meaning, are used mainly in colloquial speech, therefore they are not characteristic of scientific and formal business style speech.
"Good girl!" - said the grandmother.
The bully is in no hurry to go home.
What to do to make it clear?
"Good girl!" - said the grandmother to her grandson ..
The bully was in no hurry to go home.
Guess who in question- about a boy or a girl?
How did you guess?
What do these words mean? Sheets on the board
(qualities of people)
So, what are general words.
Select and write from exercise. 229 boys are sentences with generic words for masculine and girls for feminine.
The board has 2 people.
4 FIZMINUT
Clever girls put their hands up
The hard workers dropped their hands, bent down.
The sweet tooth straightened up, drew in their belly.
The bullies sat down, the beautiful ones also sat down.
Let's continue.
Teacher: And here's a story that happened once in a holiday camp. Among the well-groomed, neat children, one boy turned out to be a slob. The senior counselor undertook to re-educate him, each time giving many examples.
You see, you are such a big slob.
Not true, I'm not a big slut, I'm a boy.
So what if you are a boy, look at your suit, at your hands, and it will immediately become clear to you that you are a big slob.
No, I’m not a big slob, this is not true, I cannot be a big and even a little slob, I’m a boy.
The counselor tried to bring more and more evidence, even more convincing, but was it all in vain? Why did the boy resist?
It is necessary, when talking to a boy, to say a big slob, such a slob.
What can you say about these children?
I think we can easily explain the meaning of other words: quiet, braggart, muddlehead, sucker, upstart, sneak.
Do you like this kind of people?
and I don't like it. That is why people invented teasers and curses about them.
Crybaby, wax, shoe polish.
There's a hot pancake on my nose.
Crying is not good.
You can catch a cold.
Greedy,
But especially in the old days they did not like greedy people
Three kopecks are given.
For the fourth penny
Will crash on the bench.
And you will finish this curl yourself
What noise, what roar?
Is this a herd of cows?
No, this is not a cow
This is Tanya ... (revushka)
Now let's check your attentiveness. Write down in a notebook what common nouns sounded in the works of oral folk art
(crybaby, greedy, roar)
Often in fiction artists of the word talk about the shortcomings of their heroes. Who is it about?
He suffered from gluttony twice a week.
He was used to giving full vent to the impulses of his ardent disposition and all the ventures of a rather limited mind.
This is about Troekurov - the hero of Pushkin's novel "Dubrovsky"
and what nouns of the general gender we would characterize Troekurov in oral speech (glutton and ignoramus)
work in pairs
Let's see how you can find general nouns in the text.
Now let's check if you found all the nouns? We check the answers, circle the word if it is not underlined.
Vocabulary work Doka is an expert, a master of his craft.
Is it correct to include the words chief, agent, headman, master?
Are these qualities? No. Therefore, they do not belong to general words. But we say she is an agent, he is an agent. Problem? But this is the problem of the next lesson.
Well, we are summing up the results!
What new have you learned today?
6. Homework
(decrypted encryption)
, moved to his grandmother.
Headman, Nastya Fanfaronova,unbearablearrogantnightmarishimagined and even upstarthorriblemuddleronemuddlercreepysleepyhead and white-handed
roar. Her friend Suslikova -socrybaby, but plus to this - alsorepeat and a sucker nasty... Shushunchikov Vasya -rarebeechsuchglutton! Moreover, he still suchslut and ignorant, just awful!
amazingspiteful.
so and sonagger
Paired work FI1 .____________________________________ 2 .____________________________
Assignment: Find and underline all general nouns in the text
Report to the chief of intelligence from an agent named Burdock
(decrypted encryption)
"Chef! For the third month I have been trying to complete the task: to recruit someone from the 6th grade for the purposes known to us. I have infiltrated the above class. You know, Chief, that I, your agent, are a dock and a master of transformation. Everyone thinks that I am Alik Lopukhov, an orphan, moved to his grandmother.
Chef! Nobody fits in 6th grade!Headman, Nastya Fanfaronova,unbearablearrogantand a nerd. Krokodilova Ira toonightmarishimagined and even upstart... All at once will blabber! Balbeshkin Nikita -horriblemuddler: everything is falling out of his hands. There are also in the 6th gradeonemuddler, Kashina Olesya. Kurnoskina Vika -creepysleepyhead and white-handed... Let yourself sleep, we do not need such!
At first I liked Danil Ryzhikov, but it turned out that he was a terrible bully. And the main cool bully is Asya Komarikova, but she is alsoroar. Her friend Suslikova -socrybaby, but plus to this - alsorepeat and a sucker nasty... Shushunchikov Vasya -rarebeech: everything is silent. Here is Sasha Makaroninov - clever, but a big fidget. Marina Pulkina is also intolerable. Khomyakov remains, but hesuchglutton! Moreover, he still suchslut and ignorant, just awful!
Chef! With grief, I wanted to recruit a teacher of the Russian language. She looks so cute, but it turned out that sheamazingspiteful.
Just don’t think, chief, that Iso and sonagger... There really isn't anyone to work with here! "
Generic nouns in Russian form a special group. Its definition is based on the grammatical uniqueness of words, which is based on the gender change depending on the gender of the specified person.
Gender of nouns
In total, there are 4 genders for nouns in the Russian gender, neuter, masculine and feminine. The last three are easy to identify by the ending or the semantic context. But what if a word can mean both masculine and feminine at once? Such a problem occurs with the words "bully", "cunning", "rogue", "unfortunate", "touchy", "sleepy", "mediocrity", "inhuman", "hurry", "piggy", "bully", genus which may change.
Traditionally, it is believed that there are only three genders in the Russian language, they include masculine, feminine and neuter. To determine the sex of some common words it was customary to refer to context. The names of the professions, for example, are divided into parallel names: saleswoman, teacher-teacher, school student, pilot-pilot, cook-cook, writer-writer, athlete-athlete, leader-leader. At the same time, in official documents, the masculine gender of these words is often used for women. And there are examples of general nouns designated exclusively by the masculine gender: gynecologist, lawyer, linguist, philologist, correspondent, ambassador, academician, judge, toastmaster, surgeon, doctor, therapist, paramedic, foreman, courier, curator, appraiser, insurer, diplomat, politician, employee, specialist, employee. Now there is a tendency to refer such words to a general gender, since they can be applied to both a man and a woman.
Ambiguity of opinions
Disputes about the recognition of the existence of a common genus have been going on since the 17th century. Then similar words were mentioned in the grammars of Zizania and Smotritsky. Lomonosov singled out such nouns, pointing out their formal characteristics. Later, researchers began to doubt their existence, defining such nouns as words with alternating gender, depending on what was implied.
So to this day, opinions are divided, some scientists consider nouns of the general gender in Russian as separate words-homonyms of different genders, and the other recognizes them in a separate group.
Surnames
Some non-declining surnames can be added to the words of the general gender. foreign origin and Russian surnames in -o and -s / them. Sagan, Depardieu, Renault, Rabelais, Dumas, Verdi, Morois, Hugo, Defier, Michonne, Tussauds, Picasso and others. All this is among foreign names. Among the common Slavic surnames are often found: Tkachenko, Yurchenko, Nesterenko, Prokhorenko, Chernykh, Makarenko, Ravensky, Kucherenko, Dolgikh, Savchenko, Sedykh, Kutsykh and others.
Nationalities
The names of some nationalities are defined as general words. These include: Khanty, Mansi, Quechua, Komi, Gujarati, Hezhe, Mari, Sami. The fact is that "Mari" and "Mari" already exist, but the word "Mari" will be common to the whole nation or nationality.
According to the same principle, the names of the breeds (sivka, okapi, bulanka), as well as representatives of groups (vis-a-vis), are ranked in the general genus.
Unofficial proper names
In addition to surnames, there is an interesting separate category of proper names related to the topic of the article. These are abbreviations from the official names, which are often confused when determining gender.
The name "Sasha" can belong to both Alexandra and Alexander, and both the girl Valentina and the boy Valentina are called by the name "Valya". These names also include "Zhenya" from Eugene and Eugene, "Glory" from Yaroslav and Yaroslav, Vladislav and Vladislava, "Vasya" from Vasily and Vasilisa.
Evaluative, characterizing words
However, for the first time about the existence common nouns the question was raised because of evaluative words affecting the character or traits of a person. In direct speech, when using them, it can be more difficult to track the gender of the recipient of the replica, for example: "You are a badass!" Here the word "bully" can be addressed to both the female and male sex. They can also include the words of the general genus "bully", "rascal", "clever", "well done", "tramp", "fidget", "cripple", "stinker", "dylda", "little girl", " disheveled. "
In fact, there are a lot of such evaluative words. They can be both positive and negative. At the same time, such words should not be confused with an assessment as a result of a metaphorical transfer, due to which they retain their original genus: crow, fox, rag, ulcer, beluga, goat, cow, deer, woodpecker, seal.
Common words with negative and positive meanings include: bastard, prude, reptile, brute, baby, child, baby, quiet, invisible, poor fellow, slothful, dirty, brute, sweet tooth, clean, greedy, curmudgeon, tarator, beast, star , idiot, mumbled, sneaky, rogue, idiot, weasel, asked, hard worker, hard worker, ignoramus, onlooker, drunkard, sweetheart, club, imagined, redneck, slob, sleepyhead, sneak, whim, lying, bullshit, fidget, toastmaster, cut-throat , rake.
An example of use is clearly shown in fiction: "Little son came to his father" (Mayakovsky), "There lived the artist Tube, the musician Guslya and other kids: Toropyzhka, Grumpy, Silent, Donut, Rasteryayka, two brothers - Avoska and Neboska. And the most famous among them was a kid named Dunno. " (Nosov). Perhaps it is the works of Nikolai Nosov that will become a real collection of words with a common gender.
Least of all words in this group are occupied by neutral words, such as: right-handed, left-handed, colleague, namesake, orphan. The gender of such words is also common.
How to determine gender in general gender?
The general gender of nouns in Russian is determined by the impossibility of confidently indicating the gender in the absence of pronouns and generic endings of adjectives. Words that can be attributed to both masculine and feminine, and will be included in this group.
In order to determine the gender of a noun, the accompanying demonstrative pronouns "this, this, that, that" are most often used, the endings of adjectives -a, -y / s. But if the name of the profession, position or title is determined with the ending in a consonant "sergeant, doctor, doctor, director" and others, then the adjective can only be masculine, but the predicate is expressed as feminine. "The doctor prescribed the drug" and "The attractive doctor left hospital "," The sergeant gave the order "and" The strict sergeant allowed to rest "," This exemplary teacher Marina Nikolaevna! " and "The exemplary teacher taught public lesson"," Cheerful puppeteer held a performance "and" Old master sat on the porch. "The predicate does not have to show the gender, then the task of determining the gender becomes more complicated:" The teacher conducts the lesson "," The specialist makes a decision. "
Variety of examples
Thanks to the examples, it becomes clear that a wide variety of words can be found among nouns of a general gender, like "daredevil", "bully", "bred", "forester", "old-timer", "tail", "six", "ignorant", "bore", "white-handed", "brute", "bastard", "scum", "bastard". And other words. But they are all united by the ambiguity in the definition of the genus. Orphan, stylist, marketer, comrade, coordinator, curator, russist, linguist, shirt, foreman, fellow, judge, kolobrodin, spiteful, gaping, protégé, roar, sang, muff, bombing, goof, dumb, toad, upstart, youngster, dreadful man, poor thing, lame, charming, first-grader, senior, eleven - all these nouns can be used in relation to both sexes.
The widespread cultural distribution of general nouns in the Russian language is also interesting. For example, they were ubiquitous in proverbs and sayings:
- A big man in food, but a cripple in work.
- There is a deceiver for every simpleton.
- A reveler in his youth is modest in his old age.
- A drunkard is like a chicken, wherever he steps, he will bite there.
And in literature:
- "So a strange deal took place, after which the tramp and the millionaire parted, quite pleased with each other" (Green).
- "Good girl, one orphan" (Bazhenov).
- “Your cleanliness, as the doctors say, is sterile” (Dubov).
- "Redneck! - What? - She staggered back" (Shargunov).
There are many such examples in the literature. Determining the general gender of the words listed in the exercise is one of the tasks in the Russian lesson that is easy to cope with.
A special group among nouns is made up of the so-called words of the general gender. Their grammatical originality lies in the fact that the gender of these nouns changes depending on the gender of the person they designate (which means that the gender of the words that agree with them also changes). For example: "- Petr Alekseevich sang with us - and what!" (Turg.); and: "Before he had time to finish, the singer began to play another song, and the girls pulled each other" (L. T); "As a child I was a great roar" (Veres.); and: "It's amazing how much a person can change - a grimy, shaggy roar has become a prominent, intelligent girl" (A. Kozhevn.).
General words include:
1) own non-declining nouns - foreign surnames for a vowel (Morua, Depardieu, Savary), surnames foreign by origin for a consonant (Sagan, Knipovich), as well as Russian, Slavic surnames in -o (Nesterenko, Durnovo, Zhivago) and / -s (Greyhounds, Sensitive);
2) common non-declining nouns, the vast majority of which make up the names of a person as belonging to any nationality (Bantu, Burundi, Herero, Quechua, Mansi, Udege, Khanty, etc.), as well as some names of persons of different thematic groups (vis-a-vis , protege);
3) unofficial proper declined names in -а / -я (Valya, Genya, Zhenya, Lera, Pasha, Sasha, etc.);
4) common noun declined nouns in -а / -я, which in the overwhelming majority characterize a person by inclination, addiction to something, by any character trait, etc. and characteristic mainly of the oral-colloquial style (bully, antics, mumbled, ignorant, idiot, crybaby, drunkard, idiot, cunning, etc.). Some stylistically neutral words (singer, bookseller, orphan) and book colleague adjoin them.
From evaluative words of a general kind (such as a spiteful person, a rascal, a sly), one should distinguish words-characteristics such as a raven, a fox, a rag, an ulcer. Their characteristic evaluative meaning arose as a result of metaphorical transfer, and therefore they retain the gender (feminine) of their direct meaning even when they are used in relation to a male person. For example: "Yesterday in this Variety (unprintable words) some viper magician did a session with the gold pieces ..." (M. Bulg.). A number of words ending in -а are nouns of the masculine (and not general) gender: bouncer, bully, fellow, bosses, rake, defrocked, cut-throat, shirt (as an application: shirt-guy), headman, foreman, judge, master of ceremonies. In some cases, the belonging of words precisely and only to the masculine gender is explained by the nature of the occupation of the person as requiring a large physical strength(bouncer, bouncer) or as once inherent or generally only in a man (cut-throat, defrocked, toastmaster), in others - by the tradition of using the characteristic only in relation to a man (fellow, bosses, rake, shirt), in the third - by grammatical tradition (head , foreman, judge).
Note. The names of professions, positions, titles, etc. always remain masculine nouns. to a consonant (doctor, geologist, director, sergeant), which are used in relation to persons of both sexes. Calling the position, profession, etc., occupied by a woman, such words dictate their gender (masculine) to the definitions they use (adjectives, participles: "famous geologist", "medical practitioner"). The predicate can have the form of not only masculine, but also feminine ("the doctor prescribed treatment," "the director is outraged by this statement," "the cashier was right"). Wed, for example: "- I understand why my editor rejected the script: it was almost impossible to get money for its implementation" (Dom Kino. 1990. May).
General nouns ending in -а / -я in modern speech often serve as a characteristic of objects or animals, birds, fish, etc. For example: "On a hot afternoon, kneel down, bend over the little tree, and your nostrils will catch the young and delicate smell of pine resin" (M. Shol.); "There are buses, cargo taxis, and just taxis, and" private traders ", that is, someone's personal cars, but most of all business workers are cars" (Vl. Sol.); "The grapes are beginning to ripen, and the birds' gourmets are busy looking for brown grains" (Seraph.). What is the kind of such words-characteristics and definitions to them? Since in such uses, nouns of a general gender act as a pictorial personifying means, i.e. they liken an inanimate object or animal to a person, insofar as the grammatical gender of the name of the object (animal) becomes a kind of indicator of "sex". This means that, used in relation to objects (animals), general nouns should have definitions in grammatical forms of the kind (male or female) to which the names of the objects they characterize belong. For example: “There, in a stuffy wheatgrass, in a wild curly clover, braids tinkled, a diligent hard worker sailed over the people” (Fad.); “The air conditioner works all night long. All day long a tireless hard worker is making a muffled noise in the corner” (Lit. Gaz. 1981, No. 41); "She is a very big sissy, this car" (N. Tikh.). If the name of an object refers to the middle genus (little tree), and it does not correspond to the real, biological sex, then the definition for a general noun characterizing such an object should be in the form of the feminine gender: "Melon tree is a big sissy." This form is dictated by the morphological "appearance" of a general noun (with the ending -а: sissy).
Rakhmanova L.I., Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian language. - M, 1997.
