A small message the origin of the Russian alphabet thank you. Alphabet
The concept of the alphabet, its main characteristics.
Writing styles. Typography.
Stages of the formation of the Russian alphabet.
One of the main factors in phonemographic writing is alphabet- a set of letters arranged in the order accepted for a given writing system. The alphabet is characterized by the composition (number of letters) and the order of the letters in the list, it determines the style of letters, their names and sound meanings.
The word "alphabet" is of Greek origin: it is composed of two Greek words - "alpha" and "vita (beta)" (α and β), in Latin "alphabetum". The Arabic word "alifba" is composed according to the same principle. In Russian, the word "alphabet" is used, composed by the name of the first letters of the Cyrillic alphabet: A - "az" and B - "beeches".
An ideal alphabet should consist of as many letters as there are phonemes in a given language. However, today there are no ideal alphabets, because writing has been developing over a long history, and much in writing reflects already outlived traditions. There are alphabets that are more or less rational. Alphabetic characters (letters) can transmit one sound (in Russian the letters I, O, T, P), but they can transmit two or more sounds (in Russian, the letters E, C [ts]). On the other hand, one sound can be transmitted by two or more letters, for example, in English, combinations of letters TH, SH, CH convey one sound at a time. Finally, there may be letters that do not convey sounds at all: in Russian, these are the letters b and b.
Modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. 10 vowels: A, I, O, U, Y, E, E, Y, Y, Y; consonants -21: B, C, D, D, F, Z, Y, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, F, X, Ts, Ch, Sh, Sh. Letters b, b sounds do not mean.
Inscription of letters. There is no natural connection between the shape of the letter and its sound value, this connection is arbitrary, which turns the letter into a conventional sound sign. The arbitrariness of the outline of the letter is confirmed by changes in the outline of the letters, while the meaning is stable. For example, Ѩ eventually became I.
Meanwhile, the outline of the letters is an active characteristic of the alphabet, since it determines the appearance of the letter, its convenience and inconvenience, the speed of writing and reading, the effectiveness of teaching both. The outline of the letter is the material carrier of its meaning, i.e. knowledge of the appearance of the letter is a prerequisite for correct writing and reading. When drawing a letter, it is important to take into account both the interests of the writer and the interests of the reader. For the writer, the simplicity of the style is important, on which the writing speed depends. The clarity and contrast of the external appearance of the letter is important for the reader. The evolution of the outer side of the alphabet - the shape of the letters - is associated precisely with these functions of letterforms.
In addition, the time and place of creation of the written monument can be determined by the handwriting and the general nature of the appearance of the letter. The applied historical discipline deals with the material side of writing - paleography(from the Greek palaios "ancient").
The letters do not have a single descriptive pattern, but there are four varieties of each letter with two pairwise disjoint groupings of them: printed uppercase and lowercase; handwritten uppercase and lowercase. For example: A, a, A, a; T, t, T, t .;
Modern letters are divided according to the method of reproduction and drawing into written and printed. The outlines of modern written letters were formed on the basis of the outlines of the letters of the Slavic script. The foundations of the printed type were laid by the reform of Peter I.
Uppercase(large, capitals) and lowercase(small) have their own history. Descriptive varieties of these letters began to appear in written records of the 16th century. The allocation of capital letters into a separate subalphabet was first noted in the abc-books of the 17th century. The use of capital letters is streamlined after the introduction of the Peter's civil alphabet.
Differences between uppercase and lowercase letters appear in three positions:
1) difference in magnitude. This is reflected in the title (large and small), very important for reading, because large letters stand out against the background of small ones and serve as a support, a guide for the general coverage of the text, highlighting its individual fragments;
2) the difference in style. It does not concern all alphabetic characters, but printed subalphabets of only four letters: A - a, B - b, E - e, E - E;
3) functional differentiation. They are the most significant components, spelling does this (see lecture 7). The letters Ы, Ь, b have no functional differences.
Letter order in the alphabet - one of the characteristics of the alphabet, since the distinguishing feature of any alphabet is its orderliness. The generally accepted arrangement of letters in the alphabet is arbitrary, has no connection with the letter itself and the phonetic side of the language. The place of a letter in the alphabet and its frequency does not depend. It was calculated that the most frequent are the letters O, E (together with E), A, I, T, less often others are used Ш, Ц, Щ, Ф, Э.
On the one hand, the order of letters is the passive side of the modern alphabet, since it has no direct relation to the practice of writing. In order to write and read correctly, there is no need to know in which order the letters follow each other. This knowledge has general cultural significance. On the other hand, the place in the alphabet is the most important characteristic of the letter, since it is determined by the place, the ordinal number (M is the fourteenth letter in the Russian alphabet). In speech practice, knowledge of the order of letters is necessary when using reference literature, since the headings in dictionaries are arranged in accordance with the so-called strict alphabet, i.e. the place in the alphabet is taken into account, first the first letters of the word, then the second, etc. For example, in the dictionary, the word will be given first lamp, Then - doe.
Letter names are very important in the writing system, since reinforces their meaning. The names of Russian letters are built according to the acrophonic principle: the meaning of a letter is the extreme sound of its name (from the Greek akros "extreme"). This can be the first sound of the name (initial type) - "de" - [d], "ka" - [k], "che" - [h]; the last sound (final type) - "er" - [p], "es" - [s], "eff" - [f]; the whole name (global type) - "a" - [a], "e" -, "u" -. Thus, the name of the letter is directly related to its basic meaning, without which correct writing and reading is impossible.
The modern name of the letter is a neuter noun, so it is correct to say “graceful A"," Large R".
Knowledge of the names is necessary for the correct reading of the letter abbreviations: FSB[fesbe], ATC[aees], UMPO [uempaeo]. They are taken into account in the formulations of spelling rules; it is impossible to do without the names of letters in textbooks and scientific works. Knowledge of the names of letters is also associated with the culture of speech. Errors in the names of letters ("re" instead of "er", "cha" instead of "che") are perceived as a gross violation of the norms of the literary language. The use of the correct letter names is an indicator of the level of a person's general culture.
Alphabetical meaning of letters Is the basic meaning of a letter, its original function. The alphabetic value is opposed to the positional meaning of the letter. For example: letter O in a word here stands for [o], in the word noses- [Λ], in nasal- [b], letter E in a word is eating matters in the word eat- , v weight- [`e], in scales- [`and uh], in a bike- [`b], in karate- [eh]. However, it is clear to all those who read and write in Russian that one of these meanings is basic (alphabetical) - the one that is acquired when learning the alphabet, the rest represent positional meanings. The alphabetic meaning is established regardless of the conditions of use, it is the basis for the formation of the meanings of the letters, due to graphics and spelling.
Style of writing is called a speech act, considered from the point of view of its graphic performance in a written text. As a significant characteristic of written speech and constituting one whole with it, writing styles are divided into certain categories. The general requirements applicable to any manuscript include mastering the skills of correct, aesthetically perfect writing, or art. calligraphy- the skill of inscribing signs of writing. There are two main tendencies in the art of calligraphy: 1) perfect adherence to the standard form of written signs; 2) the formation of individual (personal) handwriting.
Handwriting is called not only the individual style of writing, but also the general style of writing, characteristic of all writers of a certain historical period.
Personal perfect handwriting, claiming to be of calligraphic significance, is relatively poorly developed in the European tradition. The formation of calligraphically significant personal handwritings in Europe begins from the time of printing (15th century), when they began to be opposed to standard printed letters as an individual versus a common one. In the hieroglyphic cultures of the East, on the contrary, personal handwriting appears very early, and calligraphic art reaches a high level of perfection. It should be borne in mind that personal handwriting always carries the spirit of its creator, in a certain way expressing some of the features of his personality, as individual features of pronunciation in oral speech.
The change in letterforms was associated with a change in supra-individual handwriting (charter, semi-ustav, cursive writing), and then with the introduction of typography, the introduction of a civil font, followed by a change in cursive handwriting and printed fonts.
In the case of standard characters in Greek and Latin, as well as Slavic graphics, three standard styles of performance were gradually established:
1) charter - full style of tracing signs;
2) cursive - abbreviated style of tracing signs
3) semi-uniform - medium (mixed) style of tracing characters.
This subdivision of styles is common to all cultures. In Egyptian writing, they correspond to hieroglyphic, democratic and hieratic writing, in Chinese hieroglyphics - zhengshu, tsaoshu and jianbizi.
The charter (from the beginning of writing to the middle of the 16th century) was characterized by a clear, calligraphic style. Words were not separated by spaces; abbreviations of words were rarely used. Each letter was written separately from the others, without connections and inclination, had forms close to geometric. The letters were about the same height and width. Therefore, the charter was easy to read, but difficult for the writer.
Semi-ustav (from the middle of the 14th century to the 17th century) differed from the charter in the lesser severity of the outlines of the letters. Letters by their parts can form three rows of spellings: the line itself, the superscript row and the subscript rows. Semi-unstav characters fit into the middle line, and superscripts and subscripts of letter styles are placed behind it: loops, bows, etc. Tilt was allowed, letters became smaller and more elongated in height, titles (signs of reduction of words) and strength (signs of stress) were used. The semi-ustav was written more fluently than the ustav, but it was more difficult to read. From manuscripts to printed books from the time of Ivan Fedorov to Peter's reforms, this was due to the desire of the first printers to give books a familiar look.
Cursive writing (from the end of the XIV century to the present day) is a coherent spelling of letters, usually tilted to the right, with strokes extending beyond the top and bottom lines of the line. Initially, it was distributed in diplomatic, clerical and commercial correspondence.
Historically, the charter is the earliest style of writing. The most solemn and official texts are performed in the statutory letter, and the least important - in cursive writing.
Typography is based on a new way of creating written signs. The essence of this method is to create a standard graphical run of handwritten text. The emergence and development of book printing is a complex and long historical process that had significant consequences for the spread and development of culture. The invention of printing cannot be attributed to any individual or nation. The basis for the creation of a printed book is the invention of paper by the Chinese in the 2nd century AD. e. On paper, both handwritten and printed books can be embodied in equal measure. Following the invention of paper in the 7th-8th centuries. a printing press was created, which was used for printing books. Initially, copper or wooden boards were used as a matrix for printing, on which the text was either cut out or acid-etched from the handwritten text. From such a matrix, using a printing press, it was possible to create a certain edition of the text. Books created from matrices are called woodcuts, they were the main type of publications until the 15th century.
In the 15th century, Johannes Gutenberg invented the type-casting device and the typographic alloy - the garth. This alloy was distinguished by its lightness and ductility - the necessary qualities to create a set. Europe thus became the birthplace of movable type printing. In the history of Russia, Ivan Fedorov became the first printer.
Printed speech develops directly from handwritten speech, changing the forms of existence of written speech, creating its new qualities. It borrows the linearity and symbolic principle of writing. However, letter marks change their shape in accordance with the conditions of machine production. In particular, the number and strict nomenclature of fonts is established. The modern font appears in a number of variations that are used in organizing text in a print edition.
In the twentieth century, the social and linguistic practice includes computers, which significantly expands the scope of technical devices for handwritten and printed speech. Computer graphics combines the properties of both. Computer graphics systems allow you to create not only text, but also drawings, geometric images, animation, etc.
In 988 the baptism of Rus took place. The Christian religion (Orthodoxy) has established itself as a state religion. This entailed the spread of liturgical literature. Religious books were written in the Old Church Slavonic language using the Cyrillic alphabet. With the adoption of Orthodoxy, Slavic writing acquired the status of a state letter.
Several periods can be distinguished in the history of Russian writing:
late 10th - mid-16th centuries - from the beginning of writing to the beginning of printing;
second half of the 16th century - the beginning of Russian book printing;
Peter's reforms of Russian writing at the beginning of the 18th century;
Changes in the alphabet in the XVIII-XIX centuries;
Alphabet reform 1917-1918
In 1710, by decree of Peter, a new civil alphabet and the printing of books in a new font. Peter's next innovation was intended to strengthen the position of secular culture as opposed to church culture. Prior to that, Old Slavonic letterforms were used in official publications and in everyday life. After Peter's reform, the Old Church Slavonic script began to be called. It is still used in church practice.
The introduction of civil type at the beginning of the 18th century marked an era in the development of Russian national culture. The alphabet has become much simpler and more accessible to the general public. This also allowed the creation of new techniques for book design. The need for the rapid development of book printing in the Peter the Great's era demanded a more perfect type than Church Slavonic.
The civil script was created on the basis of Western European scripts and new Russian handwritten handwritings, which were distinguished by greater symmetry in the construction of letters. MV Lomonosov wrote about the change in the style of printed letters: “Under Peter, not only boyars and boyars, but also letters threw off their wide fur coats and dressed in summer clothes”.
In addition to introducing the civilian type, the Russian emperor tried to improve the alphabet. He personally crossed out the letters "yus big" - Ѭ, "yus small" -Ѩ, "xi" -Ѯ, "psi" -Ѱ, "izhytsa" - Ѵ, "uk" - Oh, "fert" - F, "omega "- Ѡ," earth "- З," ilk "- I.
However, this met with opposition from the church. The letters excluded by Peter continued to be used according to an established centuries-old tradition. As a result, civil books from 1711 to 1735. came out of print with a different set of letters.
Accent marks and titles (diacritical marks of abbreviations of words) were abolished, since their use led to illegible texts and errors. At the same time, there was a refusal to use letters in numerical values.
The new civil alphabet finally came into use by the middle of the 18th century, when it became familiar to the generation that learned to read and write from it. In its unchanged form, it existed until the reform of the Russian letter of 1918.
The transformations in Russian writing had a significant impact not only on writing, but also on the formation of the Russian literary language. Church Slavonic graphics lost their dominant position in Russian writing, ceased to be the bearer of the literary norm, which also meant the loss of the leading role in the literary language by the Church Slavonic language. In this sense, the reform of the alphabet is a vivid example of the modernization of Russian life. It could take place only in conditions when life was renewed. Newspapers began to appear, a post office appeared, people began to conduct active business and private correspondence. Writing and reading became not only a godly business, but a necessity to correspond to the spirit of the times.
Introduction of new letters. Over the entire history of its existence, four new letters have been introduced into the Russian alphabet: I, Y, E, E.
I AM in the Church Slavonic alphabet it looked in two ways - like "yus small" Ѧ or "A jotated" IA, for which the sound meaning coincided a very long time ago. The shape of the modern letter I, similar to the mirror image of the Latin letter R, reproduces the italic style of the letter Ѧ, which spread already in the middle of the 16th century (with a cursory outline of this letter, the left leg gradually disappeared, and the whole figure turned somewhat clockwise. fixed with the introduction of the civil script in 1708 and since then has remained practically unchanged.
E is considered a borrowed form of the letter "is" (E), which looks like E. In the Cyrillic alphabet, the sign E has been used since at least the middle of the 17th century. Officially, the letter E was included in the alphabet in 1708 when the civil font was created. A large number of borrowings in the Peter's era and later necessitated the letter e, which denoted the sound [e], standing after solid consonants and at the beginning of a word. Thus, to designate one sound [e], two letters appeared in the language - E and E.
Th introduced in 1753. In the Church Slavonic language, a consistent and obligatory distinction between the use of the I - J styles has been legalized since the middle of the 17th century. The translation of the Russian letter into a civilian font was abolished by the superscript characters and again combined with the letter I. Restored Y in 1735, although it was not considered a separate letter of the alphabet until the 20th century.
Yo introduced in 1784. This letter has its own history. Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, director of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, held a meeting of the Russian Academy at home on November 29, 1783. The conversation was about the future six-volume "Dictionary of the Russian Academy". Then Ekaterina Romanovna, in the presence of Derzhavin, Fonvizin, Knyazhnin, Metropolitan of Novgorod and St. Petersburg Gabriel, suggested writing not "Iolka", but "Christmas tree". A year later, on November 18, "yo" received official status. Derzhavin was the first to use the letter E, and the fabulist Ivan Dmitriev was the first to print it: in the fairy tale "The Quirk" he wrote the words "light" and "stump". The letter became famous thanks to Karamzin, in connection with which he, until recently, was considered its creator.
Since then, the letter has gone through several stages of the fall and rise of its popularity. It was treated differently by the publishers of the Tsarist period, the Soviet period, and perestroika. In 2007, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation ordered to write the letter "ё" in proper names. In 2009, the Supreme Court of Russia decided that in the documents "e" and "e" are equivalent. In 2009, the Bank of Russia allowed to write "ё" in payment documents.
The second reform of Russian writing was carried out in 1917-1918. It was a reform of both the alphabet and spelling. Preparations for this reform began at the end of the 19th century, when the need to simplify the alphabet and spelling became especially obvious. In 1904, the Spelling Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences was created, which included such prominent linguists as A.A. Shakhmatov, F.F.Fortunatov, I.A. In the same year, a draft was published that included proposals for the deletion of extra letters and new spelling rules. However, the project was met with hostility by the conservative part of society, government circles and even some scientists. At that time, the opinion was more widespread that the mastery of spelling did not depend on the number of letters in the alphabet, but on incorrect teaching methods, it was also believed that one should not attach much importance to the "cries of lazy students." There were so many opponents of the reform that it was necessary to create a special preparatory commission with the participation of school teachers, which had been actively working for more than ten years. Finally, in May 1917, the Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Education proposed to introduce a reformed spelling in schools from the new academic year.
The reform was implemented only under Soviet rule by decrees of the People's Commissariat of Education of December 23, 1917 and the Council of People's Commissars of October 10, 1918.
The reform has finally canceled a number of unnecessary and complicating letters: "fit" - Ѳ, replaced by F; "Yat" - Ѣ with replacement through E; “And decimal - I with substitution by AND; "Izhitsa" - Ѵ. The letter "ery" - b was canceled at the end of words after a strong consonant (mir, bank).
The reform also made it possible to abandon the names of the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet, which used significant words that began with the corresponding sounds (az - A, beeches - B). In the modern Russian alphabet, modeled on the Latin alphabet, the names of the letters are unremarkable: the name indicates the quality of the sound indicated by the letter (a - A; be - B). The short names of the letters make it much easier to master the alphabet.
As a result of the reform of 1917-1918. the current Russian alphabet appeared (see Appendix). This alphabet also became the basis of many early-written languages, for which a written language was absent before the 20th century or was lost and was introduced in the republics of the USSR after the October Socialist Revolution.
In 2010, Russia celebrated the 300th anniversary of the Russian alphabet.
This significant date became one of the reasons due to which a decision was made at the state level to create a domain zone on the Internet in Cyrillic. Cyrillic domains will allow the Russian language to exist in a much wider virtual space than until now. This fact is significant not only for Russia, but also for those Slavic states whose writing is based on the Cyrillic alphabet.
List of used literature
Ivanova V.F. Modern Russian language. Graphics and spelling. M., 1976.
Istrin V.A. The emergence and development of writing. M., 2010.
Istrin V.A. 1100 years of the Slavic alphabet. M., 2011.
Loukotka Ch. Development of writing. (translated from Czech). - M., 1960.
Russian language. Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. Yu.N. Karaulov. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia; Bustard, 1998.
V. N. Schepkin Russian paleography. - M., 1967.
Linguistics. Big encyclopedic dictionary. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1998.
Questions for self-control
Give a definition of the concept of the alphabet.
When did the emergence of the Russian alphabet date? What are the prerequisites for its creation?
Tell us about the main characteristics of the Russian alphabet.
In what directions did the change in the Russian alphabet go?
Tell us about the fate of the letters excluded from the Russian alphabet. What are the reasons for their initial introduction into the alphabet and further exclusion.
Tell us about the process of introducing native Russian letters into the alphabet.
What is the composition of the modern Russian alphabet?
Self-study assignment:
study the topic "Baptism of Russia and Slavic writing".
Irina Emelyanova
"History of the alphabet" (research work)
MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
"BASIC SCHOOL № 2"
« ALPHABET HISTORY»
(research)
COMPLETED:
Glotov Maxim,
Wagner Angela,
Ilya Korotenko,
pupils 3 "A" class
SUPERVISOR:
Emelyanova
Irina Anatolyevna,
primary school teacher
Stary Oskol
Introduction 2
I. Main part 3
1. Glagolitic history 3
2. The contribution of Cyril and Methodius to the development of Slavic culture 3
3. Distribution of the Cyrillic alphabet in Russia 5
4. The first Russian primer I. Fedorov 7
5. The ABC of Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy 8
6. Modern Russian alphabet 8
II. Conclusion 10
III Bibliography 11
Introduction
There are different languages: Russian, Ukrainian, English, French, Swedish. Each of these languages has its own alphabet- the order of the letters. V alphabet each letter has its place. Number of letters in different alphabets are also different... For example, in English alphabet with only 26 letters, and in Russian - 33 letters. Each letter has its own place, name and spelling.
The Russian alphabet is a completely unique phenomenon among all known methods of letter writing.
The idea of creating a project arose in an English lesson, when we learned that in English alphabet with only 26 letters, and in Russian - 33 letters. The information received prompted us to study stories origin of Russian alphabet.
Project type: informational research. Development of our project took place inside the school, with the participation of children and adults. Our project is collective.
Target research: creating an electronic guide « History of the alphabet» .
Thing research: Russian alphabet.
Purpose and subject research made it necessary to address the following tasks:
Meet to history creation and development of Russian alphabet;
Analysis of literary sources and online resources on the topic research;
Prepare creative research papers.
During research we analyzed the literature on ABC stories prepared creative work on this topic using Internet resources.
1. History of Glagolitic
Glagolitic is one of the first (along with Cyrillic) Slavic alphabet. It is assumed that it was the Slavic educator St. Konstantin (Kirill) Philosopher for recording church texts in the Slavic language
A number of facts indicate that the Glagolitic alphabet is an earlier alphabet than the Cyrillic alphabet.
Russian alphabet formed on the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet.
2. Contribution of Cyril and Methodius to the development of Slavic culture
Creators of the Slavic alphabet Konstantin (when he was tonsured a monk, he was named Cyril) (827-869) and Methodius (815-885) originated from the Byzantine city of Soluni (now - Soloniki in Northern Greece, in which a large Slavic population lived and the Slavs held many official posts. The brothers' father was rich and "Kind", held a significant position in Solunya under the command of the Solunsky strategist - a military leader,
Cyril began attending school at the age of eight. He studied diligently, mastered the Greek language, counting, mastered horse riding and military techniques. But his favorite pastime was reading books. After the death of his father, he left Thessalonia and went to Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Among Cyril's teachers, perhaps the most significant was the future patriarch Photius, an expert on ancient culture. Students studied the poems of Homer, the tragedies of Sophocles, philosophical writings Aristotle... Cyril, one of the best students, was accepted into government service.
Cyril, who knew well not only Greek, Arabic and Latin, but also the language of the Slavs, was sent to Bulgaria with an educational mission. But the enlightenment of the Slavs turned out to be impossible without books in their native language. Therefore, Cyril began to create the Slavic alphabet. His first assistant was his elder brother Methodius, who retired from military service to a monastery.
On May 24, 863, in the town of Pliska, which at that time was the capital of Bulgaria, the brothers Cyril and Methodius announced the invention of the Slavic alphabet.
In the same year 863, the brothers arrived in Moravia with the created alphabet and ready-made translations. For forty months until the spring of 867, they educated the Slavs in Moravia. And at the end of 867 - beginning of 868, the Pope invited Cyril and Methodius to Rome. There they got the right to educate the people. But in Rome, Cyril suddenly fell ill, and on February 14, 869, the creator of Slavic writing, the first teacher of the Slavs, died. Methodius became the successor of his brother's work. On April 4, 885, Methodius died.
In 988, a palace school was opened in Kiev "Book teachings"... A new center of book culture emerged, which united Kievan Rus with European civilization.
So on historical the arena, a Slavic school appeared, the founders of which were the brothers Cyril and Methodius.
3. The spread of the Cyrillic alphabet in Russia
In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet became widespread after the adoption of Christianity (988g.).In Peter's time, the tsar's decree simplified the spelling and abolished the letters "Yus small", "Yus big", "Xi", "psi", "Zelo", "Omega" who became a burden in Russian alphabet... In the second half of the 18th century, Russian alphabet replenished with new letters that were not in the Slavic alphabet. These are the letters "and short" and e. At the beginning of the 20th century, a need arose in Russia to simplify alphabet and spelling... This reform was carried out in 1918. By the decree of the People's Commissar of Education, the letters "I decimal", "Yat", "Fit", "Izhitsa" and the letter "Ep" at the end of words. This is a movement from 43 letters of the Cyrillic alphabet to 33 letters of modern Russian alphabet can you imagine So: 43-14+4=33.
Russian alphabet descended from the Old Russian Cyrillic alphabet, which, in turn, was borrowed from the Bulgarians and became widespread in Russia after the adoption of Christianity (988).
At this point, there were apparently 43 letters in it. Later, 4 new letters were added, and 14 old ones were at various times excluded as unnecessary, since the corresponding sounds disappeared. The earliest disappeared iotated yus (
Then the big yus (returning in the 15th century, but disappearing again at the beginning of the 17th century, and the iotated E () ; the rest of the letters, sometimes slightly changing their meaning and shape, have survived to this day as part of the alphabet of the Church Slavonic language, which for a long time was considered identical with the Russian alphabet. Spelling reforms of the second half (related to "Correcting books" under Patriarch Nikon) recorded the following set letters: A, B, C, D, D, E (with a spelling different option Є, which was sometimes considered a separate letter and was put in the alphabet in place of the current E, that is, after b, F, S, 3, I (with a spelling different option Y for the sound [j], which was not considered a separate letter, I, K, L, M, N, O (in two spelling differences outlines: "Narrow" and "Wide", P, P, S, T, U (in two spelling differences outlines:, Ф, X, (in two spelling differences outlines: "Narrow" and "Wide", as well as in the ligature "from", usually considered a separate letter, Ts, Ch, Sh, Sh, b, Y, b, b, Y, Y (in two outlines: IA and & $ 1126, which were sometimes considered different letters, sometimes not, V. Sometimes the alphabet also included a capital yus) and the so-called "Hic"(as the current letter "Y", although they did not have a sound meaning and were not used in a single word.
The Russian alphabet remained in this form until the reforms of Peter 1708-1711. By 1917 alphabet came in 34-letter (officially; actually there were 37 letters) the composition: A, B, C, D, D, E, (E was not considered a separate letter, F, 3, I, (Y was not considered a separate letter, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S , T, U, F, X, Ts, Ch, Sh, Sh, B, Y, B, B, E, YU, Y,? Was considered no longer included in Russian alphabet).
The last major reform of writing was carried out in 1918 - as a result of it, the present Russian alphabet consisting of 33 letters. This alphabet also became the basis of many early-written languages (for which the written language was absent or was lost before the 20th century and was introduced in the republics of the USSR after the October Socialist Revolution).
4. The first Russian primer I. Fedorov
The first Russian primer was written and published by Ivan Fedorov in 1574. It was a full-fledged educational book that was snapped up and read literally to the core. It is interesting that Fedorov did not name his primer in any way, therefore sometimes his book was called the ABC or Grammar. Of course, Fedorov's book differs from the current primers and alphabets, but they are all built like this the same: from simple to complex, from letter to word, from word to sentence, from sentence to story.
The book was printed by master Ivan Fedorov at the Moscow printing yard.
The great master foresaw that with the invention of the printing press, books would cease to be a great rarity and could fall into the hands of any person. Ivan Fedorov was concerned not only with the distribution of books in Russia, but also with the spread of literacy. He dreamed that more and more people could read and write.
5. Alphabet of Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy
The great Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy organized a school for peasant children in the Yasnaya Polyana estate, where he himself was a teacher stories... For the students of the Yasnaya Polyana school, he wrote the alphabet. Our great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers studied this alphabet.
6. Modern Russian alphabet
Modern russian the alphabet consists of 33 letters
Russian alphabet(Russian alphabet) - Russian alphabet, in its current form with 33 letters has actually existed since 1918 (officially only since 1942 of the year: previously it was believed that in Russian alphabet 32 letters, since E and E were considered as variants of the same letter).
II. Conclusion
By pursuing research work, we got results: learned about stories origin of Russian alphabet, about the creators of the Slavic alphabet, monk brothers Cyril and Methodius, about the Glagolitic alphabet (predecessor of the Cyrillic alphabet)... We were interested to learn about the first Russian primer, created by the pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov, about the alphabet of L. N. Tolstoy. This research contributed to that some of the guys in our class made up their own riddles about alphabet prepared information sheets "Obsolete letters alphabet» .
On May 24, Russia will celebrate a holiday, the Day of Slavic Written Language and Culture. Our electronic travel guide will help primary school students find out who stood at the origins of this holiday... The guide will also be interesting for first graders when studying the topic. "First Primer", "The ABC of L. N. Tolstoy"... It turns out to be very interesting research, explore pages history of their state.
III Bibliography
1. Bernstein S. B. Constantine - philosopher and Methodius. M., 1989
2. Bochenkova O. Solunskie brothers // Reading, learning, playing. 2003
3. Golovin N. N. My first Russian story... M .: Ton press, 1999.
4. Entertaining ABC studies: Book. for parents, teachers and lovely children / Ed. - comp. V.V. Volina, Art. L. I. Rudakovskaya. - 2nd ed. rev. - M .: Education, 1994 .-- 400 p .: ill. - ISBN 5-09-005981-0
5. Story Russia from ancient times to the 19th century. M .: AST, Astrel, 1999 (Great children's encyclopedia).
6. Ukhanova E. V. U origins Slavic writing. M., 1998.
Alphabet.
The Guinness Book of Records considers ...
Oldest
The earliest example of alphabetic writing was found in Ugarit (now Ras Sharma, Syria). It dates from around 1450 BC. e. and is a clay tablet with 32 wedge-shaped letters inscribed on it.
The oldest letter
The most ancient letter "o" remained unchanged in the same form in which it was adopted in the Phoenician alphabet (about 1300 BC). There are currently 65 alphabets in use.
Longest and shortest alphabets
The largest number of letters - 72 - is contained in the Khmer language, the smallest - 11 (a, b, e, g, i, k, o, p, t, u) - in the Rotokas language from Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea.
The origin of the Russian alphabet.
The alphabet in the usual 33-letter form did not always exist. The prototype was the alphabet, called Old Church Slavonic, or Church Slavonic.
The emergence of the Cyrillic alphabet, which goes back to the Greek language, is traditionally associated with the activities of the famous educators Cyril and Methodius.
The Old Church Slavonic language, being the language of the Church in Russia, was influenced by the Old Russian language. Thus, the Russian alphabet originated from the Old Russian Cyrillic alphabet, which was borrowed from the Greeks and became widespread in Kievan Rus after the adoption of Christianity (988).
At that time, it apparently had 43 letters. He looked like this:
It is easy to see that some Cyrillic letters sound like our modern words: "good", "earth", "people". Others - az, beeches, lead ... What do they mean and what is their origin?
A3 is a personal pronoun of the first person singular.
BUKI is a letter. There were a lot of words with an unusual for us nominative singular form: "kry" - blood, "bry" - eyebrow, "lyuby" - love.
VEDI - the form from the verb "vedeti" - to know.
VERB - the form from the verb "verb" - to speak.
GOOD - the meaning is clear.
IS - present tense third person singular from the verb "to be".
LIVE is the present tense plural second person from the verb "to live".
ZELO is an adverb with the meaning "very", "strong", "very".
IZHE (AND EIGHT) is a pronoun with the meaning "that", "which". In the Church Slavonic language, the union is "what". This letter was called "octal" because it had the numerical value of the number 8.
AND (AND DECESTERIAL) - it was called so by its numerical value - 10.
HOW is the interrogative adverb "how".
PEOPLE - the meaning is self-explanatory.
THINK - the form from the verb "think".
OUR is a possessive pronoun.
OH is a personal pronoun of the third person singular.
РЦЫ - the form from the verb "speech", to speak.
WORD - the meaning is beyond doubt.
FIRM - also requires no comment.
UK - in Old Church Slavonic - teaching.
FERT - the etymology of this letter name has not been reliably clarified by scientists. From the outline of the sign came the expression "to stand with a fert", that is, "hands on the hips."
HER - it is believed that this is an abbreviation of the word "cherub", the name of one of the angelic ranks. Since the letter is "cruciform", the meaning of the verb "to lose" has developed - to cross out, abolish, destroy in a cruciform manner.
HE IS THE GREAT - Greek omega, which has received our name from the letter "he".
TSY is an onomatopoeic name.
WORM - in the Old Slavonic and Old Russian languages, the word "worm" meant "red paint", and not just "worm". The name of the letter is acrophonic - the word "worm" began precisely with "h".
SHA, SHA - both letters are named according to the familiar principle: the sound signified by the letter plus any vowel sound before and after it.
EPA - the compound name of this letter - "ep" plus "and" - was, as it were, a "description" of its form. We renamed it to "s" a long time ago.
EP, EPL are conventional names of letters that have ceased to express the sounds of incomplete education and have become simply "signs".
YAT - it is believed that the name of the letter "Yat" may be associated with "Yat" - food, food.
Yu, I - these letters were called according to their sound: "yu", "ya", as well as the letter "ye", meaning "iotated e".
YUS - the origin of the name is unclear. They tried to deduce it from the word "mustache", which in the Old Bulgarian language sounded with a nasal sound at the beginning, or from the word "yusenitsa" - a caterpillar. The explanations do not appear to be indisputable.
FITA - in this form, the name of the Greek letter Θ was transferred to Russia, which was called at different times either “theta”, then “fita” and, accordingly, meant either a sound close to “f”, or the sound that Western alphabets now transmit with the letters TH. We hear it close to our "g". The Slavs adopted "fit" at the time when it was read as "f". That is why, for example, until the 18th century we used to write the word “library” “vivliofika”.
IZHIZA - Greek "upsilon", which transmitted the sound, as it were, standing between our "and" and "u" in the surname "Hugo". Originally this sound was transmitted in different ways, imitating the Greeks, and the Slavs. So, the Greek name "Cyrillos", a diminutive of "Kyros" - lord, was usually rendered as "Cyril", but the pronunciation of "Kurill" was also possible. In the epics, "Kurill" was transformed into "Chyurilo". Until recently, in the west of Ukraine, there was a place called Kurilovtsy, the descendants of Kuril.
Time rushes forward and makes its own adjustments. Some letters disappeared, new ones appeared in their place.
The Russian alphabet remained in this form until the reforms of Peter I in 1708-1711. (and the Church Slavonic is still the same), when superscripts were eliminated (which in the meantime "canceled" the letter Y) and many doublet letters and letters used to write numbers were abolished (which became irrelevant after the transition to Arabic numerals).
Subsequently, some of the abolished letters were restored and canceled again. By 1917, the alphabet came in a 35-letter (officially; there were actually 37 letters) composition: A, B, C, D, E, E, (E was not considered a separate letter), F, Z, I, (Y was not a separate letter considered), I, K, L, M, N, O, P, P, S, T, U, F, X, Ts, Ch, Sh, Sh, b, Y, b, Ѣ, E, Y, Y , Ѳ, Ѵ. (The last letter was formally listed in the Russian alphabet, but de facto its use almost disappeared, and it was found in just a few words).
The last major reform of writing was carried out in 1917-1918 - as a result, the current Russian alphabet, consisting of 33 letters, appeared. This alphabet also became the written basis for most of the languages \ u200b \ u200bof the USSR, for which the writing system was absent before the 20th century or was replaced during the years of Soviet power.
The alphabet is a special form of writing based on a standardized set of characters. They denote linguistic phonemes, but there is practically no unambiguous correspondence between sounds and letters. It is believed that the alphabet was first invented in the Phoenician state about 3 millennia ago. However, some historians believe that similar writing systems existed before, but the progenitor of modern alphabetic systems is precisely the Phoenician writing.
The origin of the alphabet
Certain elements of the phonetic notation, which preceded the emergence of the alphabet, were used in ancient times in Mesopotamia and Egypt. In the Egyptian hieroglyphs, which were written in the era of the Middle Kingdom, a system of 1-, 2- and 3-consonant phonemes was used. The writing system of Ancient Egypt was a combination of ideography and phonetic writing. The latter was used more and more often with the flow, first to designate foreign words and proper names, the sound of which could not be conveyed using hieroglyphs, and then to convey everyday information in a simplified, more understandable form for the population.
Development of alphabetic systems
In the XIX-VIII century BC. The Phoenician alphabet was borrowed by the Greeks, who for a long time used it practically unchanged. As a result, the names of the Greek letters practically do not differ from those used in the Phoenician alphabetical system. But on the basis of the Greek alphabet, the Latin alphabet appeared, which soon became the main writing system for almost all the peoples inhabiting the European continent. A little later, on the basis of the Latin alphabet, the Cyrillic alphabet was created, which is used by us to this day. Although individual facts indicate that even without the invention of Cyril and Methodius, the Slavic peoples had their own writing system - Glagolitic, and even earlier -.
At the beginning of the 5th century A.D. Monk Mesrop Mashtots created the Armenian alphabet, which had 22 characters, which is very reminiscent of the Phoenician system already familiar to us. The latter, having undergone significant changes over time, became the basis for the development of writing in the Semitic languages. It should be noted that the letters, for example, of the Hebrew alphabet, are written somewhat differently than in the Phoenician system, but their names and order of sequence remained practically the same.
Linear alphabetic systems became widespread in the XIV century - it was then that the Proto-Chaanian and Proto-Sinai varieties of writing arose. In these alphabets, there is a connection and phonetics, as in the Old Slavic Glagolitic alphabet. The Ugaritic texts dated from the 13th century deserve special attention. They contain 30 cuneiform characters, which defines the Ugarit alphabet as the first nonacrophonic system.
Hello dear guys! Greetings, dear adults! You are reading these lines, which means that someone once made sure that you and I could exchange information using writing.
Drawing rock carvings, trying to tell something, our ancestors many centuries ago could not have imagined that very soon 33 letters of the Russian alphabet would form words, express our thoughts on paper, help read books written in Russian and allow them to leave their mark on history of folk culture.
And where did they come to us all from A to Z, who invented the Russian alphabet, and how did the letter come about? The information in this article may be useful for research work in 2nd or 3rd grade, so welcome to study in detail!
Lesson plan:
What is the alphabet and how did it all start?
The word familiar to us from childhood came from Greece, and it is composed of two Greek letters - alpha and beta.
In general, the ancient Greeks left a huge mark on history, and it was not without them here. They went to great lengths to spread writing throughout Europe.
However, many scientists still argue who would be the first, and in what year it was. It is believed that the Phoenicians were the first to use consonants back in the 2nd millennium BC, and only then the Greeks borrowed the alphabet from them and added vowels there. This was already in the 8th century BC.
This Greek writing became the basis of the alphabet among many peoples, including us, the Slavs. And among the most ancient are the Chinese and Egyptian alphabets, which appeared from the transformation of rock paintings into hieroglyphs and graphic symbols.
But what about our Slavic alphabet? We don't write in Greek today! The thing is that Ancient Russia sought to strengthen economic and cultural ties with other countries, and for this a letter was needed. Moreover, the first church books began to be brought to the Russian state, since Christianity came from Europe.
It was necessary to find a way to convey to all Russian Slavs what Orthodoxy is, to create their own alphabet, to translate church works into a readable language. The Cyrillic alphabet became such an alphabet, and it was created by brothers, popularly referred to as "Solunskaya".
Who are the Solunsky brothers and what are they famous for?
These people are named so by no means because they have such a surname or name.
Two brothers Cyril and Methodius lived in a military family in a large Byzantine province with the capital in the city of Soluni, from this name of their small homeland and went the nickname.
The population in the city was mixed - half of the Greeks and half of the Slavs. And the brothers' parents were different by nationality: the mother was Greek, and the father was from Bulgaria. Therefore, both Cyril and Methodius knew two languages from childhood - Slavic and Greek.
It is interesting! In fact, the brothers' birth names were different - Constantine and Michael, and they were named by the church Cyril and Methodius later.
Both brothers excelled in their studies. Methodius mastered military techniques and was very fond of reading. Well, Cyril knew as many as 22 languages, was educated at the imperial court and was nicknamed a philosopher for his wisdom.
Therefore, it is not at all surprising that the choice fell on these two brothers, when the Moravian prince turned to the Byzantine ruler in 863 for help with a request to send wise men who could convey to the Slavic people the truth of the Christian faith and teach them to write.
And Cyril and Methodius set off on a long journey, moving for 40 months from one place to another, explaining in the Slavic language, which is well known to them from childhood, who Christ is and what is his strength. And for this it was necessary to translate all the church books from Greek into Slavic, which is why the brothers began to develop a new alphabet.
Of course, even in those days, the Slavs in their lives used many Greek letters in counting and writing. But the knowledge they had had to be streamlined, brought to one system, so that it was simple and understandable for everyone. And already on May 24, 863, in the Bulgarian capital Pliska, Cyril and Methodius announced the creation of a Slavic alphabet called Cyrillic, which became the progenitor of our modern Russian alphabet.
It is interesting! Historians discovered the fact that even before the Moravian commission, while in Byzantium, the brothers Cyril and Methodius invented an alphabet for the Slavs based on Greek writing, and it was called the Glagolitic. Maybe this is why the Cyrillic alphabet appeared so quickly and simply, since there were already working notes?
Transformations of the Russian alphabet
The Slavic alphabet created by Cyril and Methodius consisted of 43 letters.
They appeared by adding 19 newly invented characters to the Greek alphabet (and it had 24 letters). After the appearance of the Cyrillic alphabet in Bulgaria, the center of Slavic writing, the first book school appeared, and they began to actively translate liturgical books.
In any old book
“Izhitsa lived in the world,
And with her the letter Yat "
Gradually, the Old Slavonic alphabet came to Serbia, and in Ancient Russia it appeared at the end of the 10th century, when the Russian people adopted Christianity. It was then that the whole long process of creating and improving the Russian alphabet, which we use today, begins. That's what was interesting.
It is interesting! The godmother of the letter "E" was Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, who proposed to introduce her into the alphabet in 1783. The idea of the princess was supported by the writer Karmazin, and with their light hand the letter appeared in the alphabet, taking the honorable seventh place.
Yo's fate is not easy:
- in 1904 its use was desirable, but completely optional;
- in 1942, by order of the educational authority, it was made compulsory for schools;
- in 1956, whole paragraphs of the rules of Russian spelling were devoted to it.
Today, the use of "Yo" is important when you can confuse the meaning of the written words, for example, here: perfect and perfect, tears and tears, palate and sky.
It is interesting! In 2001, in the Ulyanovsk park named after Karamzin, the world's only monument to the letter "E" in the form of a low stele was unveiled.
As a result, today we have 33 beauties who teach us to read and write, open up a new world for us, help us to be educated in order to learn our native language and respect our history.
I am sure that you have known all these 33 letters for a long time and never confuse them with places in the alphabet. Would you like to try to learn the Old Church Slavonic alphabet? Here it is, below in the video)
Well, in your piggy bank there are more projects on one interesting topic. Share the most interesting things with your classmates, let them also know where the Russian alphabet came from. And I say goodbye to you, see you again!
Success in your studies!
Evgenia Klimkovich.
