Entente and triple alliance presentation. Entente Triple alliance contradictions between the leading powers exacerbation of the struggle for spheres of influence

July 1.2, 1914 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia on July 2.31, 1914. Russia announces general mobilization on August 3.1, 1914. Germany declares war on Russia on August 4.3, 1914. Germany declares war on France on July 5.4, 1914. UK declares war on Germany after Belgium's neutrality breaks

Entente Fourth Union Russia (from August 1, 1914) Austria-Hungary (from July 28, 1914) France (from August 3, 1914) Germany (from August 1, 1914) Great Britain (from August 4, 1914) Ottoman Empire (from October 30 1914) Italy (from 23 May 1915) Bulgaria (from 14 October 1915) USA (from 6 April 1917)

Germany seize the colonies of France and Great Britain seize part of the European territory of Russia Austria-Hungary seize part of the western territories from Russia end Serbia and bring the Balkans under control Kaiser Wilhelm II Emperor Franz Joseph

France return Alsace-Lorraine to seize Syria and Palestine Great Britain crush Germany as the main rival Russian Empire to secure control over the Black Sea straits to annex Galicia to provide assistance to the Balkan peoples President of France R. Poincare King of Great Britain George V Russian Emperor Nicholas II The war was just for Serbia and Belgium

German general A. Schlieffen in 1905. developed a plan for a lightning war (blitzkrieg) Germany was supposed to first defeat France (invasion through Belgium), and then Russia (will not have time to mobilize forces) Chief of the General Staff of Germany G. von Moltke Chief of the General Staff of Germany G. von Moltke

Strengthening state regulation of the economy; restricting political rights and freedoms; creating an "enemy image"; lengthening the working day; increasing corporate profits; introducing a rationing system; deteriorating living conditions of the population; increasing discontent as the war drags on;

Defeats in 1915 led to massive discontent. The Cadets put forward the idea of ​​a government of "popular confidence". A Progressive Bloc of several parties supporting this idea is being created in the Duma. November 1, 1916 - speech of the leader of the cadets P.N. Milyukov with the question: "What is this: stupidity or treason?"

In August 1915. Nicholas II holds the post of supreme commander-in-chief. Now he was responsible for the failures in the war. Previously, this post was held by Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich. Empress Alexandra Feodorovna's role was strengthened, influenced by the dissolute elder Grigory Rasputin. The "ministerial leapfrog" began (4 prime ministers during the war years). Discontent grows. the leader of the monarchists V.M. Purishkevich, Prince F.F. Yusupov kill Rasputin

12, 8 million peasants went to the front Mobilized demanded tax cuts for their families, payment of benefits. The peasants did not want to hand over their grain. 1916 - the introduction of food appropriation Food appropriation is the obligatory delivery of all surplus grain to the state at fixed prices.

February 1917 - overthrow of the monarchy October 1917. - overthrow of the Provisional Government of A.F. Kerensky and the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks on March 3, 1918. - the conclusion by Soviet Russia of a separate peace with Germany in Brest-Litovsk, Russia was losing Poland, part of the Baltic states, Bessarabia, Western Ukraine and Belarus

Strategic initiative in the hands of the Entente April 1917 - "Nivelle massacre" (unsuccessful French offensive) (500 thousand French were killed) November 1917. - Battle of Cambrai. The British first used a massive tank attack (400 tanks) of the Grave. Northern france german albatross

1. Soroko-Tsyupa O.S., Soroko-Tsyupa A.O. The latest history of foreign countries, XX-early XXI century: a textbook for the 9th grade of educational institutions / O.S. Soroko-Tsyupa, A.O. Soroko-Tsyupa. - 7th ed. - M .: Education, p. 2. Danilov A.A. History of Russia, XX-early XXI century: a textbook for the 9th grade of educational institutions / A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina, M.Yu. Brandt. - 2nd edition. - M .: Education, p. 3. Site materials

Insert a picture

World War I (1914-1918)

Prepared by: history teacher Yu.V. Shusherov

1. The main characteristics of the war

2. The beginning of the war

3. Objectives of the belligerent powers

4. Major hostilities and events

5. Results and consequences of the war

Military-political alliances on the eve of the war.

Triple Alliance 1882 .

Entente 1907

England, France, Russia,

Germany, Austria-Hungary

and 30 more countries

Common features : 1.Active colonial policy.

2. Each country pursues its own selfish goals.

Differences : 1.Antanta folds in response to block creation

Central Powers.

and the economic balance in Europe.

3. The triple alliance unites the countries of the second

echelon of modernization.

Cause

Balkans -

Hotbed of international tension

Balkan Wars. Threat of a pan-European conflict

"Bosnian crisis" caused by annexation Austria-Hungary Bosnia and Herzegovina with the support of Germany

Struggle of European countries for Turkish heritage and influence on politics in the Balkans

The beginning of the first world war

Entente

1914-1918

Triple Alliance

Austro-hungary

Germany

Murder in Sarajevo of the heir to the Austrian throne

Targets of the belligerent powers

Crush France and Russia

Annex the Baltic and Polish lands of Russia

Capture French colonies in Africa

Settle in the Middle East and Turkey

Subjugate the Balkan States

Capture the Bosphorus and Dardanelles

Assert your dominance in the Balkans

Reunite all Polish lands

Stop German expansion

Return of Elsis, Lorraine and the capture of the Saar

Section of Turkish Territories

Major hostilities and events

1914 -1915

Eastern front

Western front

German invasion of Belgium, France by " Schlieffen's plan ».

The offensive of Russian troops in East Prussia and Galicia.

Battle of the Marne... Withdrawal of German troops to the Aisne River.

Retreat of Russian troops from East Prussia.

September

Breakthrough by the German troops of the front in Galicia. The retreat of the Russian troops. September 1915 - the formation of the Quadruple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey)

End of 1914

The transition from mobile to positional warfare.

The first use by the German command of chemical warfare agents (chlorine) in the area of ​​Ypres.

April-May 1915

Front stabilization. Trench warfare.

September

1916-1917

-Battle of Verdun. -Jutland sea ​​battle.

March 1916

Brusilov breakthrough German-Austrian front.

Anglo-French attack on the Somme , the first use of tanks.

June August.

July August.

Germany's transition to strategic defense.

Germany's submarine war. Declaration of war between Germany and the United States in April 1917.

End of 1916

Milyukov's note on Russia's participation in the war to a victorious end.

April 1917

Unsuccessful French offensive near Arras "Nivelle Slaughterhouse".

July-Autumn

British troops are trying to break through the German front in the Ypres region.

The capture of Riga by German troops, the occupation of a part of the Baltic states.

1918

Truce between Soviet Russia and Germany.

December 1917

The occupation of Bessarabia by Romania.

1918, winter.

The offensive of German troops in the Paris direction, the use of troops transferred from the Eastern Front (Arras, Marne). Hindenburg plan.

Brest Peace between Germany and Russia

Battle of Amiens.

March-July

September-November

General offensive of the Entente troops. Defeat of the countries of the Quadruple Alliance. Compiegne Armistice.

Results and consequences of the war

Compiegne truce

Conditions Compiegne truce:

1. Immediate withdrawal of German troops from the western occupied territories and the left bank of the Rhine

2. Immediate repatriation without reciprocity of all prisoners of war

3. Concession by the German army of the following military material: 5 thousand cannons, 25 thousand machine guns, 3 thousand mortars and 1700 airplanes

4. Return of all German troops to Germany

Brest Peace

1. Russia's refusal from the territories of Estonia, Latvia

2. Withdrawal of Russian troops from Finland, Ukraine

3. The return of the fortresses of Kars, Ardahan, Batum to Turkey

4. Demobilization of the Russian army and navy

5 . Contribution 6bn. stamps

Treaty of Versailles

Terms of an agreement:

• colonies .

2. Germany had to pay reparations a total of 132 billion gold marks (52% - France, 22% - Great Britain, 10% - Italy, 8% - Belgium);

3. The imposition of military restrictions on Germany - it was forbidden to have a submarine fleet, large surface ships, tank formations, military and naval aviation, the maximum number of the army was determined at 100 thousand people. The general conscription was abolished.

4. Demilitarization of the Rhine zone. The occupation of the Rhineland by the Allied forces for a period of 15 years.

5. Germany was found guilty of unleashing a world war.

• Germany lost 1/8 of its territory and all of its colonies .

"History of the First World War" - The project is designed for 5 hours. The generations killed in 1914-1918 are calling out to us from obscurity. " L. Anninsky. “It is scary to count the millions killed. How the First World War affected Russian society. What problems did the First World War reveal? List the main results, consequences of the war.

War 1914 - Served on a naval training vessel at the Devonport shipyard. The charred sticks stuck out like bony fingers. During World War II he served in the Internal Guard. The war is not yet ready to disappear. Douglas Terry. Chronology of the declaration of war ... ... We remember you. In 1917 he was sent to France as a chauffeur.

"Years of the First World War" - HAVE similar to the German, but multinational army. Austria-hungary. Patriotic manifestation. Front line to: 1914 1915 1916. In the communications of the Russian army. The car in which the abdication of Nicholas II took place. Photo from the First World War. Has clearly shown the importance of the strength of the economy. Italy did not enter the war, Japan joined the Entente.

"End of the First World War" - Counteroffensive of the Entente forces under the command of F. Foch. September: There was an uprising in the Bulgarian army. Summer, 1918. Completed by: Parfenova Marina, Rzhannikova Tatiana. End of the First World War. The signing by the government of the Bolsheviks of the Brest Peace with Germany. P. Gindeburg and E. Ludendorff were preparing a new offensive against France.

"First World War" - Ultimatum 07/30/14 The number of mobilized people is 74 million. Triple. War 3.08.14y. Economic and military. Thus, Russian mobilization was the key to victory. Blocks of states participating in the war. Schlieffen's plan. The number of neutral states is 17. The death toll is 10 million people.

"The First World War 1914-1918" - The Goals Of Germany - To Get Russia Out Of The War). German flamethrower. Germany occupied Poland, the Baltic states, part of Belarus. Results of the war. The state of the armed forces of the Entente. The triple alliance of 1882. RESULTS of 1914. 1917 year. For the first time in history, the British used tanks in battle. The main front is the Eastern.

There are 24 presentations in total

The First World War: the Triple Alliance and the Entente The work was carried out by pupils of the 9th grade of the secondary school № 4 Kolomnikov Denis and Churbanov Alexey

TRIPLE UNION TRIPLE UNION is a coalition of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, which emerged in 1882 and played a major role in unleashing World War 1914-18.

Having concluded an alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879, Germany, in order to isolate France, energetically sought a new ally in the person of Italy. Bismarck used the struggle for the seizure of Tunisia in order to first, in order to isolate France, embroil Italy with her, and then force Italy to approach not only Germany, but also Austria. Hungary.

In 1881, France occupied Tunisia. Bismarck encouraged the Italian ambassador, but stressed that "Italy can find the keys to German doors only in Vienna." Having received this instruction, the Italian government took appropriate steps in Austria. As a result of negotiations on 20. V 1882 in Vienna, an allied treaty was concluded between Germany and Austria. Hungary and Italy.

According to Art. 1 the parties to the treaty promised a friend "peace and friendship", pledged not to take part in any alliances or obligations directed against one of them, to consult among themselves on "political and economic issues of a general nature" and to provide each other with mutual support "within the boundaries of their own interests ".

According to Art. 2 Germany and Austria-Hungary pledged to provide Italy with "assistance and assistance with all their strength" in the event that she "without a direct call from her side would be attacked by France for any reason," and Italy pledged to do the same in the event unprovoked attack by France on Germany. As for Austria-Hungary, it was exempted from providing assistance to Germany against France - it was assigned the role of a reserve in case Russia entered the war, etc.

The second treaty of alliance of the T. s. was signed in Berlin on 20. II 1887. He confirmed all the provisions of the 1882 treaty and set its validity until 30. V 1892. At the same time, separate Italian-Austrian and Italian-German treaties were signed in Berlin, complementing the obligations of the 1882 treaty.

The Italian-Austrian treaty obliged its participants to try to maintain the territorial status quo in the East. If the preservation of this status quo in the Balkans, or on the Turkish coast, or on the islands of the Adriatic and Aegean Seas would have been impossible and the above-mentioned areas would have been occupied by Italy and Austria-Hungary, then it was envisaged that "this occupation will follow only after a preliminary agreement between the two by the named Powers, based on the principle of compensation for any territorial or other acquisition in excess of the current status quo. " The Italian-German treaty contained the same commitment to maintaining the territorial status quo in the East, but left a free hand for both sides on the question of Egypt.

For the third time, T. s. was signed in Berlin on 6. V 1891. Its text repeated all the provisions of the treaty of 1882. In addition, according to Art. 9 treaties of 1891, Germany and Italy pledged to make efforts to preserve the territorial status quo in Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Tunisia. It was further added: "It goes without saying that in the event of such a case, both powers will also try to enter into an agreement with England." The contract was concluded for 6 years.

The additional protocol attached to the treaty stated that since it was possible to achieve in principle the accession of England to the resolution of the treaty concerning the East, that is, the territory of the Ottoman Empire, the contracting parties will make every effort "to achieve a similar accession with respect to the North African territories in central and western Mediterranean, including Morocco. " However, hopes for an alliance with England did not come true. The British rejected the repeated proposals for such an alliance made by Chancellor Caprivi.

The fourth allied treaty between Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy was signed in Berlin on 28. VI 1902, completely reproduced the text of the previous, third allied treaty, was concluded for the same 6-year period and with the same extension conditions. In a secret declaration communicated to the Italian government on 30. VI 1902, the Austro-Hungarian government announced that it was striving to maintain the territorial status quo in the East, but would not do anything that could interfere with the actions of Italy, dictated by its interests in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica.

The fifth contract T. c. was signed in Vienna on 5. XII 1912. The content of this treaty is identical to the content of the treaties of 1891 and 1902. The treaty of 1912 was in the history of T. s. last; during the world war that began a year and a half later, Italy went over to the side of the Entente powers, and T. s. broke up.

Entente ANTANTA - an alliance of Great Britain, France and Russia; took shape in 1904-1907 and united in the course of the First World War (1914-1918) against the coalition of the Central Powers more than 20 states (among them the USA, Japan, Italy). The formation of the Entente was preceded by the conclusion of the Russian-French alliance in 1891-1893 in response to the creation of the Triple Alliance (1882), led by Germany.

Russia and France were allies bound by mutual military obligations defined by the military convention of 1892 and subsequent decisions of the general staffs of both states. The British government, despite the contacts between the British and French general staffs and the naval command, established respectively in 1906 and 1912, did not take on certain military obligations. The formation of the Entente softened the differences between its members, but did not eliminate them. In turn, the Entente countries, preparing for a war with Germany, took steps to sever Italy and Austria. Hungary from the Triple Alliance.

After the outbreak of the First World War, in September 1914 in London, an agreement was signed between Great Britain, France and Russia not to conclude a separate peace, replacing the allied military treaty. In October 1915, Japan joined this agreement, which in August 1914 declared war on Germany.

In the course of the war, new states gradually joined the Entente. By the end of the war, the states of the anti-German coalition (not counting Russia, which withdrew from the war after the October Revolution) included Great Britain, France, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Haiti, Guatemala, Honduras, Greece, Italy, China, Cuba, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama , Peru, Portugal, Romania, San Domingo, San Marino, Serbia, Siam, USA, Uruguay, Montenegro, Hijaz, Ecuador, Japan.

The main members of the Entente - Great Britain, France and Russia, from the first days of the war entered into secret negotiations on the goals of the war. The British-French-Russian agreement (1915) provided for the transfer of the Black Sea straits to Russia, the London Treaty (1915) between the Entente and Italy determined the territorial acquisitions of Italy at the expense of Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Albania. After the October Revolution, the Entente organized an armed intervention against Soviet Russia - on December 23, 1917, Great Britain and France signed a corresponding agreement. In March 1918, the Entente's intervention began, but the campaigns against Soviet Russia ended in failure.

The goals that the Entente set for themselves were achieved after the defeat of Germany in the First World War, but the strategic alliance between the leading countries of the Entente - Great Britain and France - remained in the following decades.

Entente

Entente(fr. entente - agreement) - the military-political bloc of Russia, England and France, created as a counterweight to the "Triple Alliance" ( A-Entente); developed mainly in 1904-1907. and completed the disengagement of the great powers on the eve of the First World War. The term originated in 1904 originally to designate the Anglo-French alliance, and the expression was used "Cordial agreement" in memory of the short-lived Anglo-French alliance in the 1840s, which bore the same name.

The creation of the Entente was a reaction to the creation of the Triple Alliance, the strengthening of Germany and an attempt to prevent its hegemony on the continent, initially from Russia (France initially held an anti-German position), and then from England. The latter, in the face of the threat of German hegemony, was forced to abandon the traditional policy of "brilliant isolation" and switch to - by the way, also traditional - a policy of blocking against the most powerful power on the continent. A particularly important incentive for this choice of England was the German naval program, as well as the colonial claims of Germany. In Germany, in turn, this turn of events was announced as "encirclement" and served as a pretext for new military preparations, announced as purely defensive.

Main events

• 1891 - An agreement was signed between the Russian Empire and the French Republic on the creation of the Franco-Russian Union.

• 5 (17) August 1892 - signing of a secret military convention between Russia and France.

• 1893 - the conclusion of a defensive alliance between Russia and France.

• 1904 - signing of the Anglo-French agreement.

• 1907 - the signing of the Russian-English agreement.

Triple Alliance

• Triple Alliance- the military-political bloc of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, formed in 1879-1882, which marked the beginning of the division of Europe into hostile camps and played an important role in the preparation and unleashing of the First World War (1914-1918).

• The main organizer of the Triple Alliance was Germany, which concluded a military alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879. After that, in 1882, Italy joined them. The nucleus of an aggressive military grouping in Europe was created, directed against Russia and France.

On May 20, 1882, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy signed a secret Triple Alliance treaty. They pledged (for a period of 5 years) not to take part in any unions or agreements directed against one of these countries, to consult on political and economic issues and provide mutual support. Germany and Austria-Hungary pledged to provide assistance to Italy in the event that she "without a direct challenge from her side would be attacked by France." Italy should have done the same in the event of an unprovoked French attack on Germany. Austria-Hungary was assigned the role of a reserve in case of entering the war. In the event of a common participation in the war, the parties pledged not to conclude a separate peace and to keep the Treaty of the Triple Alliance secret. The treaty was renewed in 1887 and 1891 (with additions and clarifications made) and was automatically renewed in 1902 and 1912.

The collapse of the union

From the end of the 19th century, Italy, suffering losses from the customs war waged by France against it, began to change its political course. In 1902, she entered into an agreement with France, pledging to maintain neutrality in the event of a German attack on France. After the conclusion of the London Pact, Italy entered World War I on the side of the Entente, and the Triple Alliance collapsed (1915). After Italy left the union, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire joined Germany and Austria-Hungary, forming a quadruple alliance.

Central Powers (Quadruple Alliance)

• Central Powers(it. Mittelmächte, Hung. Központi hatalmak, tour. İttifak Devletleri, bulg. Centralni sealy) - a military-political bloc of states that opposed the powers of the "friendly agreement" (Entente) in the First World War of 1914-1918.

• Block composition:

• German empire

• Austro-hungary

• Ottoman Empire

• Bulgarian kingdom (since 1915)

The Central Powers bloc ceased to exist with defeat in World War I in the fall of 1918. When the armistice was signed, all of them were forced to unconditionally accept the terms of the winners. Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire disintegrated as a result of the war; the states created on the territory of the Russian Empire were forced to seek the support of the Entente. Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland retained their independence, the rest were annexed back to Russia (directly to the RSFSR or entered the Soviet Union).