In the story of Korolenko "Children of the Dungeon" the main character is a nine-year-old boy Vasya. He was only six years old when Mother Vasi died after severe illness. His father completely forgot about him, completely immersed in his inconceptless grief. The boy grew like a lonely wild tree in the field, - he was not surrounded by a draw, but no one has shown his will.

Vasya lived in the prince-town, where they lived their days a pitiful remains of proud Panish greatness. The city spread out at the bottom of the moldy ponds. Gray fences, straws with a pile of trashmen were mixed with the huts who went into the ground. Wooden crackle bridge, hacked, precisely stray old man. The river, through which the bridge is thrown out, flowed out of the pond and fell into another. In the middle of one of the ponds was the island. On the island - old, dilapidated castle. Vasya always looked at this magnificent flarek building. Every poor man could find shelter in the old castle. "Lives in the castle" - this phrase expressed the extreme degree of poverty and fall. But one day the lock society was divided. Vasya with her friends watched, as the expelling of tenants. And the unfortunate dark personalities, rearing, left forever the island. Thereafter old lock, from which I was looking for Vasya in some kind, lost all my attractiveness in his eyes. Vasya could not forget the cruelty, with which the tenants of the castle drove their unfortunate cohabitants left without bed, he was squeezed by his heart. On the example of the old castle Vasya first recognized the truth that from the Great to the funny one is only one step. The Great in the castle rugged ivy, mkhami, and the funny seemed disgusting like you.

Sona sister was four years old. Vasya loved her, and she paid him as love. But the established look at Vasya, erection and between them a high wall. Vasya was bitterly and annoying. And soon he stopped all attempts to take Sonya games, and after some time he became closely in the house and in the kindergarten, where he did not meet anyone in whom. Vasya began to straighten. It seemed to him that he would find something for the old fence in the garden and could do something. To meet this unknown and mysterious, in it from the depths of his heart, something rose, teasing and causing. Since then, he was called a street boy and vagramed, but he did not pay attention to it. He listened to the comments and did in his own way. Shataling through the streets, he watched the life of the town. He learned and saw what the children did not see much older than him.

When the castle lost respect for Vasya and attractiveness, then he began to look at the chapel. Having overlooked courage, Vasya looked inside the chapel, and from there he smelled of solemn silence. There he saw a boy of nine years old and a girl with blue eyes. Since then, Vasya was completely absorbed by his new acquaintance. Looks to sleep and getting up, he just thought about a visit to the chapel. Marusya, at the sight of a new friend, splashed with her handms, and her eyes clung to a light, the pale larch broke the blush, she laughed. She looked like a flower grown without rays of the sun. She reminded you his mother in the last days Life.

From Valka Vasya found out that the gray stone sucks life from her. In these words was bitter truth. It was a riddle for Vasi, worse than all the ghosts of the old castle. Something unknown leaning over the little head of the girl, sucking a blush, shine eyes and traffic abilities. Vasya with Valka collected flowers for girls, multicolored pebbles, caught butterflies, told fairy tales or talked with each other. These conversations every day were increasingly fixed the friendship of boys, which grew, despite the sharp opposite of their characters.

Valek showed you his father from such a part, with what he never had to look at him. He was pleased to listen to the father's praise. Valka's words hit in the heart of Vasi String of sons of pride.

The autumn was approached. Marusya began to take it. All that the streets amused and interested Vasya in these people, here in the dungeon, appeared in an unsuccessful form and heavily oppressed the children's heart. When these pictures and people got up in Vasina's memory, he saw Mountain, need, tragedy. Vasya finally burned with a bad society, the sad smile Marusi became the same way as a smile sister. Here he was needed, no one put on the appearance of his corruption. Each appearance caused a blush, revival on the cheeks of the girl. Valek hugged him as a brother.

Clear days passed, and Marus became worse. Already nothing pleased her, and for a long time I was not heard of her laughter. Then Vasya decided to turn to his sister Sona. She had a big doll, a gift to the late mother. On this doll, Vasya laid great hopes. Vasya was not mistaken. The doll made a miracle, but also delivered a lot of disturbing minutes. The doll was looking for the owners. Vasya informed the Valka his fears. It was decided to return the doll back. As soon as the boys took out a doll from the hands lying in forgetting the girls, she suddenly cried. Vasya with fright put a doll in place. The girl smiled and calmed down. Vasya realized that he wanted to deprive his little friend the first and last joy of her short life.

Vasya waited for a serious conversation with his father. He called him to his office. Vasya heard a disturbing knock of his own heart. Father's face seemed terrible. Father accused Vasya in theft. Father's eyes burned anger. In the breast of the boy risen barely conscious insulted feeling of an abandoned child. Bitter tears burned his cheeks. At this moment, Tiber Station rang out. He untied the knot and took out a doll. In the face of the Father appeared amazement. They went out. A few minutes later they returned. Vasya felt someone's hand on his head. That was the father's hand, gently stroking it. Vasya raised his eyes on him. Now the other person was standing before Vasya, but it was in this man that he found something native, which was written in vain in it before. And the Father only now began to learn the familiar features of his native son.

It is believed that the story of Korolenko recreates the facts of his biography, studying which, amazing sincerity and genuineness of the author's word. The reader comongs with the heroes of the work, penetrates their thoughts and sorrow. In the life of the chief hero, Vasi reflected the life of the author himself. It is easy to imagine that it was a person knowing and daring, soulful and intelligent, who has the ability to understand people who can regret and sympathize. Respect for people, the struggle for each person is a fundamental link in the life and work of Korolenko. Heroes of his creations are ordinary Russian people, what a lot. His works teach not to rob in life difficulties, to accept the life of what it is.

The story "Children of the dungeon" wrote Russian writer Vladimir Galaktionich Korolenko. The author touched the eternal themes of love, friendship and good. This work causes the reader an empathy and sympathy for young heroes whose life is filled with almost one deprivation. The book is addressed to adolescents average school ageHowever, there is a version of the story and for children's reading. If you do not have a printed edition, you can read this work online or listen to audiobook.

The plot of the works "Children of the Dungeon"

Events occur in a small town of Poland Prince-Voine, where the boy Vasya and the Sonya girl live - children of a respected judge. Their life is measured and calm. But after the death of the mother, the family tragedy turns around for them with severe pain and dislike Father to the six-year-old son. Father is distinguished from his son and is limited to communicating with her daughter.

The boy considers himself an abandoned and aimlessly walking around the city, and one day he meets two beggars of little boards, Valerka and Marus, who are forced to steal and begging to survive. They live in the ruins of the old castle with their father Tiburcy and the other beggar. Thus, Vasya finds himself friends and invites them to play in the garden of their house, but Tibiburg does not approve of such hospitality, because he knows that the boy's father is respected in the city of Judge. However, the guys do not betray their friendship and continue to meet.

If we talk about plot lines, then select several:

• relationships of children from different worlds;
• relationship Father and Son in different Mirah;
• adult relationships.

Heroes Tale

It is believed that the work of V. G. Korolenko recreates some facts of the author's biography, studying who are amazing genuine the author's words and his sincerity, after all, reading him, empathize with all the heroes of the work and deeply penetrate their sorrow and thought.

Attention should be paidthat in the story "Children of the Dungeon" there are heroes:

• Boy Vasya
• his sister Sonya;
• Valerka.
• his sister Marusya.

Also, one should separate adult heroes:

• Judge (Father Vasi and Sony);
• Tibiurki Dara (Father Marusi and Valley).
• Yanush - leaders of beggars;
• servants in the house of Father Vasi and Sony

In the image of the boy, Vasi, the author embodied himself, described his feelings and feelings from the world, as he perceived him in childhood. This hero has the ability to disappear in people and the ability to regret and empathize with those who are in trouble.

His father is a fair and honest person who despite his respected position of the judge as well as others can despair and worry. However, it is impossible not to note the wisdom of Father Marusi and Valerki, Tibiburg, who was forced to become homeless and beanle together with children.

V. G. Korolenko united two worlds and two families, and disclosed the characters of the heroes with best side. In each of these heroes, he demonstrated such features as an understanding, empathy, nobility and ability to help others.

Heroes of the story teach us not to rob in the face of vital difficulties and take life with all its charms and disappointments. In addition, Korolenko V. G. On their example calls the reader to understand the bitter Film Film, not forgetting about sympathy, mutual assistance and respect for people, regardless of their status and position.

"Children of the dungeon" - the history of adolescents, who teaches any reader to be humane and keep someone else's burning, despite the existing social prejudices. She places in the heart and invisibly changes the formation of the worldview of each person, including the child.

Chapter 1

The case takes place in the Polish town of Princess-Vo on. This place is unusual, his ponds are walking, on which one of them is the island, and on the island an abandoned castle in which poor people live.

Among such disadvantageous personalities were well educated by Tiburki and his children: a seven-year-old boy Valley and a three-year-old girl Marusya. "Exiles" were forced to find a new shelter and settled in the dungeon of the castle, which was near the old chapel.

Chapter 2.

Six-year-old Vasya, the son of a judge after his mother's death due to the fact that he considers himself anyone who does not need to become a vagrand, because the dear man and widower does not pay due attention to his son, since he himself can not survive the loss of his wife. And if he finds a moment with her daughter Sonya, then the boy really remains abandoned in this tragedy.

Vasya is a child with a thin soulful organization. He is hardly worried about the cooling of the father to him and therefore begins to wander. His image in the work transmits the misfortune of the boy with all its healthy morality and sensitivity. He, will be the case, got from a prosperous life to a beggar. I got like a guest, but I tried to understand and sincerely sympathized with those who were in that world. On the one hand, he lives surrounded by servants and does not know what to starve it, and on the other - he is a child of the streets abandoned by the father without attention and the horror of loneliness.

Chapter 3.

Vasya meets Valerka and Marusi from the dungeon when he examines the old chapel and is interested in the cemetery adjacent to it. From them Vasya learns that the children of the chapel are "exiles", which were evicted from the castle. The boy promises what will come to your new acquaintance As often as possible and bring them food. Valerka, as if reluctant, allows him to make good deeds and questions about his house bypass "noble silence."

Chapter 4.

Vasya visits the guys, brings them "goodies", which are especially rejoiced by a small marry; they play and reveal terrible secret Castle. In one of his visits, Vasya discovers an abnormal wool girl, she is not a hard gait and finds out from Valley, that Marusya is sick. But what it is unclear, you are understandable only one thing - life pulls out the dungeon and "gray stones", among which his friends live.

Chapter 5.

Valerka is solved show you They are with Marius the habitat and they all go down together in the dungeon. But this does not scare the boy so much, somehow, what he learns in the future: all beggars in this dungeon and including his friends live theft. The main character develops an internal moral conflict and in the depths of the soul he cannot accept this.

It can be said, the obvious truth of what is happening for a nine-year-old boy from a good intelligent family turned out to be a complex obstacle in understanding that his closest friend is a thief. Therefore, even after Valerka escorts him in place of their stay, Vasya will keep away and can not play with the guys, as before. Their interesting fun is instantly stopped, Vasya returns home early, falls into bed and falls asleep in tears.

Chapter 6.

A devotee friendship continued. Vasya meets the father of his friends - Tiburcy Drab, because they didn't try to hide the guys, they had no long to hide the meetings of small vagrants and the son of the city judge and in one of the days of Tribs, in their dwelling, but, surprisingly Vasi exhibits unexpected nobility When meeting him. Truth, he sees a glad owner only thenWhen he does not doubt that the boy did not speak anyone about the secret shelter of the beggar.

Tibui has always been a high opinion about the father of Vasi and said that this is perhaps the only person in the judging who has a heart. But despite this attitude towards him, he still checks the guy "on the stitchiness", and he is withstanding the test with honor and dignity.

Chapter 7.

Autumn comes. The weather flowshes, but Vasya never ceases to visit his friends. The disease of the five-year-old Marusi goes into the critical phase. And at that moment, when Vasya exhibits a desire to be close to his friends during the serious illness of the girl and help them in every way, his father will find out from the leader of the Aristocrats of Yanusha, who is also beaten in the ruins of the castle that Vasya goes to the dungeon.

His father is of course does not believe tramp and beggingBut visits to the "bad society" become dangerous for the boy. Vasya is greatly experiencing and cannot see without tears, as a girl slowly disappears from the life, to which he was strongly attached and began to consider his sister.

Because of the obstacles of his visit to the sick Marus and completely broken Valerka, Vasya is decided to tell about the gossip and betrayal of the old man of Yanusha Tibiburg Drabu. He responds that it is bad, because the judge, though a good person, but will not go against the law.

Chapter 8.

This chapter describes the history final. Marusa gets worse. Vasya brings his toys to the dungeon to at least somehow distract the girl from the disease. But this method has little effect on her condition and then he comes up with helping otherwise: the boy appeals for help to his sister Sona and asks her a luxurious doll - the memory of their deceased mother. Sonya does not want to give her, but Vasya still persuades sister and runs to Marus with a gorgeous maiden gift.

Merus doll really liked. She began her kind of "live water" for her. The girl not only got out of bed, but began to walk. However, it lasted not long, because after a while she ranghing again.

Vasya faces due to the dolls with the problems that arise at home, but there are no guilt of Sony; The servants were impatiently suspected, and his father began to be very worried about the loss of a gifting of a hot wife's beloved.

Vasya falls under house arrestwho ends with a predensive interrogation of the Father, but does not give the secrets of the disappearance of the doll and does not admit to their friends.

Father is increasingly squeezing his son's shoulder, angry and makes his son hurt, but not for evil intent, but only because it cannot cope with the inner anger. And at the height of the intense conflict of the judge and his son, Vasya from the street calls Tibiburg. He meets the father of the boy and tells the whole story of the friendship of Vasi and his children, returns a doll and invites you to say goodbye to Marus. "Come to us say goodbye to my girl. Father let you go. She died, "says Tibiburg.

This moment reaches the tragity limit of this work. The author describes the farewell ceremony, as well as the tramps go out of the dungeon, the abandoned chapel fell, and in the cemetery, which was with her nearby, remains the grave for which Vasya, Sonya and their father often come.

Vladimir Galaktionich Korolenko

"Children of the Underground"

"My mother died when I was six years old." So the hero of the story of the boy Vasya begins the story. His father-judge burned in his wife, paying attention to only her daughter Sona, as she looked at the mother. And the son "grew up like a wild church in the field" provided to himself, without love and care.

The location of the prince-town, where Vasya lives - "Snor, dirt, heaps of the guys crawling in street dust" - surrounded the ponds. On one of them was the island, on the island - the old castle, the horror of which "reigned over the whole city."

In the ruins of the castle lived beggars and other "Dark Persons". Between them there was a discord and part of the "unfortunate sponsors" expelled from the castle. They were left without bed and Vasi "squeezed his heart" from pity.

The leader of the rogue was Tiburg Dara, who has a terrible monkey appearance. In his eyes, the sharp insight and mind glowed, and the past "was covered with darkness of unknown."

With it, occasionally saw two kids: a seven-year-old boy and a three-year-old girl.

Once, Vasya with friends climbs into a chapel on Mount near the castle. Friends were frightened by the "devils" in the dark chapel and ran away, leaving him alone. So Vasya meets with Vekle and a little Marus. They became friends. Later, Vasya falls into the dungeon, where "Two jets of light ... flowed from above ... stone plates Floor ... Walls were also from the stone ... Toned completely in the dark. " His new friends live here.

Vasya began to go to children from the "bad society." Marusya was one age with his sister, but looked painfully: thin, pale, sad. Her favorite game was to sort out flowers. Valek said that "the gray stone sucked out of her life."

Vasya suffer doubts about fatherly love, but Valek answered that the father of Vasi was a very fair judge - not even afraid to condemn the rich graph. Vasya thinks and begins to look different in a different way.

The friendship of Vasi with Valek and Marusya recognizes Tambourity - he is angry, but allows the son of the judge to go to the dungeon, because his children are happy to the boy. Vasya understands that often the dungeon lives at the expense of theft, but with contempt for hungry friends his "affection did not disappear." He is sorry for a patient, always hungry Marus. He carries her toys.

In the fall, the girl cares from the disease. Vasya talks about the sister's sick unhappy Marus, persuades to give up her best doll donated by the late mother. And the "little doll made almost a miracle" - Marusya cheated and began to walk.

At home, they show the loss of toys. Father forbids the boy to leave the house. Vasya and Valek decide to return the doll, but when the boys took her to Marusya "opened her eyes ... and cried quietly ... complaints." Vasya understands what he wanted to deprive his "little friend the first and last joy of the joy of her short life" and leaves a doll.

Father interrogates Vasily in the office, causing a confession.

His face was terrible from anger: "You stole her and snuff! .. To whom did you eat? .. Speak!"

The boy admits that he took a doll, but nothing else says. Tears drip out eyes, but inside "risen burning love" to those who prick him in the old chapel.

Suddenly Tiburgi appears, gives a doll and everything tells Mr. Judge. Father understands that his son is not a thief, but a good and responsive person. He asks Vasya to forgive him. Tibyburg reports that Marusya died and his father let go of Vasya to say goodbye to the girl. He gives him money for beggars.

After these events of Tiburg and Valek "unexpectedly disappeared" from the city, like all the "Dark Persons".

Every year, in the spring, Vasya and Sonya wore flowers to the grain of Marusi - here they read, thought, shared with youthful thoughts and plans. And, leaving the city forever, "they uttered her vows over a small grave."

In the story, the story of Vasi begins with the fact that he reports the death of his mother. Then he turned six years old. His father was an excellent judge who for a long time He burned in his wife. He spent most of his time with his only daughter, which was so similar to the mother. He practically did not remember about his son.

Vasya lives in the town of Prince-Town, around which were ponds. On one of them was the island where the old castle was located. Rather, the castle was roasted, where the beggars lived. Quite often, there were disputes and scandals between them, so some "cohabitants" were expelled from the so-called castle.

The main thing in this company was rather not cute tambourism DB. Where he was, always near him saw a seven-year-old boy and a three-year-old girl. Once, I went to the chapel with friends. So he meets these two children: Valek and Marus. For the first time Vasya turns out to be in their dungeon.

Vasya conducted them quite often, Marusya was years as his sister, but looked very painful. She loved to sort out flowers. Vasya began to notice that his father dislike him, but the Valek insisted that he was fair and honest. After all, he did not hold and condemned the rich graph. Now Vasi has a different opinion about the father.

About their friendship learns Tiburg. Of course, he is not pleased with it, but allows you to come to the dungeon. He brings a weak and sick marus toys. In the fall, the girl fell ill, and he brings her a doll that belonged to his sister. Soon, the girl is recovering.

D. weet dungeons "(1886) - from among readable books. This is quite explained: there is a hero in the story, a close to the reader by age. In any case, he is perceived. In fact, you are only seven years old. The presence of a peer hero for 10-11-year-olds is a significant criterion for the value of the artistic work as a whole.

The story has a dramatic plot with mystery elements. He holds the reader in the voltage, which the final reaches the apogee and pours out in their tears. Why do children cry? "Marusuyu is a pity" - a typical answer. But tears as a reaction to the read are only when the story reads before studying it in the classroom - in one sitting. Reading, stretched in time, as it often happens at school, kills reader emotions. And this It may not affect the level of perception of the story.

The interest of adolescents to the work usually closes on the heroes and those events that they are worried. On them and should be focused on the analytical conversation, leaving aside other problems and other heroes, for example, "problematic
Figures. " So they were enrolled in the journal "Spring", when adapted for children's reading the story "in a bad society". In this work, "problematic nature" is the main object of the artistic research and sympathy of the writer. Such an attitude to rejected people of the bottom is characteristic of Russian literature halves XIX. century. In the "Dungeon Children" "Problems of Nature" (Tiber, Professor), are manifested only to the extent that they relate to the heroes of children.

Let's start a conversation on behaving from questions "for memory". It is not necessary to reject them, qualifying as primitive. They are needed even in working with high school students, and with younger teenagers, without them just do not do. Why? In 10-11 years old, thinking remains Specific, albeit with elements of abstract. And this means that adolescents interest in the details, including artistic, psychologically due to the details, are well remembered all the turns of the plot, paintings, events, characters, different kinds of details and with pleasure they are reterable. , receiving emotional and aesthetic pleasure. Remembering text, readers get the opportunity to second read read. They like it. But the retelling of the text of the conversation should not be limited. The retelling is also the actual basis for analyzing the work.

From these positions and let's try to build a conversation on the story of the "Dungeons".

Who is the narrator?

To draw the attention of readers to the image of a narrator, ask them:

Whose eyes did we see the heroes and events in the story?

There is no definite instructions for age in the text. But at the same time we read: "My mother died when I was six years old," since six years I have experienced the horror of loneliness. " From these indirect comments, it comes out that Vasya goes the seventh year. Is it a lot or a little - seven years? How to see, but most adolescent readers are confident that "seven years" is still a little. You can return to this question later, but as long as the following: "Is there only a children's voice of a boy Vasi, we hear, reading the story?" No, on all course the story hears another voice. Even the usual reader's ear can determine his belonging to an adult person. For persistence, read (now aloud) the very beginning of the story and turn special attention For a time in which verbs are used. It is easy to see that this is the past time - "When I was six years old," "no one surrounded me," "the place where we lived", "Ponds from the year of melli", "about him (castle) Traditions and stories one The other is terrible. "The past time is emphasized by the verb" happened "-" happened, I loved to come to the island "," I loved to listen when I was Janusch ... "Who is he, this adult who leads the story last time? Readers understand that this is the main character himself, recalling those years when he was still a small boy Vasya.

But the narrator not only recalls childhood and everything connected with him. Surviving the events of childhood, he also analyzes them, but from the position of himself today's. To illustrate this, it is enough to read several paragraphs of the text, for example, from the heads "ruins", from the words "lives in the castle ..." Lexik ("Tryzali's insides of a straw building"), syntax ("lives in the castle" - this phrase has become an expression of the extreme degree of poverty ), intonation - everything gives an adult person.

Thus, the narrator is in two time dimensions: he is a child and he is an adult. The form of the narrative determines the artistic peculiarity of the work. Two-way creates a special atmosphere, in which sincerity, purity, coming from the child, are combined with wisdom, a lot of experienced a lot of an adult person. And yet, thanks to a twitch, the reader not only sees and hears the experienced hero in childhood, but also knows how it responded to his future life.

Alien in the native family

How did I remember myself in childhood? It is worth paying the attention of readers for comparison, what a hero uses, telling about themselves. Recalling childhood, when he was still just Vasha, the narrator would notice that he "grew up like a wild tree in the field", like a "young wolf", like a "buggy animal". Is there a common in those epithets and comparisons that are used in These characteristics? Yes, diminishing words are used, emphasizing the age of the hero - it can be seen that it is completely small. Epitts carry a refinement load. Vasya defenseless, lonely, wary, living in itself, unattended. Was Vasi had reason to become So in So. early age? The question encourages carefully to look at that atmosphere, which reigned in his family. After the death of the mother, the native house for him was almost a stranger. The father, absorbed in grief, "completely forgot about my existence," "turned away from me with annoyance and pain." And when I noticed, I thought, "that I am a bad, spoiled a boy, with a frantic egoistic heart." Maybe someone had any attention in the house and interest in herself? No, there were no such people with him. Author They do not show them. Later, the hero with bitterness will say that in his hometown he "did not meet anyone in whom and caress." Moreover, a four-year sister Sonya, who loved his brother, tried in every way to save from his "bad" influence. And was Vasi need to participate from relatives? All the drama of his position in that and consisted that he was eager for love, sympathy for himself But I did not get them: "I wanted him (father) hugged me, put on his knees and climbed." From the inattention of close boys, "it became very bitter and annoying," he even cried. The tension of the emotional state of the hero during this period of his life is expressed by the words: "... from six years I have experienced the horror of loneliness." In these words - the drama of the child's life. Only with tears and experiences reacted vasya to "cold" in his hometown? Of all his reaction to the attitude of loved ones was expressed in the care of Vasi from the house. The author convincingly shows the logicality and psychological pattern of this step of the hero.

So, Vasya became free - "no one has shifted my freedom." But it was a forced freedom. In fact, the boy betrayed. And first of all, the father who believed someone's people, as if his son "Broadcasting" and "unsuitable boy." The boy hoped For the love of his father, she craved her, but did not receive.

Street as a school life

Korolenko not by chance as the main character chose a child, and even lonely, that is, free from adult influence. The stock of impressions in a small man is minimal. For him, everything for the first time. But not only the psychological reasons led to the discovery of Vasi, and the causes of social. A boy from a wealthy family - he did not have to come across life more seriously. Therefore, he almost continuously makes his personal discoveries, knowing the life and its laws. In the process of this knowledge, Vasya spiritually matures, growing in person.

So that the spiritual evolution of the hero looks convincing, the writer conducts it through the chain of events that forced the boy to make a choice and determine. What are these events? The death of mother's death was the first dramatic and turning point in his life. It is led beyond the plot. Readers see only the consequences of this family grief in the life of Vasi - he became a stranger in his hometown and went outside. Care on the street is the second stage event of his life. Is it possible to explain why it was on the street in Vasi, a feeling was born, "that somewhere there, in this big and unknown light, for the old fence of the garden, I will find something; it seemed that I had to do something and I could "It's done, but I didn't know what exactly." As you can see, the author does not give a direct answer to the question, but he guess for some details of the text. "I ... did in my own way," "I was peering", "trying to catch", " "My eyes were widely revealed," I stopped "," I learned and saw. "

The little boy of the circumstances was thrown into the street and did not sink in it only because he did not surrender, showed character ("did in his own way"), she was saved by burning curiosity. The author deliberately "abuses" by personal proncesses and verbs in a small text of the text. They emphasize the spiritual activity of Vasya, which determined as the purpose of life.

Here it is appropriate to once again draw the attention of students to the fact that our hero is completely another child, but he is already thinking about the meaning of life. And the question says again: "Is it too early? What does the author think about this?"

Vasina discovery

What saw Vasya, going out? First of all, the princess-town, the main architectural decoration of which was prison. The picture of the city and the surroundings was complemented by "sleepy", "moldy ponds", "wastewater with a pile of any rubble", "Wooden Bridge", "Snor, dirt, heaps of guys," "Cemetery", "Semi-Dilapidated Castle", "Abandoned Chapel". Are the paintings of the city are exhausted only by the descriptions of its natural and architectural attractions? Of course no. There is still in the city and the so-called "problematic figures". Who are they? This is "Unfortunate Dark Persons, Red Elders", "ugly old women", "a semi-confusion old man, who was nicknamed by a professor", and distinguished among this dark mass of Pan Tiberce . So, in human society, as in the city landscape, there is not a single informer's eye. It is noteworthy that the paintings of the darling, the suede lifestyle open the story, preceding the main events and thereby configuring the reader to their perception defined.

And what about Vasya? How he perceives gloomy paintings and figures native city? Quite normal. Especially manifed his old destroyed castle. He saw you in a romantic halo. It seemed to him that the castle buzzes "somehow a vague value." He "loved to come to the island and although they published his old walls." The inhabitants of the castle were also interesting to him, he even looked at them with some respect. "I loved to listen when ... Yanush began to talk about the glorious past of the deceased building."

The word "loved" dominates in the impressions of Vasya, although it is not very combined with the object of this love - the ruins of the castle and dark personalities in rags. The boy saw and heard only what he wanted to see and hear. With his imagination, he decorates unsightly reality. But the romantic ideas of Vasi was still not destined to live long.

The "aristocratic coup" in the castle became the next turning event in the life of Vasya. He was forced to decide in his sympathies and antipathies. As a result of the coup in the castle, there were only servants or the descendants of the servants of the county order. The rest ruthlessly kicked out to the street, having degraded and this wretched housing.

How did Vasya responded to the "coup"? The castle lost in his eyes "all his attractiveness". The castle became His "Anti".

The knowledge of Vasia Life goes both styling and deep into. Going out, he not only accumulates all new impressions, he also skips them through the heart. So, surviving the coup in the castle, he will say: "I was compressed with the heart when I was remembered." A little later, we read again: "The image in the way, the impression of the impression was on the soul of bright stains."

So gradually, under the influence of that life, what flowed nearby, the children's enthusiasm of the boy is inferior to the place of heart pain.

The meeting with the children of the dungeon also became a significant event in the life of the boy and brought him new discoveries on the path of knowledge of life. How natural was this meeting? What prompted Vasya to go to the chapel? First of all, natural curiosity and thirst for new impressions. Vasya himself will say: "When all the corners of the city became known to me to the last dirty banks, then I began to look at the visible away, on the mountain, chapel." Vasya wanted just to inspect the chapel, but faced with a completely new and unknown world.

But the author does not immediately introduce the hero, and with him the reader, in this world. He considers it necessary first to emotionally prepare the hero, and the reader to join it. How it's done? By the discharge of gloomy paints, sounds, sensations.

When Vasya with friends goes to the "excursion" to the chapel? "After lunch". Then the time seems to be updated - "the sun began to be inclined to the sunset." Why does the author insistently emphasize the time? The fact is that at sunset, in the evening, everything looks differently than the day. Some mystery appears, and with it and it Fear. Boys do not admit that they are scary, but they give them some replicas: "There is no one," said one of my companions. "

Permanent mention of time creates a feeling of emotional discomfort. It is exacerbated by the description of the path to the chapel. What first came into the eyes when the boys walked to the goal? Abandoned cemetery, "White Extmive Bones", "Wooden Coffin", "The Teeth of the Human Skull", "Blowing Crosses". Why Korolenko accumulates these terrible details on a small text space? Because they create a picture of a dead abandoned world. People have not visited the cemetery for a long time. This world, seen at the sunset day, when all the shadows, paints, sounds are shifted, causes not so much surprise as a feeling of fear and horror. But that's not all.

Pay attention to the children's chapel. Korolenko and describes it in detail: "old, encouraged walls", "failed choirs, old elapsed columns", "angles were spanking cobwebs." There is not a single living and bright paint in this picture. It is clearly visible only to the seal of the loomed life. External The view of the chapel corresponds to its "interior decoration". In the corners, the "special darkness", "in the dark corners of the chapel," owl "flew out of the dark angle,", "Dark item next to the throne", "Dark item of our dispute". The epithet "Dark" in the description dominates. Why does Korolenko use it so wide? The fact is that dark color Often causes negative associations, scary. Fear reaches apogee when "the dark item on the floor has shought." "I was on that light," I was exactly in the coffin "- so Vasya will express his feelings at that moment.

Implining dark paints, gloomy parts, the author sets the reader to the perception of the main event - a meeting with the children of the dungeon. The meeting was the logical completion of the preceding the impressions of the heroes. Not only have children lived in a cemetery, they still had a dungeon. Many times repeating the word "dungeon", the author, as it were, "drivens" him into the consciousness of the reader. The image is enriched, it becomes visible thanks to the expressive details: "Floor Plates", "Stone Arcs Columns", Walls "performed with cruel cold stones." Even the figure of the professor "was like a stone sculpture", and stone walls They were closed "strong arms over the tiny figure of the girl." At some point, you even seemed to be here, in the dungeon, he feels the "invisible stone look." And again we see - the writer "abuses" by one epithet. In this case, "stone", as well as close to him by the meaning - "cold", "cruel". In the aggregate, they create a sense of the dead world, in which there is no place to live. But in this world people live, including children - Valek and Marusya.

The most important discovery

Valek and Marusya. How did they see and recognized Vasya?

Valek - "The boy of the nine ... Lucky and thin like a Costbar. He was dressed in a dirty shirt, his hands kept in his pockets ... pants. Dark curly hair shouted over black thoughtful eyes." In the first chapter, when Valek is only mentioned, it was said: "A boy of seven years old." Why is such a difference in the designation of age? It may be because at first Vasya sees Valenka from the side, somewhat dismissed, so he seemed to him small. In the chapel, he saw Valen near. Moreover, they almost clung. In this situation, Vasya had to appreciate the forces of the enemy, and he appreciated them - "more than me." What a detail in the portrait characteristic of Valek especially attracted the attention of Vasya? Vasya immediately noticed that the eyes of Valek "thoughtful". And he also noticed that the Valek "said sadly," "grinned with an ordinary sad view." Valenka's sad mood dipping Vasya, and with him the reader, in the atmosphere of some hopeless sadness and anxiety, though not yet fully conscious. This feeling is aggravated by the presence of Marusi. The author gives the reader the opportunity to see it. She has "dirty face", "Blond Head", "Non-Street Steps", "The head swayed on a thin neck, like the head of a field bell", Marusya went, "staggering, like the Mink". In the description of Marusi, diminutive words prevail. They The age of Marusi is emphasized, but not only. Sympticking words, comparison with the bell, they are creating a feeling of unprotected in this girl. She causes a feeling of pity.

Does the first impression about Marus and Valek confirm? Yes, confirmed and strengthens the facts from their lives. Which of these facts have become a discovery for Vasi? On the very first day, Vasya is surprised to know that Valen and Marusi have no house. "I could not imagine that the children could live without home," he will say. After some time, the news again - Valek confesses that he stole a bunch in the bazaar for a hungry marusy. "You, it means, stole? .." - try to clarify Vasya. He knew that it was not good to "steal", but did not know "what hunger is ..." The entire lifestyle of Valenka and Marusi for Vasi is opening. So, he did not even suspect that his new friends - beggars: "" Are you not a beggar? " - I asked the fallen voice. "

Entering the life of Valen and Marusi, watching them, Vasya involuntarily begins to compare Marusu with Sonya's sister. What prompted Vasya to this comparison? Girls at one age. And this is the only thing that united them. Otherwise they were very different. Vasya sees the differences in their appearance: "Sonya ... Circled like a paddy, and elain, like a ball. She ran so much ... so he was laughing at him, there were always such beautiful dresses on it." And Marusya never ran and "laughed Very rarely "," her dress was dirty and old, there was no ribbon in the spit. "And her eyes looked at some kind of childishly sad."

Vasya not only observes and fixes, he still wants to understand what is happening with Marusus, so the Valek asks: "Why is it?" "The gray stone sucked his life," the Valek will explain. But Vasya still did not understand anything. "It was for me," he will say, "the mystery, the worse than all the ghosts of the old castle." Why did he say so? How to understand the words of a boy? Vasya lived in another world and in another circle of concepts, ideas, so he was originally not able to Realize how gray stone can suck life. This misunderstanding is explainable and psychologically: small children in nature - concussions, so true meaning Metaphors they do not understand. And everything incomprehensible often causes fear. What happened to Vasya.

How did Vasya respond to those discoveries what he did in the chapel? Did they affect his feelings? Sure. Faced with an unpleasant and inexplicable, Vasya suffer. "I could not play on this day to play with my friends still serenely," he will say. And at night he "bitterly crying", and the feeling of "heart pain" for friends no longer left him. Whether it was possible to expect from Vasi like this The manifestations of feelings for the children of the dungeon? Yes, because such a reaction is psychologically explainable - children live feelings. Vasya from their number. Heart response to what is happening around, - in his spirit. Recall how he worried about the beggars who were expelled from the castle , Having degraded even this wretched bed. Then he also confessed that "when memories of dark personalities, who remained squeezed ... Suspended the heart." Deficient attention and caressing of the Father, he and his regret - "My heart lights up pity and sympathy to the Father."

And why Vasya did not leave his new friends when he learned that the Valek steals, and and Tiber'sti too? He had long known that contempt with theft "Combination". The answer is given in the lead in the open text. Vasya found in the dungeon, what he needed, attention to himself, and he could not refuse what he had acquired. He would say directly say : "Nobody put me forever on the sight of my spoilness." "In my breast there is some burning love for those who pried on there, in the old chapel." But there was another reason for the attachment of Vasya to Vlaka and Marus. He not only needed attention, but also eager to feel necessary - "I was needed here."

Has the feeling of compassion and pity affecting Vasya experienced in relation to Vlaka and Marusa, on his behavior? Of course, Vasya is changing. In it begin to manifest themselves the qualities that it was not known to him, he opens himself. So, noticing that Marusya could not quickly run in the games, he "did his incision." And when I did not want to go down to the gloomy dungeon, he "won unpleasant feeling And went there together "with Valek and Marus. Vasya tries as far as possible to help his friends. In his pockets are always apples and "saved treats". It is "saved" - this means that Vasya never forgot about his friends.

He was true to them from the first meeting to the end. Vasya immediately, maybe even unexpectedly for himself, decided on its attitude to Vlaka and Marus. "And you won't talk about what was with us?" - asked Valek after the first visit of Vasi to them. "" I will not say anyone, "I said firmly." And a little later: "" I will always go to you, "I replied decisively." Why did the author draw attention to the answer to Vasya? Because in how he says, also manifests itself, his attitude to the fact that he is also manifested. Pronounces.

Are there any evidence of Vasi's fidelity to his word? A peculiar test for loyalty for Vasi was his explanation with his father because of the doll, which he raised from the sister for the sick Marusi. How does Korolenko describe the state of Vasya on the eve of conversation with his father? "I had hard on my heart," "I was tomitic about a heavy premonition," "I heard a disturbing knock of my own heart." Entering the father, Vasya "Lobo stopped", "I shuddered", "I hung up." The stressful emotional state of the boy is aggravated and emphasized by the state of nature - behind the window luminous "sad autumn sun". Why does Korolenko stop in detail in the state of the soul of Vasya? It is important for him to show how hard the boy was. The feeling of anxiety, accumulating, gradually grew into fear - already before Father. Have these feelings have been substantiated? The premonition of the boy was not deceived. They even intensified at the sight of the Father only. His "face ... I seemed terrible", he was "heavy, still, an overwhelming look", "Father again sighed.", " I put a heavy hand on my shoulder. "Why does the author insistently use the epithet" heavy "? Repeated several times, he injected the atmosphere of gravity and psychological discomfort. The mood and state of the father exacerbate the alarming feelings of the Son. Therefore, Vasi's reluctance to respond to the question of the Father "Where is the doll?" In this atmosphere, it looks clear and natural. Between the father and son - the abyss. It is not a father with her son, but the judge with the defendant. The only thing that can vasya put in their defense, it's stubbornness. All questions of the Father he answered: "No, not I will say ... I will never tell you. Never!" In this critical situation, the character of Vasi was fully manifested. He did not want to ease his betrayal. This scene showed what he, Vasya, is worth it. It turns out that no age determines the actions, human behavior (remember, you are only seven years old), but something else. This "something" is the moral potential of the personality, the level of her spiritual maturity.

Having acquainted with the children of the dungeon, Vasya not only learned himself better, but also his father, who, as he revealed, he did not know. Offended by the inbidity of the Father, Vasya in a conversation with Valek will say: "He's bad". And in response hears: "It is not true, not true," said Valek, "you don't understand. Tibiburg knows better. He says that the judge is the most best person in the town". To find out about the father of Vasya was nice, although the resentment on him still remained. "So he is what," I thought. "But still he doesn't love me." Later, from the very tambourism, Vasya will hear: "Your father, small, the best of all judges in the world." And then, precisely, Tibiber will turn out to be the person who will return the father of his son, but the son of his father. He discharged his advent of their explanation about the disappeared doll: "Another person was standing in front of me, but in this man I found something native, which I carefully searched for him before." This is Vasya about the Father, who also "just now began to find out In me familiar features of your native Son. " The words "found" and "learn" - key for the Father and Son, who thanks to someone else, and even from another world, found each other.

From Tiber Station, Vasya will learn about the fact that people in this world are divided. "I am a beggar, and he is a beggar. I ... recreak, and he will steal. And your father judges me - well, and you will ever judge ... Here's it." This obvious to adult truth of Tambourch brought to the consciousness and feelings of the boy, And he stunned. For him, she sounded with the pristine force, and the reaction was adequate: "I will not judge Valenka," I objugulous. - Not true!" In the children's "not true" - the rejection of an adult, incomprehensible world.

The world is full of contradictions. In this you, you have to make sure. He knew that he was not good to "steal", but at the same time he sees those who steal, optionally bad people. Here and the warring Valek became him like a brother, and to pain in the heart it was sorry for Marusu - "The smile Marusi became me almost the same way as a smile of sister." And even Tibyburg was no longer a terrible - "he looked at us three like that strange eyes, in which something mercal, exactly tear. " Another bad world unexpectedly became his.

And one more paradox - the old Yanush said not once said you, that he is the "son of such respectable parents" in "bad society." And what? Does Vasya do anything bad during communication with the children of the dungeon? Definitely - no. On the contrary, he manifested itself good qualitieswhich he himself did not suspect.

Completing the conversation on the book, we ask our readers as they think - is there any future in those who found themselves in the "bad society"? The future of them, of course, are not. But what indicates the hopelessness, the doomscence of the fate of children of the dungeon? They live in the cemetery. And the author specifies - on the "thrown". It turns out that they live in the world of dead - away from people. In addition, they live in the dungeon - literally and figuratively. The words "cemetery" and "dungeon" in the story - dominant. They are a symbol of the past and leaving. There is another clarifying part - the dungeon under the chapel. Why? It turns out that its inhabitants are only in the power of God? And where are people? Are there anyone who could help them get out of the pit in the city of Dead? No, there are no such. Although in the city everyone knew about the existence and place of habitat, but no one wanted to help them. People were not affected by those who went beyond the face. They saw only the source of potential dangers. They looked at them with "hostile alarm". Even with the time of the coup in the castle, "the city knew that in his streets in the rainy darkness of the rainy night people roaming, who are hungry and cold, understanding that cruel feelings should be born in the hearts of these people, the city was alerted And towards these feelings sent its threats, "the city did not recognize them. It is worth paying attention to the fact that there are no concrete images of citizens in the story, there is a "city" - some huge, faceless, indifferent and hostile mass.

None soul other than little boy, I did not express this offended (fate, society) to people of sympathy. For the sympathy of Vasin Father, that is, the representative of the authorities, only hints. To pull out from the dungeon of its inhabitants. Why is the role of sympathetic show only a child? Probably it can be seen, how small strength compassionate those who found themselves at the bottom. And this means that the likelihood of their exit from the pit is negligible - hope for someone. They themselves get out of there not in the power. Even the most stronger of them - Tibercets - can only speeches and merge the men.

But by making a child the only compassion, Korolenko, probably meant another goal. With the help of a child, thanks to the child, he showed the human consistency of the people of dungeons and primarily children. Vasya, living with a heart, became a kind of moral measure for the inhabitants of the dungeon. About children as a kind of indicator that manifests the true value of human society, said Chekhov, the Great Contemporary Korolenko. During his trip to Sakhalin, he noted that children stretch to some convicts. And this, according to Chekhov, meant that they are still not entirely disappearance. An adult sees a terrible look much smaller than the child's heart.

So, Vasya is the only one who actively competes its rejected, but it is not able to change their life for the better. The force that is able to do this, Korolenko did not show.

The hopelessness of the inhabitants of the dungeon is emphasized by the final of the story. Dies the most favorite heroine - Marusya. Valek with his father went away somewhere from the city. Obviously not in best life. After all, he said somehow tambourism: "I am aft, and he will steal." The future of Valek is still at the bottom of life.

And what about Vasya? What is his fate? Did you have a brief acquaintance with the children of the dungeon? Pay attention to readers to the fact that the acquaintance was really brief. There are details that more or less exactly indicate this. The events described began late in the spring. At the beginning of the first chapter, we read: "... Spring finally triggered over the last gusts of winter." And the penultimate chapter is called "autumn". So, the acquaintance lasted for long - only 3-4 months. Why then the impression is that there is a lot of time? Because the small length of time accommodated a lot. What is specifically? The answer to this question will summarize all the topics and problems of the story. During this time, Vasya survived bitterness of the loss of the mother, the drama of relations with his father, the destruction of his romantic ideas, acquaintance with absolutely new world for him who turned his whole life. Vasya turned out to face to face with problems, the existence of which did not even suspect. Vasya experienced the joy of friendship and the flour of compassion, the loss of whom he was liked. He opened a lot not only in the new world, but And in itself, in his own father, whom he, it turns out, did not know at all.

By passing his hero through many everyday and psychological tests, the author showed that he is in moral terms. Behavior, actions, the emotions of the boy Vasi convince that "adoles" - the concept is not so many age as moral. In his seven years, Vasya was able to make decisions, to be responsible for his actions and words.

The epilogue of the story once again emphasizes that the experienced Vasya had the consequences in his future life. From it, readers find out that Vasya not only did not forget anyself, but he managed his younger sister, and even to turn his father in his faith.

Take a look at himself

The tale "Dungeons" encourages the reader and take a look at: "And what am I? Is I able to act if you need? Will it be able to keep the word when the circumstances will be able?" The path from the literature for life, if it is not too straightforward, for the children's audience - the natural and necessary. After they found out that the author thinks about his heroes and those problems that he raised, we make the next step - we take the reader to himself and His own problems.

The form of implementing this task can be the reader conference, which will complete the study of the story. It is possible to call it like this: "My questions you are - the hero of the" Children of the Dungeon "." Two or three student take turns play the role of the main character. The role will be reduced to the answers to the questions with which the audience will address them. Each participant of the conference should be prepared at least One question for the hero. Questions and answers to them will also be revealed to the level of perception of the work, and the degree of its impact on the reader. Aesthetic and ethical tasks in this situation are solved simultaneously.

As a final lesson, there may be a "meeting with the writer." One of the readers acts as writer Vladimir Korolenko, all the rest prepare him questions. Among the questions may be like: why did Marusya died? Why did Vasya never recognized where the Valek gone with Tibourcy and what happened to them? What people rose Vasya and his sister Sonya? What happened to those "problematic natures", which remained in the princess-veno? Why did the writer showed him next to Vasya his friends, and whether he had a seven-year-old boys in adulthood? The purpose of the writer is the same as his main hero.

In both cases, the knowledge of the text, the level of its perception and the impact of the readers read on modern readers is checked.

To read in the lesson, it was absorbed ...

What discovered students in the lesson would be good to fix on the new literary material. As such a "new" for the material reader, there may be works of both Russian and foreign literature. We call some of them: A. Chekhov. "Vanka", "I want to sleep"; D.Mamin-Sibiryak. "Spit", "Kormilets "," In the wilderness "," under Earth "; A.Kuprin." White Poodle "," Wonderful Doctor "," Tapeser "; M. Gorky." Grandfather Arkka and Lyonga "," Shake "," Sirota "; d .Grinwood. "Little Obworous"; Mr.Lo. "Without family"; Ch.Dikkens. "Oliver Twist"; A.ldgren. "Rasmus-Broadcasting".

In the story "Children of the Dungeon", Korolenko affects such eternal themes as friendship, love, good, empathy. He reveals heavy Life Poor people existing in the conditions of use and poverty, which, in spite of everything, know and know how to appreciate friendship and responsiveness, possessing many qualities that are often lacking more successful people.

The plot of the works is built on the life and feelings of the boy Vasi, the main character, - his mother dies, and his father closes in his grief, turning away from the child. Trying to somehow diversify life, Vasya begins to wander to the native city for a long time.

During one of these walks, he meets with the inhabitants of the old chapel - roller and Marius, the children of Pan Tiburg. It is they become his real friends, through them he comprehends the validity of life, looks at her completely on the other side. Tragic death Marusi from severe illness becomes not only the step of growing up Vasi, but also suddenly reconciles him with his father.

3. Creativity of Kipling. The genre of the work of "Mowgli".

Among the works of Reddiard Kipling - poems, novels, stories, fairy tales, stories, novels: "Department of Songs" (1886; Collection of poems), "Simple stories from the mountains" (1888; Collection of Novel), "Light went out" (1890; Roman; Russian translation - in 1903), "Songs of the barracks" (1892; Collection of poems), "Jungle Book" (1894; Stories about Mowgli), "The second jungle book" (1895; stories about Mowgli), "Seven Seas" (1896; Collection of poems), "White Man's burden" (1899), "Kim" (1901; Roman), "just fairy tales" (1902), "Five Nations" (1903; collection of poems), "Pak from the hills" (1906; collection "Historical fairy tales"), "Awards and Fairy" (1910; collection of "historical fairy tales").

By the middle of the life of the writer, his literary manner has changed, now he wrote leisurely, cautiously, carefully imparting written. For two books of historical stories "Pak from a bunch hill" (1906) and "Awards and Fairies" (1910), a higher service of feelings is characterized, some of the verses reach the level of pure poetry. Kipling continued to write stories collected in the books "Roads and Discovery" (1904), "Action and Countessing" (1909), "Most different creatures" (1917), "Debit and Credit" (1926), "Restriction and Update" ( 1932). In the 1920s, the popularity of Kipling decreased.

Its best works are the "Jungle Book", Kim (KIM), as well as numerous poems.

What country inspired R. Kipling to create wonderful works and why it is it? Remember how and why R. Kipling wrote "Mowgli"? What negative and positive features are characteristic of human society and residents of the jungle? In human society, love and friendship ruffles, friendly attitude towards each other, mutual assistance, mutual understanding, loyalty to the promised Word, but also anger, envy, desire to deceive, rudeness, fohy. Almost the same we can characterize the relationship of the residents of the jungle. It is dismissed to read about Sherkhanovsky Podkhalim tobacco, and Sher-Khan himself causes negative feelings and because she interferes with wolves, and because angry, cruel, jealous of everything, makes subsidy actions. If we were talking about people, it would be possible to say that he had hands rumbling, and the eyes of envying. Causes respect for their actions of a bugger, and, wolves that saved the human cub.