Term paper: Synthetic detergents
(SMS) are liquid, pasty and powdery substances that contain surfactants, as well as other organic and inorganic substances that increase the effectiveness of surfactants.
The main purpose of detergents is to remove contaminants from various surfaces. Contaminations are firmly held on them due to physicochemical forces, are not wetted by water and therefore practically are not washed off by it. To transfer contaminants into solution, they should be made hydrophilic (wettable). Molecules detergentsbeing adsorbed on a mud particle, they “attract” it to water, tear it off the surface and prevent the particles from sticking together and sticking together. Thus, the particles pass into solution. Since the solution of surfactants better wetts the surface, it penetrates into the smallest pores and destroys large particles of contaminants.
Fatty soaps have some drawbacks. Their washing action is manifested only in alkaline environment, with calcium and magnesium salts contained in hard water, they form sticky insoluble salts that settle on the fabric and pollute them. The alkalis contained in the soap weaken the strength of woolen and silk fabrics, as well as fabrics made of polyester fibers, especially at elevated temperatures, and can also change the color of fabrics. In addition, fatty raw materials for soaps are a scarce food product. All this determines the relevance of the development of production and use of synthetic detergents, which have the following advantages:
1. SMS production is based on a cheap raw material base - oil and gas processing products. Calculations show that the cost of producing SMS is no more than 65-7O% of the cost of developing 47% laundry soap. The implementation of a wide program for the production of synthetic detergents makes it possible to release a large amount of dietary fat.
2. Synthetic detergents do not interact with hard water salts or, when combined, produce compounds that are easily removed from the fabric. Many SMS are washed equally well in soft, hard, and some even in sea water.
3. Synthetic detergents, depending on their composition, can wash fabrics well, not only in an alkaline environment, but also in a neutral and acidic one.
4. SMS show a washing effect not only in hot water, but also in water at a relatively low temperature, which is very important when washing products from chemical fibers, etc.
1 CHARACTERISTIC OF RAW MATERIALS AND MATERIALS
All synthetic detergents are organic compounds. They have a one-sided hydrocarbon chain and a group participating in the reactions.
Main an integral part SMS are organic surfactants with a wetting, emulsifying, peptizing and foaming ability. The combination of these properties determines their washing action. Surfactants used for the production of SMS are divided into ionic, non-ionic, dissociating in aqueous solutions, and The most common are anionic substances (alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates and alkylaryl sulfonates), which decompose in aqueous solutions into anions (larger negatively charged particles) and cations (small positively charged ions, usually sodium or potassium). Large anions provide surface active properties. All anionic surfactants are crystalline substances soluble in water. Their content in SMS is from 10 to 40%.
New synthetic amphoteric surfactants have also been developed. They are promising for the production of detergents, but so far they are expensive and still very rare.
To enhance the washing effect of surfactants, alkaline and neutral electrolytes, alkylolamides, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc. are introduced into synthetic detergents. Bleaching agents (peroxide salts, optical brighteners) are useful additives. IN individual species SMS is administered by antistatic agents, enzymes, starchy substances, etc.
In modern SMS, surfactants are used that have a biodegradation rate of at least 90%: alkyl sulfonates,
alkanesulfonates with high detergency and high biodegradability, olefin sulfonates with good detergent action, including in hard water, which is especially important for phosphate-free detergents, etc.
Alkyl sulfates, depending on the structure of the molecules, are divided into primary and secondary. Primary sulfates are processed products of natural fatty acids; secondary sulfates are oil refined products.
Alkyl sulfonates are sodium salts of fatty sulfonic acids. The main feedstock for their production is paraffin oil hydrocarbons. Alkyl sulfonates are used predominantly in a mixture with other detergents, as they have less detergency than alkyl sulfates.
Alkylaryl sulfonates are sodium salts of alkylaryl sulfonic acids obtained by sulfonation of alkyl benzene. The feedstock for them are kerosene fractions of oil. A serious drawback of all benzene derivatives of detergents is their difficult bioavailability.
More than half of all SMS are based on alkylaryl sulfonates.
Electrolytes improve the washing effect and enhance the surface activity of detergents. They destroy fatty impurities, soften water and improve the washing effect of synthetic detergents, thereby reducing their consumption. Soda and sodium polyphosphate are added in large quantities to powders intended for washing cotton and linen products, and neutral electrolytes (sodium sulfate, etc.) are added to wash wool and silk fabrics. Polyphosphates are added to universal powders in order to create an optimal alkaline environment. However, these additives also destroy protein substances (wool, silk) and adversely affect the environment. They are gradually being replaced by neutral additives - zeolites.
Alkylolamides are foam stabilizers, they are introduced into SMS in the amount of 1-3%. They significantly increase the effectiveness of synthetic detergents, increasing the stability of the foam, suspending impurities and preventing their deposition on the fabric. Their introduction into the composition of detergents reduces the content of active detergent. They are not used, however, for SMS designed for washing in washing machinesohin which strong foaming makes their functioning difficult.
Neutral sodium sulfate and sodium phosphate are also added to SMS. Sodium sulfate is used to improve the flowability of the powder and its solubility in water, increases the washing ability of detergents, and is included in all types of SMS. Detergents also contain up to 30% phosphoric salts - trisodium phosphates and polyphosphates to reduce the alkalinity of washing solutions to pH \u003d 7.
Carboxymethyl cellulose (sodium salt of cellulose ether and glycolic acid) is introduced into the composition of SMS for linen and cotton fabrics. It prevents the re-deposition of contaminants on the surface of cotton fabrics. To prevent the resorption of dirt on wool and silk fabrics, polyvinylpyrrolidone is added to SMS.
Among nonionic surfactants, OP preparations are most known, which are condensation products of fatty acids (or alcohols) with ethylene oxide. They are used mainly in the textile industry for the processing of fibers and fabrics and only partially in the production of household detergents. OP preparations are used for the manufacture of liquid detergents mixed with other substances. They are characterized by good wetting, but insufficient foaming ability, represent an oily liquid brown color.
To preserve the whiteness of white products, chemical and physical (optical) brighteners are introduced into the SMS. Of the chemical bleaches that are used in SMS for linen and cotton fabrics, salts of peroxy acids (persols) are usually used. At a temperature of the washing solution above 60 ° C, this substance hydrolyzes, releasing atomic oxygen, which is a bleaching and disinfecting agent.
Modern detergents contain special bioadditives to remove contaminants of fatty origin and protein substances containing protein (traces of blood, egg white, milk) - enzymes (enzymes).
Recently, it has been recognized that it is advisable to introduce detergents into the composition of synthetic detergents as an additive for laundry soap, which stabilizes foaming and improves the washing effect.
The composition of SMS for washing synthetic fibers is sometimes additionally injected with antistatic agents, which remove static electricity charges. Non-ionic and cationic surfactants are commonly used as antistatic agents.
Bad smell in powdered SMS, especially those containing enzymes, it is eliminated by the introduction of fragrances, for example, perfumes using inexpensive essential oils with a smell of freshness, citrus or floral aromas. As disinfecting additives, substances with an antifungal, bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect are most often used.
The use of dyes in the composition of SMS is based on the optical effect, since dyes are adsorbed on the surface of tissues without chemical effects on the tissue. For this purpose, ultramarine, indigo, synthetic organic pigments are used. At the same time, the fabric acquires a large whiteness and brightness due to the blue tint.
2 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLE
The modern range of synthetic detergents is very extensive. According to the consistency, SMS is divided into powdery, liquid and pasty. The bulk of detergents are washing powders (about 80%). In lesser quantities, liquid detergents and pastes are produced (about 20%). According to the conditions of use, SMS is allocated for low- and high-temperature washing, according to the method of application - high-foam (for hand washing) and low-foam (for machine wash, including for washing in automatic machines).
Depending on the purpose, household synthetic detergents are divided into the following main types:
1) detergents for washing wool and silk fabrics;
2) universal detergents for washing a variety of fabrics, including chemical fibers;
3) detergents for washing cotton and linen fabrics;
4) detergents for coarse and heavily soiled fabrics, in particular overalls;
5) means for toilet purposes (shampoos for washing hair, liquid soaps etc.);
6) detergents for washing dishes, equipment, household utensils, etc.
Means for washing wool and silk fabrics have a pH of 1% solution of 7-8.5. They are prepared mainly from primary alkyl sulfates, sodium sulfate (electrolyte up to 50%) and a small amount of alkylolamides (up to 2%). Sometimes a little hexametaphosphate or sodium bicarbonate is added to create a weak alkaline environment (when washing at room temperature or in warm water) The most widely used are liquid detergents for washing wool and silk fabrics, such as Vanish, Laska (available both in solid and in liquid form), etc.
Universal detergents for washing a variety of fabrics, including chemical fibers (pH 9-9.5), are designed for fabrics made from a mixture of natural and synthetic fibers. Usually prepared from a mixture of alkyl sulfates and alkylaryl sulfonates, a nonionic surfactant - an OP preparation, sodium tripolyphosphate (up to 40%), alkylolamides (up to 2%), carboxymethyl cellulose (about 1%) and optical brighteners.
As a rule, this group presents separately detergents for washing white and colored linen, although this distinction is not always observed. Cotton and linen products can be washed with such means with boiling, and from wool and silk - at a temperature not exceeding 40 ° C. The range of SMS data is most diverse: “Lotus”, “Dosya”, “Ariel”, “Tide”, “Bonux” , "Myth-universal", etc. Often, universal SMS trademarks are issued with various flavors, which is achieved by the introduction of fragrances.
Detergents for washing cotton and linen fabrics have a pH of 1% solution of 10-11.5%. It is prepared predominantly from alkylaryl sulfonates, adding also alkyl sulfates and alkyl sulfonates to some SMS. The composition of these funds includes carboxymethyl cellulose, alkylolamides, sodium tripolyphosphate and up to 10-15% soda ash. In addition to the classic components, up to 10-15% of bleaches are introduced into their composition. The range of these funds is not as diverse as SMS for universal purposes ("Swan", "Children's", etc.).
Means for toilet purposes are prepared on the basis of secondary alkyl sulfates. They also add alcohol, glycerin, perfumes, etc.
Detergents for dishes, implements, household utensils represent a very extensive group of synthetic detergents. According to their purpose, they are divided into dishwashing detergents, detergents for washing glass (windows and mirrors), detergents for cleaning sinks, gas stoves etc. They are available in various consistencies: liquid, gel, paste, bulk. May have various aromatic additives. The branded assortment of these products is very wide and diverse: dishwashing detergents - “Fairy”, “Pemolux” and others; window cleaning products - “Second”, “Istra”, etc .; universal SMS - “Chipo”, “Cillit”, etc.
It should be noted that the main direction of the development of the SMS assortment is the production of universal detergents with bioadditives, which makes it possible to dispose of them after use, and also provides functional suitability for washing products from both natural and artificial, synthetic fibers and their mixtures. At the same time, there is a clear tendency to separate detergents (especially powders) for hand and machine wash, which is due to the requirement of limited foaming in washing machines.
Synthetic detergents have several advantages: they do not require expensive scarce raw materials for manufacturing; indifferent to hard water; do not weaken the strength of many fabrics; Do not affect their color.
The consumer value of detergents is determined by a number of complex and individual properties that characterize both detergents and the effectiveness of the washing process. Of the group of functional properties, the most important are the washing ability and versatility.
Detergent ability is a complex property that determines the ability of a detergent or composition based on it to restore the purity and whiteness of a contaminated surface. The washing ability is evaluated by the degree of whiteness achieved after washing an artificially contaminated tissue sample in a detergent solution of a certain concentration. Detergent ability is determined by the nature and type of detergent. The amount of washing ability is also affected by the nature of the contamination, the nature and structure of the material being washed, the hardness of the water, the pH of the washing solution and the washing temperature. Contaminants containing animal fats, mineral oils, soot and silicates that mimic street dust are usually used to determine detergency.
The foaming ability of detergents is characterized by the volume or height of the foam column, as well as foam resistance, i.e., the ratio of the initial value of the volume or height of the foam column to the values \u200b\u200bof these indicators after a certain period of time. Foaming is important to consider when changing the washing mode. With manual washing, abundant and stable foaming increases the washing efficiency, while mechanized washing and dishwashing require a low foaming ability.
Universality. This property characterizes the suitability of detergents for the manifestation of the main
Usually understand household means for washing linen and clothes.
According to the commodity form, synthetic ones are divided into loose (powdery, flocculent), pasty, liquid and lumpy; by appointment, for domestic and technical. destination; according to the scope and specificity of the substrate to be washed, universal detergents for washing, detergents for machine washing heavily soiled laundry, washing products from thin, sensitive to damage and shrinkage, washing and bleaching with boiling, for pre-washing, soaking, Vas with for low-temperature washing, a medium with anti-shrink, emollient, anti-static, refreshing color or other effect, special synthetic for baby clothes, etc.
FROM inthetics usually include micelle-forming (surfactants) possessing, wetting and antistatic. action, decomp. providing antiresorbts. action (prevent re-deposition of pollution particles), perfume. perfume masking specific the smell of the composition and fragrance, as well as all kinds of specials. : opt. and peroxide bleaches, and r-reagents, preservatives, defoamers, fillers, binders (in lumpy synthetic ones), etc.
The basis of many synthetic ones is anionic surfactants, e.g. alkylbenzene sulfonates (predominantly linear, with good biodegradability), alkyl ethoxysulfates, alkanesulfonates, a-olefin sulfonates.
In connection with the worldwide tendency to reduce washing rates and the use of synthetic with and cationic anti-static softeners, the role of nonionic, hydroxyethylated alkylphenols increased. As an auxiliary. Surfactants that enhance this or that effect and mitigate the unwanted dermatologic. action, synthetic ones can be introduced in small amounts in alkyl and alkyl ethoxyphosphates, taurates, sulfosuccinates, a-sulfocarboxylic acids, ether carboxylates, and their ethoxylates, tertiary N-oxides, amphoteric derivatives, and. Synthetic based on anionic and (or) nonionic surfactants with cationic surfactants or that are able to reduce electrostaticity due to rinsing as a result of rinsing have gained some distribution (especially in the USA). charge and shrinkage, as well as improve its neck. Examples of such cationic, 1- (2-alkylamidoethyl) -2-alkyl-3-methylimidazolinium methyl sulfate, cationic derivative. Opt. at 25-35 ° C, they usually have surfactants with a C 12 -C 14 alkyl chain, with an increase in washing temperature, the optimum is observed among C 14 -C 16 homologs.
When composing synthetic recipes, combinations of 2-3 surfactants-synergists are often used, which differ in p-severity, resistance to stiffness and effectiveness against solid, fat and protein contaminants. Number of surfactants types in synthetic reaches 35% by weight.
Good anionic and nonionic surfactants are usually achieved in the alkaline pH region and on the day. decomp. . Almost all synthetic powders contain miner. , of which naib. Applicable: tripolyphosphate Na, trisodium phosphate, tetra-lithium phosphate, etc., capable of forming complexes with polyvalent ones. In liquid formulations, pre. trisodium phosphate, tripolyphosphate K and chlorinated trisodium phosphate are used (in disinfectants for dishes), in enzyme-containing ones, a small amount of Ca or Mg. Fully or partially, the synthetic function can be performed by - Na salts of nitrilotriacetic acid (trilon A) and ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (), ethylidene diphosphonic acid and lemon set (see) as well. The use of effective substitutes in synthetic is very important in connection with the pollution of water bodies with nutrients. The number of complexing agents in synthetic is up to 40% by weight.
As activator electrolytes, Na 2 SO 4, Na 2 CO 3 and Na 2 SiO 3 (or) are introduced into the washing. The last two (in the amount of up to 10% by weight) provide an alkaline environment; Na 2 SiO 3 also inhibits the corrosive composition.
Peroxide bleaches, e.g. (perborate) Na, is introduced only into powdered synthetic ones in the amount of 15-30%. When washing synthetic. bright colors use bleaches, e.g. tetraacetylethylenediamine, pentaacetylglucose. All of them interacting in a solution with
Synthetic detergents by appointmentare divided into
For washing products from cotton and linen fabrics;
For washing articles made of artificial, synthetic, sher
drapery and silk fabrics;
Universal powders for washing products from all of the above
listed fabrics, from mixed fibers, but other than products
from natural silk and wool.
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Household chemicals
The development of the SMS assortment is carried out in the direction of individualizing the type of fabric (fiber): for example, only for woolen, or only for synthetic, etc.
According to the method of application and depending on the type of washing and the type of washing machine, SMS are divided into funds: -with reduced foaming - for drum machines
type; - non-normative foaming - for activator machines
type and hand wash.
Biodegradability of surfactants used for the manufacture of SMS should be at least 80%. It provides an acceptable level. environmental properties SMS In modern SMS, surfactants are used that have high degree biodegradation.
By similarity chemical nature anionic surfactants are divided into sulfonates and sulfates with the addition of the name of the corresponding organic radical (alkyl, alkane, etc.)
Alkylsulfonates(I - 5О 3 Ка) - sodium salts of the fatty sulfoxylate; alkanesulfonates (K.-alkyl С p - С] 8) with high washing ability and high biodegradability (up to 99%); olefinsulfonates (K-alkyl C] 0 - C, 4) have a good detergent effect ^ including in hard water, which is especially important for phosphate-free detergents; hydroxyolefin sulfonates (I-alkyl C] 0 - C 14), etc.
Alkyl SulphatesK - OZO 3 - Ka are sodium salts of sulfate esters of higher fatty alcohols (K-alkyl C m - C 17). Sulfates of ethoxylated fatty alcohols have a high detergent effect and 100% biodegradability.
PZ cationicSurfactant practical use have quaternary ammonium compounds with various functional groups in the hydrophobic chain. Most often they are used in liquid detergents. Cationic surfactants are used as corrosion inhibitors (to protect washing machines), antistatic agents, emulsifiers; they also have a disinfecting effect. In combination with nonionic surfactants, they are used in detergents with bactericidal action.
To enhance the action of surfactants, alkaline salts of sodium carbonate and sodium silicate are introduced into SMS. During hydrolysis, they create an alkaline environment, which softens the water; in addition, anionic surfactants show their effect in an alkaline environment. Alkaline electrolytes are introduced into SMS for cotton and linen fabrics. Sodium silicate slows down the corrosion of metal parts of washing machines, enhances the antiresorption ability and reduces the hygroscopicity of powdered SMS.
Neutral salts are introduced into SMS - sulfates and sodium phosphates. Sodium sulfate is used to improve the flowability of the powder and its solubility in water, increases the washing ability of SMS, it is included in all types of SMS. Detergents also contain up to 30% phosphoric salts - trisodium phosphates and polyphosphates to reduce the alkalinity of detergents to pH ~ 7. This is necessary for the action of additives such as enzymes. The action of polyphosphates is that they form soluble complexes with metal ions and prevent precipitation of sparingly soluble compounds of polyvalent cations, and this helps to eliminate plaque on the tissues formed by sparingly soluble compounds, reduce the ash content (plaque, precipitate) of tissues. Polyphosphates, in particular sodium hexametaphosphate, are produced under the Kalgon trademark in Europe; it is used as an additive to SMS during washing.
Phosphates, however, have a disadvantage - they pollute wastewater. In order to protect the environment all over the world they refuse to use phosphate compounds as the main components of SMS and are looking for a replacement among the salts of organic acids.
Carb o x and methyl cellulose - CMC (sodium salt of cellulose ether and glycolic acid) are introduced into the composition of SMS for linen and cotton fabrics. It prevents the re-deposition of contaminants on the surface of cotton fabrics. To prevent the resorption of dirt on wool and silk fabrics, polyvinylpyrrolidone is added to SMS.
The washing ability of modern SMS is not determined by the amount of foam formed during washing, since there are
Chapter 11
low-foam surfactants with high washing ability. A large amount of foam is a tradition of hand washing. For SMS designed for hand washing, the foaming ability is provided by the introduction of foam stabilizers (alkylamides). The plentiful and steady foam in the washing solutions complicates washing in automatic drum-type washing machines. For this purpose, low-foaming agents with controlled foaming are produced.
To preserve the whiteness of products, chemical and physical (optical) are introduced into the SMS bleaches.Of chemicalbleaches, which are used in SMS for linen and cotton fabrics, usually use salts of peroxide acids (persols), for example sodium perborate (No. H 2 VO 4 -ZN 2 O). At a temperature of the washing solution above 60 ° C, this substance hydrolyzes, releasing atomic oxygen, which is a bleaching and disinfecting agent. My potassium persulfate bleaches tissue at 60 ° C. For wool and silk fabrics, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) is used.
Chemical bleaches - persols - are strong oxidizing agents; they destroy tissues during prolonged and repeated exposure. Recently, methods have been found to activate peroxide salts at lower temperatures of a washing solution, for example, by introducing bleaching catalysts (activators), in particular tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAEV).
Physicalor optical, bleaches are used for fabrics of mixed fibers, synthetic and natural wool and silk fabrics to increase whiteness and eliminate the yellow tint of white fabrics. Optical brighteners are colorless fluorescent organic compounds that are adsorbed from a solution onto tissue fibers. Optical brighteners have the ability to absorb the invisible ultraviolet rays of sunlight (300-400 nm) and convert them into visible rays of the blue part of the reflected light with a longer wavelength (400-500 nm), giving the tissues a blueness; under normal lighting, the effect of optical whitening does not occur.
_________________ Chemical chemical goods___________
Modern SMSs contain special bioadditives to remove contaminants of fatty origin and protein substances containing protein (traces of blood, egg white, milk) - enzymes (enzymes). Proteolytic enzymes (proteases) carry out the enzymatic hydrolysis of polypeptide groups in large protein molecules and destroy them to small amino acid groups, which are easily removed from the fibers during washing. Detergents containing proteases cannot be used to wash products made from natural silk and wool, since they also have a protein nature, and enzymes can destroy tissues. Amylases - enzymes that hydrolyze carbohydrates (sugars), lipases - enzymes that contribute to the destruction of fatty contaminants. The effectiveness of detergents with enzymes depends on the temperature of the washing solution and the pH of the medium.
The composition of SMS for washing synthetic fibers is sometimes additionally introduced antistaticwhich remove static charges from products after drying. Non-ionic or cationic surfactants are usually used as antistatic agents.
The unpleasant odor of powdered SMS, especially containing enzymes, is eliminated by the introduction of fragrances, for example perfumes, using synthetic fragrant substances with a smell of freshness or aromas of herbs, fruits, citrus fruits. As disinfecting additives, substances (or surfactants) that have fungicidal (antifungal), bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects are most often used.
Application dyesthe composition of SMS is based on the optical effect, since dyes are adsorbed on the surface of tissues without chemical effects on the tissue. For this purpose, ultramarine, indigo, synthetic organic pigments are used. At the same time, the fabric acquires a large whiteness and brightness due to the blue tint.
Technical requirementsto powdered SMS are set in accordance with GOST 25644-96 "Synthetic detergent powdered detergents. General technical requirements."
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Household chemicals
Quality indicatorsSMS is evaluated only by appearance: powdered SMS should be a granular powder from white to light yellow or colored. The color, or whiteness, of the powder (on a white scale) should be at least 60%. For colored powders and powders with bioadditives, the color index is not determined. For each specific name of the powder, which differs from others in composition, separate technical conditions are developed.
In terms of quality, powdered SMS should meet the requirements given in table. 11.1.
Table 11.1 Quality indicators of powdered SMS
Introduction
1 Characteristics of raw materials
2 Technical description of the sample
3 Description of the process
4 Control of finished products
5 Storage and packaging of finished products
6 Scope
Conclusion
List of sources used
Applications
INTRODUCTION
Synthetic detergents (SMS) are liquid, pasty and powdery substances that contain surfactants, as well as other organic and inorganic substances that increase the effectiveness of surfactants.
The main purpose of detergents is to remove contaminants from various surfaces. Contaminations are firmly held on them due to physicochemical forces, are not wetted by water and therefore practically are not washed off by it. To transfer contaminants into solution, they should be made hydrophilic (wettable). Molecules of detergents, adsorbed on a mud particle, “attract” it to water, tear it off the surface and prevent the particles from sticking together and sticking together. Thus, the particles pass into solution. Since the solution of surfactants better wetts the surface, it penetrates into the smallest pores and destroys large particles of contaminants.
Fatty soaps have some drawbacks. Their washing effect is manifested only in an alkaline environment, with calcium and magnesium salts contained in hard water, they form sticky insoluble salts that settle on the fabric and pollute them. The alkalis contained in the soap weaken the strength of woolen and silk fabrics, as well as fabrics made of polyester fibers, especially at elevated temperatures, and can also change the color of fabrics. In addition, fatty raw materials for soaps are a scarce food product. All this determines the relevance of the development of production and use of synthetic detergents, which have the following advantages:
1. SMS production is based on a cheap raw material base - oil and gas processing products. Calculations show that the cost of producing SMS is no more than 65-7O% of the cost of developing 47% laundry soap. The implementation of a wide program for the production of synthetic detergents makes it possible to release a large amount of dietary fat.
2. Synthetic detergents do not interact with hard water salts or, when combined, produce compounds that are easily removed from the fabric. Many SMS are washed equally well in soft, hard, and some even in sea water.
3. Synthetic detergents, depending on their composition, can wash fabrics well, not only in an alkaline environment, but also in a neutral and acidic one.
4. SMS show a washing effect not only in hot water, but also in water of a relatively low temperature, which is very important when washing products from chemical fibers, etc.
1 CHARACTERISTIC OF RAW MATERIALS AND MATERIALS
All synthetic detergents are organic compounds. They have a one-sided hydrocarbon chain and a group participating in the reactions.
The main component of SMS are organic surfactants with wetting, emulsifying, peptizing and foaming ability. The combination of these properties determines their washing action. Surfactants used for the production of SMS are divided into ionic, non-ionic, dissociating in aqueous solutions, and The most common are anionic substances (alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates and alkylaryl sulfonates), which decompose in aqueous solutions into anions (larger negatively charged particles) and cations (small positively charged ions, usually sodium or potassium). Large anions provide surface active properties. All anionic surfactants are crystalline substances soluble in water. Their content in SMS is from 10 to 40%.
New synthetic amphoteric surfactants have also been developed. They are promising for the production of detergents, but so far they are expensive and still very rare.
To enhance the washing effect of surfactants, alkaline and neutral electrolytes, alkylolamides, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc. are introduced into synthetic detergents. Bleaching agents (peroxide salts, optical brighteners) are useful additives. Antistatic agents, enzymes, starching substances, etc. are introduced into certain types of SMS.
In modern SMS, surfactants are used that have a biodegradation rate of at least 90%: alkyl sulfonates,
alkanesulfonates with high detergency and high biodegradability, olefin sulfonates with good detergent action, including in hard water, which is especially important for phosphate-free detergents, etc.
Alkyl sulfates, depending on the structure of the molecules, are divided into primary and secondary. Primary sulfates are processed products of natural fatty acids; secondary sulfates are oil refined products.
Alkyl sulfonates are sodium salts of fatty sulfonic acids. The main feedstock for their production is paraffin oil hydrocarbons. Alkyl sulfonates are used predominantly in a mixture with other detergents, as they have less detergency than alkyl sulfates.
Alkylaryl sulfonates are sodium salts of alkylaryl sulfonic acids obtained by sulfonation of alkyl benzene. The feedstock for them are kerosene fractions of oil. A serious drawback of all benzene derivatives of detergents is their difficult bioavailability.
More than half of all SMS are based on alkylaryl sulfonates.
Electrolytes improve the washing effect and enhance surface activity detergents. They destroy fatty impurities, soften water and improve the washing effect of synthetic detergents, thereby reducing their consumption. Soda and sodium polyphosphate are added in large quantities to powders intended for washing cotton and linen products, and neutral electrolytes (sodium sulfate, etc.) are added to wash wool and silk fabrics. Polyphosphates are added to universal powders in order to create an optimal alkaline environment. However, these additives also destroy protein substances (wool, silk) and adversely affect the environment. They are gradually being replaced by neutral additives - zeolites.
Alkylolamides are foam stabilizers, they are introduced into SMS in the amount of 1-3%. They significantly increase the effectiveness of synthetic detergents, increasing the stability of the foam, suspending impurities and preventing their deposition on the fabric. Their introduction into the composition of detergents reduces the content of active detergent. They are not used, however, for SMS designed for washing in washing machines in which strong foaming makes their functioning difficult.
Neutral sodium sulfate and sodium phosphate are also added to SMS. Sodium sulfate is used to improve the flowability of the powder and its solubility in water, increases the washing ability of detergents, and is included in all types of SMS. Detergents also contain up to 30% phosphoric salts - trisodium phosphates and polyphosphates to reduce the alkalinity of washing solutions to pH \u003d 7.
Carboxymethyl cellulose (sodium salt of cellulose ether and glycolic acid) is introduced into the composition of SMS for linen and cotton fabrics. It prevents the re-deposition of contaminants on the surface of cotton fabrics. To prevent the resorption of dirt on wool and silk fabrics, polyvinylpyrrolidone is added to SMS.
Among nonionic surfactants, OP preparations are most known, which are condensation products of fatty acids (or alcohols) with ethylene oxide. They are used mainly in the textile industry for the processing of fibers and fabrics and only partially in the production of household detergents. OP preparations are used for the manufacture of liquid detergents mixed with other substances. They are characterized by good wetting, but insufficient foaming ability, represent a brown oily liquid.
To preserve the whiteness of white products, chemical and physical (optical) brighteners are introduced into the SMS. Of the chemical bleaches that are used in SMS for linen and cotton fabrics, salts of peroxy acids (persols) are usually used. At a temperature of the washing solution over 60
With this substance is hydrolyzed, releasing atomic oxygen, which is a bleaching and disinfecting agent.Modern detergents contain special bioadditives to remove contaminants of fatty origin and protein substances containing protein (traces of blood, egg white, milk) - enzymes (enzymes).
Recently, it has been recognized that it is advisable to introduce detergents into the composition of synthetic detergents as an additive for laundry soap, which stabilizes foaming and improves the washing effect.
The composition of SMS for washing synthetic fibers is sometimes additionally injected with antistatic agents, which remove static electricity charges. Non-ionic and cationic surfactants are commonly used as antistatic agents.
The unpleasant odor in powdered SMS, especially containing enzymes, is eliminated by the introduction of fragrances, for example, perfumes using inexpensive essential oils with a smell of freshness, citrus or floral aromas. As disinfecting additives, substances with an antifungal, bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect are most often used.
The use of dyes in the composition of SMS is based on the optical effect, since dyes are adsorbed on the surface of tissues without chemical effects on the tissue. For this purpose, ultramarine, indigo, synthetic organic pigments are used. At the same time, the fabric acquires a large whiteness and brightness due to the blue tint.
2 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLE
The modern range of synthetic detergents is very extensive. According to the consistency, SMS is divided into powdery, liquid and pasty. The bulk of detergents are washing powders (about 80%). In lesser quantities, liquid detergents and pastes are produced (about 20%). According to the conditions of use, SMS is allocated for low- and high-temperature washing, according to the method of application - high-foam (for hand washing) and low-foam (for machine wash, including for washing in automatic machines).
Depending on the purpose, household synthetic detergents are divided into the following main types:
1) detergents for washing wool and silk fabrics;
2) universal detergents for washing a variety of fabrics, including chemical fibers;
3) detergents for washing cotton and linen fabrics;
4) detergents for coarse and heavily soiled fabrics, in particular overalls;
5) means for toilet purposes (shampoos for washing hair, liquid soaps, etc.);
6) detergents for washing dishes, equipment, household utensils, etc.
Means for washing wool and silk fabrics have a pH of 1% solution of 7-8.5. They are prepared mainly from primary alkyl sulfates, sodium sulfate (electrolyte up to 50%) and a small amount of alkylolamides (up to 2%). Sometimes a little hexametaphosphate or sodium bicarbonate is added to create a weak alkaline environment (when washing at room temperature or in warm water). The most widely used are liquid detergents for washing wool and silk fabrics, such as Vanish, Laska (available both in solid and in liquid form), etc.
Universal detergents for washing a variety of fabrics, including chemical fibers (pH 9-9.5), are designed for fabrics made from a mixture of natural and synthetic fibers. Usually prepared from a mixture of alkyl sulfates and alkylaryl sulfonates, a nonionic surfactant - an OP preparation, sodium tripolyphosphate (up to 40%), alkylolamides (up to 2%), carboxymethyl cellulose (about 1%) and optical brighteners.
As a rule, this group presents separately detergents for washing white and colored linen, although this distinction is not always observed. The washing of cotton and linen products by such means is allowed with boiling, and of wool and silk - at a temperature not exceeding 40
C. The assortment of SMS data is most diverse: Lotus, Dosya, Ariel, Tide, Bonux, Universal Myth, etc. Often, universal SMS trademarks are issued with various flavors, which is achieved by the introduction of fragrances.Detergents for washing cotton and linen fabrics have a pH of 1% solution of 10-11.5%. It is prepared predominantly from alkylaryl sulfonates, adding also alkyl sulfates and alkyl sulfonates to some SMS. The composition of these funds includes carboxymethyl cellulose, alkylolamides, sodium tripolyphosphate and up to 10-15% soda ash. In addition to the classic components, up to 10-15% of bleaches are introduced into their composition. The range of these funds is not as diverse as SMS for universal purposes ("Swan", "Children's", etc.).
Means for toilet purposes are prepared on the basis of secondary alkyl sulfates. They also add alcohol, glycerin, perfumes, etc.
Detergents for dishes, implements, household utensils represent a very extensive group of synthetic detergents. According to the purpose, they are divided into dishwashing detergents, detergents for washing glass (windows and mirrors), detergents for cleaning sinks, gas stoves, etc. They are available in various consistencies: liquid, gel, paste, bulk. May have various aromatic additives. The branded assortment of these products is very wide and diverse: dishwashing detergents - “Fairy”, “Pemolux” and others; window cleaning products - “Second”, “Istra”, etc .; universal SMS - “Chipo”, “Cillit”, etc.
It should be noted that the main direction of the development of the SMS assortment is the production of universal detergents with bioadditives, which makes it possible to dispose of them after use, and also provides functional suitability for washing products from both natural and artificial, synthetic fibers and their mixtures. At the same time, there is a clear tendency to separate detergents (especially powders) for hand and machine wash, which is due to the requirement of limited foaming in washing machines.
Synthetic detergents have several advantages: they do not require expensive scarce raw materials for manufacturing; indifferent to hard water; do not weaken the strength of many fabrics; Do not affect their color.
The consumer value of detergents is determined by a number of complex and individual properties that characterize both detergents and the effectiveness of the washing process. Of the group of functional properties, the most important are the washing ability and versatility.
Detergent ability is a complex property that determines the ability of a detergent or composition based on it to restore the purity and whiteness of a contaminated surface. The washing ability is evaluated by the degree of whiteness achieved after washing an artificially contaminated tissue sample in a detergent solution of a certain concentration. Detergent ability is determined by the nature and type of detergent. The amount of washing ability is also affected by the nature of the contamination, the nature and structure of the material being washed, the hardness of the water, the pH of the washing solution and the washing temperature. Contaminants containing animal fats, mineral oils, soot and silicates that mimic street dust are usually used to determine detergency.
The foaming ability of detergents is characterized by the volume or height of the foam column, as well as foam resistance, i.e., the ratio of the initial value of the volume or height of the foam column to the values \u200b\u200bof these indicators after a certain period of time. Foaming is important to consider when changing the washing mode. With manual washing, abundant and stable foaming increases the washing efficiency, while mechanized washing and dishwashing require a low foaming ability.
Universality. This property characterizes the suitability of detergents for the manifestation of the main function in a different environment, i.e. in conditions different meanings pH, water hardness and temperature of the washing solution. With increasing water hardness, the washing ability of the soap may be completely lost, since the soap will be spent on binding calcium and magnesium ions. Synthetic detergents are more versatile, in hard water they only partially lose their washing ability and show a washing effect at a lower temperature.
Harmlessness. The safety of detergents is evaluated relative to the person, the environment and the material being washed. When characterizing harmlessness, biological activity is also evaluated, since some detergents have bactericidal, general disinfecting properties, and certain drugs have toxicity. Unlike soaps that easily undergo biochemical decay, synthetic detergents containing benzene nuclei in the carbon chain and branched alkyl residues are biologically “solid”: they do not decompose in water bodies, but accumulate in them, causing the death of animals and plant organisms and difficulties in water purification.
The usability of detergents is assessed by the solubility of SMS in water, the degree of spraying, the need to heat the detergent solution, the presence of devices in the container for opening and dosing agents, etc.
Synthetic detergents are currently produced according to various formulations (Table 1).
Table 1 SMS composition
| name of raw materials | for washing cotton fabrics with bleaching,% |
for washing synthetic |
for washing woolen and silk |
for soaking and pre |
| Surface-active detergents | 20-18 | 25 | 35 | 15 |
| Sodium Tripolyphosphate | 35-40 | 50 | 5 | 40 |
| Sodium perborate | 10-20 | - | - | - |
| Sodium silicate | 5-7 | 5 | - | - |
| Soda ash | 15-20 | - | - | - |
| CMC | 0,9-1 | - | - | 1,0 |
| Optical brightener | 0,1-0,2 | 0,4 | 0,2-0,3 | - |
| Peroxide Stabilizer | 1-2 | - | - | - |
| Sodium Toluenesulfonate | 0-2 | 0-2 | - | - |
| Sodium sulfate | to 10 | up to 8 | up to 55 | up to 25 |
| Perfumery fragrance | 0,1-0,3 | 0,1-0,3 | 0,1-0,3 | - |
| Enzymes (Enzymes) | - | - | - | 3-5 |
| Moisture | to 10 | to 10 | up to 5 | to 10 |
Each SMS is intended for fabrics of a certain type, because, for example, cotton and linen fabrics are resistant to alkalis, elevated temperatures, and wool and natural silk fabrics, on the contrary, are destroyed in aqueous alkali solutions and when the temperature of the washing solution is higher than 45-50
FROM.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS
SMS is released in the form of a powder, liquid or paste. The technology of preparation consists in composing the composition, mixing and dissolving all components of the formulation. To obtain powdered products use drying. Next is the packaging and packaging of the finished product.
The preparation of the composition consists in mixing surfactants with the necessary additives according to the recipe. To reduce the cost of water evaporation, the most concentrated compositions (up to 50-60% dry matter), which are actually suspensions, are prepared for powdered products. The compositions are then filtered and passed through a colloidal mill to give uniformity. Drying consists in spraying the solution in a drying tower under a pressure of up to 50 atm and a temperature of 250-350
C. With this method, powders are obtained in granular form. The bulk of powdered SMS is produced by high-temperature spray drying, which provides a high-quality granular product.Liquid and paste-like detergents dissolve better in water, are easily dosed, their production is associated with lower costs, since the drying process disappears, however, the shelf life of such agents is lower. Pasty products contain up to 40% water. Almost all additives can be included in their composition, with the exception of unstable chemical bleaches.
The main components of the SMS composition are alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates and alkylaryl sulfonates.
Alkyl sulfates. They are sodium salts of sulfonates of higher fatty alcohols. Alkyl sulfates are obtained by sulfation of fatty alcohols, followed by neutralization of the obtained sulfoproduct.
Fatty alcohols are obtained in various ways:
1) the method of hydrogenation of fatty acids;
2) the method of direct oxidation of paraffin hydrocarbons in the presence of boric acid;
3) sulfonation of fatty alcohols.
Synthetic powders are produced on the basis of primary alkyl sulfates, and liquid synthetic detergents are produced on the basis of secondary ones.
Alkylsulfonates. They are sodium salts of fatty sulfonic acids containing 12-18 carbon atoms in a chain. The raw materials for the production of alkyl sulfonates are natural and synthetic hydrocarbons containing 14-22 carbon atoms (fractions of straight-run oil kerosene or hydrogenated synthine, boiling in the range of 240-300
FROM).Alkyl sulfonates can be obtained in two ways: sulfonation or sulfonation of aliphatic hydrocarbons. Sulphochlorination is carried out by the action of gaseous sulfur dioxide and chlorine on hydrocarbons. The reaction is accelerated by catalysts such as peroxides. For a successful reaction, it is necessary to irradiate the reaction mixture with short-wave light. Treatment with caustic alkali (15-20% solution), the resulting sulfochlorides are converted into alkyl sulfonates. The resulting finished product received the name “Sulfonate”, it is used for the preparation of synthetic detergents such as “Astra”, “Novosti” and others. The technology for producing alkyl sulfonates is relatively simple, characterized by low capital costs, and the raw material base is practically unlimited.
Alkyl aryl sulfonates. They are sodium salts of alkylarylsulfonic acids and are the most common detergents. In our country, alkylarylsulfonates are produced mainly in the form of alkylbenzenesulfonates (sulfonols).
The production of sulfonol consists of the following stages:
a) purification of kerosene from aromatic hydrocarbons by extraction of the latter with diethylene glycol;
b) photochemical chlorination of purified kerosene;
c) alkylation of benzene with chlorinated kerosene in the presence of a catalyst - anhydrous AlCl
;d) sulfonation of alkylbenzene is carried out with a solution of sulfuric anhydride SO
in liquid sulfur dioxide SO at a low temperature (10С), since the sulfonation process proceeds with a large heat release;d) neutralization of the obtained alkylbenzenesulfonic acids with a solution of caustic soda (20% solution). The neutralization temperature should not exceed 45-550
FROM;e) separation of non-sulfonated and evaporation aqueous solutions sulfonol.
Currently produced chlorine sulfonol in the form of a 30% solution (in active substance) Well established for the production of synthetic detergent powders.
4 CONTROL OF FINISHED PRODUCTS
Quality requirements for synthetic detergents are regulated by GOST 23361-78 E “Defoaming agents. Technical conditions "; GOST 25644-96 “Detergents, synthetic, powdery. General technical requirements "; PCT 525-85 “Powder-based detergents on a fat basis. General technical conditions ”, as well as technical specifications for specific types of products.
The quality of synthetic detergents is judged by their washing ability and organoleptic and laboratory assessment. The washing ability is set by experimental washings along the whiteness of the washed fabric.
Organoleptic methods evaluate the appearance, color and smell of SMS, the appearance, packaging, labeling. By appearance they must be homogeneous powders or granules (not larger than 3 mm across) of white or light yellow color. In liquid SMS there should be no delamination and sediment.
Significant consumer property SMS is a smell that can be transmitted to a washable product and to some extent be stored in it. Odor due to insufficient cleaning of SMS components, in particular the smell of petroleum products, is not allowed. A slight smell of perfume fragrances is allowed if they were added to SMS.
The laboratory quality indicators of synthetic detergents include: the pH of an aqueous (1%) solution, the content of the main detergents of surface-active substances (alcohol-soluble), as well as non-sulfonated compounds, the content of alkaline salts, moisture, optical brighteners, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc. normalize only in some (foaming) SMS.
The main quality indicator of synthetic detergents, characterizing its consumer value, is the content of alcohol-soluble surfactants. This indicator is equivalent to the content of fatty acids in soap and is standardized in the normative and technical documentation. In powdered SMS, a qualitative number is also determined, which is the amount (in grams) of alcohol-soluble active detergents in a separate package. The need to determine this indicator is due to some fluctuations in the bulk density of the powder and its moisture content. A quality number guarantees a certain amount of active detergent in each individual package.
The number of non-sulfonated compounds in SMS should be as small as possible, since they do not have a washing effect, and can significantly degrade the quality of the detergent, causing its color to darken and appear bad smell. Certain acceptable norms for the content of these compounds in SMS have been established.
Certain norms have been established for the content of alkaline salts in the SMS - tripolyphosphate (in terms of P
O in%) and sodium silicate (in terms of SiOv%). These salts, like other minerals that make up the SMS, affect the ash content of the washed fabric.The residual ash content in the washed fabric is an important indicator of the quality of SMS, as it affects the sanitary-hygienic properties of clothes. The increased ash content causes unpleasant sensations when wearing laundry, helps to increase its stiffness, reduces breathability and sweat absorption, as well as the drying speed of the laundry.
SMS powders are hydroscopic, therefore, they determine the moisture content, since it affects the value of the quality number, although the increase in humidity does not affect the washing ability of SMS.
When assessing the quality of synthetic detergents, the content of alkylolamides, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), peroxide and optical brighteners, etc. is taken into account. These components and useful additives are contained in small quantities in SMS, therefore, the definition is limited by positive qualitative reactions to their presence in SMS.
In laboratory conditions, the main attention is paid to physicochemical parameters, especially the ability to foam, wet, emulsify. These properties are determined mainly by the washing ability of SMS. The most often and quickly washing ability is determined by laboratory washings in conditions that reproduce practical washing in a household machine GOST 22567.15-95 (Appendix A). The effectiveness of the washing action is evaluated by the speed and quality of washing. The higher the whiteness of the washed fabric, the higher the washing effect of the product. The standard indicator of washing ability should
be not lower than 85%.
The manufacturer must ensure that the quality of detergents meets the technical documentation; Each batch of SMS is accompanied by documents certifying the quality of the products. The consumer has the right to carry out a quality control check of synthetic detergents prepared for shipment (delivery) at the enterprise.
To verify the labeling, packaging and external design of the drug, the recipient reviews at least 3% of the product and establishes its conformity with the technical specifications. If more than 2% of non-conforming products are detected, the entire batch is rejected, and less than 2% - only detected packs.
To check the physico-chemical parameters, a control sample is taken: from 5% of the total batch, at least 10 packs (packets) are taken, their contents are mixed, then the sample weight is reduced to 0.3 kg and the study is carried out. If detergents do not meet at least one of the indicators, the entire batch is rejected.
5 STORAGE AND PACKING OF FINISHED PRODUCTS
For packaging synthetic detergents, colorfully decorated containers (packs, cans, cuvettes made of polymeric materials) are used, the size and shape of which are approved by the artistic council.
Powdered SMS are packed in strong, neatly made boxes or sealed bags, liquid and pasty - in jars and bottles. Packaging should be resistant to external influences and the product itself.
SMS is allowed to be packaged in a variety of secondary packaging - wooden, plywood, corrugated cardboard boxes, in packs of brown paper with a density of 80-120 g / m
(powders). The gross weight of wooden crates should not exceed 30 kg, cardboard boxes - 25, boxes and packs - 10 kg. When packing in containers, the goods are stacked in rows, with the lids facing up, the voids are filled with cushioning materials (dry shavings, paper waste, cardboard).Primary marking must be affixed so that it is not erased by mechanical stress. On the product indicate the name of the manufacturer and its trademark; name and purpose of SMS; mode of application; mass; the name of the NTD on the basis of which the product is released; production date and shelf life.
On the secondary packaging (boxes, packs) the same data is applied and, in addition, the number of packing units, weight, lot number, packer number. On the packaging of liquid and pasty preparations indicate "Do not turn over!", "Top".
When evaluating the packaging of synthetic detergents, its information content is taken into account. It is important that the packaging indicates which fabrics the powder can be used in, in which washing modes (soaking, boiling, hand or machine wash) can be used. What should be its dosage in each of the washing modes, at what temperature of the water should it be produced. This is a list of information necessary for the consumer to help him choose the right detergent. All information needed by the consumer must be available. It can be stated either in printed form or in the form of a diagram. But the main thing is that it be interpreted unambiguously, be extremely clear and understandable.
SMS is usually stored for a long time, with the exception of products containing peroxide salts. On the packaging of such products indicate the month of manufacture and shelf life, since their effectiveness after 6-9 months is sharply deteriorating.
Shelf life - at least 9 months from the date of manufacture for SMS with chemical bleaches or bioadditives, for other types of products it is not limited.
Store SMS in closed, dry, clean rooms, protecting from moisture and sunlight. Boxes and packs are stacked in stacks of no more than 1.2 meters high, leaving passages between them for air circulation.
Storage rooms should be equipped with an exhaust hood and fire fighting equipment. Synthetic detergents, like all other products household chemicalsare stored separately from other goods in compliance with the commodity neighborhood.
6 SCOPE
Synthetic detergents are the most widely used household cleaning products. The first synthetic powder, Novosti, was released in 1953 based on products isolated from whale salomas.
The modern range of synthetic detergents is very extensive. The selection of the appropriate composition (composition) of synthetic detergent makes it easy to produce detergents for a wide variety of purposes.
Means of each subfamily are produced in powder, liquid and in the form of pastes. About 85% of the total production of synthetic detergents accounts for powder products, approximately 15% of the production is liquid and pasty preparations. Customer survey data show that ¾ of all families currently use mostly synthetic powder detergents, about 14% use pastes, and only 10% of consumers use liquid detergents. The low demand for liquid and paste detergents is mainly due to poor advertising. The buyer is not always properly informed about the advantages of these detergents: ease of dispensing, good solubility.
Approximately 45% of all household SMS are universal synthetic detergents, the same amount is for washing cotton and linen fabrics, and only 10% of the output is accounted for by SMS used for washing products from wool, silk and chemical fibers.
Recently, there has been a tendency to increase the production of synthetic detergents of combined action, which provide, in addition to washing, disinfection, tinting, softening, antistatic action. The production of synthetic detergents containing enzymes that facilitate the removal of protein contaminants (bio-effect products) is also increasing every year.
IN last years the production of synthetic detergents (SMS) in the world has already reached tens of millions of tons per year. However, most of them (70%) are consumed only by residents of the most developed countries, which make up only about 20%. About 70% of SMS consumed by the population is spent on the so-called general washing (in the USA and England it is called “heavy”), which is done every 3-7 days. This washing, in which bed, table and underwear is washed, is carried out most often in washing machines. About 20% of SMS is spent on “light” washing lightly soiled products from thin fabrics by hand in warm water. SMS for easy washing should not have irritating effects on the skin of the hands, should create a rich foam and wash well at a water temperature of 25-45
FROM.In the Republic of Belarus, the production of synthetic detergents is also characterized by a rather wide assortment and high consumer qualities. At the same time, there is a tendency to increase SMS production (see table. 2).
CONCLUSION
Detergents are multifunctional compounds. Due to their high activity, they show a washing ability, i.e. provide separation and removal of contaminants from the surface of the material being cleaned, thereby restoring the whiteness and purity of the product. At the same time they are emulsifying, suspending and dispersing substances. The versatility of SMS determines the satisfaction of various needs. Synthetic detergents are effective when washing textiles, washing household items, vehicles, equipment, facilitate technological processes when bleaching and dyeing fabrics, fur and leather.
The advantages of SMS are that they replace fatty soaps and do not require edible fats for their manufacture, do not form insoluble salts of calcium and magnesium in hard water and have a washing effect even in an acidic environment.
However, a number of disadvantages are also inherent in synthetic detergents: not always sufficient washing effect, lower foam resistance, difficult bioavailability, cause dry skin of the hands when washing.
Nevertheless, synthetic surfactants are promising in relation to the creation of complex detergents. Therefore, the range of synthetic detergents combining a number of properties is successfully expanding: detergent with antistatic, disinfectant, etc.
LIST OF USED SOURCES
1. Commodity research and organization of trade in non-food products: Textbook. for the beginning. prof. Education / Ed. A.N. Neverova, T.I. Chalykh. - Mn .: IRPO; Ed. Center "Academy", 2000.
2. Commodity research of household goods. General course: Textbook. allowance / under the general. ed. N.M. Ilyina. - Мn .: БГЭУ, 2004.
3. Commodity research of industrial goods: (General course): Textbook. for merchandiser. Department of technical schools owls. trade / Z.V. Kozlova, S.G. Krivenko, N.I. Yaremenko et al. - M.: Economics, 1979.
4. Commodity research of non-food products. Uch. allowance under the editorship of V.E. Sytsko. - Mn: V. shk., 1999.
5. Kozyulina N.S. Commodity research of non-food products: Textbook. allowance for students of economic colleges and secondary special educational institutions. - M .: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashkov and Co", 2oo2
6. Kutyanin G.I. Plastics and household chemical goods: Textbook. for university students, training. by special .: Economics, 1988.
7. Sheikhet F.I. Materials science of chemicals, dyes and detergents. - M., "Light Industry", 1969.
8. Commodity research of household goods: Textbook. for merchandiser. Department of technical schools owls. trade / Yu.I. Mareev, V. A. Trepel, A. F. Shmelkin. - M .: Economics, 1980.
9. Commodity research of industrial goods: (Plastics, household and construction goods): Textbook. for merchandiser. Fak. coop. universities / D.I. Brozovsky, G.A. Demidova, O.V. Zelinsky, V.D. Zubakov. - In 4 volumes T. T. 2. - M .: Economics, 1979
10. Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Belarus, 2005 (Stat. Sat.). Ministry of Statistics and Analysis of the Republic of Belarus - Minsk, 2005.
11. Statistical Yearbook. Brest region, 2005. Brest regional department of statistics - Brest, 2005.
Household chemicals include synthetic detergents (SMS), adhesives and sealants, cleaning, polishing agents, pesticides, fertilizers and many other products.
They are mixtures whose main component is synthetic detergents in the form of aqueous solutions. They remove from the surface of solids (fabrics, products) pollution of various nature.
As detergents, anionic, cationic, amphoteric (ampholytic) and nonionic surfactants (surfactants) are used, which have an affinity for fatty surfaces and water. Special substances in synthetic detergents protect fabrics from re-sedimentation of dirt - resorption. In modern SMS, surfactants are used that have a biodegradation degree of at least 90%, then they do not pollute the environment.
The main ingredients of synthetic detergents and their purpose are shown in the table.| Ingredients | Appointment |
| Main components: surfactants | Washing action. Anionic surfactants are better washed in an alkaline environment. Cationic surfactants are also used as corrosion inhibitors (to protect washing machines), antistatic agents, emulsifiers; disinfectant |
| Excipients: alkaline salts - carbonate and sodium silicate | Slows down the corrosion of metal parts of washing machines, enhances the anti-resorption ability and reduces the hygroscopicity of powdered SMS |
| Neutral salts - Sulfate and Sodium Phosphate | To improve the flowability of the powder and its solubility in water, it increases the washing ability of SMS. Phosphoric salts used to reduce the alkalinity of washing solutions to pH "7. Polyphosphates eliminate plaque on tissues formed by sparingly soluble compounds, reduce the ash content of tissues |
| Carboxymethyl cellulose | To prevent the resorption of dirt in SMS compositions for linen and cotton fabrics |
| Polyvinylpyrrolidone | To prevent dirt resorption in SMS compositions for wool and silk fabrics |
| Chemical bleaches (persol) | For bleaching cotton and linen fabrics. When heated, atomic oxygen is released |
| Chemical bleaches (hydrogen peroxide) | For bleaching woolen and silk fabrics |
| Physical (optical) whiteners - fluorescent compounds | To give a whiteness effect by converting the incident light and reflection from the fabric in the blue region of the spectrum |
| Adsorption dyes (ultramarine, indigo, synthetic organic pigments) | The action is based on the optical effect - adsorption on the surface of tissues without chemical exposure. The fabric acquires brightness due to blue or pink shades |
| Supplements - enzymes (lipases, proteases, etc.) | To remove contaminants and stains of fatty origin (lipids) and protein substances (proteins): traces of blood, etc. |
| Perfumes | For flavoring linen |
| Antistatic | To remove static electricity |
Assortment of synthetic detergents
Synthetic detergents intended for washing products are divided according to the following criteria:
- according to the state of aggregation: solid (in the form of pieces - laundry soap), powdery, variety - granular; liquid; pasty;
- by appointment: for different types fibers - universal; for cotton, linen and their products; for products from silk, wool, artificial and synthetic fabrics; for soaking linen and household needs; special purpose. Synthetic detergents are subject to mandatory certification;
- synthetic detergents of complex action (with blueing, starching, antistatic treatment, etc.);
- by the method of application: with high (non-standardized) foaming for hand washing and in activator-type washing machines; with low foaming - for washing in automatic and semi-automatic washing machines.
The set of products for the care of linen and clothes includes, in addition to synthetic detergents for washing products - household soap, products for bleaching, blueing, starching, sizing, antistatic processing of products, etc.
GOST 25644-88, 22567.1-10-77, 22567.14-93 provide requirements for the composition, appearance, quality indicators. The products must have an established color and smell, a uniform consistency, dissolve well in water and have a solution pH of 7.5-11.5. Powdered products should be homogeneous, crumbling, dry to the touch, that is, they should not contain excess moisture, so as not to cake, not clump. Pasty and liquid products must not contain impurities and have an unpleasant odor.
Powdered SMS is packed in cardboard packs weighing from 450, 600, 900 g and above or in plastic bags; liquid - in polymer cans. SMS storage in dry, ventilated rooms at a humidity not exceeding 70%. Shelf life from 6 to 12 months.
