To the question Who invented asphalt ?? ? When did he appear in Russia? set by the author Neurosis  the best answer is and he appeared there ????

Answer from electrostatics[guru]
Why do we need asphalt .... let there be a place on the planet free from bitumen tapes compressing the earth ....

Answer from Adapted[guru]
In the summer of 1839, sidewalks were covered in St. Petersburg over 45.5 linear fathoms 5 feet wide (97.08 × 1.52 m) and part of the bridge 8.5 meters long and 6.5 feet wide (2.59 × 1 , 98 m) at the Tuchkov dam bridge. The first in Russia to establish the production of asphalt was engineer I.F. Buttats. The cost of 1 square. m of coverage cost 14 rubles. For the first time, Russian asphalt was mined at the Syzran plant in 1873 (on the right bank of the Volga 20 km higher than Syzran).
In 1876, the Moscow City Duma allocated 50 thousand rubles to conduct an experiment on the installation of asphalt concrete pavement. Several sections of new material were built on Tverskaya Street

Answer from Liana ceri[guru]
Asphalt (from Greek asphaltos - mountain resin) is a mixture of bitumen (60–75% in natural and 13–60% in artificial asphalt) with minerals (limestone, sandstone, etc.). It is used in a mixture with sand, gravel, crushed stone for the construction of highways, as a roofing, hydro- and electrical insulating material, for the preparation of putties, adhesives, varnishes, etc. Asphalt can be of natural and artificial origin.
a luchwe zaidi po ssilke, tam mnogo napisano ob istorii asfalta.udachi!
link

Answer from Kitten[newbie]
nobody is just an accident

Answer from Hanna[guru]
Asphalt (from the Greek. Άσφαλτος - mountain resin) is a mixture of bitumen (60–75% in natural and 13–60% in artificial) with minerals (limestone, sandstone, etc.). It is used in a mixture with sand, gravel, gravel for the construction of highways, such as roofing, hydro- and electrical insulating materials, for the preparation of putties, adhesives, varnishes, etc. Asphalt can be of natural and artificial origin.
Natural asphalt is formed from heavy fractions of oil or their residues as a result of evaporation of its light components and oxidation under the influence of hypergenesis. It occurs in the form of stratal vein deposits, as well as saturated permeable strata (so-called shades) and lakes in the zones of natural oil outcrops to the earth's surface (the content in the rocks is from 2–3 to 20%). Solid fusible mass of black with a shiny or dull, conchoid fracture. Density 1.1 g / cm3, melting point 20–100 ° C. Contains 25–40% of oils and 60–75% of tarry asphaltene substances. Elemental composition (%): 80–85 C, 10–12 N, 0.1–108, 2–3 O. Asphalt deposits are found on the territory of the former USSR, in Venezuela, Canada, France, and about. Trinidad and others. Mixing with mineral components (sand, gravel, etc.), it turns into a more or less powerful crust on the surface of large "oil lakes". Such asphalt is widespread in areas of shallow occurrence or emergence of oil-bearing rocks on the surface of the earth and usually fills cracks and caverns in limestone, dolomite and other rocks. History-Natural asphalt is abundantly found during excavations of ruins in the vicinity of Babylon, where it was used instead of lime or cement when laying stone walls. The ancient asphalt, or tar, the ancients also used to tarry ships. According to the Bible, natural asphalt was also tarred with a basket in which Moses put her mother in a basket in a reed on the banks of the Nile River. Artificial asphalt or asphalt concrete is a building material in the form of a compacted mixture of crushed stone, sand, mineral powder and bitumen. Distinguish between hot, containing viscous bitumen, laid and compacted at a temperature not lower than 120 ° C; warm - with low-viscosity bitumen and a compaction temperature of 40–80 ° C; cold - with liquid bitumen, compacted at ambient temperature, but not lower than 10 ° C. Asphalt concrete is used to cover roads, airfields, sites, etc. Initially, in the 19th century, city streets were paved with stones (cobblestone pavement). Beginning in the middle of the 19th century, in France, Switzerland and the USA and in a number of other countries, paving is started from bitumen-mineral mixtures. In 1876, for the first time in the USA, cast asphalt prepared using petroleum bitumen was used. For the first time, asphalt concrete pavement was used to cover the sidewalks of the Royal Bridge in Paris in the 30s of the XX century. In the early 1930s, sidewalks on the Moran bridge across the Rhone River in Lyon were covered with asphalt in France in the Department of En. The booming road network required new types of pavements that could be built as quickly as a subgrade. So, in 1892, in the USA, the first road construction was made of concrete with a width of 3 m by industrial method, and 12 years later using a tarmac with the free flow of hot bitumen 29 km of the road. Asphalt turned out to be the most suitable material for paving. Firstly, it becomes more even, and therefore less noisy and has the necessary roughness. Secondly, on laid asphalt concrete, you can immediately open the movement and not wait until it hardens, unlike cement concrete, which gains the necessary strength only on the 28th day. Thirdly, the coating of asphalt concrete is easily repaired, washed, cleaned, any marking is well supported on it.

In which city did the first asphalt road appear?

Asphalt was the first oil product that a man met. Natural asphalt - one of the types of natural bitumen - is a viscous resinous substance formed from heavy oil fractions as a result of prolonged weathering. It occurs in the form of stratified vein deposits, as well as lakes in places where oil naturally exits to the earth's surface. This is a solid fusible mass of black color, containing 25–40% of oils and 60–75% of resinous asphaltene substances. The word “asphalt” (from the Greek “asphales” - strong, strong, reliable) has been known since the time of Herodotus, who described Mesopotamian and Persian asphalt deposits in his History.
People found the use of natural asphalt at the dawn of civilization - in Ancient Egypt 5,000 years ago, the floor and walls in barns for storing grain were covered with asphalt. In Babylon, it was used as a binder in laying stone walls - the Bible says that when building the Tower of Babel, "earthen tar" was used, as the ancient name for asphalt. The same Babylonians used a layer of asphalt mixed with reed for waterproofing during the installation of the famous hanging gardens of Babylon. For 400-500 BC, the walls of fortresses in Media were, according to the ancient Greek historian Xenophon, built of bricks fastened with natural bitumen. In the same way, the first sections of the Great Wall of China were built on bitumen.
As for the more usual road use of asphalt for us, natural asphalt was used in the construction of roads in America, more than 500 years before the idea of \u200b\u200bsuch asphalt came to Europe and the USA. When in 1532 a detachment of Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro entered the territory of the Inca Empire, they were amazed, among other things, by the magnificent roads covered with asphalt.
But the great civilizations of the past perished, and asphalt as a building material was forgotten for centuries and millennia. Until the beginning of the 19th century, the streets of all the cities of the world at best were paved with stones, and only then in the big cities did a new era begin - the era of asphalt. In 1832 - 1835 in Paris, the first work was done on paving city streets and sidewalks with asphalt.Further, in 1835-1840, the turn of London, Vienna, Lyon, Philadelphia and some other cities came.
In the Russian Empire, the first experience of using asphalt was taken in 1839, when in St. Petersburg they covered almost 100 meters of the sidewalk with a half meter width near Tuchkov Bridge. On a somewhat large scale, asphalt was used in 1865, when the terraces of the Winter Palace were paved. But as early as next year, asphalt began to be used quite widely in ordinary St. Petersburg streets, squares and courtyards, and by 1880 it had covered many streets in Kronstadt, Moscow, Riga, Kharkov, Kiev and Odessa. True, the first asphalt plant was built in Russia only in 1873, a few miles from Syzran, and before that, asphalt was purchased abroad.
From the middle of the 19th century, in France, the USA, Switzerland and other countries, paving began to be made from bitumen-mineral mixtures. In the USA, cast asphalt prepared using petroleum bitumen was first used in 1876. Then, in 1892, the first 3-meter-wide road structure was built by industrial methods, and after another 12 years, 29 km of the road were built using a tar with free flow of hot bitumen.
For the rapidly developing road network, new types of pavements were needed, and asphalt turned out to be the most suitable material. It can be laid almost perfectly evenly, it has a very low-noise coating, but at the same time it has the necessary roughness. Modern roads are covered with asphalt made on the basis of petroleum bitumen obtained as a result of air oxidation of heavy residues of oil distillation at a temperature of 239-340 ° С. This process was developed in 1896, and introduced into production in 1914.

Asphalt is a natural or artificial multicomponent material based on surface (containing as a result of oil refining and subsequent processing of the tar remaining in the tar) bitumen containing mineral fillers - gravel, crushed stone of various rocks, sand.

In fact, the application of the term “asphalt” to road asphalt mixtures is incorrect. The asphalt content as a mixture of bitumen in the total mass is several times less and depends on the grade of material.

Start using asphalt for road construction

The first mention of the use of natural asphalt for laying roads relates toXVI  century and South America. The production of artificial cast asphalt mixtures appeared in the USA only at the endXIX centuries, bitumen-mineral compounds came to the streets of Europe a little earlier - in 1830-40. paved sidewalks and carriageways of cities in France, Austria, Great Britain and Russia began to be replaced with asphalt pavements.

The first trial and wider experience of asphalting was carried out in St. Petersburg, but only by the year 80. new road material has spread to other major cities. At the same time, its own factory was not built in Russia right away - for three decades, a progressive product was then purchased abroad.

America was again the pioneer in mechanized styling. It was here that the tar was first used to build the road, from which hot bitumen poured.

Composition of natural and artificial asphalt

Natural asphalt is mined from rare deposits - Lake Peach Lake in Trinidad, the Dead Sea in Israel, Alberta in Canada, Orinoco Belt in Venezuela, the United States, Iran, and Cuba. The composition includes a mixture of bitumen up to 70%, inorganic inclusions and organic compounds.

Artificial asphalt mixtures consist of two main components. Viscous, low-viscosity or liquid petroleum, modified bitumen and PBB (polymer-bitumen binders) act as a binder component. Crushed stone / gravel of various fractions from 5-10 mm to 20-40 mm, sand and mineral powder are used as fillers to improve strength, viscosity and fill voids.

Asphalt concrete is a monolithic pavement obtained by laying and compacting asphalt mixture.

Asphalt production technology

The main steps for the production of any asphalt mix are the preparation of the components, mixing and storage for storage in the hopper. Production is carried out at stationary and mobile (located near the road construction site) factories.

General process steps:

• Preparation of the components of the mixture. Mineral fillers are crushed and fractionated using a screen, dried, heated, dosed and fed to the mixer.
• Cooking bitumen. Heated bitumen is fed to a bitumen smelting plant, maintained with constant stirring, adding a surfactant and raising the temperature until moisture evaporates, and is sent to working boilers and for the dosage of the mixer.
• Mixing the components. The prepared crushed stone / gravel and sand are fed into a compulsory asphalt mixer for “dry” mixing with the addition of mineral powder and the subsequent addition of heated bitumen and mixing until a homogeneous mixture.
• Overloading the finished mixture. Hot asphalt mix is \u200b\u200bsent to a storage hopper or loaded into dump trucks for transportation to a construction site. The cold mixture is cooled and transported to a warehouse for storage.

The heating of crushed stone and bitumen during the production of hot mixtures is carried out to a temperature of 165 ... 175  0 C and 140 ... 155 0 C, in the manufacture of cold mixtures - up to 65 ... 75  0 C and 110 ... 120 0 C, respectively.

Classification of asphalt mixtures is carried out by residual porosity, type of mineral materials, their fraction and percentage, bitumen binder and paving temperature.

Some types of asphalt mixtures

In addition to the traditional and universally used asphalt mixtures, there are more advanced road materials that differ from the first ones in the composition and laying conditions.

These include:

• Crushed stone and mastic mixtures of alkaline amber grades with stabilizing additives.
• Cast asphalt mixtures with an increased content of bitumen and mineral powder.
• Polymer-asphalt-concrete mixtures with the addition of polymers (elastomers).
• Colored hot and cold mixes with coloring pigments.
• Glass asphalt mixtures with the inclusion of glass battle.
• Rubber-asphalt ton and rubber draining mixtures with rubber crumb and polymer additives.
• Sulfur-asphalt mixes with technical sulfur.

Each type of material has a specific field of application, due to the characteristics and operational and properties of the resulting coating.

Asphalt is a mixture of mineral materials (gravel and sand) and bitumen. In the bowels of the Earth it can be both in liquid and in solid form. When the temperature rises, it softens and becomes liquid, and when it decreases, it solidifies again. Carbon and hydrogen are in the asphalt; the latter, in turn, is part of the crude oil.

Types of asphalt

There are two types: natural, which lies with deposits almost at the very surface of the earth, and artificial - it is produced in modern refineries from crude oil. Natural asphalt has a high bitumen content - from 60% to 75%, and in oil only 13-60%.

It is very interesting that the largest “asphalt lake” is located on the island of Trinidad, it covers an area of \u200b\u200bforty hectares and goes deeper than more than thirty meters. When covering the streets of Washington, the US capital, with asphalt, most of it was taken from Trinidad.

Asphalt Lake Peach Lake, Trinidad

Asphalt is used to cover roads, for roofing, for the manufacture of various varnishes, adhesives and putties, and is also used as an electric and waterproofing material.

Heyday background

In the nineteenth century, the streets of the city were originally paved with stones. In countries such as the USA, Switzerland, and France, from the mid-nineteenth century, bitumen-mineral mixtures began to be used for paving. The first cast asphalt based on petroleum bitumen appeared in the USA in 1876. Asphalt pavement became the “pioneer” of pavement in Paris in the 1930s with the installation and refinement of the Royal Bridge, and a little later for the bridge called Moran, which was thrown across the Rhone River in Lyon.

Road communications developed very rapidly and required new technologies and types that were built as quickly and easily as canvases from the ground.

For the first time, the roadbed was created by the industrial method in the USA in 1892, it was 3 meters wide and made of concrete. And after twelve years, road structures were already produced using a tarmac, along which hot bitumen flowed freely.

The pioneer in the mass production of asphalt in Russia was engineer I.F. Buttats. The first Russian factory to produce this road material was Syzransky (back in 1873).

The advantages of asphalt in the modern world

As it turned out, asphalt is an ideal material for covering roads, because it has a lot of advantages. Over time, he became smoother, which reduced the noise of the wheels. Unlike cement concrete, which was used earlier, asphalt concrete quickly dried up, hardened, gained strength and "allowed" to open the movement almost immediately. Cement-concrete needed twenty-eight days for this.

In the modern world, asphalt is widely used and is the most popular coating material for various territories. One of the many advantages of this bituminous substance is its ductility and ability to bend rather than break. This is very important when creating runways, as sometimes the weight of the aircraft can exceed 140 tons. This quality is also significant in creating highways on which huge trucks drive, the weight of which can be more than forty-five tons.

Asphalt pavement is very practical, it is easy to repair, it holds any road markings remarkably, it is well washed and possesses the necessary rigidity for traction of wheels.

Modern technologies do not stand still and continue to develop. This also applies to asphalt material, and methods for coating it. The ability to withstand great heat and severe cold, without fear of temperature extremes, has long been added to the list of pluses.

Logs were stacked across the streets, lined with boards planked in the direction of traffic. Or the upper parts of the logs were chipped, forming a flat surface. Zemsky order collected “bridge money” from residents of the city — a tax on street improvement.

  A 17th-century wooden pavement found during excavations at Historical Drive, 1988.

Over time, the wooden pavements became polluted, overgrown with earth, and the next ones settled already on top of the soil layer. Judging by the archaeological excavations, such layers reached 50 centimeters.

  The Kremlengrad Plan of 1602. It is difficult to imagine, but back in the 16-17th centuries Red Square was still without coverage. Wooden floorings led only from the streets - Nikolskaya, Ilyinka to the Nikolsky and Spassky gates of the Kremlin, respectively.

A fragment of the Sigismund plan of 1618. Shows the tree-paved Chertolskaya street - the current Volkhonka and Prechistenka.

  Moscow of the 17th century. Towers of the White City. Reconstruction of the restorer Sukhov. The streets paved with wood might look something like this.

  One of the Kremlin streets under reconstruction of Appolinaria Vasnetsova. Here, the artist depicted a type of wooden pavement with longitudinal boards, on which logs were sheathed on top.

  A fragment of an engraving by the Dutch master Peter Picart, 1707. On the other side is a wooden pavement leading from the Moskvoretsky gate of Kitay-Gorod to the “live” floating bridge over the Moscow River.

The first experiments with stone

The first stone pavement of Moscow appeared in the Kremlin in 1643. Master Mikhail Ermolin paved the territory of the Patriarchal Court with a stone, for which he received good money at that time - 4 rubles.

The streets began to be paved with stone only under Peter I. Started in the 1690s, in 1700 the authorities ordered "to collect bridge money from all Moscow yards in the Streletsky order." In 1705, a decree was issued to collect money from all cities of the country. The peasants were obliged to get and bring wild stone to Moscow, so that everyone was no less than a goose egg.

In 1718, several decrees were issued regulating the paving of streets. The maintenance of the bridge was assigned to Moscow homeowners:
  “Sprinkle sand and stone to each resident against his yard, pave smoothly, as will be indicated by the craftsmen, so that the drains are along the streets, closer to the yards, and at the ends of the streets drain to rivers and ponds so that they are firmly established, so that in spring and it didn’t rain. ”

In the central regions, the paving of streets and alleys with stone was prescribed: "in the Kremlin and China, stone bridges should be built to everyone in front of their houses."

Nevertheless, as far back as the mid-18th century, most of Moscow's streets were lined with wood; many of these pavements survived until the fire of 1812.

  Cobblestone pavement in Krivokolenny Lane in the picture of Karl Baudry, 1843

Until the introduction of municipal government in the 1860s, homeowners had to keep track of the bridges and update them. Not all owners had money for this, so in 1823 they established capital, from which loans were provided to poor homeowners.
  One can imagine how the obligation to maintain the bridge by the townsfolk affected their quality. One updated, and his neighbor postponed the matter. One did well, the other - tyap-blunder. Street coverage became increasingly uneven, holes and potholes became commonplace.

Another problem until the mid-19th century was the imperfect technology of stone laying. In most cases, cobblestone was paved without a substrate, directly to the ground. As a result, we had to change the coverage several times a year. Only in some places did they make a pillow: first they put logs and boards, sprinkled with gravel, rubbish, coal and ash on top, then added a layer of earth, and only after that put a stone on top. But this did not always save.

  Painting by artist Peter Vereshchagin, 1879. There is a cobblestone pavement on the roadway, and the sidewalk along the edge of the embankment is made of stone slabs, most likely of sandstone.

G. Vasilich writes about the quality of roads in Moscow in the mid-19th century:
  “There was no cleanliness on the streets at all, the pavements were disgusting ... In winter, snow and accumulated manure did not dump, and by spring Moscow was covered with potholes, which, when melting began, turned into congestion, and there came a time when the prudent layman sat at home, for passage it was neither on wheels nor on a sleigh. ... They also note the stench worn over Moscow, which became especially unbearable in the lower part of Tverskaya, near the Okhotny Ryad, where birds and cattle were cut for a long time ... ”

They began to allocate money from the city budget to pavements in the 1860s, and the roads were finally transferred to the maintenance of the city only in 1874. But this concerned only the carriageways of the streets, the sidewalks still had to be laid and repaired by the owners of the estates.

  Sandstone bridge in the Kremlin on Cathedral Square.

  Sandstone pavement in the Kremlin, 1900s.

  1890s. Podsosensky Lane. Cobblestone roadway and sandstone slabs. There is no border as such.

  Presnenskaya Zastava, 1910s. The area is entirely paved with cobblestone.

  In the 19th century, already at the end of October, Moscow was covered with snow, and carts were exchanged for a sled. Until Soviet times, every winter there was an order not to clear the snow from the moment of its precipitation until March 22. During the winter, up to 50 cm of compacted snow accumulated on the roadway. Excess snow was cleared to the side of the road in the snowdrifts. During thaws, snow from these snowdrifts was scattered across the exposed pavement. The sidewalks were cleaned, and they were much lower than the roadway. So on the sleigh you could fall on the sidewalk if you drive too close to the edge of the road.

  1900s Petrovka in the winter.

Until the mid-20th century, most of the Moscow streets still retained cobblestone flooring. In the magazine "Behind the Wheel" in 1928, a detailed article was published on the condition of the bridge at that time:

“Indeed, by the end of May this year, the area of \u200b\u200bMoscow city roads, one way or another paved, was equal to 11½ million square meters. meters, of which cobblestone pavements - 10.998.383 square meters. meters or 95.7%. If we recall the well-known truth that a meter is one ten-millionth of a quarter of the Paris meridian, then we can easily figure out that if a strip a meter wide is paved from Moscow cobblestones, more than a quarter of the globe can be passed through it. This is already grandiose and, it seems, this is the only advantage of the Moscow cobblestone pavement. ”

  “Bus traffic contributes to the emergence of abysses on a cobblestone pavement (Butyrsky Kamer-Kollezhsky Val).” (Journal “Behind the Wheel”, 1928).

  1971 year. Cobblestone pavement in Bolshaya Vatiny Lane. Shot from the film “12 Chairs” by L. Gaidai.

By 2016, the only place in Moscow where the cobblestone pavement is preserved is the Krutitsky Compound.

  Krutitskaya street

  When did asphalt first appear in Moscow?

In the 1870s, it became clear that you can’t go far on a single cobblestone, it seemed to be a very outdated type of coating, especially for main streets. More and more popularity in major cities around the world gained unprecedented innovation - asphalt.

The first asphalt pavement in Moscow appeared in 1873 on Nikolskaya Street. However, it was not the city that had a hand in this; it was a private initiative. The rich and progressive merchant Alexander Porokhovshchikov, who built the Slavyansky Bazar restaurant, decided to demonstrate a strange novelty and rolled the street along his property into asphalt.

  Asphalt on Nikolskaya Street, 1910s.

The city also did not give up. Intelligent engineers were sent to learn from abroad, to Europe - to see the technology of laying modern pavements, and in Baku - to study the extraction and production of asphalt.
  In addition to a detailed report, engineer Petunnikov brought to Moscow a statement that: "Moscow should forever abandon the cobblestone, recognizing it as a stone unsuitable for paving." Instead, he offered asphalt and stone paving stones.

In 1876, the City Duma allocated 50,000 rubles for experiments with new types of coverage. In the same year, 5 test plots of different pavement appeared on Tverskaya Street.

The first section is extruded asphalt bricks, the second is extruded asphalt hex blocks, the third is cast Syzran asphalt, the fourth is extruded Sessel asphalt, and the fifth is a wooden end pavement using the Nicholson system.
Cast Syzran asphalt and, unexpectedly, a wooden end bridge have proven themselves best.

  Asphalt on Tverskaya Street, 1876. There was still a cobblestone pavement in Maly Gnezdnikovsky Lane.

By 1896, the area of \u200b\u200basphalt pavements in Moscow reached 5505 square fathoms (2.5 hectares). But for the most part, these are small plots along private estates laid out at the expense of wealthy entrepreneurs. Moreover, some homeowners laid asphalt along their houses to drown out the noise from iron wheels and horse horseshoes.

  1900s. Exchange Square. The roadway of Ilyinka is lined with cobblestones, and on the left is a pedestrian crossing rolled up in asphalt.

At the beginning of the 20th century, asphalt was becoming more widespread. In the years 1912-1914, 57% of the area of \u200b\u200bnew paving was laid out of granite pavers, 18% - with asphalt and 22% - with cobblestone.
  By this time, Petrovka from Teatralnaya Square to Stoleshnikov Lane was already rolled into asphalt, as was Stoleshnikov Lane itself.

  Roadway and pavement made of asphalt. Petrovka, 1915.

The curbstone was still a rarity, the edges of the sidewalks were laid out with cobblestones. The sidewalks on the central streets were asphalted, some properties still remained of large sandstone slabs.

  Tverskaya. 1900s. The cobblestone roadway, asphalt on this section of the street is only on the sidewalks so far.

  1927 year. Laying asphalt at the beginning of Tverskaya.

Surprisingly, in 1928 it was still possible to drive through a tree:

“In small numbers in Moscow you can find a wooden pavement. The wooden ends of recent times are very poor and do not meet the pre-declared technical requirements (coarse-grained, roughness, decay); therefore, the service life of the front pavement has been reduced by two years compared to the pre-war. ”(Za Rulem magazine)

Now it’s hard to believe, but in the late 1920s, asphalt everywhere could not be imagined:

“They offered to fill the whole of Moscow with asphalt; Of course, that would be neat and elegant. But try on this asphalt to climb into the ice on one of the seven notorious Moscow hills and you will abandon your project. And building asphalt clothing on a steep climb is difficult. ”

In less than half a century, as all of Moscow, in fact, they poured into the asphalt.

When did paving stones appear in Moscow?

Paving stones appeared in the 1870s, as one of the types of experimental bridge, along with asphalt.

  1913 year. The entire 1st Tverskaya Street, from Triumfalnaya Square to the Tverskaya Zastava, was paved with paving stones.

1925, Tverskaya street on the site from the Boulevard Ring to the Garden. Experimental small paving stones - “Klein-band-aid”, a square block based on a concrete base.

From the magazine “Driving”, 1928:

“Paving stones are very good for significant movement. In Moscow, it is used in three types: 1) normal paving stones 15-16 centimeters high, arranged on a sandy base; lightweight paving stones 12–14 cm high are used in the tram tracks; 2) brückenstein or lowered paving stones laid on a concrete layer; 3) kleinpflyaster or mosaic with cubes 8-10 cm high (for example, on Tverskaya, in the form of circular arcs), on a concrete base with a sandy layer between concrete and mosaic. ”

  1971, paving stones on the street Vorontsovo field. Shot from the film “12 Chairs” by L. Gaidai.

To date, in Moscow there are several streets with paving of paving stones laid in the late 19th or early 20th century.

  Paving stones on the Kuznetsk bridge, preserved to this day. Photograph of the 1980s.

  Paving stones on Barrikadnaya street, photo by A. Slyusarev, 1981

  Paving stones on Barrikadnaya street, 2010s.

  Paving stones of 1927 on the Commissariat bridge near Novokuznetsk

When did the paving stones appear on Red Square?

  Red Square, 1910s. Asphalt path in the middle of a cobblestone.

  1925 year. The bridge of Red Square is still cobblestone.

Until the 1920s, Red Square remained paved with cobblestones, and only by the opening of the Lenin stone mausoleum in 1930 was cobblestone pavement replaced with diabase pavers. The stone was mined on the shores of Lake Onega and cut into bars weighing 8-10 kg.

  1930 year. Laying pavers in Red Square.

  New pavers along the Middle Trading Rows, 1930.

In 1974, the paving stones were completely renewed and laid on a concrete base. This paving stone is made of heavy-duty magmatic gabbro rock.

  1974, reconstruction of Red Square.

Brick pavement

As experiments in the first third of the 20th century, it was decided to pave some streets and squares of Moscow with clinker bricks. This is a Dutch invention: a heavy-duty brick made of a special type of clay, fired to full baking at a temperature of 1200 degrees. Clinker brick bridges are laid in a Christmas tree.

In the 1910s, part of Theater Square was laid out with clinker, but the question was seriously posed in 1928. From the magazine “Driving”:
“In particular, the commission believed that clinker could be suitable material for paving the outskirts and generally streets with little passage. It’s necessary to immediately begin to study the suitability for clinker of clay near Moscow, and if the decision is positive, raise the question of building clinker factories near Moscow. ”

  In 2015, during the reconstruction of Pushechnaya Street, a completely preserved clinker brick covering was discovered.

  This pavement was threatened with complete destruction.

  But fortunately, a fragment of the roadway was transferred to the sidewalk, now it is a local attraction.

So in today's Moscow, in addition to the “Sobyaninka” tile and the ubiquitous asphalt, you can walk along the cobblestone pavement, paving stones and clinker. Only now wooden pavements are now much more difficult to find.

The publication was prepared by Alexander Ivanov