The role of the Internet in the life of modern people. The value of modern money in people's lives

The living conditions of modern man are significantly different from those in which his formation as a biosocial being took place. In the early stages of the existence of Homo sapiens, he led a lifestyle close to natural. In particular, he was characterized by a high level of physical activity, which in itself corresponded to the neuropsychic tension necessary in the struggle for existence. People lived in small communities, lived in an ecologically clean natural environment, which could be replaced (but not changed) by the whole community if it became unsuitable for life.

The development of civilization went in the direction of property stratification and professional specialization of people, necessary for mastering new tools of labor, increasing the duration of training and gradually lengthening the period of specialization of a part of the population. From the point of view of the life of one generation, all these changes occurred rather slowly, against the background of relatively slow changes in the environment, low population density, and while maintaining a high level of physical activity. All this did not impose any special requirements on the human psyche that went beyond the limits of the evolutionary requirements.

The situation began to change with the beginning of the development of capitalism and progressive urbanization, and most radically in the second half of the 20th century, when the way of life of a person began to change rapidly. The scientific and technological revolution has led to a decrease in the share of physical labor, that is, to a decrease in the level of physical activity. This circumstance violated the natural biological mechanisms, in which the latter was the final link in life, therefore, the nature of the flow of life processes in the body changed and, ultimately, the reserve of human adaptive capabilities decreased.

Another important consequence of the progressive development of civilization was the growth of the urban population, which sharply increased the density of human-to-human contacts. From the point of view of the psyche, these contacts are often unpleasant for a person. On the contrary, family relationships are beneficial, if, of course, relations between family members are good. However, unfortunately, favorable family relationships occupy only 20–30 minutes a day in the family, according to statistics.

The undoubted influence on the psyche of modern man is exerted by some factors of a markedly changed external environment. Thus, the level of noise has increased significantly, especially in the city, where it significantly exceeds the permissible norms. If this is a busy highway, then the impact of noise on the human brain is comparable to the effect of the roar of an airport. Poor soundproofing included in own apartment or in neighbors, sound-reproducing devices (TV, radio, etc.) make the effect of noise almost constant. Such noises, in contrast to natural ones, which in the process of evolution were integral part the nature surrounding a person (wind noise, the sound of a stream, birdsong, etc.), have a negative impact on the entire body and on the psyche in particular: breathing rate and blood pressure change, sleep and the nature of dreams are disturbed, insomnia and other adverse symptoms develop . Such unfavorable environmental factors have a particularly strong impact on a growing child's body, and the level of fear in children rises more clearly.

An indirect effect on the state of the brain, mental health has and chemical pollution atmosphere. Yes, increasing content carbon monoxide in the inhaled air impairs gas exchange in the brain tissue and reduces its functional characteristics. A number of other gases (nitrogen and sulfur oxides) adversely affect the metabolism in the brain.

A special place in the violation of the mental state of a person is played by radioactive contamination. The nervous system is very sensitive to its effects, but at a low level of radioactivity, the psychological effect of this factor seems to be more important, since it gives rise to fear, which seems especially real after the Chernobyl disaster.

Serious negative impact on the human brain, his psyche has electromagnetic "pollution" environment in the form of radiation from the plexus of wires. The emotional sphere of a person is also extremely adversely affected by some forms of rock music, which are characterized by a monotonous rhythm, emphatically emotionally intense coloring of the soloists' voices, increased volume above the norm and a special spectrum of sound.

One of the main factors negatively affecting the human body and especially his psyche should be considered his increasing isolation from the natural (natural) environment with all the ensuing consequences. In particular, this applies to urban residents who spend the vast majority of their lives in an artificially created world of stone and concrete, isolated spaces, etc. They are rarely in nature, deprived of the pleasure of breathing clean air, enjoying sunrises and sunsets, listening to birds and much more. Availability summer cottages only partly alleviates this problem, since the modern dacha is more subordinated to practical, utilitarian purposes. The destruction of the natural environment of a person - particles of nature deforms his psyche, especially the emotional component, disrupts perception, reduces the potential for health. The urban environment of a person, depleted in a natural sense, represented mainly by monotonous, monochrome buildings, makes a person more aggressive - this is also the impact of various electrical appliances and other sources of radio and electromagnetic radiation, etc. All of them interact with electrical processes occurring in the brain, influencing their dynamics in a complex way. The amplification of the electromagnetic radiation of the Sun, which is very insignificant compared to relevant characteristics artificial sources also increases the number of mental and some other diseases. It should be taken into account that the person himself is a source of weak electromagnetic and other physical fields. Perhaps a large crowd of people (and this is typical for a city, for a room) generates electromagnetic waves various characteristics, which at an unconscious level can have a negative effect on the brain.

Although nervous system human is quite plastic and able to adapt to different situations, its possibilities are not unlimited.

Apparently, a person is now in a situation where the adaptive capabilities of his psyche lag behind the ever-increasing requirements of modern life. At the same time, the brain tries to protect itself from excessive and unfavorable information, which makes a person emotionally less sensitive, emotionally "stupid". It is not surprising, therefore, that residents of cities, especially large ones, are less responsive to various problems relating to loved ones, experience these problems for a shorter time, and are increasingly isolated from those factors that are not directly related to them. Another part of people sits for hours at the TV screens, empathizing with the lives of the heroes of various series, and by doing this they try to get away from their own problems that cause emotional stress.

In some cases, already small children become insensitive to someone else's pain. "Emotional hearing", that is, the ability to recognize the mood or state of the speaker, is well developed only in 32% of school-age children, which is associated with the deformation of communication between people (even members of the same family) towards the predominance of restraint and severity, on the one hand, and irritation and anger on the other. The leading mass media plays a significant role in this - television, filled with scenes of violence and horror and forming an abnormal worldview of the child, who gets used to strong sensations and even begins to enjoy scenes of violence and murder. Thus, psychological insensitivity to cruelty is gradually formed, and then to good, aggressiveness develops greater than in adults.

The existing living conditions are especially important for the harmonious development of the most sensitive part of the human population - children. The schemes of education and training that dominate today are focused on the development of verbal mechanisms of brain activity that provide abstract-logical thinking. Emotionally sensitive mechanisms, which ensure direct contact with the outside world with the help of the sense organs and require close contact with nature, are not sufficiently stimulated. At the same time, practice shows that communication with nature is the simplest, most natural and effective way of optimizing the effect on the psyche.

All negative impacts on the psyche of a modern person are deployed in our country against the backdrop of complex economic, social and socio-psychological changes taking place in society and directly or indirectly affecting both the individual psyche and the entire community as a whole. The degree of such influence is very different, and different people react to it in different ways. One of the ways that some people choose to get away from such a negative impact is drug addiction, drunkenness and alcoholism, the growth of which is especially noticeable among children, adolescents and women. In many cases, in this way, the mechanisms of self-regulation of the brain appear in a deformed form, which protects itself from a deficit of positive emotions, a large flow of information, difficulties in adapting to the outside world, and other factors that a person cannot cope with.

In the current conditions, it becomes more and more difficult for a person to protect himself from emotional and informational stresses. Therefore, he is often in a state of strong (or prolonged) mental stress, which gradually undermines his strength, reducing physical and mental performance, immunity and disrupting normal work brain. Fortunately, the brain has an enormous margin of redundancy, and hence functional strength.

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creative work

in the discipline "Anthropological foundations of the doctor's activity"

on the topic: "The meaning and purpose of the life of a modern person as factors that determine his attitude to his own health"

Completed by: student group OLD 107 Ilityuk Anton Yurievich

The meaning of human life.

Almost every one of us has come across such an expression “the meaning of life”. And for a second he thought, what is the meaning of his life? But what does this expression mean?

The meaning of life is a philosophical and spiritual problem that determines the ultimate goal of existence, the purpose of mankind, man as a biological species, as well as man as an individual, one of the main worldview concepts that is of great importance for the formation of the spiritual and moral image of the individual.

The question of the meaning of life can also be considered as a subjective assessment of life, as a person's understanding of the content and direction of his life.

And answering the question “What is the meaning of life?”, It is meant to find answers to the questions:

1. What are life values?

2. What is the purpose of life?

3. Why (for what) to live?

The answers to these questions determine further development human life. Depending on the purpose of life, a person chooses his own path of development. And he sets his priorities.

“From a medical point of view, all organs develop towards the ultimate goal ... The development of the soul is analogous to the development of organic life. Each person has a concept of a goal or an ideal necessary to achieve more than what is possible for him in the current life situation ... "

Alfred Adler "The Science of Living"

Continuing with Adler's comparison, it can be seen that the salivary glands responsible for the production of saliva cannot produce blood. Similarly, a person, having chosen a certain goal for himself, cannot achieve everything at once. So he prioritizes the things that are most important to him.

And one of the priorities is health.

The meaning and purpose of life, the factors that determine his attitude to his own health.

Attitude to health is a system of individual, selective connections of a person with various phenomena of the surrounding reality that contribute to or, conversely, threaten people's health, as well as a certain assessment by the individual of his physical and mental state. Attitudes towards health are manifested in the actions, judgments and experiences of people regarding factors that affect their physical and mental well-being.

The attitude to the health of an individual is characterized by four groups of indicators:

1. self-reported health

2. the value of health

3. satisfaction with the state of health

4. health promotion activities.

And all these indicators are imprinted by the meaning of human life. Let's analyze each item separately.

Everyone has their own self-assessment of health. People interested in something may not notice any minor health troubles, whether it is a headache or weakness. People who are engaged in the same business that they do not like, will evaluate their health in such a way as not to engage in this health. For example, a student who does not want to go to school will suddenly notice a slight headache, and a sore throat will feel like a cold. Thus, self-esteem of health will depend on the purpose and meaning of life, and how much a person wants to achieve the goal.

The value of health directly depends on the meaning of life. If the meaning of a person's life puts the good of a person above his own, then he will put his health below the health of others. So, for example, rescuers sacrifice their health and life in order to save the health and life of other people.

Satisfaction with the state of health is also influenced by the purpose and meaning of life. Like self-reported health, this indicator is subjective. It shows how satisfied a person is with his health. A person can be content with poor health if he is able to achieve his life purpose. An example of such a person would be a scientist who receives a Nobel Prize. He may have a cold, he will have a migraine, but that will not stop him, because he has almost reached the goal of his life.

The last indicator is health promotion activities. How does it relate to the meaning and purpose of life? A person may not take care of his health if, for example, he is not worried about some kind of ailment. That is, self-assessment of health, according to a person, is very high - he is healthy. He may not take care of health if it is not valuable to him. That is, the value is zero. He may not look after his health if he is satisfied with it. That is, activity according to the state of life is connected with all previous indicators, and thus with the meaning of life.

meaning self-esteem health mental

So, the meaning and purpose of life is one of the most important factors that determine the attitude to human health. The meaning and purpose of life is directly related to human activity. And human activity is connected with health. Thus, what a person wants from life, what he wants to achieve, leaves an imprint on his health. And unfortunately, many people, in search of meaning or on the path to life, forget about it.

So, for example, in the novel by Erich Maria Remarque “Life on loan”, the main character sacrificed her poor health (she was seriously ill) left the sanatorium in order to look at the world for the last time and feel alive. She did not strive to live long, her goal was to live like a normal, healthy person. Also, many great scientists donated for scientific purposes. So Isaac Newton did not care about his health at all - he led a reclusive type of life, sleepless nights, crazy experiments with chemistry (then alchemy). But only by the fact that he also did not strive to live long. The meaning of his life was science, and the goal was discovery.

And he did not pay attention to health. Every day, every person takes small steps towards his life goal, without thinking about how this affects his health. And it should be concluded that health needs to be given a little more attention, despite the purpose and meaning of life. And perhaps then, in life, you will be able to do a little more than achieve your own goal.

Bibliography

1. Science's greatest theories: issue 2: The most attractive force of nature. Newton. The law of universal gravitation. 4. Ed. De Agostini 2015.

2. Erich Maria Remarque "Life on loan".

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Daily sprint

Psychologists and psychiatrists of all stripes note a sharp surge of anxiety, self-doubt and a huge number of different phobias in an ordinary representative of our society.

The life of a modern person takes place at a frantic pace, so there is simply no time to relax and get distracted from numerous everyday problems. The vicious circle, consisting of a marathon distance at a sprint speed, forces people to run a race with themselves. Intensification leads to insomnia, stress, nervous breakdowns and illnesses, which has become a fundamental trend in the post-information age.

Information pressure

The second task that modern man cannot solve is the abundance of information. The flow of various data falls on everyone simultaneously from all possible sources - the Internet, the mass media, the press. This makes critical perception impossible, since internal "filters" cannot cope with such pressure. As a result, the individual cannot operate with real facts and data, since he is unable to separate fiction and lies from reality.

Dehumanization of relationships

A person in modern society is forced to constantly face alienation, which manifests itself not only in work, but also in interpersonal relationships.

The constant manipulation of human consciousness by the media, politicians and public institutions has led to the dehumanization of relations. The exclusion zone formed between people makes it difficult to communicate, look for friends or a soul mate, and attempts to get closer from the outside strangers very often perceived as something completely inappropriate. The third problem of the society of the 21st century - dehumanization - is reflected in mass culture, language environment and art.

Problems of social culture

The problems of modern man are inseparable from the deformations in society itself and create a vicious spiral.

The cultural ouroboros causes people to withdraw even more into themselves and move away from other individuals. Modern art - literature, painting, music and cinema - can be considered a typical expression of the processes of degradation of public consciousness.

Films and books about nothing, musical works without harmony and rhythm are presented as the greatest achievements of civilization, full of sacred knowledge And deep meaning incomprehensible to most.

Crisis of values

The value world of each particular individual can change several times in a lifetime, but in the 21st century this process has become too fast. The result of constant change is constant crises, which do not always lead to a happy ending.

The eschatological notes slipping through the term “crisis of values” do not mean a complete and absolute end, but they make one think about the direction in which it is worth paving the way. A modern person is in a permanent state of crisis from the moment of growing up, since the world around him is changing much faster than the prevailing ideas about it.

Man in modern world forced to drag out a rather miserable existence: thoughtlessly following ideals, trends and certain styles, which leads to the impossibility of developing one's own point of view and one's position in relation to events and processes.

The ubiquitous chaos and entropy that reigns around should not be frightening or cause hysteria, since change is natural and normal if there is something unchanged.

Where and from where is the world heading?

The development of modern man and his main paths were predetermined long before our time. Culturologists name several turning points, the result of which was modern society and a person in the modern world.

Creationism, which fell in an unequal battle under the pressure of adherents of atheology, brought very unexpected results - a widespread decline in morals. Cynicism and criticism, which have become the norm of behavior and thinking since the Renaissance, are considered to be a kind of "rules of good taste" for modern and clergymen.

Science in itself is not the meaning of the existence of society and is not able to answer some questions. To achieve harmony and balance, adepts scientific approach it is worth being more humane, since the unresolved problems of our time cannot be described and solved as an equation with several unknowns.

The rationalization of reality sometimes does not allow seeing anything more than numbers, concepts and facts that leave no room for many important things.

Instinct vs reason

The legacy of distant and wild ancestors who once lived in caves is considered to be the main motives of society. Modern man is just as attached to biological rhythms and solar cycles as he was a million years ago. Anthropocentric civilization only creates the illusion of controlling the elements and one's own nature.

The payoff for such deceit comes in the form of personality dysfunction. It is impossible to control every element of the system always and everywhere, because even one's own body cannot be ordered to stop aging or change proportions.

Scientific, political and social institutions are vying with each other about new victories that will certainly help humanity grow blooming gardens on distant planets. However, modern man, armed with all the achievements of the last millennium, is not able to cope with a common cold, like 100, 500 and 2000 years ago.

Who is to blame and what to do?

No one is to blame for the substitution of values, and everyone is guilty. Modern human rights are both respected and not respected at the same time precisely because of this distortion - you can have an opinion, but you can’t express it, you can love something, but you can’t mention it.

The stupid Ouroboros, constantly chewing his own tail, will someday choke, and then there will be complete harmony and world peace in the Universe. However, if this does not happen in the foreseeable future, future generations will at least hope for the best.

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AUTONOMOUS NON-PROFIT EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION OF THE CENTROSOYUZ OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION "RUSSIAN UNIVERSITY OF COOPERATION"

COURSE WORK

by discipline

"Servisology"

"The meaning of modern life"

I've done the work

Stud. Gr. ST 1 course

Danilchenko Daria

scientific adviser

Sharonova V.P.

INTRODUCTION

The question of the meaning of life is one of the traditional problems of philosophy, theology and fiction, where it is considered mainly from the point of view of determining what is the most worthy meaning of life for a person.

Ideas about the meaning of life are formed in the process of people's activities and depend on their social status, the content of the problems being solved, their way of life, world outlook, and a specific historical situation.

Many argue that "there is no meaning to life." It means that there is no single meaning of life for all, given from above. However, it is certain that almost every person has goals that go beyond his own "use" and even beyond his own life. For example, we want happiness and prosperity for our children, we make great efforts to develop them by limiting our own needs. Moreover, all these efforts will give the main result not to us at all and, in many respects, even after our death.

Speaking about the fact that everyone has their own meaning of life, nevertheless, it should be borne in mind that there are certain objective limitations on the choice of the meaning of life. These restrictions are connected with the natural selection of both the "carriers of the meaning of life" (concrete people) and societies where this or that meaning of life prevails. For example, if the meaning of a person's life is suicide, then very quickly there will be no carriers of such a meaning of life. Similarly, if the meanings of life for the majority of members of a society are "suicidal" for society, then such a society will cease to exist. In particular, if the meaning of people's lives is aimed exclusively at solving short-term problems, for example, at maximizing pleasure, then such a society cannot exist for a long time.

Target term paper- to study the features of understanding the meaning of life of a modern person.

CHAPTER 1. MAN AND HIS NEEDS

Needs - the need experienced by a person for what is necessary for his normal functioning, to maintain the vital activity of the organism and the development of the personality.

Man needs certain conditions of existence. All activities of people are aimed at satisfying their various needs.

The needs of a person may be different at different stages of his life, but some of them remain unchanged: these are basic physiological needs, without which the biological existence of a person is impossible. The structure of social and cultural needs is formed and changes throughout the life of an individual, turning him into a human person, a subject of spiritual life. These needs contribute to the development of truly human qualities: reason, morality, striving for truth, for creative activity for the benefit of society.

A person is able to limit his needs, relying on the conclusions of the mind and focusing on social norms. Not always his needs can be fully satisfied. In addition, their satisfaction may be contrary to the moral standards of society and infringe on the interests of other people.

Human needs are the basis for his interests. Interest is a form of conscious need, a purposeful attitude of a person to an object, the desire to act in a certain way in order to achieve what is desired.

Human needs are also manifested in the motives of his activity. Unsatisfied needs have a motivating force, they cause the activity of a person, form and direct his aspirations to a specific goal.

Figure 1. Maslow's pyramid of needs.

In all the diversity of human needs, two main groups can be distinguished: primary and secondary needs.

The primary (innate) needs of a person belong to the field of physiology and are necessary for the survival and reproduction of the body: these are the needs for food, water, sleep, shelter, rest, security, etc.

Secondary (acquired) needs belong to the field of psychology: communication needs, social connections, attention from other people, self-respect, creative self-realization, etc.

Secondary needs are also called acquired, because the process of a person's spiritual development, the formation of his personality is associated with the development of his interest and abilities for social interaction and cultural activities. Thus, the spiritual maturation of a person is accompanied by an increase in the role of secondary needs, the satisfaction of which turns him into a social being and distinguishes him from the world of living nature.

In science, there is a more detailed classification of human needs.

Primary needs are divided into: 1) biological, or material organic needs (food, breath, shelter, etc.), 2) existential (associated with a sense of security, confidence in the future, guarantees of a prosperous existence and provision of biological needs).

Among the secondary needs, there are: 1) social needs (associated with a sense of belonging to society), 2) prestige needs (associated with the assessment of a person’s activities, respect and self-esteem, public recognition of his success in his career and creativity, the achievement of authority), 3) spiritual, or ideal, cognitive needs (knowledge of the world, self-expression, self-realization, creative activity personality, aimed at creating beauty).

You can also divide human needs into three main groups: natural (biological), social and spiritual (cultural) needs.

The existence of several options for classifying needs is due to the fact that all human needs are closely related and mutually influence each other. Biological needs in a person acquire a social coloring, social needs stimulate spiritual activity, etc.

CHAPTER 2. THE NEED FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE

The inner (spiritual) world of a person is the creation, assimilation, preservation and dissemination of cultural values.

The structure of the human spiritual world:

Cognition - the need for knowledge about oneself, about the world around, about the meaning and purpose of one's life - forms the human intellect, that is, the totality of mental abilities, primarily the ability to receive new information on the basis of the one that a person already has.

Emotions are subjective experiences about situations and phenomena of reality (surprise, joy, suffering, anger, fear, shame, contempt, etc.).

The senses - emotional states, which are longer than emotions and have a clearly expressed objective character (moral: friendship, love, patriotism, etc.; aesthetic: disgust, delight, longing, etc.; intellectual: curiosity, doubt, curiosity, etc.).

Worldview - a system of views, concepts and ideas about the world around. It determines the orientation of the individual - a set of stable motives that guide the activity of the individual and are relatively independent of the current situation.

The ideal (or spiritual, cultural) needs of a person are the internal motivations of a person to realize their creative potential, to create and master cultural values, ethical and aesthetic ideas and ideals, to acquire diverse knowledge about the world.

The basis of ideal human needs is the desire to know the world around us and the meaning of one's existence. This category of needs stimulates the development of science, art, philosophy, and religious teachings.

In the hierarchy of needs compiled by A. Maslow, the highest level is occupied by the self-realization of a person - the implementation of his creative abilities, the realization of talents through creative spiritual activity. The results of self-realization are needed not only by the individual who carries it out, but also by society. Professional development is one of the results of self-realization. For society, the self-realization of individuals means the development of the economy, political relations, art, science, sports, etc.

The need for the meaning of life is, apparently, the most complex spiritual need. It is expressed in the formation of a worldview - a system of a person's views on the world as a whole and his place in it. The meaning of one's existence is determined by each individual individually, but this does not mean that it depends on the subjective vision of the world. There are, firstly, several basic concepts of the meaning of human existence, to which many people come at one stage or another of their lives (while modifying them in one way or another, adapting them to the characteristics of their personality). Secondly, the concept of the meaning of life directly depends on how human abilities developed and how the needs for knowledge, education and upbringing were satisfied. Various social structures, movements and organizations from ancient times sought to influence the inner world of a person in order to form in him such a worldview and understanding of the meaning of life that corresponds to the ideology of these movements and organizations. For such an impact on the formation of spiritual needs, a wide range of techniques is used - dosed information and disinformation, the emotional impact of art, a sense of camaraderie and solidarity, propaganda through the media, and finally, a simple material interest in obtaining certain benefits. Spiritual needs, which the need for the meaning of life, as it were, generalizes and sums up, largely determine human behavior. Therefore, both society as a whole and individual structures, movements, organizations and groups that exist in it are always trying to influence their formation in their own interests.

Most of the primary biological needs are formed in the embryonic state, in early childhood the foundations of the instinct of self-preservation, the foundations of material and spiritual (toys, cartoons) and communication needs are formed. As for self-realization, self-realization and the ecology of mankind, the time of formation of these levels of needs varies greatly depending on a number of factors, which in combination we can call education.

The most interesting psychological concept of the development of the meaning of life begins to form in a person in childhood and can go through the following phases:

Figure 2. Phases of the formation of the meaning of life

Preliminary phase

In the preliminary phase, the child begins to formulate questions about the world around him and about himself. In these questions that he asks adults, attempts gradually appear to understand the causes, meaning and purpose of certain phenomena (“What is this?”, “Why do we need a mother?”, “Why the moon?”, “What would happen if you didn’t give birth to me?”, “Why is there a war if God is merciful?”). Here the prerequisites for raising the question of the meaning of life are laid.

Identification phase

The identification phase begins in elementary school students. "The young person begins to feel the desire to justify the meaning of himself" and "he finds it most easily in the form of identification with someone who, in his opinion, is "meaningful"". Indeed, the easiest way is not to invent some meaning yourself, but to find its correct understanding in others. The desire to unite in groups and organizations that have common tasks and are engaged in meaningful activities is typical of adolescence. These can be rockers, football club fans, fans of a rock singer or group, all kinds of extremist organizations with different ideologies, yard companies, students of a prestigious educational institution, members of a sports team or a KVN team, etc. Identification with members of one's own group requires active activity, protection of common values and rejection of the value system of other groups. Hence the enmity and open conflicts between such communities (punks against skinheads, fans of one club against fans of another, etc.). These types of identification are the first sign of the emergence of a need for the meaning of life, expressed in the desire to comprehend emotional contact. An important feature of identification is that under certain conditions it quite fully imitates the meaning of life and can remain with the individual for life as a way of self-determination. In this case, it blocks further phases of the development of the meaning of life, and hence the path to personal development. So, an adult can see the main meaning of his life in the fact that he "cheers" for a sports team or, together with old friends, goes fishing and goes to the bathhouse. All the needs of such a person will gravitate towards the standards and standards adopted in his group. For sports fans and members of other communities similar to them, the services associated with belonging to this community are especially important (specific appearance, pastime, use of "cult" items). Fanatic supporters of religious organizations are also at the same level of consciousness of the meaning of life.

The phase of cosmic need for the meaning of life

At the so-called cosmic stage, a person tries to formulate the meaning of life in the form of some abstract ideas common to all. A person cannot yet catch and understand his own, individual meaning, limiting himself to universal worldview statements about the nature of the world and man, such as "the world is ...", "the most important thing for people ...", "people are controlled by ...". A person at this stage can "go in cycles" on the implementation of some idea that seems to him the only one worthy of attention. Nevertheless, even such a static understanding of the meaning allows one to orient oneself in the surrounding world and develop a more independent strategy of behavior than at the stage of identification with others.

The phase of the mature concept of the meaning of life

Finally, the mature concept of the meaning of life is that a person finds his own, individual meaning and learns to develop it. The meaning of life is not a frozen complex of ideas and ideas, the same for a child, and for an adult, and for an old man. Personality changes must occur, because the existence of personality is a process and its stable state is impossible. Even the meaning of life given from the outside plays the role of a stabilizer and a factor of resistance for a certain time, only in this case the importance of life depends mainly on the circumstances. When the meaning of life is one's own, since it follows from an independent concept of life, then these advantages are supplemented by the chance of carrying out one's own adaptation, and hence the development of the personality. No one can give this chance to anyone. The fullness of life depends on the personality itself.

To determine the meaning of life, there are various approaches that underlie this or that concept.

Figure 3. Concepts of the meaning of life

The meaning of life is an independent conscious choice of each individual of those values that orient him not to have, but to be.

In other words, the meaning of human life is in the self-realization of the individual, in the human need to create, give, share with others, sacrifice oneself.

CHAPTER 3. THE NEED FOR SELF-REALIZATION ACCORDING TO A. MASLOW

spiritual meaning life need

The need for the meaningfulness of one's existence and activity is the most complex and complex human need. People asked themselves the problem of the meaning of life even before the advent of the era of civilizations - they created a mythological and religious worldview that gave man this meaning and guidelines for activity. A. Maslow noted that the satisfaction of basic needs in itself does not yet give such meaning and life guidelines. A. Camus called the question of the meaning of life the most urgent of all the questions facing man. K. Obukhovsky discusses the tragedy of a man whose life loses its meaning after satisfaction of vital needs and aimlessly “fluctuates from situation to situation”: “Some argue that this is enough for them. They have been simplified enough not to make special demands on life. They perceive her as she becomes, and as they become day by day. In fact, these people only pretend that they have had enough of it. They often deceive themselves and fake a lack of interest in things that go beyond the scope of everyday events. These pretenders are betrayed by repeated bouts of blues, addiction to mind-clouding chemicals, or dependency on who they need and want to believe to ease their sense of loss. Often they have irrational aggression towards other people and towards themselves. One hussar officer substantiated the decision to commit suicide in this way: "I'm already tired - get dressed in the morning, undress in the evening, then get dressed again ...". Apparently, there was no point in his life, except for regular dressing and undressing. This meaninglessness of existence is the cause of many human tragedies and suicides.

Abraham Maslow believes that after the satisfaction of physiological needs, the needs for security, love and respect, the need for self-realization inevitably intensifies. “Even if all these needs are satisfied,” he writes of the first four, “often (if not always) we can expect that anxiety and dissatisfaction will soon arise again if a person is not doing what he was created for. Musicians must create music, artists must paint pictures, poets must compose poetry in order to remain in harmony with themselves. Man does not have to be what he can be. People must remain true to their nature. We can call this need self-realization.” This term refers to the desire of people to realize themselves, namely, the tendency to manifest in themselves that which is inherent in them potentially. This propensity can be defined as the desire to manifest to a greater extent the inherent distinctiveness of a person in order to achieve all that he is capable of. At this level, the degree of individual differences is very high. However, a common feature of the needs for self-realization is that their emergence is usually based on some preliminary satisfaction of the physiological needs for security, love and respect. For many years, studying people with a pronounced need for self-realization, Maslow compiled a list of their distinctive personality traits. He referred to these as:

adequate perception of reality;

acceptance of the world as it is;

spontaneity and naturalness of behavior;

centering on solving certain problems, and not on one’s “I”;

a tendency to seclusion;

autonomy, i.e. relative independence from the physical and social environment;

freshness of perception of everyday phenomena of reality;

special emotional experiences (“peak experiences”);

feeling of unity and kinship of all people;

modesty and respect for others;

selectivity in communication and a special style of interpersonal relationships;

strict adherence to the moral standards chosen for oneself;

the transformation of means to achieve a particular goal into an interesting creative activity;

sense of humor;

creativity, i.e. independent and creative style activities;

resistance to familiarization with cultural norms alien to oneself;

the presence of numerous minor flaws and imperfections;

formation of own independent system values;

integrity of the personality and the absence of destructive contradictions in it, harmony inner world and behaviour.

The term "self-realization" was first used by K. Goldstein. Maslow considered self-realization not only as an end state, but also as a process of identifying and realizing one's capabilities. He believed that "a man always wants to be first class or as good as he can be." Maslow focuses self-realization on the highest achievements, the maximum in the area to which a person is potentially predisposed. The fact is that he conducted biographical studies of older people with high success in their chosen field: Einstein, Thoreau, Jefferson, Lincoln, Roosevelt, W. James, Whitman, etc. He studied the personality traits of "beautiful, healthy, strong, creative, virtuous shrewd people." These are people with a high level of self-realization. They are characterized by such features as a focus on the present, an internal locus of control, a high importance of growth and spiritual values, spontaneity, tolerance, autonomy and independence from the environment, a sense of community with humanity as a whole, a strong business orientation, optimism, stable internal moral norms, democracy in relationships, the presence of an intimate environment that includes a few close people, creativity, criticality in relation to their culture (often find themselves isolated in a cultural environment they do not accept), high self-acceptance and acceptance of others.

This discovery means that for many people, the only definition of a life of meaning that they can imagine is "not having something important and striving to acquire it." But we know that self-fulfilling people, even if all their basic needs have already been met, find life filled with even deeper meaning, because they can live, so to speak, in the realm of Being.

Life is a process of constant choice. At every moment a person has a choice: either retreat or advance towards the goal. Either a movement towards even greater fear, fears, protection, or the choice of a goal and the growth of spiritual forces. To choose development instead of fear ten times a day means to advance ten times towards self-realization.

Self-realization is not only the end station of our journey, but the journey itself and its driving force. This is a minute-by-minute actualization of all our sensed and even only pre-perceived possibilities.

Like A. Maslow, S. Buhler, K. Rogers, K. Horney, R. Assagioli and others, they considered self-realization of their life purpose as the central aspect of personality development. However, if Maslow focuses self-realization in his concept primarily on maximum achievements, then they considered such an orientation potentially disharmonious for the personality and focused on achieving a harmonious life of a person, his development. The race for great achievements quite often makes the process of self-realization one-sided, impoverishes the way of life, and can lead to chronic stress, nervous breakdowns, and heart attacks.

CHAPTER 4. M. WEBER'S THEORY OF SOCIAL ACTION

The meaning of life and self-realization are not always the same thing. A. Maslow himself believed that there were relatively few "self-realizers". How, then, to determine the meaning of life for all other people, and is it possible to give at least an approximate classification of the main approaches to determining the meaning of life?

One of the possible classifications of such approaches can be based on the theory social action outstanding German sociologist Max Weber (1864 - 1920).

According to Weber, all the actions of people can be assessed in terms of their mechanisms and motivation. His sociological model includes four types of social action:

Traditional type of social action

The traditional action is most widespread among the tribes of the natives and among peoples standing at the pre-industrial stage of development. It is fully focused on the implementation of the norms, rules and traditions that a person has mastered in the process of education. People still do not analyze the meaning of certain methods of behavior. Ethnographers who have studied the Tuareg tribes that inhabit the Sahara desert have encountered precisely this style of activity. According to Tuareg traditions, a man should always cover his face with a special bandage (only his eyes remain open). In other nations, such behavior is required, as you know, only from women. When the Tuaregs were asked why they keep such a strange custom, the latter did not understand the meaning of the question at all and answered: they wear a bandage because a man's face should be covered with a bandage. The question "why?", which prompts to find reasons and rational explanations, is not yet clear to a person with such a worldview. The meaning of life is understood as strict observance of the order that exists, without any understanding of its meaning. It’s just “it’s necessary”, “it’s supposed to be”, “it’s accepted”, “this is how we should act”. A similar style of behavior exists in a modern developed society: many people see the purpose and meaning of life in doing “what is supposed to be done”, behaving “in the right way”. Here, the meaning of life is completely given by the historically established tradition, which a person does not try to understand, but simply fulfills. The attitude to needs and services here is also completely predictable and is entirely determined by the traditions that have developed at the moment. Learning something new in any field of activity is extremely difficult. This style of behavior and the corresponding idea of the meaning of life played a role in ordering the behavior of people in ancient societies. However, in the era of the formation of the post-industrial type of civilization, such a life orientation becomes insufficient, too primitive (although it continues to play a positive role). At the same time, people with such a worldview are easier than others to become victims of all kinds of ideological manipulations, zombies, and so on.

Affective type of social action

In the conditions of the predominance of the affective type of action, a person makes decisions based on his desires, moods and whims. The meaning of life is understood by him as an opportunity to break away from traditions, to do what “I want”, to freely express their personal tastes and interests, and not to follow some standards imposed by other people. This is similar to the epicurean style of behavior. Human needs, ways to satisfy them and demand for services become less predictable, as a person seeks to prove himself, act on the basis of his desires (behind which, of course, there is still the need to satisfy urgent needs). Adolescents, who are developing as an independent person, usually gravitate towards this very understanding of the meaning of life and the corresponding style of behavior.

Value-oriented type of social action

With a value-rational type of social action, a person considers it most important for himself to follow an idea. This idea has an independent value, sometimes even greater than the life of a person or a large number of people. The meaning of the life of an individual is understood as the need to serve this idea, to bring it to life. This style of behavior and the corresponding understanding of the meaning of life unites people with very different worldviews - religious fanatics, revolutionaries, scientists, artists, poets, musicians who see the meaning of their existence in selfless service to science or art. An officer can serve his people, a mother - her children, an engineer - the embodiment of his technical ideas and inventions. A person with such an understanding of the meaning of life will evaluate his own and other people's needs, as well as the services offered by service organizations, in terms of their compliance with his idea or goal. What is good and valuable is what corresponds to it, what is bad is what hinders its implementation. If you try to evaluate the effectiveness and reasonableness of such behavior from the outside, you will first need to analyze the idea or principle on which this understanding of the meaning of life is based. It is clear that ideas can be very different in content - from lofty and humanistic to misanthropic (racist, fascist, etc.).

Purposeful rational type of social action

With the dominance of the purposeful-rational type of actions, a person determines the meaning of his life more flexibly and individually. This meaning depends on the specific life situation in which he is and which he seeks to rationally comprehend, understand. The life situation is changing, so it requires constant analysis and reflection. Based on this understanding, a person can build a strategy for his activity, outline goals and methods for achieving them, which correspond to our worldview and a specific life situation. For a person acting in this way, it is impossible to lose the meaning of life - this meaning can always be reformulated and rethought taking into account the changed conditions. Approximately such an understanding of the meaning of their existence is shared by those people whom A. Maslow calls “self-realizers”. People who have developed such a worldview have a complex, constantly changing system of needs and present a demand for a diverse set of services that meet the specific needs of personal development at this life stage and in this particular situation.

CHAPTER 5. HUMAN VALUES IN MODERN SOCIETY

Value is the property of an object or phenomenon to have value for people in cultural, social or personal relations.

Each era, each nation or individual has its own values. So, for some peoples, gold was not a value. People's ideas about beauty, happiness, etc. also changed. From this, it would seem, the conclusion suggests itself that value is something transient, temporary, relative. However, this is not quite true.

Firstly, indeed, values are relative, they change depending on the changing needs and interests of people, on the form of relations prevailing in society, the level of civilization and other factors. But at the same time, values are stable, because they exist for a certain (sometimes very long) time. Moreover, there are values that retain their value throughout the existence of mankind (for example, life, good), which, therefore, have an absolute value.

Secondly, value is the unity of the objective and the subjective. Value is objective in the sense that the properties of an object or process that matter to a person, but do not depend on him, are objective. These properties depend on the object or process itself. The subjectivity of value lies in the fact that it exists only as a process or result of evaluation, i.e. subjective human action. For, value is not the object itself, but the value of the object for a person. Outside of a person, value is meaningless, and in this respect it is subjective.

Thus, value combines variability and stability, objectivity and subjectivity, absoluteness and relativity. It does not exist outside of evaluation, evaluative relationship.

Evaluation is usually understood as a judgment about the significance of an object or phenomenon for people entering into evaluative relationships with them. An evaluative attitude does not arise to any object or phenomenon, but only to one that has an individual or social significance. In the process (and as a result) of the relationship, an assessment is formed as a judgment about the significance of this phenomenon for a person and humanity.

Table 1. Differences between needs and values.

Due to the multitude of objects and processes that are important for a person, as well as the diversity of human needs and orientations, a large number of different values arise, which, for certain reasons, can be brought into a system. The most widespread classification of values on the following grounds:

2) By the breadth of their content: individual, group (class, ethnic, confessional, etc.) and universal values.

3) By spheres of public life: material and economic ( Natural resources, tools), socio-political (social institutions necessary for a person - family, ethnic group, Fatherland) and spiritual values (knowledge, norms, ideals, faith, etc.).

4) In terms of importance for man and mankind: higher and lower. As a rule, they coincide with absolute and relative values, which are determined by the duration of their existence.

Higher (absolute) values have a non-utilitarian character, they are values not because they serve for something else, but on the contrary, everything else acquires significance only in the context of higher values. These values are enduring, eternal, significant at all times, absolute. The highest values include universal ones - peace, humanity; social - justice, freedom, human rights; communication values - friendship, love, trust; cultural - ideological, ethnic; activity - creativity, truth; self-preservation values - life, health, children; personal qualities- honesty, patriotism, fidelity, kindness, etc.

Lower (relative) values act as means to achieve any higher goals, they are more susceptible to the influence of circumstances, changing conditions, situations, more mobile, their time of existence is limited.

5) Depending on the type of civilization - in this regard, some authors divide values into three groups, each of which includes values that are predominantly cultivated in the main types of modern civilizations - Eastern, Western and Eurasian. Eastern civilization focuses on collectivism, traditionalism, adaptation to the environment. The basic values are equalization, humanism, justice, the cult of the community, honoring parents and elders, authoritarianism.

Western civilization focuses on individualism, on the cult of personality, on adapting the environment to the interests of the individual. Therefore, the key values of Western civilization are freedom, leadership, individuality, equality, etc.

The Eurasian civilization combines the value orientations of East and West. The Russian people are characterized by patriotism, mutual assistance, openness, gullibility, tolerance, spirituality, and even femininity. Not acceptable - violence, suppression of freedom, foreign domination, social freedom is a special value.

However, the values of any civilization and era do not exist outside of man as a generic being. At the same time, existing values perform important functions in society as a whole and in relation to a particular person - cognitive, normative, regulatory, communicative, target, which are ultimately integrated into the functions of socialization. In other words, values socialize the individual.

CONCLUSION

Modern society, of course, does not impose the meaning of life on its members, and this is the individual choice of each person. At the same time, Modern society offers an attractive goal that can fill a person's life with meaning and give him strength.

The meaning of the life of a modern person is self-improvement, the upbringing of worthy children who must surpass their parents, the development of this world as a whole. The goal is to turn a person from a “cog”, an object of application of external forces, into a creator, builder of the world.

Any person integrated into modern society is the creator of the future, a participant in the development of our world, in the long term - a participant in the creation of a new Universe (after all, in just a few hundred years we have transformed the planet Earth, which means that we will transform the Universe in millions of years) . And it doesn't matter where and by whom we work - we move the economy forward in a private company or teach children at school - our work and contribution is needed for development.

The consciousness of this fills life with meaning and makes you do your job well and conscientiously - for the benefit of yourself, other people and society. This allows you to realize your own significance and the common goal that modern people set for themselves, to feel involved in the highest achievements of mankind. And just to feel like a bearer of a progressive Future is already important.

Thanks to us - modern people - the world is developing. And without development, a catastrophe would await him. People who live in the past and not in the future feel that their life has no meaning; that the past they pray for is ending. Hence bursts of despair - religious fanaticism, terrorism, etc. The age of traditional societies is over. However, it should be remembered that fanatics want to destroy our purpose of life, aimed at development and prosperity, and we must effectively resist this.

The meaning of the life of modern man gives him quite a practical return. Improving ourselves, improving our skills, energetically mastering new things and taking an active life position, we become valuable, highly paid specialists (or prosperous entrepreneurs). As a result, our life becomes comfortable and rich, we can consume more and satisfy our needs. In addition, based on our meaning of life, we strive to make our children smart, to educate them - and as a result, our children become worthy people, which also brings us satisfaction.

Meaning and purpose human life is to change the surrounding world to meet its needs, this is undeniable. But by changing external nature, man also changes his own nature, that is, he changes and develops himself. Exploring the processes of personality development, we consider a number of levels of analysis of the meaning of life (“destination”) of a person: development as the meaning of life, all-round development as the meaning of life of a new type of personality, self-realization of a person as an active fulfillment, the realization of his destination. The meaning of life is the most flexible characteristic of both material and spiritual needs. Ultimately, the very system of needs is determined by the meaning of life: if this is the multiplication of personal wealth, then, naturally, this leads to an exaggerated development of material needs. And vice versa, which has become the goal of life spiritual development dominates in the structure of personality in the form of corresponding spiritual needs. The meaning of life is determined, first of all, by specific historical conditions, interests and needs. Ultimately, the meaning of life is determined by the objectively existing system of social relations.

LIST OF USED SOURCES

Kuznetsov A.S. Man: needs and values. Sverdlovsk, 1992.

The meaning of life (http://smysl.hpsy.ru)

Maslow A. Motivation and personality. 3rd ed. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003.

Gershtein M.L. The meaning of life (Letter to children). (http://hpsy.ru/public/x3142.htm)

Frankl Victor. Man in search of meaning. M.: Progress, 2000.

Orlov S.V., Dmitrienko N.A. Man and his needs: Tutorial. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007.

Zdravomyslov A.G. Needs, interests, values. M., 1986.

Daily sprint

Psychologists and psychiatrists of all stripes note a sharp surge of anxiety, self-doubt and a huge number of different phobias in an ordinary representative of our society.

Information pressure

Dehumanization of relationships

A person in modern society is forced to constantly face alienation, which manifests itself not only in work, but also in interpersonal relationships.

The constant manipulation of human consciousness by the media, politicians and public institutions has led to the dehumanization of relations. The exclusion zone that has formed between people makes it difficult to communicate, look for friends or a soul mate, and attempts at rapprochement by strangers are very often perceived as something completely inappropriate. The third problem of the society of the 21st century - dehumanization - is reflected in mass culture, language environment and art.

Problems of social culture

The problems of modern man are inseparable from the deformations in society itself and create a vicious spiral.

Films and books about nothing, musical works without harmony and rhythm are presented as the greatest achievements of civilization, full of sacred knowledge and deep meaning, incomprehensible to most.

Crisis of values

A person in the modern world is forced to drag out a rather miserable existence: thoughtlessly following ideals, trends and certain styles, which leads to the inability to develop one's own point of view and one's position in relation to events and processes.

The ubiquitous chaos and entropy that reigns around should not be frightening or cause hysteria, since change is natural and normal if there is something unchanged.

Where and from where is the world heading?

Science in itself is not the meaning of the existence of society and is not able to answer some questions. To achieve harmony and balance, adherents of the scientific approach should be more humane, since the unresolved problems of our time cannot be described and solved as an equation with several unknowns.

The rationalization of reality sometimes does not allow seeing anything more than numbers, concepts and facts that leave no room for many important things.

The role of the Internet in the life of modern people. The value of modern money in people's lives

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