Literary works of the 18th century. Russian poets that everyone should know

Great Russian literature consists of a huge number of genres. One of the most interesting and most revealing is poetry. Famous poets of the 18th century had a significant impact on its development.

What is poetry?

This is a special kind of art, quite complex and multifaceted. In world literature, poetry has great value. From ancient times to the present day, it exists in different areas the life of people. It is enough to remember how the people sing together at the holidays funny songs, texts to which were created by poets of the 18th century, 19th and 20th. During the war, poetic lines and corresponding melodies raised the patriotic spirit of the fighters who fought for the Fatherland.

In the Middle Ages, serenading under balconies was especially popular. beautiful ladies- in this way, men confessed their love feelings. Russian and foreign poets of the 18th century (including Robert Burns) created such delightful masterpieces that in the next century there appeared fashion trend for noble gentlemen to recite poetry to their dear ladies.

Thanks to poetry, it is possible to convey the emotions, feelings and mood of a person, his attitude to surrounding events. Lyrics, drama, a novel in verse and a poem stand out among poetic works. All of them, unlike prose, have other ways of organizing artistic speech. Today, despite the changed rhythm of life, other tastes and preferences, poetry remains a faithful companion of man.

The time of the appearance of poetry in Russia

Russian poetry originated in the seventeenth century. Speaking about the famous, we should mention the name of Simeon Polotsky - the first poet, a Russian professional poet. He owns solemn poems, which are rightly considered the prototype of the ode. Russian poets of the 18th century learned a lot from his most interesting works. Simeon Polotsky, being the main poet of his time, created two collections of syllabic poems. Another great merit of the poet is that he introduced Moscow to the dramatic art, composing three plays in the spirit of medieval mysteries. These plays were staged at the royal court.

Russian poetry of the 18th century

Russian poets of the 18th century used syllabic versification in their works. Thus, they continued the foundations and traditions laid by Simeon of Polotsk. Since the middle of this century, syllabic versification has been replaced by syllabic-tonic verse. The creators of the new poetic system were famous poets of the 18th century: Lomonosov M.V., Sumarokov A.P. and Trediakovsky V.K. Of the genres existing at that time, they preferred a laudatory ode. The great Russian scientist Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov was no less wonderful poet. Most often in his work he used iambic. In his opinion, it was the iambic that gave the poem a special splendor and nobility. He proposed to use all kinds of rhymes in poetry.

Russian poets of the 18th century. List

Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev.
Alexey Andreevich Rzhevsky.
Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov.
Anna Petrovna Bunina.
Anna Sergeevna Zhukova.
Andrei Andreevich Nartov.
Antioch Dmitrievich Kantemir.
Vasily Petrovich Petrov.
Vasily Vasilievich Popugaev.
Vasily Lvovich Pushkin.
Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky.
Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin.
Gavriil Petrovich Kamenev.
Ermil Ivanovich Kostrov.
Ivan Semyonovich Barkov.
Ippolit Fyodorovich Bogdanovich.
Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev.
Ivan Petrovich Pnin.
Ivan Ivanovich Khemnitser.
Ivan Mikhailovich Dolgoruky.
Ivan Perfilevich Elagin.
Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov.
Mikhail Ivanovich Popov.
Mikhail Matveevich Kheraskov.
Nikolay Nikitich Popovsky.
Nikolai Alexandrovich Lvov.
Pavel Pavlovich Ikosov.
Semyon Sergeevich Bobrov.
Sergei Nikiforovich Marin.
Yakov Borisovich Knyazhnin.

Fundamental differences between Russian poetry of the 18th century and Old Russian literature

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin in one sentence emphasized the new character of literature, which the poets of the 18th century brought with them. What were the cardinal differences of this century from previous stages in the history of literature? First of all, the author's principle was completely absent in ancient Russian literature. A huge number of writers were anonymous. Then there was impersonal literature, which corresponded to feudal ideology, and in this respect, ancient Russian literature resembles folklore, where the author's principle was also absent. There were great masters of their craft, but not artists with a bright and characteristic personality. During the Renaissance, the idea of personality arose in the West. At this time, a new literature appeared, where the author's principle came to the fore. In Russia, the idea of personality was born much later, in great Poets The 18th century and their works marked the beginning of a new period. Russian literature has received dynamic and rapid development. In just 70 years there were such successes in literature that in other countries were won for centuries.

The first steps of Russian literature of modern times

A solid foundation was laid over the course of one decade by three poets at once.

In 1729, from the pen of A.D. Cantemira published the first satire, which opened a whole direction. In 1735 V.K. Trediakovsky aims to create a nationally original literature and makes a reform of versification. The syllabo-tonic system proposed by the poet opened up the prospect of the development of Russian poetry. Her importance and wisdom, as well as wide opportunities confirmed. Until now, this system is used by contemporary artists.

In 1739 M.V. Lomonosov creates an ode "On the Capture of Khotin", based on the reform developed by Trediakovsky.

The great Russian poet M.V. Lomonosov, with his work, radically changed the appearance and nature of literature, its role and place in the cultural and social life of the country. Our literature has asserted its right to exist in poetic genres and "spoke" to the reader in a completely new language. This was achieved by the poets of the 18th century. The Russian verses of these creators are so magnificent that for a whole century poetry occupied a dominant position. It is thanks to her that prose, which arose from the 1760s and flourished in the 30s of the 19th century, is successfully perceived. Then, when they lived and created their unique creations A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol. After that, prose will take its first place in literature.

Conclusion

Thus, the poets of the 18th century made a great contribution to the development of Russian poetry. They used syllabic versification in their works. Thus, they continued the foundations and traditions laid by Simeon of Polotsk. The creators of the new poetic system were: M.V. Lomonosov, A.P. Sumarokov and V.K. Trediakovsky. Thanks to them, poetry occupied a dominant position for a whole century. The poems of Russian poets of the 18th century are magnificent. They won the hearts of many readers.

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RUSSIAN LITERATURE XVIII CENTURIES

Prepared by Borisova Alena Khasanovna,

teacher of Russian language and literature

MBOU Algasovskaya secondary school

Russian literature of the 15th-3rd century developed under the influence of those great changes that the reforms of Peter the Great brought to the socio-political and cultural life of the country.

From the beginning of the 15th-12th century, the old Muscovite Rus turned into Russian empire. Peter I introduced the new that he considered necessary for the state.

The second third of the 18th century is an important period in the development of Russian literature

Outstanding figures of the Russian fiction(theorists and writers); a whole literary trend is born and takes shape, that is, in the work of a number of writers, common ideological and artistic features are found that are common to all of them.

Literary directions XVIII century

The main focus has been classicism

(from lat. classicus - exemplary).

Representatives of this trend proclaimed the highest image of artistic creativity Ancient Greece and Rome.

These works were recognized as classic, that is, exemplary, and writers were asked to imitate

them to create truly artistic works themselves.

Artist, by thought

founders of classicism,

comprehends reality to

then display in your art

not a specific person with his

passions, and the type of man is a myth.

If this is a hero, then without flaws,

if the character is satirical, then it is completely funny.

Russian classicism originated and developed on original soil. It was distinguished by its satirical orientation and the choice of a national and historical theme.

Russian classicism attached particular importance to the "high" genres: epic poem, tragedy, solemn ode.

Since the 70s of the XVIII century. a new trend in the literature sentimentalism

Placed in the center of the image everyday life common man. His personal emotional experiences. His feelings and moods.

With him, new genres appear: travel and sensitive story. A special merit in the development of this genre belongs to N. M. Karamzin (the story "Poor Lisa", "Letters from a Russian Traveler"). invaded literature. A New Look to life, arose new structure narrative: the writer looked more closely at reality, portrayed it more truthfully.

Antioch Kamtemir (1708-1744)

January 1, 1732 A. Kantemir was appointed Russian ambassador in London. It was at this time that his literary talent flourished. He writes and translates a lot.

A. Cantemir also wrote a religious and philosophical work

"Letters on Nature and Man".

Greek monastery.

V. K. Trediakovsky (1703-1768)

The poet and philologist Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky was born in Astrakhan, in the family of a priest. Educated at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. In 1726 he fled abroad, to Holland, and later moved to France. At the Sorbonne he studied theology, mathematics and philosophy. In 1730 he returned to Russia, becoming one of the most educated people of his time and the first Russian academician. In the same year he published the first printed work - "Riding to the Island of Love", a translation of an old book by a French author. There were also poems by Trediakovsky himself. The publication immediately made him a famous, fashionable poet.

Sincerely devoted to Russian literature, V. K. Trediakovsky was the author of dozens of volumes of translations and a brilliant connoisseur of the theory of European poetry.

A. P. Sumarokov (1718-1777)

At the age of 13, A.P. Sumarokov was sent to the "knight's academy" - the land gentry corps. There were so many lovers of Russian literature here that a “society” was even organized: in their free time, the Cadets read their works to each other. Sumarokov's talent was also discovered, he became interested in French songs, and began to compose Russian songs according to their model.

In the cadet corps, for the first time, the tragedies of A.P. Sumarokov "Horeev", "The Hermit" (1757) were played; "Yaropolk and Dimisa" (1758) and comedies. One of the best is The Guardian, staged in 1768.

Sumarokov rose to the rank of real state councilor and became the most popular poet of his era. He also wrote philosophical and mathematical works.

M.V. Lomonosov (1711-1765)

Lomonosov was a brilliant son of the Russian people, passionately loving his country. It embodied the best features characteristic of the Russian people

The breadth, depth and variety of his scientific interests were striking. He was truly the father of the new Russian science and culture. The most remarkable thing in him was the combination of a scientist, a public figure and a poet.

He wrote odes, tragedies, lyrical and satirical poems, fables, epigrams. Produced a reform of versification, outlined the theory of three "calms"

G. R. Derzhavin (1743-1816)

Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin was born in

Kazan in the family of an army officer. In childhood

he was frail, weak, but different

"extraordinary inclination towards the sciences."

In 1759, Derzhavin nevertheless entered Kazan in

gymnasium. In 1762, G. R. Derzhavin enters

for military service.

After a ten-year soldier's service, G.R.

Derzhavin was promoted to officer.

In 1784, G. R. Derzhavin was appointed Olonets

governor. Not getting along with the governor of the region, he was

transferred by the governor to Tambov.

He wrote the odes "Felitsa", "Monument" and many poems.

D. I. Fonvizin (1745-1792)

D. I. Fonvizin was born in Moscow on April 3, 1745. In 1762, Fonvizin graduated from the noble gymnasium at Moscow University and entered the service of the College of Foreign Affairs.

Since 1769, he was one of the secretaries of Count N.I. Panin.

In the mid 60s of the XVIII century. Fonvizin becomes a famous writer. The comedy Brigadier brought him fame. One of the most significant works of D. I. Fonvizin is the comedy "Undergrowth".

In 1782, he retired and decided to devote himself entirely to literature.

AT last years life D. I. Fonvizin thought hard about the high duties of the Russian nobility.

A. N. Radishchev (1749-1802)

Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev was born in Moscow, spent his childhood in the Saratov estate. The wealthiest landowners, the Radishchevs, owned thousands of serf souls.

During the Pugachev uprising, the peasants did not give them away, they hid them in the yards, smeared with soot and mud - they remembered that the owners were kind.

In his youth, A. N. Radishchev was the page of Catherine II. Together with other educated young men, he was sent to Leipzig to study, and in 1771, the 22-year-old Radishchev returned to Russia and became a Senate recorder. On duty, he had to deal with a lot of court documents.

Based on the information received, he writes his famous work "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow"

Results of the development of literature XVIII century

During the 17th century Russian

literature has made significant progress.

Literary trends appear, dramaturgy, epic, lyrics develop

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In Russian literature of the 18th century, the first independent trend began to take shape - classicism. Classicism developed on the basis of samples of ancient literature and art of the Renaissance. The development of Russian literature in the 18th century was also greatly influenced by the school of European enlightenment.

A significant contribution to the development of literature of the 18th century was made by Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky. He was a remarkable poet and philologist of his time. He formulated the basic principles of versification in Russian.

His principle of syllabo-tonic versification was the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line. The syllabo-tonic principle of versification, formulated back in the 18th century, is still the main method of versification in the Russian language.

Trediakovsky was a great connoisseur of European poetry and translated foreign authors. Thanks to him, the first fictional novel appeared in Russia, exclusively on secular subjects. It was a translation of the work "Riding to the City of Love", by the French author Paul Talman.

A.P. Sumarokov was also a big man of the 18th century. The genres of tragedy and comedy were developed in his work. The dramaturgy of Sumarokov contributed to the awakening of human dignity and higher moral ideals in people. In the satirical works of Russian literature of the 18th century, Antioch Kantemir was noted. He was a wonderful satirist, ridiculed the nobles, drunkenness and self-interest. In the second half of the 18th century, the search for new forms began. Classicism ceased to meet the needs of society.

He became the largest poet in Russian literature of the 18th century. His work destroyed the framework of classicism, and brought live colloquial speech into the literary style. Derzhavin was a remarkable poet, a thinking man, a poet-philosopher.

At the end of the 18th century, such a literary trend as sentimentalism was formed. Sentimentalism - directed towards exploration inner world human, personality psychology, experiences and emotions. The heyday of Russian sentimentalism in Russian literature of the 18th century was the works of a and a. Karamzin, in the story, expressed interesting things that became a bold revelation for Russian society in the 18th century.