In this article, I'm going to talk about what kind of water heating system is in an apartment or private house. The reader and I have to study its main elements, key concepts and get acquainted with the options for wiring and connecting heating devices.

Elements and concepts

Let's start by studying a short vocabulary that will help the reader not to get confused in terminology.

• Heating input- the section of the pipeline between the nearest heat well (read - the outlet from the heating main) and the entrance shut-off valves of the house heating system;

Usually, the border of the division of areas of responsibility between heating systems and residential buildings runs along the first flange of the inlet valve. However, other schemes are also possible. In Inkerman, where I live, heating systems serve heating mains, elevator units, and heating systems.

• Water jet elevator- the heart of the elevator unit, a steel or cast iron tee with a nozzle that mixes water from the supply and return lines of the heating main. The elevator allows you to send a part of the waste for recirculation. It provides a high speed of the coolant (and, therefore, a minimum temperature difference between the ends of the circuit) with a minimum flow of water from the supply;

• Elevator unit- elevator piping, a set of shut-off and control valves that ensure the operation of the heating system;

An apartment building may have several elevator units. As a rule, one of them is responsible for heating and supplying hot water to the house, the rest - only for heating.

• Bottling(it is also a heating bed, or a lounger) - a horizontal pipeline connecting heating devices or risers (vertical pipelines) with heating devices;

• Eyeliner- a section of the pipeline connecting heating devices with bottling (bottling) or (risers);

• Boiler- a heat source in an autonomous (not connected to the heating main) system. The heating systems of a private house and individual apartments in newly built apartment buildings are also equipped with boilers;

On the right is a floor-standing gas boiler.

• Expansion tank- a container that contains an excess of the heat carrier during its thermal expansion. The tank can be open (in a system operating at atmospheric pressure) and diaphragm (in a closed system with excess pressure).

In the second case, the tank is a container with an elastic partition, part of the volume of which is filled with air with a slight excess pressure;

The volume of the diaphragm expansion vessel should be approximately 1/10 of the volume of the heating medium. In a balanced heating system, this volume is calculated as 15 liters per 1 kW of boiler output.

• Air vent- a device for removing air from the heating system. Air vents are mounted at the top of the closed circuit and on all brackets that rise above the filling level. Their role can be Mayevsky taps, automatic air vents or conventional taps;

In the photo - Mayevsky's crane for a flat screwdriver.

• Safety valve- a device for dumping excess coolant at a dangerously high pressure;

Usually, an automatic air vent, a valve and a pressure gauge (it is needed for visual pressure control) are combined and form a safety group, which is mounted on the outlet from the bottling after the boiler.

• Hydraulic head- the height of the water column corresponding to the pressure drop in the heating circuit section. One atmosphere (1 bar, 1 kgf / cm2) corresponds to a head of 10 meters.

The elevator unit of an apartment building operates with a hydraulic head (pressure difference between the mixture after the elevator and the return flow) of only 2 meters, or 0.2 kgf / cm2).

Options

What parameters do different heating systems work with?

For central heating, typical pressures at the inlet to the elevator unit are 5 - 7 kgf / cm2 at the supply and 3 - 4 kgf / cm2 at the return pipeline. The temperature of the heating medium varies depending on the outside temperature.

In most cases, a temperature schedule of 150/70 is used: at the peak of cold weather, the supply temperature rises to 150C, and the return temperature rises to 70C.

The temperature of the mixture (water after mixing the supply and return in the elevator, entering the batteries) is limited to 95 degrees in residential and industrial buildings and 37 degrees in kindergartens.

Under a number of force majeure circumstances, the standard parameters of pressure and temperature can be significantly exceeded.

Examples of such scenarios are:

• If you quickly fill an empty circuit or abruptly stop circulation in it, an area of ​​increased pressure is formed at the flow front. With a water hammer, its values ​​can reach 25 - 30 atmospheres;

• After the end of the heating season, heating mains are tested for density. During the tests, the pressure in them rises to 12 or more atmospheres. In this case, the input valves of the elevator unit should be closed, but the human factor or a malfunction of the shut-off valves may well lead to the fact that not only the route will be tested;
• In extremely severe frosts and with a large number of complaints about the cold in apartments in the northern regions, the operation of an elevator without a nozzle is practiced. At the same time, the suction is suppressed by a steel pancake, and water enters the heating circuit directly from the supply line of the line. And its temperature at the peak of cold weather, as we remember, can reach 150C.

In an autonomous heating system, a typical pressure of 1.5-2.5 kgf / cm2 at a temperature of 70-75C at the supply and 50-55C at the return. With the correct calculation of the heating system, these parameters are stable and do not depend on external factors.

Classification of species

On what grounds can water heating systems be classified?

Natural and forced circulation

Most heating systems in apartment buildings and private houses work with forced circulation. The heat carrier sets in motion the pressure drop in the heating main or its own circulation pump - a compact device with a centrifugal impeller, having a capacity of units of cubic meters per hour and creating a hydraulic head up to 6-10 meters.

The advantage of such systems is the high speed of movement of the coolant.

It means:

• Fast and uniform heating of heating devices at start-up;
• The minimum temperature difference between the first and last batteries along the flow of the coolant during operation.

The Achilles heel of forced circulation is volatility. With prolonged power outages, the house remains without heat.

Systems with natural circulation (gravity) work due to the difference in the density of hot and cold water.

They are arranged like this:

• The boiler is lowered to a minimum level relative to the rest of the heating circuit - into a pit, basement or basement;
• Immediately after the boiler, a booster manifold is formed - a vertical pipe ending at the top point of the circuit. Through it, heated water is displaced upward by colder and denser masses of the coolant;
• Then it moves by gravity along the filling laid with a constant slope, gradually giving off heat to the radiators, and returns to the cooled heat exchanger of the boiler.

The minimum hydraulic head in such a system is compensated by the increased filling diameter.

A compromise between gravitational and forced circulation is a heating circuit in which the circulation pump does not cut into the filling gap, but parallel to it. A check valve (usually a ball valve) or a ball valve is mounted between the tie-ins.

How does such a hot water heating scheme work?

• In the presence of electricity, the circulation of the coolant is provided by a running pump. The bypass between the tie-ins is closed by a tap or a valve triggered by a differential pressure;
• When the pump is turned off, the heating system automatically (with a check valve) or manually (tap) switches to natural circulation. Water starts flowing through the bypass.

Open and closed

The difference between them is clear and obvious. In the first case, the circuit communicates with the atmosphere and operates at a hydrostatic pressure corresponding to the height of the water column (read - the vertical distance from the lower filling point to the water level in the open expansion tank). In the second case, an overpressure is created in the circuit, supported by a diaphragm expansion tank.

The advantage of an open system is its extreme simplicity. An open expansion tank in it combines the functions of an expansion tank proper, a safety valve and an air vent. In fact, it is the only boiler piping element.

In a closed system, the coolant does not come into contact with the atmosphere and does not evaporate. In the absence of leaks, its renewal in a closed loop is not required from the word "at all". This means the absence of silt, mineral deposits on the pipe walls and, accordingly, the maximum resource of all elements of the system.

Horizontal and vertical

Horizontal and vertical layouts are predictably different in orientation in space. In its pure form, vertical heating systems are practically not found, but horizontal ones are quite typical for one-story buildings.

In apartment buildings and private houses with a height of more than one floor, heating schemes usually include both horizontal and vertical sections. For example, a heating spout laid in a basement or attic is a typical horizontal wiring, and a riser running through several rooms or apartments is quite vertical.

One-pipe and two-pipe

A single-pipe system, or Leningradka, is a filling ring that runs along the perimeter of a house or its floor. Heating devices are connected to the filling gap or parallel to it.

In the second case, the owner has the ability to turn off a separate radiator, by dumping the entire circuit, and to regulate the heat transfer of the batteries independently of each other.

In a two-pipe system, two fillings are laid through the heated room - supply and return. Heating devices (or risers with several devices) are connected to both dispenses.

It is the two-pipe heating system that is typical for all modern apartment buildings. Single-pipe Leningrad houses were installed in low-rise buildings and post-war barracks.

Dead-end and passing

There are two types of two-pipe systems - dead-end and associated.

In the first case, the coolant, when moving from the supply to the return pipeline, changes the direction of movement to the opposite. Such a scheme allows the heating wiring to bypass any obstacles - doorways, panoramic windows, etc.

However, the dead-end scheme has a serious drawback. The heating devices closest to the boiler are a bypass for the heating medium. The main volume of water will circulate through them; distant radiators will be noticeably colder, and in severe frosts they may freeze altogether.

This problem is solved by throttling the connections to the near radiators. The so-called balancing of the system allows the temperature of all heaters to be equalized. Needle throttles are mounted on the liners (they allow you to regulate the heat transfer of devices with your own hands) or thermal heads, which adjust in a semi-automatic mode.

The problem of uneven heating of radiators is very cleverly solved in a passing scheme called Tichelman's loop. In fact, several parallel contours of the same length and the same hydraulic resistance are formed in it. In it, any number of radiators will always have approximately the same temperature.

Bottom and top filling

The top wiring, or top filling, is a two-pipe heating scheme with a supply taken out to the attic. The return flow is laid in the basement; each riser is a jumper between them. The riser shut-off valves or taps are installed, respectively, at the top and bottom.

The disadvantage of such a scheme is that it takes a lot of time to turn off a separate riser. A huge advantage is the extremely simple start-up: in order to put the reset circuit into operation, you just need to open the shut-off valves on the supply and return lines and bleed the air from the expansion tank located at the upper filling point of the supply.

In a house with a bottom wiring (bottom filling), the supply and return pipes are laid along the basement. Risers are alternately connected to both dispensers and are connected in pairs by jumpers located on the top floor or (less often) taken out to the attic.

How does the bottom fill compare to the top one in terms of ease of use?

• Turning off risers takes less time: the taps are located next to each other and in the same room;

The only inconvenience is that for repairs you have to dump not only the problem riser, but also the one that is paired to it.

• The price of ease of shutdown is the inconvenience of starting the heating system after it has been reset. To resume circulation in the risers, you need to bleed air from the jumpers on each pair of risers.

In an apartment building, the launch is complicated by the fact that the owners of the upper apartments are not always at home during the working hours of the locksmiths serving the building.

Collector and sequential

In a typical sequential circuit, the heating medium passes through all the heating devices in turn. This is the reason for the temperature spread between them. The collector circuit implies a parallel connection of devices to a common collector.

This gives:

• Independent temperature control of all radiators from one point;
• The same temperature on them in the absence of throttling.

The collector wiring, however, has two obvious drawbacks:

1. Material consumption;
2. The need for a hidden liner in a screed or false walls. Obviously, a few pairs of pipes running along the walls will not decorate the design of the living space.

Convection and floor

Traditional heating with radiators (sectional and panel), convectors and registers is called convection because it is convection (mixing of air due to the difference in the density of hot and cold air masses) that ensures a relatively even distribution of heat.

I have deliberately used the definition "relatively uniform." The fact is that with convection heating, the air under the ceiling is always heated more than at floor level.

In the meantime, any homeowner who respects the laws of physics does not have the habit of spending his free time on the ceiling. You need warmth on the floor. Heating the air in the upper part of the living room has only one consequence - a large heat leak through the ceiling.

A water heat-insulated floor is a tubular heat exchanger laid in a screed or in heat-distributing aluminum plates under a finishing coating that has a sufficiently high thermal conductivity. Heating turns the entire floor into a heating device. In addition to the subjective feeling of comfort, underfloor heating provides noticeable heat savings by reducing middle room temperature.

The greater the temperature difference between the street and the house, the more heat escapes through the building envelope.

Connecting heaters

First, a couple of general rules relating to heating systems in apartment buildings.

1. If there are cut-off taps, throttles or thermal heads on the connections to the radiator, there must be a jumper between the connections. Otherwise, the shut-off and control valves will prevent the normal circulation of the coolant in the riser;

1. If you do not live on the upper floor, the radiator must absolutely not be connected between the return and supply risers. You will be warm, but the neighbors above will begin to freeze. After a complaint to the housing organization and the drawing up of an act on unauthorized alteration of public utilities, you will be forced to restore the original tie-in scheme at your own expense.

Now - about the location of the connections relative to the sectional radiator.

The principle of operation of a water heating battery is as follows: the coolant circulates through horizontal collectors of relatively large cross-section and thin vertical channels connecting them in sections. Due to the difference in the passability of the collectors and channels, uniform heating of the first and last sections is ensured.

Traditional lateral one-way connection remains effective as long as the number of sections does not exceed 8 - 10 pieces. If there are more of them, the total internal cross-section of the vertical channels turns out to be larger than the cross-section of the collectors. The coolant moves only through the channels closest to the supply line, and the last sections cool down.

A simple instruction will help to solve the problem of uneven heating: connect the battery diagonally. In this case, it will be evenly heated along its entire length, regardless of the size of the device.

An alternative solution is the bottom connection. It will somewhat reduce heat transfer: the main volume of water will circulate through the lower collector, and the top of the sections will warm up mainly due to the thermal conductivity of the metal and the coolant.

On the other hand, the battery will be able to work even if it is airy: the plug that prevents circulation will be forced into the upper collector and will not interfere with the movement of water along the lower one.

Conclusion

I hope that I was able to provide answers to all the reader's questions. As always, the video in this article will provide you with additional material. I would be grateful for your comments and additions. Good luck, comrades!

What are hot water heating systems? This article is an introductory tour designed to acquaint you with the main types and units of heating systems. In addition, we will get acquainted with the basic principles of creating DIY heating schemes for housing.

Classification

It is clear that, by definition, water or a heat carrier based on it with a lower freezing point is used as a heat carrier. Are there any alternatives?

• Steam heating. The heat carrier is high pressure superheated steam. Temperature allows heating devices to be made more compact or more efficient with the same size.

Please note: the downside of efficiency is a high risk of accidents (steam heating is not used in residential premises) and faster corrosion of pipes and registers made of corrosion-unstable steels.

• . The heated air is dispersed by heat-insulated air ducts, at the same time performing the functions of ventilation.
• Decentralized heating implies that instead of any coolant a separate heat source is used for each room or even for each zone of the room. This is how electric and gas convectors, infrared panels and oil radiators work.

Let us return, however, to the use of water as a heat carrier. On what grounds is it possible to classify hot water heating systems?

Dependent and independent

In the dependent system, the heat carrier from the outside (as a rule, from the heating main) enters the heating system directly. It can be used exclusively for heating; hot water extraction for households is more often possible. It is according to this scheme that heating works in the vast majority of city houses.

The heating unit of an independent system includes a heat exchanger, through which the water of the heating main gives off thermal energy to the heat carrier in a closed loop. The scheme can be used if antifreeze is used as a coolant in a private house. In the presence of heat meters, such a connection will allow you to turn off the heating during a long trip without risking defrosting the system.

Open and closed

An open water heating system operates without overpressure and opens to the atmosphere. At its upper point, an open expansion tank is mounted, where all air locks are displaced.

In a closed system, a constant overpressure is maintained from 1 (in private houses) to 6 (in apartment buildings) atmospheres.

Forced and natural circulation

Systems with natural circulation are used relatively rarely in our time. However, this is an excellent solution for small houses, allowing you to make heating independent of electricity.

The principle of operation of the so-called gravitational systems is based on the fact that when heated, the density of water decreases. In a confined space, colder water displaces heated water masses to the upper part of the circuit. With a certain configuration, it is possible to ensure the continuous movement of the coolant.

The instructions for creating a gravitational system are, in general, relatively simple:

• The boiler is placed as low as possible. In houses without a basement, a recess is often made under it in the floor.
• From the boiler, the filling rises vertically up to the highest point of the circuit, forming the so-called booster manifold.
• At the top point in the case of an open system, an open-type expansion tank is mounted, as already mentioned. In the case of a closed circuit, an air vent is installed there - automatic or manual; the expansion tank of the membrane type can be located in any part of the circuit.
• From the top point, the filling returns to the boiler with a constant slight slope, necessary for the cooling water to move by gravity. Along the way, the coolant gives off heat to radiators or other heating devices.

A feature of gravitational systems is stringent requirements for the hydraulic resistance of the circuit. A pipe is used no thinner than DN 32 and a minimum of shut-off valves. Chokes of any type are absolutely not placed on the filling.

For reference: the hydraulic resistance of a modern ball valve is ten times less than that of a cast iron or brass screw valve. Comparison of this and a number of other characteristics leads to a simple thought: it is better to completely forget about screw valves when purchasing materials.

In a system with forced circulation, an external (from the heating main) differential or its own circulation pump is used to create it. Moreover, the pumps can operate in both closed and open systems.

An excellent solution is a circuit with a circulation pump, which, in the absence of electricity, can work as a gravitational one. To ensure this possibility, the filling is carried out with a pipe of large cross-section and at one point it is broken by a valve. Before and after the valve, a pump with a mud collector cuts in.

What does such a scheme give?

1. When the bypass is closed and the pump is on, the system operates with forced circulation. The bypass is closed so that the pump does not circulate water in a circle.
2. With an open bypass, the system, due to the minimum hydraulic resistance, is able to operate as a gravity system.

Why forced circulation forced gravitational systems to squeeze out? After all, it makes heating more fault-tolerant by definition, doesn't it?

• allows you to lay the filling strictly according to the level and get by with a pipe of a smaller diameter. Apart from the savings, this greatly affects the aesthetics of the room.

However: in houses with an attic and a basement, the supply and return spouts can be taken out of the residential part of the house.

• Forced circulation ensures faster and more uniform heating of heating devices. In the gravitational system, the radiators farthest from the boiler are always noticeably colder than the close ones.

One-pipe and two-pipe

The difference is easier to explain with examples.

The simplest one-pipe scheme (barrack type, or Leningrad) is arranged as follows:

• A filling ring runs along the contour of the room.
• In parallel to it or by opening it, heating devices are mounted.

Minimum material consumption and maximum fault tolerance are undoubted advantages. The disadvantage is the large temperature variation between the first and last radiators. However, it is easy to level it with a different number of sections or throttling fittings on each radiator (of course, in this case, they should not break the main filling ring).

In the case of a two-pipe scheme, which is quite logical, we will need two fillings - supply and return. Each heater is a jumper between them. What is the result?

• No need for a continuous loop around the entire perimeter. You can, for example, not pipe around a door or panoramic window.
• The temperature of the heaters can be the same. In practice, however, there is a scatter.
• Balancing with chokes or thermal heads is MANDATORY. Otherwise, the situation is quite real when the entire mass of the coolant will move along a short circuit - through nearby heating devices, and the distant part of the filling and batteries in cold weather will simply be defrosted.

Horizontal and vertical routing

How these schemes of water heating systems differ is easy to understand intuitively. For example, the notorious Leningrad woman is a typical horizontal scheme, but the heating riser in a modern five-story building is vertical.

In practice, however, it is much more common to see combined schemes that include horizontal and vertical routing sections:

• In the stand-up system in Soviet-built houses, in addition to standpipes, there are also horizontally located bottlings.
• In new buildings, an even more complex combination is used: the bottling pipes are connected by vertical risers, from which horizontal wiring inside a single apartment is powered on each floor.

Dead-end and passing schemes

Dead-end water heating systems are two-pipe schemes in which the directions of water in the supply and return flows are opposite. The coolant gets to the distant radiators and comes back. But if it continues to move towards the boiler or heating unit, keeping the same direction, our scheme becomes passing.

Note: a passing wiring diagram has very few advantages over a one-pipe wiring in the case of a one-story house. Only a slightly more uniform heating of the radiators speaks in her favor.

Connecting heaters

Different types of connection can be used, above all, for sectional radiators of different types.

Convectors are supplied with connections, and the direction of circulation in them is determined by the manufacturer. What options are possible when connecting batteries?

• Lateral connection is most popular in city apartments. Lines enter two plugs on one side of the radiator. The main advantage of such a scheme is that the length of the connections leading from the riser is minimal. Disadvantages - uneven heating of the far and near sections and, much worse, the inevitable silting up of the end of the battery.
• Diagonal connection(the upper plug is on one side of the radiator and the lower one on the other) will make the radiator heat up as evenly as possible throughout the volume. Under the upper liner, however, the bottom of the sections will silt in this case too. Periodic flushing will be required.
• Finally, bottom-down connection means both uniform heating along the entire length and absolutely clean sections. The price of this is an air pocket in the heating device: you will need to install a Mayevsky crane or, better, an automatic air vent.

Main elements

What does a hot water heating system consist of in a private house? If in a city apartment we move, as a rule, into housing with already functioning heating, then here we will have to draw up a project from scratch.

Boiler

A heat source that converts the energy of fuel combustion or electricity into heat energy transported by the coolant. The list of the main types of boilers looks like this:

• Gas-fueled ones currently provide the lowest operating costs. Of course, when working on main gas: balloon gas will increase the cost of a kilowatt-hour of heat several times.

• Solid fuel boilers are in second place for the cheapest heating. Firewood, coal, peat, sawdust, etc. are used as fuel. The main problem is the need for frequent loading of fuel.
• Solar boilers can operate in a fully automatic mode; however, solarium is very expensive and continues to rise in value.
• Finally, electricity is the most convenient, safe and ... expensive way to heat your home.

In addition: the very idea of ​​using a coolant in this case seems strange. Individual electric radiators or convectors seem to be a much more sensible solution.

Pipes

Black steel pipes are still used in the installation of central heating; however, when independently transferring radiators and designing heating systems for cottages, the stake is usually placed on other materials.

• Galvanized steel has the strength of black steel pipes and is devoid of their main drawback - susceptibility to corrosion.
• Corrugated stainless steel, in addition to strength, also bends easily. The connections are made with fittings with silicone seals, without threads, which makes assembly quick and easy.
• Polypropylene pipes are cheap and are installed using the simplest low-temperature soldering iron. Usually pipes reinforced with aluminum or fiber are used for hot water and heating: they are stronger and have a much lower coefficient of thermal expansion.
• XLPE is an excellent material for screed beam routing. Temperature resistance and tensile strength combined with flexibility and the possibility of purchasing in coils up to 500 meters long.

Armature

• If you need to shut off the water, the best tool for this is a modern ball valve. Reliability is combined with ease of use and low hydraulic resistance when open.
• Chokes are used to manually adjust the heat transfer of heating devices and to balance them.
• After calibration, thermostatic heads are able to adjust the throughput in such a way that the set temperature is maintained in the room with an acceptable accuracy.
• For air extraction, automatic air vents are most convenient. However, instead of them, both Mayevsky taps and conventional valves and even water taps can be used.

Security

It is provided by devices that are called so - a security group:

• Expansion tank compensates for the increase in the volume of the coolant during heating. Water is practically incompressible and can simply break pipes or radiators; but the air, separated from the water by a rubber membrane, is easily compressed. The volume of the membrane tank is taken to be approximately equal to 10% of the amount of heat carrier in the system.
• Safety valve it is needed in case, if the capacity of the expansion tank is not enough with strong heating. When a critical pressure is reached, it dumps excess water.
• Pressure gauge allows you to control the current pressure in the system.

Heating devices

• Cast iron radiators quite heat-resistant and non-corrosive. The sections have a large internal volume and, due to the slow movement of the coolant, they are easily silted up when connected to the side.
• Steel heaters are divided into several types: plate, tubular, convectors and registers. The design of non-corrosive steels makes them vulnerable to rust, and the thin walls of plate radiators are still extremely fragile mechanically.
• Aluminum radiators are cheap and have excellent heat transfer, but they are afraid of overpressure and galvanic processes, which are caused by the combination of different metals (in particular, aluminum and copper) in one circuit.

• Bimetallic heating devices- these are aluminum radiators with steel cores that increase tensile strength, and copper-aluminum convectors. The second is a copper tube with aluminum plates pressed to increase heat transfer.

Your own home is not only a personal fortress, but also a place where it is cozy and warm. For this to always be so, a prudent owner must provide for an uninterrupted supply of heat. The easiest way to do this is if you can connect to a centralized system.

However, this does not always happen, and many do not want to connect an expensive service. In this case, it remains to consider the types of heating systems suitable for autonomous arrangement, and then choose the best option. And we will try to help you in this matter - our article discusses the features of a water, air and infrared heating system, lists their main pros and cons.

There are many heating systems. All of them have attractive aspects and significant disadvantages. It is quite difficult for an untrained person to navigate them and make the right choice. In order not to be mistaken, you need to know exactly what points you should pay attention to.

The first is the availability of fuel and its cost. This can be considered a key point. No matter how you like the system, but if the fuel for it is difficult to access, is supplied to the region with interruptions or is too expensive, it is worth considering another option. Otherwise, heating the house will cost a pretty penny and will be ineffective.

According to statistics, most owners of private houses choose heating systems with a liquid heat carrier. This is a practical, reliable and reasonably economical option.

The second point is the possibility of combining heating systems. In some cases, it can be very practical to use the main system and the additional system. This gives confidence that in case of possible interruptions in the supply of energy, the house will not be left without heat.

In addition, there is an opportunity to save money, since you can use the most economical heating method at the moment.

And finally, the financial side of the issue. It is necessary to determine how much the consumer can allocate for the purchase of equipment, its competent installation and subsequent regular maintenance.

Features of the system with a liquid heat carrier

Heat generators also differ. They can operate on a wide variety of fuels, which determines their performance. Most of all, gas, electrical and solid fuel devices are in demand. Their disadvantages and advantages are close to similar boilers for hot water heating.

The circulation of air masses inside a building can be carried out in different ways. It can be a closed cycle without adding air from the street. In this case, the indoor air quality is poor.

The best option is circulation with the addition of air masses from the outside. The indisputable advantage of air heating is the absence of a coolant. Thanks to this, it is possible to save the energy needed to heat it.

In addition, the installation of a complex system of pipes and radiators is not required, which undoubtedly also increases the efficiency of the system. The system has no risk of leaks and freezing, like its water counterpart. It is ready to work at any temperature. The living space heats up extremely quickly: it literally takes about half an hour from starting the heat generator to the temperature rise in the premises.

A gas heat generator is one of the possible solutions for the implementation of an air heating project for a private house. But in practice, such systems are rarely used.

Another significant plus is the ability to combine air heating with ventilation and air conditioning. This opens up the widest possibilities for realizing the most comfortable microclimate in the building.

The air duct system in the summer can be successfully used for air conditioning. Installation of additional equipment will make it possible to humidify, purify and even disinfect the air.

Air heating equipment lends itself well to automation. Smart controls remove burdensome control over appliances from the homeowner. In addition, the system will independently select the most economical operating mode. Air heating is very easy to install and durable. Its average service life is about 25 years.

Air ducts can be installed during the construction phase of the building and hidden under the ceiling. To install such systems, high ceilings are required.

The advantages include the absence of pipes and radiators, which gives room for the imagination of designers decorating the interior. The cost of such a system is quite affordable for most homeowners. Moreover, it pays off quickly enough, so its demand is growing.

Air heating also has disadvantages. These include a significant difference between the temperatures in the lower and upper parts of the room. On average, it is 10 ° С, but in rooms with high ceilings it can reach up to 20 ° С. Thus, in the cold season, it will be necessary to increase the power of the heat generator.

Another disadvantage is the rather noisy operation of the equipment. True, this can be neutralized by the selection of special "quiet" devices. In the absence of a filtration system, a large amount of dust in the air may appear at the outlets.

Infrared heating system

This is a relatively new method of heating residential buildings. It is based on the use of infrared radiation. Scientists have found that infrared rays can be of different lengths. Long-wave radiation, similar to what we receive from the Sun, is safe and even beneficial for humans. It is it that is used in heating devices operating in the infrared range.

Infrared film heaters can be ceiling mounted. Then the radiation will go down and reach the floor, which will start to warm up.

A special infrared film is used for space heating. A thin layer of carbon paste is applied to the non-woven base, which, under the influence of current, is activated and emits infrared waves. The resulting emitter is laminated on both sides with a film, which gives it strength and extends its service life.

The principle of operation of infrared heating is as follows. The film is placed on the floor or on the ceiling. When the system is turned on, a current is applied to the emitter, it produces infrared waves. They move and reach the first massive obstacle. This can be large furniture, household appliances, and most often the floor. Such objects are impervious to infrared rays, they are retained and accumulated in them.

It must be admitted that this type of heating is the most comfortable. Due to the fact that the floor is warmed up, the temperature distribution is as pleasant and beneficial for a person as possible. The lower part of the room is about 2-3 ° C warmer than the upper one.

In addition, the natural humidity and the amount of oxygen are completely preserved, there are no convection currents that carry dust. There are no drafts either. Film heaters work absolutely silently, they are safe for humans.

If infrared heaters are installed under a floor covering, the radiation rises up, reaches the floor and heats its surface, and then the air in the room.

Another advantage is fully automated system management. This allows her to work in the most economical mode and at the same time provide the owner with complete comfort. Thanks to this, the film system has no heat losses, its efficiency is almost 100%.

The minimum service life of the equipment is 25 years, and the resource of use is twice as long. In this case, the system does not require maintenance.

The next advantage is compactness. The film is very thin and does not “eat up” the free space. No additional room is required for the heating unit, there are no batteries and air ducts. The film is very easy to install and connect. Dismantling and reuse is possible if necessary.

Among the disadvantages, it is worth noting that when the voltage drops, the amount of heat generated by the film decreases. In this case, the operating time of the heater increases, which leads to greater energy consumption. The film can be covered with a wide variety of topcoats, except for putty, wallpaper and paint. The cost of equipment for arranging infrared heating is quite high.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

To heat a private house, different types of heating are used, and sometimes several are combined. How heating is done can be found in the following videos.

Pros and cons of air heating:

What users say about infrared heating:

Features of arranging water heating with your own hands:

In a private house, it is technically possible to equip almost any heating system. Therefore, the owner must choose the most practical and most suitable option for the conditions existing in his house. When making a choice, you should listen to the opinion of experts, correctly calculate your heating system. Then it will be very warm in your house, even if it is a fierce winter outside.

What heating system do you use? What advantages and disadvantages have you noticed while operating your heating system? Or are you still looking closely, choosing the best option? Do you have any questions after reading this article? Please ask them below - our experts and other site visitors will try to help you.

Appointment and classification of heating systems.

Characteristics of heating systems.

Depending on the predominant heat transfer method, space heating can be convective or radiant.

TO covective refers to heating, in which the temperature of the internal air is maintained at a higher level than the radiation temperature of the room, meaning the radiation temperature, the average temperature of surfaces facing the room, calculated with respect to a person in the middle of this room.

Radiant is called heating in which the radiation temperature of the room exceeds the air temperature. Radiant heating at a slightly lower room temperature is more favorable for human well-being (for example, up to 18-20 C instead of 20-22 C in civil buildings).

Heating system Is a set of structural elements with connections between them, designed to receive, transfer and transfer heat to the heated rooms of the building.

Heating system designed to compensate for heat loss in heated rooms. The main structural elements of the heating system: heat source- an element for obtaining heat; heat pipes- an element for transferring heat from a heat source to heating devices; heating devices- an element for transferring heat to the room.

The following requirements are imposed on the heating system: 1.Sanitary and hygienic: maintaining the set temperature of the air and the internal surfaces of the room fences in time, in plan and in height with the permissible air mobility, limiting the temperature on the surface of heating devices;

2.economic: optimal capital investments, economical consumption of heat energy during operation;

3.architectural and construction: compliance with the interior of the premises, compactness, coordination with building structures, coordination with the construction period of the building;

4. production and assembly: the minimum number of standardized assemblies and parts, mechanization of their manufacture, reduction of labor costs and manual labor during installation;

5.operating: efficiency of action during the entire period of operation, reliability and technical perfection, safety and noiselessness of action.

Heating system classification

WHAT IS THE HEATING SYSTEM OF? The "heart" of the heating system is the boiler. From it, the heated coolant (water or antifreeze), with the help of a circulation pump (if the system is with forced circulation) or without it (natural circulation), moves through the pipes and gives off heat to your home through heating devices. In addition to the above-mentioned basic elements, the heating system also includes a lot of other smaller things that are necessary for normal operation: an expansion tank - compensating for the temperature expansion of water, fittings - for connecting pipes, air valves and much more.

What are the heating systems

Systems with forced and natural circulation. What is their difference? In a system with forced circulation the movement of the coolant is carried out using a circulation pump. The advantages of such a system are: comfort (it is possible to maintain a given temperature in each room), higher quality, a small diameter of pipes, a smaller temperature difference between the heated water leaving the boiler and cooled water returning to the boiler (increases the life of the boiler). The main and, perhaps, the only disadvantage of such systems is that the pump requires electricity. In system with natural circulation there is no pump. The role of the pump in it is played by the gravitational force arising from the difference in the density (specific gravity) of the coolant in the supply and return pipes (the density of hot water is less, that is, it is lighter than cold water). Such a system requires large diameter pipes (to reduce resistance), it is almost impossible to adjust, and when using it you get less comfort with more fuel.

METHODS OF WIRING PIPES TO RADIATORS There are two ways of routing pipes to heating devices - one-pipe and two-pipe. With two-pipe two pipes are connected to each radiator - "direct" and "return". This wiring allows you to have the same coolant temperature at the inlet to all devices. Two-pipe wiring can be of two types: a) with parallel connection of radiators (see Fig. 2), b) radial (collector), when two pipes are supplied from the collector "beams" to each heating device - direct and reverse. The disadvantage of the beam system is the high cost of pipes. Plus - easy adjustment of heating devices and system balancing. With one-pipe wiring(see Fig. 1) the coolant passes sequentially from one radiator to another, while cooling down. Thus, the last heatsink in the chain can be significantly colder than the first. If you care about the quality of the heating system, choose a two-pipe system that allows you to regulate the temperature in each room. The only plus of the one-pipe system is the lower price.

Rice. 1 One-pipe routing Fig. 2 Two-pipe wiring with parallel connection of OP radiators - heater 1 - direct 2 - reverse

by the relative position of the main elements:

CENTRAL LOCAL

Central are called heating systems Designed for heating several rooms from one heating point, where the heat generator is located (boiler room, CHP)

Local heating systems is a type of heating in which all three main elements are structurally combined in one device installed in a heated room. (example stove, gas and electrical appliances, air heating units).

by type of coolant: steam water air combined

by the way of circulation of the coolant: natural circulation systems (gravity) artificial circulation systems (pumping)

at the location of the supply and return highways: with the upper location of the supply highways (in the attic or under the ceiling of the upper floor) with the lower location of both highways (in the basement, above the floor of the first floor or in underground channels)

according to the scheme for switching on heating devices: Two-pipe (in which hot water enters the devices through one riser, and chilled water is discharged through others)

Heat carriers.

Water is a liquid, practically non-compressible medium with significant density and heat capacity. Water changes its density, volume and viscosity depending on temperature, and the boiling point, depending on pressure, is capable of sorbing or releasing gases soluble in it when temperature and pressure change.

Steam is an easily mobile medium with a relatively low density. Steam temperature and density depend on pressure. Steam significantly changes volume and enthalpy during phase transformation.

Air is a readily mobile medium with relatively low viscosity, density and heat capacity, which changes density and volume depending on temperature.

Due to its efficiency and reasonable price, hot water heating in private houses has been the most popular for many years. The construction of steam heating works simultaneously for all rooms present in the house, and it does not matter if it is a one-story building or it has 3 floors. As a rule, heating in a private house is autonomous and not connected to a centralized system.

The principle of operation of autonomous heating

1. The heat carrier is a liquid circulating in the heating system. With the help of the installed boiler, the heat carrier is heated. In the process of circulation, the heated liquid enters the room through pipes, heating the air. As a rule, antifreeze is used as a liquid - this liquid does not freeze at negative air temperatures due to its composition, which includes ethylene glycol.
2. The heating circuit is a closed-loop pipe system. It also includes a boiler, pumps, valves, etc., depending on the selected heating scheme.
3. Direct current - elements of the movement of hot liquid in the direction from the boiler to the battery.
4. Reverse current - elements of movement of the liquid that has given off heat towards the boiler.
5. Water heating device - radiator, battery, warm floor, etc., depending on the choice. It is necessary for the transfer of heat, directs it to heat the premises.

Types of pipes of various materials:

1. Metal pipes. Not common in use, they have drawbacks. With time corroded, in work are short-lived. They are mounted exclusively on threaded connections.
2. Copper pipes . Durable and reliable at work. Withstand high temperatures and pressure in pipes. Installation is carried out by soldering. Brazing - high temperature silver alloy. After installation, the pipes can be masked into the wall if desired. Copper is an expensive material, so not everyone can afford heating with such pipes.
3. Polymer pipes. They are divided into polypropylene and polyethylene. The main advantage is that even an untrained person can cope with the installation. Despite the cheapness of the material, resistant to corrosion, will last for many years.
4. Reinforced-plastic pipes. Consist of plastic and aluminum. Such pipes are mounted with threaded connections, in some cases with press connections. Disadvantages - the coefficient of thermal expansion is too high. In the event of a sharp change from hot water to cold water or vice versa, the pipes can crack.

Each house has its own water heating connection diagram:

Before buying equipment, according to the scheme, you should choose the necessary heating system that is suitable for a particular house.

Varieties of houses.	Steam heating system diagram in private houses.
House - 1st floor, steep roof, there is a basement.	The heating system is two-pipe. Vertical risers, preferably bottom piping.
House - 1st floor, steep roof, no basement	The heating system is two-pipe. The boiler is installed on the first floor in a special room for this, in this case the wiring must be at the top.
House - 1st floor, flat roof. There is a basement.	Horizontal wiring. In this case, the basement is the ideal place to install the equipment. The boiler is a liquid fuel or gas fired boiler.
House - 2 floors or more. It doesn't matter if the roof is steep or flat.	Heating scheme - two-pipe or one-pipe. Vertical risers. The wiring is top or bottom. Systems with horizontal conductive pipes cannot be used. Any type of heating boiler can be used.

Varieties of hot water heating systems

Heating systems differ only in the appearance of the pipe position, the main task remains the same everywhere - heated water heats the room, the water, in turn, is heated by the heating boiler. In the modern world, there are 3 types of varieties of systems:

• system "natural circulation";
• forced circulation system;
• system "combined".

Its basis lies in the functioning of different densities of cold and hot water. It is known from physics that hot water has a lower density, which means that it becomes lighter. When heated, it moves to the upper positions of the system, at the bottom, in turn, cold water remains. Thanks to this, there is a natural circulation of water. This type of heating does not depend on power supply, even when the light is off for a long time, the water in the pipes will not cool down, but there are also disadvantages:

• it is impossible to regulate the temperature of the heating device;
• you need a lot of pipes, extra costs;
• the diameter of the heat pipes has its own limitations;
• heavy pipe installation, an untrained person cannot cope.

Forced circulation

This system has a vicious circle with an expansion tank, which is a disadvantage in its operation. In order for the coolant to move cyclically, a pump must be used. The work directly depends on the power supply. Additional costs are required for additional components: pressure gauge, pump and others.

System advantages:

• in contrast to natural circulation, less pipe consumption is required;
• any radiators are suitable;
• the ability to regulate heating devices;
• the possibility of using antifreeze against freezing of water in the system.

Combined

The name of this system speaks for itself; it combines the 2 previous options. If a pump is installed in it, the water will become forced to rotate, if this is not done, the water will flow with natural circulation. Has the ability to work when the electricity is off. It significantly increases the efficiency of heat transfer.

Heating systems installation diagrams

Single pipe

The diagram shows that the water flows through the radiators in direct sequence. The downside here is that the latter batteries will always be slightly colder than the former. Also considered a disadvantage inconvenience of use, for example, it is impossible to shut off one of the batteries; you will have to stop the hot water supply throughout the line.

Previously, the one-pipe heating scheme was called "Leningrad" or single-circuit. She served for heating large private apartment buildings. The advantages include the fact that the pipes can go around the entire perimeter of the house from the first to the last room. If the one-pipe system gives few results and the room remains cold, other methods of connecting the batteries can be used, as a rule, self-taught people like to do this.

Two-pipe

In this scheme, cold and hot water from different pipes is suitable for each heating device. In this case, much easier to regulate temperature in room. Two-pipe wiring is divided into 3 types:

Types of boilers

• gas;
• electrical;
• liquid fuel;
• combined.

Combined... Positive qualities: they use several types of energy carriers. Flaw: high price and the complexity of the design.