Terracotta Warriors China. Riddles of the Terracotta Army of the Chinese Emperor Qin Shihandi

A special stamp was installed on every detail, which showed what kind of workshop did it. If marriage came across, it was immediately clear who was to blame, and whom to punish. Given the temper of the emperor Qin Shihuandi, most likely, the first defective detail was for the master and the last.

All of this you can see with your own eyes, if you visit this funeral complex in Xi'an.

Weapons of terracotta soldiers

Although the soldiers were clay, but their weapons were given the most present. Unfortunately, weapons have been preserved enough. First, the funeral complex has been robbed several times. Secondly, the metal is saved much worse ceramics, and many items have completely rotted.

But even a small amount of weapon gave scientists a lot of reasons for surprise. For example, tips for arrows produced in different parts China had almost the same size. That is, already in the 3rd century D.N.E. The Chinese have introduced a unification in the production of weapons. It is amazing.

Thanks to the terracotta army, we are very well now idea how the soldiers of the time that weapons were fighting, as they were built on the battlefield and what tactics adhered to.

Where to see the terracotta army

Almost all soldiers are where they were digested by archaeologists. The place of archaeological excavations is 10 kilometers from Siain. This is enough big City With a population of 8.5 million people. It is possible here from Russia, but only from Moscow. Tourists who choose Xian, the main object of travel, is quite small, although there are many attractions in the city.

If desired, it can be reached here from. The distance 1200 kilometers will be overcome in 6 hours. Some are even trying to look at the terracotta army "one day", that is, come on the morning "speeding" and go in the evening.

We are not recommended such a way. The first high-speed train (in the photo on the left) arrives from Beijing to SIAN STATION at 13-00, and the latter leaves here at 18-00. You will have only 5 hours, and this is enough only to look at the terracotta army "one eye".

In addition, this is an expensive way to travel, since one side ticket costs 500 (at the time of writing the article, May 2015). Both sides are about 1,000 yuan per person.

Tickets for the usual train in the coupe are twice as cheaper, but you will spend 14 hours in the train one way, and there are 28 hours. Such a time loss for many tourists is unacceptable.

There is very budget way - It is to buy seats in the usual train. If you are not afraid for 14 hours to sit in an uncomfortable chair, then such a ticket will cost you only 150 yuan one way.

We believe that it is worth flying to Xi'an as the main goal of the travel. The city is beautiful, you will not regret. And look at the terracotta army without hurrying, and the Mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shihuandi will see, and much more interesting.

If you do not want to go to Xi'an, but you really want to see the terracotta army, then there is a compromise solution. These clay soldiers can be viewed in the museums of the country. On an ongoing basis, they are exhibited in Beijing on.

The founder of the Qin dynasty, which ended the construction of the Great Wall of China, was preparing for death awarded: built a huge tomb for herself, and several crypts "smaller" - for servants and warriors. Together with the emperor, 70 thousand workers were buried, together with their families. But the warriors did not kill the emperor. Instead, he ordered artisans to create an army from a terracotta, each warrior would have been as a prototype of a real person.

Despite the fact that Chinese historians are very careful about their cultural heritage, the terracotta army was somehow forgotten. Its discovery turned out to be an accident - in the summer of 1974, in the province of Shaanxi, during the digging of the well, at a depth of 5 meters, a Chinese peasant stumbled upon one of the clay warriors. Nakhodka immediately caused unprecedented interest among archaeologists, because appearance The statues allowed to attribute the date of its creation to the period of deep antiquity. By the beginning of the same year, archaeologists have discovered about 6 thousand such soldiers. Analysis showed that the time to create statues coincides with the years of life Qin Shihuandi, whose tomb, Mount Lishhan, was located near the place of "boron" terracotta warriors.

To correlate the clay army with the founder of the Qin dynasty, the work of Qian's Suman, the hereditary historicist of the Han dynasty, who described the climbing throne in 246 to N. e. 13-year-old In Zhen, known to us as Qin Shihuandi. According to the historian status, the young ruler immediately began the construction of his own tomb and ordered to create an army of clay warriors who would serve him after death.

All statues are copies of real people, retaining their face features, features of uniforms, ranks, etc. The only thing that the sculptors changed is the growth of warriors, making them somewhat higher than the real prototypes. The height of the statues of ordinary warriors is approximately 180 cm, and officers are up to 2 m, which expresses their excellence in rank. Archers, spearkers, swordsmen and even Cornia - Qin Shihuandy gathered a full-fledged army that completely copied real-life combat connections. Commanders of all ranks, right up to the generals, also followed their emperor to the "the light", in the form of clay sculptures. "Civilian" statues - musicians, acrobats and officials were found.

The overwhelming majority of the statues were drawn to the east. Some stand relaxed, others dropped on her knees and, drove out the sword out of the sheath, reflect the attack. The difference in status can be determined by clothing. Officers are dressed in tunics with belts and costumes, similar to uniforms. Private soldiers are dressed in short, narrowed pants, short bathrobes, breastplate. Their shoes are common to the ancient Chinese: windings and shoes with rectangular socks. Another ordinary stand out characteristic hairstyles in the form of a tight beam of hair.

The main excavations were conducted in two stages: from 1978 to 1984 and from 1985 to 1986. And since 2009, the third stage of excavations started to last to this day. Recent excavations allowed to remove another 500 clay soldiers, 100 horses and 18 bronze chariots. And how much still have to open - the question remaining unanswered. But why did the tomb of the emperor ended up in such a deplorable state?

After the death of Qin Shhuangdi, the throne inherited his son - Er Shihuhandi, who was bright and weak. As a result of his insolvency as a manager, a popular uprising broke out. And the first goal of the rebel was the terracotta army. The reason for this was that the slying in Zheng remembered all excess weapons, so simple people Could not get it anywhere. And in the crypt, for the needs of clay warriors, arsenal was kept, designed for 8,000 people: swords, shields, spears and bows. As a result, the tomb was looted, the imperial troops were broken, and Er was killed. But the treasures of the emperor, who were buried on the legend with him - no one did not find. According to one of the versions, the emperor was generally buried elsewhere, and Mount Lishhan is just a scenery.

The UNESCO organization in 1987 made a terracotta army to the World Heritage Site in China. Today, everyone has the opportunity to look at the terracotta warriors "live". Around the excavation zone rose a small town with a cafe, souvenir shops and indoor pavilions, where and exposed to the universal review of the terracotta army of Emperor Qin Shihuandi.

Ancient Chinese civilization presented the world a lot of masterpieces of architecture and outstanding works of art. Some of them are related to the category of UNESCO World Heritage Site. One of these greatest works chinese culture is famous Terracotta Army, striking with its scale and unique design technique.

The terracotta army is the sculptures of warriors, horses and several chariots found in 1974 to the east of Mount Lishhan in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Chinese city of Xi'an. Local residents drilled the artesian well and accidentally made an amazing find. Sculptures of warriors are performed in full height, horses and other items are also made in a variety. Horse weight more than 200 kg, and soldiers weigh about 135 kg. As researchers believe, these statues were buried together with the first Emperor of the Qin Dynasty named Qin Shihuandi in 210-209 BC. To date, more than 8,000 soldiers sculptures have been discovered and, most likely, this is not the final digit. Despite the fact that instead of living warriors, as prescribed an ancient ritual, a copy of his soldiers, together with the emperor, went to the afterlife, and the remains of his subjects were still discovered.

Clay sculptures rest in the crypts depth from 4 to 8 meters. Each warrior has their own weapons and uniforms. Among them are ordinary, archers, infantry, officers, horsemen. All figures are made manually and possess individual features of the face. Among 8,000 soldiers do not have two completely identical. With stunning accuracy and skill, details of clothing, weapons, ammunition of horses are performed. Found chariots for their magnificence.

Not only warriors were found in the burial, there are also musicians, acrobats and officials.

Interesting material from which sculptures are made. Chinese scientists find out that large sculptures, mostly chariots and horses, are made nearby, from the material of Mount Lishhan. And the lighter statues of the warriors, apparently, were brought from the other terrain.

The terracotta army causes a lot of questions from her researchers. Perhaps the most important of them is the technology of manufacturing sculptures. In the course of the study it was found that first the clay sculpture was attached fit formand then burned it. After the roasting of warriors was covered with icing and painted. But the firing furnaces were not found nearby, in addition, there would be no one furnace for the production of such a huge number of statues, but an entire production complex. Such a level of development does not correspond to the level of the Chinese civilization of the time.

Another question that does not quiet researchers are bronze weapons that are equipped with warriors. All metal items are covered with a special anti-corrosion alloy containing chrome. But this method of processing metals was developed no more than 100 years ago. Where did the ancient Chinese have been known so advanced technology? In addition, there is doubt and the very fact of making weapons. More than ten thousand units of weapons highest quality It is impossible to perform with a handicraft.

The third moment is the amazing magnificence of chariots. Their design and decoration made by masters highest level, the existence of which also does not fit into those time frames. Ornate decorated precious metals, vegetable and animal motifs made with the greatest chariot accuracy are outstanding works of Chinese art.

According to the researchers, after a while after the burial, the tomb of the emperor was plundered, having lost his rich decoration. Further, a fire occurred in the crypts, and clay sculptures were covered with the dying ground.

According to the legend, the emperor's mausoleum is four times the same area, on which studies are underway today. But the project executives are not in a hurry with further excavations. The legend is also preserved, according to which the emperor in his afterlife should accompany the mercury rivers. It will not be a very pleasant find, so the executing managers do not hurry to continue work until the surrounding space is carefully examined. Another reason why works are temporarily suspended, the preservation of the sculptures themselves. The fact is that being in the air, they begin to collapse. Therefore, before refusing the rest, the researchers decided to develop the technology of preservation of the already found.

Most of the statues detected are located in the museum complex, specially built near the place of find, in order for numerous tourists to admire the terracotta army. Thousands of soldiers together with their horses as if frozen in time. Warriors can look at the clock - each figure is great and unique. Their faces are full of courage and determination. And it seems, if you need, they will move into battle, following their emperor.

The terracotta army found by the peasants during the drilling of the Artesian well in Lintun village in 1974, is considered to be one of the most amazing wonders of the world. More than 8 thousand clay warriors guarding the peace of the first emperor of the Qin Shi Huangdi dynasty, now they have been kept their secrets for 2,200.

Each of the warriors (today by archaeologists from under the ground, a little more than 1,500 sculptures are extracted) has its own unique features and does not look like other soldiers.
Warriors differ from each other in appearance, pose, expression of the face, as if every statue suffered from nature. Statues of warriors are characterized by the subtlety of the details.
Everything, from the figure to hairstyles, to the last hair, lacing clothes, and even stitch on the sole of the clutch soda is worked out with all thoroughness.
The statues of warriors and battle horses are buried in three colossal scleps, numbered in order of their detection as B-1, B-2 and B-3. The depth of each crypt is 5 m.
Every 3 m crypt shares bearing wall. The floor is posted in black brick.
Terracotta warriors froze in combat order of a rectangle, most of the figures - infantrymen. In the hands of terracotta warriors of the head squad - onions or crossbows, on the back - Quiver with arrows.
Behind the head detachment followed by bias and battle chariots. On the right and left flanks, side detachments were occupied. The construction of terracotta troops is planted. Three rows of Ariergard.
Looking at the slender combat order of the statues of warriors, horses and chariots, it seems that they are about to rusify into battle. I'm going to power, Shi Juandi could put an end internecine warswho were among themselves the terracotta armyktay kingdoms, and in 221 BC Proclaimed himself the first emperor in the age of 39 years old, created the first in the history of China a centralized state and founded the Qin Dynasty. All subsequent Chinese dynasties were inherited by the feudal system of centralized power.
During the reign of Qin Schihuana, Chinese writing, a monetary system, system of measures and scales was unified, the construction of a great wall was launched and a single network of government roads was created, which had a huge impact on China's development during subsequent dynasties.
Shortly after Qin Shi Huangi captured power, he began to build an underground mausoleum of huge sizes, which occupy an area of \u200b\u200b8 square meters. km inside 225 square meters. km of funeral plot. While an ordinary person could be buried in a small global structure, the emperor had the tomb of the same full-size, as well as his army, as she could need after death.
The terracotta army Qin Shi Huangi guard him from East flank is the only direction in which the enemies could attack His capital Xi'an.
In the course of archaeological research it was found that the complex of the tomb in the plan is a square with a side of 7, 5 km with a total area of \u200b\u200b56.25 square meters. km.
The first stage of the excavation was held from 1978 to 1984, the second - from 1985 to 1986. June 13, 2009 the third stage of the excavation began.

Source - http://azialand.ru/terrakotovaya-armiya/

Eastern G. Xi'an, in the province of Shaanxi there is a different garrison, this is a miracle of light, known as - Terracotta Army Emperor Qin Shihandei . Underground burials have at least 8099 terracotta statues of Chinese soldiers and their horses. They were honored to be buried together with the first emperor Qin - Qin Shihandei in 210-209. BC

In Siane County, Chinese farmers have long already found clay shards, but they feared to them, and even more so told them in their hands they feared, as they believed that strange shards were magical amulets - a source of various troubles. But in 1974, everything explained.

History of terracotta army

Once the farmer Yan Ji Van began to dig a well on his plot of land. He did not find the water, but she found something else. Yan Ji Wang stumbled upon the figure of an ancient warrior on a 5-meter depth. The find of the agriculture shocked archaeologists. And subsequent excavations showed that it is not alone here. Several thousand warriors were discovered by scientists. Terracotta soldiers were buried in Earth over 2,000 years from the day of the death of the famous uniform of China - Qin Shihuandi.

Mount Lishhan - This is a man-made Chinese necropolis. Material for holderRota soldiers took here. The construction of the terracotta army began in 247 BC. er, more than 700,000 artisans and workers took part in their erection, and it was committed, as art historians suggest, for 38 years. Qin Shihuandy betrayed Earth in 201g BC. e. Under the suggestion of the Chinese historian, the Suma Zance, jewels and artisan products were also buried with him.

Horses and warriors terracotta army in China were created in different areas. Scientists have found out: horses were made near Mount Lishhan, most likely to facilitate their transportation (the weight of the horse is approximately 200 kg.), Figures of the warriors are much easier, about 135 kg., But the place of their creation is still unknown.

Later, at the site of the grand find, the city arose. Three pavilions protect against bad weather and vandalism the burial army from the terracotta. The excavations of terracotta hordes last for about 40 years, but the end of them is not foreseen.

Terracotta - yellow or red clay, subjected to burning at a constant temperature not lower than 1000 degrees in continuation of several days.

Yang Ji Van found the first, the main combat number of Qin Shihuandi, which contains approximately 6,000 terracotta figures. In 1980, archaeologists dug out the second column of 2,000 statues. Later, in 1994, the General Staff was discovered - the accumulation of the Supreme Military Heads.

About 700,000 masters were involved in the creation of the imperial troops. But why did the ancient Chinese need to spend the forces and means to create this grandiose composition? And what other secrets keep the earth of this area?

The launched bloody period of the seven rival kingdoms ended in the unconditional victory of the Qin dynasty. The young and ambitious ruler Yin Zhen subordinates all the kingdoms one after another. Their capitals of Jao, Han, Wei, Yin, Chun and Qi were compared with the Earth. For the first time in all history, China has reached unity. Qin Shihuandy appointed himself with the emperor and immediately moved to reforms and strengthening power. For the case, he took the sophistication and scope inherent in Tyran. He set himself a goal to destroy any possibility of fragmentation of China and civil engineering in the future. The Chinese Empire was divided into 36 districts, two governors were appointed in the district (civil and military). The emperor tightened all the standards: it concerned money, measures of length and weight, writing, construction, and even the width of the axis for the cart. The sample was the standards installed in the kingdom of Qin. The previous history of China declared littlectuate. In 213 BC Books and the ancient chronicles of the defeated dynasties betrayed fire. Examples of more than 460 scientists were susceptible to, which were suspected of disloyal to the new imperial regime.

The emperor believed that his dynasty would forever rule the empire and therefore tried to create attributes that fit eternity. One of the outcome of the imperial thought of eternal, the Great Wall of China became.

Initially, the ruler wanted to bury with him 4 thousand young warriors, because it is so reading an ancient Chinese tradition, but the advisers managed to convince him not to make it. This barbaric act would inevitably lead to Bunta. Then they decided instead of people to break the statues of clay. But for reliability, their number increased. Their gaze was addressed to the east, there were all the kingdoms affected by the Great Tiran.

Terracotta soldiers were made very jewelry, probably their creators were inherent in an amazing effort. In all the checks it is impossible to find identical personsbecause they are simply not. They reflect the multinationality of the Chinese Empire, among them you can observe not only the Chinese, but also Mongols, Uigurs, Tibetans and many others. Details of clothing and hairstyles match your time. Armor and shoes are reproduced with incredible accuracy.

The only difference from real people In their growth. Their height is 1.90 - 1.95 meters. Such an increase in the army of the Divine Qin could not be. The finished sculpture was bullied in the furnaces, with a firing point of 1,000 degrees. After, the artists painted them with natural flowers. You can notice a little fading paint today. However, after a few minutes spent in the air, the paints disappear.

Eleven aisles of the main series of soldiers are separated by walls. On top there were whole trunks of trees, covered with mats and 30 cm. Cement, and from above 3 m. Earth. This was done to protect the deceased emperor among the living. But alas, the calculation could not justify their expectations, in a few years this mighty terracotta army suffered defeat.

Qin Shhuandine died and the ruler of the empire was his son - a belligerent and weak Er Shhuandine. His inability to manage, caused a storm of indignation in humans. The riot of the people who were afraid of advisers, still happened and suppress it was no one. The first defeat got a terracotta army.

An outrageous crowd plundered and burned the army, because I had nowhere to get weapons. His surplus Qin Shihuandi remembered and destroyed, in order to avoid different incidents. Here, underground there were 8,000 bunches, shields, copies and swords. The main goal Raunting were exactly they. Government troops were defeated. The son of the Great Emperor killed their courtesy.

Many centuries robbers were eager to dig treasures, some it was worth the life. They say that human skeletons were found among the excavations. In the ancient manuscripts it is said that colossal treasures were buried together with Divine Queen, among them and the Golden Throne. Qin Shihuandi knew how to create intrigue with his mysteries. And one of the versions suggests that it is buried elsewhere, and this is just a scenery. And if so, then the scale of true burial, you can draw only in fantasies.

Removing the figures from the ground, archaeologists were puzzled by the problem - paint instantly (5 minutes) sued and burst. And a solution was found - after different treatments (Immersion in a container with a wet microclimate, coating special composition And irradiation), warriors exhibit in the museums of the world, now removed about 1,500 statues. There is a museum and directly at the detection site, the first exposition opened in 1979, but in all its glory he appeared in 1994.

Along with the Great Chinese Wall and Monastery Shaolin, the Terracotta Army in China includes a list of the most famous sights of the whole world. If you are lucky to travel around Asia, and specifically in China , Be sure to look at the Museum of the Terracotta Army of the city of Xiane.

The Terracotta Army of Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi in 1987 briefed UNESCO World Heritage Site in China.

Video Terracotta Army