Course is common laws of the adaptation of the human body to various conditions. General patterns of human body adaptation
Since the moment of birth, the body suddenly falls into completely new conditions for itself and forced to adapt to them the activities of all its bodies and systems. In the future (during individual development), factors acting on the body are continuously modified, which requires constant functional rearrangements. Thus, the process of adapting the body to the generally enforcement climatogeographic, as well as to the production, social conditions is a universal phenomenon. Under adaptationunderstand all kinds of innate and acquired adaptive activities, which are provided by certain physiological reactions occurring in cellular, organ levels. Protective - adaptive reactions are regulated by reflex and humoral, and the main role in these reactions belongs to the highest nervous activity.
The theory of functional systems formulated in our country PK Anocyne, contributed to the understanding of the patterns of development of the reactions of a whole body on a changing environment. The systematic approach made it possible to explain how the body using self-regulation mechanisms provides optimal life functions and how they are carried out in normal and extreme conditions.
The process of self-regulation is cyclical and carried out on the basis of the "Golden Rules" - any deviation from vital important level A factor serves as an impetus to the immediate mobilization of numerous apparatuses of the corresponding functional system, repaid this vital adaptive result.
Since there are many useful adaptive results in the human body, providing various sides of its livelihoods, the work of a whole body is constructed from the aggregate activities of many functional systems. Such for the body with adaptive results, various functional systems, are: indexes of the inner medium (nutrient level, oxygen, temperature, blood pressure, etc.); The results of behavioral activities that satisfy the basic biological needs of the body (food, drinking, sex, etc.); The results of human social activity, due to public and individual experience, the situation in society, satisfying its social needs.
Functional system Includes receptor formations that are peculiar live sensors that dynamically estimating the value of the adjustable indicator. It has a central apparatus – Brain structures that analyze all the varieties of incoming signals that make a solution and programming expected results. Finally, actuators act in the functional system – Peripheral bodies implementing incoming commands. In addition, the system has an inverse affamentation (feedback), which informs the center on the effectiveness of the performance of the executive mechanisms and the achievement of the final result. All variety of activities of a living organism, its resistance to external factors, the stability of various functions is ensured by the complex interaction of self-regulating functional systems in which the central and peripheral organs are dynamically combined to achieve the final adaptive result.
Interacting on the principle of the results hierarchy, various functional systems are ultimately a cooler body. Moreover, it is observed dominance of a functional system that is currently the most important for the body.
The biological meaning of active adaptation is to establish and maintain homeostasis, allowing to exist in the modified external environment. Homeostasis The relative dynamic constancy of the inner medium and some physiological functions of the human body (thermoregulation, blood circulation, gas exchange, etc.), supported by mechanisms of self-regulation in the conditions of oscillations of internal and external stimuli.
For us, external irritants are of the greatest interest. – Environmental factors in contact with the human body – Temperature, humidity, chemical composition Air, water, food, noise, psychogenic factors, etc. The main constants of homeostasis (body temperature, osmotic blood pressure and fabric liquid and others) are supported by complex self-regulation mechanisms in which the nervous, endocrine, sensory systems are involved. The constancy of the composition, the physicochemical and biological properties of the inner medium of the human body is not absolute, but relative and dynamic; It is constantly correlated depending on the change in the external environment and as a result of the vital activity of the body. The range of oscillations of the parameters of environmental factors, in which the mechanisms of self-regulation function without physiological voltage, relatively small. With the deviation of the parameters of environmental factors from the optimal levels of self-regulation mechanisms, they begin to function with voltage, and to maintain homeostasis, adaptation mechanisms are included.
so , Adaptation - the process of adapting the body to changing environmental conditions, which means the possibility of adapting a person to natural, industrial or social conditions. It provides performance, maximum life expectancy and reproductiveness in inadequate environments. As an important component of the adaptive response of the organism, stress syndrome is the sum of non-specific reactions that create conditions for the activation of the activities of homeostatic systems.
If the levels of exposure to environmental factors go beyond the adaptive capabilities of the body, additional protective mechanisms are included, opposing the occurrence and progression of the pathological process.
Compensatory mechanisms -Adaptive reactions aimed at eliminating or weakening functional shifts in the body caused by inadequate environmental factors. For example, under the influence of cold, the processes of production and conservation of thermal energy increase, the metabolism increases, the heat transfer decreases as a result of the reflex narrowing of peripheral vessels. Compensatory mechanisms are serve part of The backup forces of the body. Having high efficiency, they can support relatively stable homeostasis for a long time for the development of stable forms of the adaptation process.
The effectiveness of adaptation depends on the dose of affecting the factor and the individual characteristics of the body. The dose of exposure and portability depends on hereditary (genetic) features of the body, duration and strength (intensity) of the effects of factors. Stress syndrome with excessively strong impacts of the medium can be transformed into the pathogenesis link and cause the development of diseases - from ulcerative to severe cardiovascular and immune.
Hazard analysis
Energoentropian danger concept.
Energoentropian danger concept - This is a combination of ideas about the nature of the danger and the conditions of their implementation.
Daily human activity is potentially dangerous, because associated with the use of various types of energy. Dangers appear as a result of an uncontrolled energy outlet. The emergence of unwanted consequences is a consequence of the appearance and development of the causal chain of the premises. The initiators of this chain, most often, are erroneous actions of a person, besides this, a malfunction in the technique or exposure is not at a distance.
All this does not contradict the fundamental property of entropy (measure of disorder): any system provided by itself seeks to the maximum entropy, i.e. To the maximum disorder. Such a state is equilibrium-stable and the system may be in it how much pleased. Any attempts of a person as a result of their activities streamline the system lead to a decrease in entropy and instability, to a potentially dangerous state.
The energy-improper concept of danger allows you to trace the path of unwanted energy release and this is the basis of building a tree of incidents.
For analysis used graphic image (Count, Tree) of the logically interconnected sequence of failure events of reasons, consequences.
Danger study sequence:
1. Preliminary hazard analysis
a) detection of a source of danger
b) determine the parts of the system that can cause these hazards
c) enter the analysis limit
2. Allocate (formed) a sequence of danger by building a tree of incidents
3. Analysis of the tree of incidents
Health (WHO, installed. 1968) is a state of full physical, mental and social well-being (and not just the absence of a disease).
Currently, an unequivocal opinion on the factors responsible for health formation is not, but according to WHO.
When maintaining the current trend in the development of the world community, after 30-40 years, the health status of Russians up to 70% will depend on the state of the environment.
Currently, 4 million toxic substances acting on the human body were recorded, and their number is increased annually by 6,000. This led to the fact that 80% of diseases are due to the state of the environment, each 4th resident of the planet is sick of allergic diseases, ≈10% Newborn have health deviations. Already, 2.5 thousand diseases localized on the genlin and chronic levels are already known. Already, ≈50% of the European population gene pool is not reproduced in the following generations.
IN lately The social component that affects health, which follows specific diseases: chronic fatigue syndrome, vital apathy, mental disorders.
A comprehensive assessment of human health is the life expectancy and indicators of human biological age.
Professional health - The ability of the human body to preserve the specified compensatory and protective agents that ensure performance in the conditions in which activities flow.
When conducting analyzes various factorsaffecting human health, the priority is attached to the risk factor directly leading to the occurrence of the disease.
Evaluation of the disposability of factors adversely affecting human health is very important when creating technological equipment. These factors can eliminate with the help of engineering and technical solutions, adaptation, including social.
There are some common patterns of the formation of a person's attitude towards active hazards, regardless of what role in the extreme situation it performs. In other words, these processes can be called adaptation to an extreme situation.
The term "adaptation" (lat. Adaptatio - adaptation) is widely used in biological sciences for describing the phenomenon and the mechanisms of adaptive behavior of living beings both in the philo and in ontogenesis. The emphasis here is placed on adaptation to the external conditions of the existence of the body improving its own internal functions. Leading experts who studied adaptation processes with biological positions were K. Bernard, W. Cannon and G. Selre. It was their work that formed the most common position of researchers - homeostatic. This approach allowed A.B. Georgievsky formulate definition of adaptation as "a special form of reflection by the exposure systems of the outer and internal environment, which consists in the trend towards establishing a dynamic equilibrium." Dynamic equilibrium, or homeostasis, is a system that includes two interrelated processes - achieving a stable equilibrium and self-regulation, speaking aims to adapt. Accordingly, adaptation processes are manifested as inertial and adaptive.
In adaptation as the process, two components are made: non-specific (determining changes in the body and independent of the nature of the impact) and specific (determining changes in the body, depending on the specifics of the primary response and determined by the features of the impact on the body). The nonspecific component of adaptation can be attributed to an indicative reaction, a change in the body's energy, facilitating the formation of adaptation programs based on existing. The specific adaptation component includes qualitatively new processes, adequate effects, quantitative and qualitative changes Adaptation reactions, such as blood circulation systems.
Dynamic equilibrium between the medium and the organism can be installed different ways. V.P. Treaschairs allocates two options for adaptive processes: Styersky and Sprinter. The first version of the adaptation strategy is associated with the ability of a person to withstand long loads without significant losses, the second suggests the presence of a large reserve of the body forces mobilizing with a powerful, but short-term incentive. The disadvantage of the first option is the lowest resistance to sudden loads, the second - low acceptability for the body of long loads of even average intensity.
Therefore, following the above concept of adaptation, it can be concluded that the adaptation is the basis of the qualitative stability of a holistic organism. But the external environment tends to change, therefore, more often the organism and environment are in conflict relationships. This mismatch also acts as an adaptation mechanism, because it provides a high readiness of adaptation devices to activities, retains a working tone and prevents harmful passivity results.
Therefore, an important role in adaptive processes is played by the level of personality activity. The level of activity affects the manifestations of the personal resource - the reserve of the various characteristics of the person providing specific forms of adaptation, including extreme situations. It is customary to allocate:
- redundant (elevated) level of activity characterized by affective states (delight, ecstasy, hatred, horror, panic, etc.) and the presence of a distress;
Adequate (optimal) activity level manifested by readiness for activities, tranquility, concentration;
- insufficient (reduced) activity level in which a person is experiencing depression, boredom, fatigue, scattered; Maybe relaxation or grief.
| Characteristic | Level of activity | ||
| inadequate | adequate | excess | |
| Character of adaptation | Incomplete, without sufficient activity | Adaptation is strengthened by activity | Adaptation weakens excessive activity |
| Behavior | Passive (capitulation) | Active organized | Active disorganized |
| Attitude towards a situation dominating motive | Emotional rejection target without adequate cognitive assessment | Consistency of emotional and cognitive estimates, desire to find a way to goal | The emotional component dominates cognitive; Often the purpose of adequate cognitive assessment; The desire to achieve goal immediately |
| Productivity of indicative activity | Absent | there is | there is |
| Productivity of volitional activity | Absent | there is | Absent |
| Energy characteristics of physiological processes | Reducing energy spending or her spending on braking | Adequate, Sustainable Energy Spending | Excessive energy spending |
| The prevailing phase of stress | Phase exhaustion | Phase resistance | Phase mobilization (anxiety) |
| The main characteristic of the state | Apathy | Activation | High voltage |
| Probable outcome | Hypothymia, depressive syndrome | Preservation or increase of psychological sustainability, satisfaction | Asthenia |
In research L.V. Kulikova shows that an adequate level of activity contributes to the adaptation of a person to various difficult situations, whereas with insufficient and excessive activity there are such mental states that violate adaptive equilibrium. So, from table. 3 It can be seen that in sufficient activity, apathy and reducing energy spending are very likely. A person capitulates before circumstances, demonstrating the third stress of stress, which can end up with a decrease in mood, despondency and depressive states.
In the situation of excessive activity there is a state of high voltage against the background of excessive energy spending. A person seeks to solve all the problems immediately without an adequate assessment of the situation, staying at the stage of anxiety. As already noted, this stage is characterized by high voltage, anxiety, which often leads to asthenic reactions.
Most often in such situations, a person is experiencing stress. Initially, the term "stress" (from the English stress - pressure, voltage) was taken from the technique, where he meant the external force attached to the physical object and the tension causing it, i.e. Temporary or constant change in the structure of the object. In some psychophysiological work, psychological stress is still interpreted from the position of technical sciences as an external impact.
One of the first stress researchers in physiology Hans Selre determined stress as the universal reaction of the body to various irritants in their character. This means that positive events (love, success in professional activities, etc.), and negative events (parting with a loved one, the loss of work, etc.) is physiologically expressed at all equally.
As you know, Selman conducted experiments with rats. He exposed these animals to the effects of various factors mentioned later by stressors. As a result, it was concluded that, regardless of the source of stress, the body reacts equally. In rats, a significant increase in adrenal cortex was found, a thymus decrease or atrophy (fork gland), spleen, lymph nodes and other lymphatic structures were almost completely disappeared by eosinophilic cells (a variety of leukocytes), bleeding ulcers appeared in the stomach and duodenalistician. Selre called this phenomenon with a common adaptation syndrome and allocated the following phases of this syndrome: the phase of alarm with the mobilization of the protective forces, the phase of resistance or resistance as an increase in the body's stability to the effects of various stressors and the depletion phase.
The alarm phase is characterized by a decrease in the range of biochemical and physiological parameters (shock), but at the same time the protective hormonal mechanisms (anti-turn) occurs. The brain layer of adrenal glands is abundantly allocated by adrenaline; The hypophysia is thrown by adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), thyreo-trop (TSH) hormones; Then the production and admission to the blood of the hormones of the adrenal cortex - glucocorticoids is enhanced. The body begins to rebuild - the contamination occurs.
In phase resistance functionality The body increases above the source level. Adrenaline, allocated by the adrenal glands, accelerates all the processes occurring in the body. Blood pressure is increasing, pulse is increased and the amount of blood sugar increases. Blood, which began to circulate faster, gives additional energy to the brain and muscles, and a person, becoming "stronger", comes to a state of "combat readiness", which is necessary to reflect the danger. The stressful situation mobilizes and directs the internal forces of the individual, it becomes more energetic than under normal conditions. With a similar reaction, which was called "resistance or flight" and for which an excess of energy is characterized, the body either enters into the fight against the source of stress, or sprinkles.
This stage is considered to be a phase of non-specific stability and cross-resistance. This means, for example, that under the stressor in the form of a physical activity after the transition from the first stage to the second organism, it can more successfully resist a number of infections.
The depletion phase reflects the violation of the mechanisms for the regulation of protective-adaptive mechanisms of the body's struggle with an excessively intense and long-term effects of stressors. Adaptation reserves are significantly reduced. The body's resistance is reduced, due to the consequence of not only functional disorders, but also morphological changes in the body. The stimulus that can "run" the reaction of a stress response, delegate called stressor. To designate a negative, dangerous stress, Selre introduced the concept of "Distress", which is associated with the gradual exhaustion of the body's forces and it is those reactions that he described in rats.
The often missed fact that Selre, unlike technical specialists, considered stress as a body state, and not as an external component of the medium. This explains the fact that many researchers in the application of the term "stress" to indicate harmful external incentives or circumstances.
For the first time, the concept of "stress" was introduced in 1944, when doctors, psychologists and psychiatrists who worked in the US Army were faced with problems of adaptation of military service and mental disordersarising in military actions.
There is no doubt that the stress effect depends on the intensity of the requirements for the adaptive ability of the body. D. and S. Schultsy lead such an example in the book "Psychology and Work": "The results of medical examinations of aviation dispatchers indicate that their physical condition depends on the workloads: an increase in the number of aircraft in the sector, followed by the dispatcher, leads to narrowing coronary vessels and to jump blood pressure. Aviavitchers are three times more often hypertension than their peers who have other specialties. " It would seem that this is a classic example of a detrimental impact of professional stress on health, aircraft owners should more often suffer from heart attacks and strokes, but "according to some medical indicators Aviavatchers even a healthier average American."
R. Lazarus, a serious contribution to the study of the nature of psychological stress, which focused on analyzing individual psychological factors resulting in the development of stress. In his work, this author delimited the concepts of physiological and psychological stress, indicating that, when exposed to physical incentives, for example, ice water, mediated the response of the body, the process is an automatic homeostatic mechanism. In the second case, "fundamental importance is the estimate, during which an individual analyzes the value of the incentive, solving the question of its possible harm," thereby indicating that the individual is one of the sources of variations in reactions itself with its predisposition to stress in a certain way. " .
Domestic psychologist L.A. Kitaev-Smyk explored psychological stress and determined that in the 1st stage - the phase of the alarm - a person has activated adaptation forms of response through mobilization mainly "superficial" reserves, which causes silicon reactions in most people and increases performance. At the phase of resistance, the "Programs" of the restructuring of the reactions existing in unreasonal conditions begin. This stage, according to the Chinese-clock, usually lasts about 11 days, and it is characterized by a decrease in performance. In the phase of depletion, which is ongoing about 20-60 days, this author revealed individual differences in behavioral activity. Part of people demonstrates increased activity associated with the implementation of a philo or ontogenetically formed adaptation reaction program. The nature of the protective actions in this group depends on the subjectively perceived effectiveness of its own actions and is manifested in a strollery emotional response to stressor. It may be joy, satisfaction either anger.
Another group of people responds to the stressors passively, trying to experience the impact of an extreme factor. These people reduce their activity, refusing any activity, and or deny the discomfort, or demonstratively show poor well-being.
The behavioral reactions to the stress depend on the external and internal factors, primarily on the subjective assessment of the danger of the stressor for the integrity of the subject, subjective sensitivity to the stressor and the characteristics of the stressor itself, for example, the duration of action, the proximity of the stressor to extreme points Scale "DANGER - SAFE", etc.
V.P. Marishchuk and V.I. Evdokimov, analyzing the reaction of a person with the usual strength of stress and, when exposed to emergency loads, revealed fundamentally different consequences. Consider rice ..
| Categories of extreme situations | Functional requirements for the body to ensure safety | Physiological and psychophysiological reactions | Degree of threat to safety |
| First category - low hazard | Elevated level of attention, emergency preparedness, volitional efforts to mobilize functional systems | Disacpressive sensations, increased irritability, accelerated development of fatigue and reduced performance | Unconscious activities: can be continued in conservation opportunities to operatively act while increasing the threat |
| The second category is dangerous | There is a serious mobilization of the body's functional resources with increased emotional tensions. | Increased fatigue, rapid decrease in performance | Significant activity: can be continued subject to ensuring reliability (correctness and timeliness) actions to prevent security threat |
| Third category - highly hazardous | Needless high degree Mobilization of the most important functional systems of the body with significant psycho-emotional voltage | Psycho-emotional stress reactions, rapid depletion of adaptive functions of the body, high probability of refusal of activity | Significance: can be continued subject to adoption of increased security measures |
| The fourth category is extremely dangerous | Maximum psycho-emotional mobilization, volitional efforts in terms of danger | Psycho-emotional stress, shock state, high probability of refusal | Emergency activities: a very large threat of man death, activities must be stopped |
Thus, these authors found that with the usual strength of stress at the resistance stage, the human functionality increases the magnitude of the above source level. This stage is customary to be considered as a stage of non-specific sustainability.
This means that under the stressor in the form of physical exertion, for example, after the transition from the stage of anxiety to the stage of resistance, the body can more successfully resist a number of infections.
When exposed to emergency factors, the functional state of a person worsens without reaching the previous source level. As can be seen from the table. 4, after extraordinary loads, a person experiences various psychophysiological disorders and emotional disorders. These violations can manifest as a deterioration in the visual, hearing and tactile perception, attention, memory, mental processes (decrease in thinking criticality, pronounced decisions as "actions on the contrary", a stupor in mental processes). Muscular violations, manifest as a deterioration in the consistency and accuracy of movements, violation of the efforts of effort, a tendency to overdose the loads.
These and other data of the ambiguous nature of psychological stress demanded a deeper study of this phenomenon from psychologists. As a result, it was found that various stressors ambiguously affect a person. The results of some studies are shown in Table. five.
YES. Tyubsing figuratively expressed that: "Stress is similar to the seasoning: in proper proportion It improves the taste of food. If it is too small, food becomes fresh, if too much - you will "capture the throat". " Therefore, in modern psychological literature, the term "psychological stress" is treated much deeper. Stress as a mental state includes emotional, cognitive, motivational-volitional, characteristic and other structural components of the individual.
G. G. Arakelov allocated the following signs of stress: 1) clinical - personal and reactive anxiety, reducing emotional stability;
2) psychological - decrease in self-assessment, the level of social adaptation and frustration tolerance;
3) physiological - the predominance of the tone of the sympathetic nervous system over parasympathetic, the change in hemodynamics;
4) endocrine - improving the activity of sympathetic and adrenal and hypothalamic-pituitary-hypothery systems;
5) Metabolic - an increase in the blood of the transport forms of fat, shift the lipoprotein spectrum towards atherogenic fractions.
Consequently, psychological stress is a reaction not so much on physical properties Situations as on features interaction between personality and the environment. A person constantly appreciates both various external incentives in an extreme situation and their opportunities to cope with them. Therefore, more stress is a derivative of cognitive, i.e. cognitive, processes, adequacy of the assessment of the situation by man, knowledge of their own resources, degree of ownership of management methods and behavioral strategies, their adequate choice. And this explains why, falling into the same extremal situation, one person is experiencing stress, and the other is not.
Adaptation processes begin with a threat assessment. The assessment is an anticipation of man opportunity. hazardous consequences Situations affecting him. Three types of stressful estimates are distinguished: a) the traumatic loss of someone or something that has a great personal significance; b) the threat of exposure requiring a person of great opportunities to counteract what it has; c) the problem, a difficult task in a potentially risky situation. Depending on the evaluation of the degree of threat in an extreme situation, a person reacts in different ways to it.
If a person who estimates the situation is disturbed by the balance of the "Man - Wednesday system" system, i.e. It inadequately assesses the degree of threat, the most typical form of response will be anxiety. An unpreteptled threat is a central anxiety element, which causes its biological significance as a signal of unfavorable and danger. Inability to determine the nature of the threat, to predict the time of its occurrence and other may be related to the lack of or poverty of information, with the inadequacy of its logical processing or non-awareness of the factors causing alarm.
Thus, anxiety is a signal indicating a violation of mental adaptation, characterized by a relatively small bond with the specificity of the extreme condition and aimed primarily on the preservation of the functioning of the body and to a small extent to maintaining the structure of activity. Conscious control of behavioral reactions weakens, the subjective importance of the motives of activity is reduced and in extreme cases there are unconscious behavioral acts of the type of panic.
A person is experiencing anxiety as tensions that externally manifests itself with changes in facial expressions, stiffness of movements, fussiness, or stitching, changes in the intonation features of the voice. Physiological reactions can be tracked in the following indicators: sharp, inadequate pulse, respiration, sharp reduction in the phase of exhalation, blood pressure impairment, abundant sweat, sharp change in the diameter of the pupil, sharp increase in the peristaltics, and diurez.
The increase in the intensity of anxiety leads a person to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe impossibility of avoiding the threat, even if it is associated with a specific object or situation. This phenomenon was investigated on animals and was named V. V. Arshavsky and V. S. Rotenberg "trained helplessness." The experiment was that the animal was subjected to electrical current strikes for some time, from which it was impossible to get rid of. After a number of attempts to find an exit, the animal became passive and not initiative, although vegetative indicators in some cases testified high level Emotional tension. Thus, the pulse and blood pressure ranged with the tendency to zoom, the urine and feces were released more often. After such experiments, the animal was placed in the conditions where it in principle could find a way to avoid punishment by electric shock. However, most experimental animals were incapable of such a search. At the same time, animals that fell into the same conditions, not subjected to current strikes, after several attempts found a way to avoid irritation to the current if such a method was provided for by the experimental conditions.
In other words, experimental animals demonstrated a passive-defensive reaction, which was called the "waiting for disaster", or "trained helplessness". Such a refusal of any activity in extreme conditions reduces the sustainability of a person to stressful factors, since it is impossible to create a program of protective behavior. In this case, more often unconscious mechanisms are included. psychological protection Neurotic nature, which for some time reduce the level of anxiety. The decline occurs due to the fact that the alarm ceases to be unword. For example, a person begins to worry about the state of his health, although there is no objective reasons for this. A bright example here is the study of fire rescuers, participants in the elimination of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl NPP and Fire at the Smolensk GRES, conducted in 1991-1992.
A.B. Leonova, who studied the conditions for the professional activities of firefighters, indicates that "if regular duty in the Chernobia zone usually did not go beyond the staff of full-time situations, and a special processing of fire and rescue brigades had a higher professional training and better equipment individual protection Compared to ordinary firefighters ... The fire at Smolensk GRES was a truly large catastrophe, and the firefighters worked outdoor. " After the end of the work, 90% of firefighters worked in Chernobyl, and 40% of Firefighters from Smolensk complained about their health. A.B. Leonov explains such a big difference in the severity of health problems with the presence in the Chernobyl potential threat from " invisible enemy"- Radiation and low predictability of developments for Chernobysia.
Anxiety does not always interfere with adaptation. The emergence of anxiety binds the strengthening of behavioral activity, the inclusion of intrapsihic adaptation mechanisms. So, it is indicated that the "diversity of subjective and objective characteristics of neuropsychic stress causes the presence of different degrees of severity and various variants of the flow." V. I. Lebedev brings an example of the behavior of the pilots before the first parachute jump: "On the night before the jump, all the" newcomers "sleep was not deep enough. At this stage, they had an increase in blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and other deviations in vegetative functions. The main factor that imposes an imprint on their emotional state was insufficient confidence in the careless action of the parachute and the lack of insurance. I will give a self-surveillance: the day before the jump could not sleep for a long time. At night, I often woke up and finally woke up at five o'clock in the morning. Although I tried not to think about the jump, the thought was constantly returned to the details of unsuccessfully performed jumps and to tragic cases. In my imagination, I reproduced all the details of the upcoming jump, was preparing those techniques that can instantly take advantage of emergency situations in the air. "
Such mental tension mobilizes the possibility of a person, forcing how to lose all possible circumstances of the situation. Individual personality features of a person play great importance in response adequacy, primarily its focus or on active, or on passive-defensive resistance of the situation.
In addition, a specific environment can create conditions or prevent the satisfaction of the human needs. So, R. Lazarus believed that the behavior of a person during stress depends, including from his ideas about the world, about himself and the ability to take responsibility and thus influence the consequences of an extreme situation.
Thus, the main stages of adaptation to extreme situations can be reduced to the three proposed by domestic psychologists Yu.A. Alexandrovsky, O.S. Lobastov, L.I. SPO VAKOM, B.P. Shchukin:
1. Treatment, which includes a sense of threat and anxiety. This phase usually exists in seismic areas and areas where hurricanes, floods, or in areas where danger cannot be sensing, for example, in a zone with increased radiation. Often, the threat is ignored or not realized.
2. The impact phase lasts from the beginning of a natural disaster until rescue work is organized. During this period, fear is dominant emotion. Improving activity, manifestation of self-help and mutual assistance immediately after the completion of the impact is often indicated as the "heroic phase". Panic behavior almost does not occur - it is possible when the paths of salvation are blocked.
3. Phase post-voltage, beginning a few days after a natural disaster or man-made disaster, is characterized by a continuation of rescue work and an assessment of the problems that have arisen. New problems arising in connection with social disorganization, evacuation, separation of families, etc., allow the authors to consider this period by the "second natural disaster".
Another classification of successive phases or stages in the dynamics of the state of people during and after extreme situations is proposed in the work of M.M. Reshetnikova, which describes the events of the consequences of the earthquake in the city of Sitak:
1. Stage of Vital Reactions. This phase consists of a primary and secondary person's reaction to an extreme situation. So, in the above work describes an earthquake in a seta. At first, at the first pushes of the assessment of the strength and duration of underground jog, they were distinguished by inconsistency. Those people who first experienced an earthquake indicated that the unusualness of what was happening they originally noticed only on the behavior of other people. People who experienced the impact of underground jolts earlier, immediately realized the nature of the elements, but could not predict its consequences. Estimates of the duration of the first strongest jokes differed in large variability - from 8-15 to 2-4 minutes. Immediately after the first jolts, everyone who has the opportunity left the premises. Switching to the open area, one of the participants of the event tried to resist our feet, holding the trees and pillars, others instinctively went to the ground. The actions of victims during this period were individual, but were realized in behavioral reactions determined by the instinct of self-preservation. Such reactions are called vital with the phenomenon of a narrowing of consciousness.
Secondary reactions are injured demonstrated when part of their eyes are part of the 9-storey buildings, established after the first jolts, with the inhabitants ran into balconies and terraces. The reaction of the stupor (stupor) lasted a few minutes. Then everyone who could have rushed to save people under the ruins. Hearing moans and screams, most experienced acute emotional shock with mobilization phenomena.
2. "Acute Emotional Shock". It develops after the state of the discharge and lasts from 3 to 5 hours. It is characterized by general mental tension, the limiting mobilization of psycho-physiological reserves, exacerbation of perception and an increase in the rate of thought processes, manifestation of reckless courage (especially during the salvation of loved ones) while reducing the critical assessment of the situation, but maintaining the ability to appropriate activities. In an emotional state, a sense of despair prevails, accompanied by sensations of dizziness and headaches, thirst in the mouth and difficult breathing. Up to 30% of those surveyed at a subjective assessment of the deterioration of the state simultaneously note the increase in performance by 1.5-2 times or more.
All the behavior of people was subordinate to the imperative of the salvation of people. In the first day, the duration of rescue work was up to 18-20 hours. Up to 30% of those who participated in rescue work noted an increase in physical forces. Reshetnikov leads as an example R., who, finding his wife and daughter on the roof of a 9-storey building ( stair spans The lower floors were collapsed), with the help of a rope and metal fence for flower beds, in an hour was able to climb on the roof and save the family.
3. "Psychophysiological demobilization". Duration up to 3 days. For the absolute majority of the inspection of this stage, this stage is associated with the first contacts with those who were injured, with the bodies of the dead, with understanding the scale of the tragedy ("stress awareness"). It is characterized by a sharp deterioration in the well-being and psycho-emotional state with the predominance of a sense of confusion, panic reactions (often - irrational or Clearly remember what they did these days). Most of the respondents complain in this phase on nausea, "severity" in the head, easy sensations From the head of the gastrointestinal tract, decline (even the absence) appetite. By the same period include the first refusals to perform rescue and "calculated" works (especially related to the extraction of bodies of the dead), a significant increase in the number of erroneous actions in managing transport and special equipment, up to the creation of emergencies.
MM The reshetnikov gives examples of the behavior of members of emergency rescue teams, eliminating the consequences of the catastrophes of trains under Ufa. Analyzing the state of rescuers at this stage, the author indicates that the most significant changes were observed in their mental state: 98% said that they experienced fear and horror from the seen, 62% indicated a sense of confusion, weakness in the limbs. In 20% of cases, their own states on arrival at the place of the disaster was regarded by rescuers as pre-perspective. All respondents, describing the well-being after emergency and rescue work, evaluated their condition during the period of work as negative. Thus, all respondents noted numerous somatic complaints that remained and during the rest, in particular, such as dizziness, headache, pain in the area of \u200b\u200bthe stomach, nausea, vomiting, chair disorders. 54% of the surveyed in the following days complained about sleeping, falling asleep, sleepiness day and insomnia at night, intermittent sleep, accompanied by nightmarish dreams, increased irritability and depressed mood.
4. "Resolution Stage". 3-12 days after disaster. According to a subjective assessment, mood and well-being are gradually stabilized. However, according to the results of observations, the absolute majority of the surveyed remains reduced emotional background, the restriction of contacts with the surrounding, hymiform (face mask), a decrease in the intonation color of speech, slow motion. By the end of this period, the desire to "speak out", implemented selectively, directed primarily on persons who were not eyewitnesses of the event, and accompanied by some styling. At the same time, dreams that were absent in the two previous stages, including alarming and nightmarish dreams, in various options reflecting the impressions of tragic events.
Against the background of subjective signs of some improvement in the state, there is an objectively a further decrease in physiological reserves (by type of hyperactivation). The phenomena of overwork increases progressively. Average indicators physical strength and performance (in comparison with regulatory data for this age group) decrease by 30%. On average, the mental health decreases by 30%, signs of the syndrome of the pyramidal intermetrous asymmetry appear.
5. "Stage of Recovery". It starts at about 12 days after the disaster and the most clearly manifests itself in behavioral reactions: interpersonal communication is activated, the emotional color of speech and mimic reactions begins to normalize, for the first time after the disaster, jokes may be marked by an emotional response from others, normal dreams are restored. Given the foreign experience, it is also possible to assume in persons who were in the focus of a natural disaster, the development of various forms of psychosomatic disorders.
Despite serious achievements, the above direction of the study of adaptation offers an analysis outside the context of a particular situation, which led G. Selre, for example, to identify the concepts of "adaptation" and "life." With such an understanding of adaptation, the key, as mentioned above, is the concept of homeostasis, the preservation of which at all levels (biological, mental, social, etc.) is declared as a goal and the value of adaptation. The concept of "homeostasis" assumes the presence of two interrelated processes - achieving sustainable equilibrium and self-regulation. Accordingly, adaptive processes are a device. However, almost all researchers noted the inconsistency of human behavior, as well as other higher organisms, to a purely adaptive nature.
There is another paradigm tradition of studies of adaptation processes, rising psychoanalytic and humanistic psychological orientation. A person as a complex system has a multi-level character of adaptation processes. So, psychoanalysis interprets adaptation as mastering reality through the relationship of man and medium, without sharing biological and social. In the work of H. Hartmann, it is indicated that the adaptation can be called three variants of changes that the individual exercises in its environment. The first change, called more than Z. Freud auto sticker, is characteristic of both a person and an animal. This change is associated with an active and fairly targeted environmental change. The second change is only characteristic of a person and named with alloplastic. Such a change includes two processes: "Human action adapts the environment to human functions, and then the person adapts (secondary) to the environment that it helped create." The third form of adaptation is the choice of a new environment, which is favorable for functioning.
The main regulator of human adaptation is "social compliance" as a "special form of correction of adaptation processes", which is formed under the influence of both biological and social factors that interact and mutually intertwined with each other. So, Hartmann writes: "Is the child's attitude to his mother or child care of the biological process? Do we have the right to exclude adaptation processes from biology? Biological functions and environmental relationships do not represent a sharp contrast to each other. " Depending on the presence or absence of a person formed social compliance, adaptation may be progressive and regressive. Progressive individual adaptation is peculiar to a person whose development coincides with the vector of development of society.
Under the regressive adaptation, Hartmann understands this option as it is expressed, "joint fit", when regulatory mechanisms are formed, which are not specifically adaptive. An example of such a regressive adaptation can be called fantasy, care to the inner world, etc. This author writes: "The world of thought and the world of perception ... are among regulatory factors and are elements of the adaptation process, which is a waste in order to achieve domination of the situation. Perception and imagination orient us with the help of space-time images. Thinking frees us from directly this situation and in its highest form seeks to exclude all images and qualities originating from the inner world. "
A. Oil, a supporter of humanistic-oriented psychology, indicates that adaptive processes are reduced by the developed "conditional reflexes, preliminary learning", i.e., developed stereotypes of behavior. Such learning, called the Oil "Communion", is often an obstacle to the effective functioning of the personality. "A person is undergoing bad smells. Crazy no longer shock it. He gets used to a bad and no longer pays attention to him, does not realize it as bad, harmful, despite the fact that it continues to adversely affect it, affects physical and mental health. " From Position A. Maslow, psychological stress unfolds primarily in the psychological space of the person and is determined by the values \u200b\u200band meanings of each person. This author links stress processes with flexible, creative human behavior, in no way determined by biological factors. Any difficulties arising from a person when interacting with the external environment, peace, have roots inside a person. Maslow writes: "When the war ceases between separate parts Personality, then his relationship with the world will improve. " Therefore, the main acting factor in the adaptation situation is the person who has a function of choice. Therefore, the person himself can determine what stress is for him. If stress is experiencing to them as a need for self-diagnosis and self-knowledge, when new personality development prospects are detected, this process can be called "Eustism", in other words - "positive stress". If stress "includes" the mechanisms of destruction of the personality as a system, blocking the possibilities of self-development and self-realization, then this is a distress, i.e. "Negative" stress.
In domestic psychology, the problem of adaptation was developed in the cultural and historical concept of L.S. Vygotsky. The basic principles of this concept are the principle of the unity of the socio-cultural and biological study of the person's adaptation to the environment as a qualitatively special, specific process, which L.S. Vygotsky calls "Higher Behavi", and the principle of historicism. The special form of the expression of these two principles is the principle of the unity of phylogenetic and ontogenetic research of mental adaptations and the principle of the unity of psychological and pathogenetic research of mental adaptations. Stressing the qualitatively new character of the person's adaptation to the environment, a fundamentally distinguished person from animals and makes a fundamentally impossible simply transferring the law of the "Animal Life" (struggle for existence) to the science of man, L.S. Vygotsky writes: "This new form The devices underlying the entire historical life of humanity will be impossible without new forms of behavior, this basic mechanism of balancing the body with the medium.
In other words, adaptation in this psychological approach is considered as a systemic process, which relies on the analysis of various levels of the "Man - Wednesday" system. You can talk about contradictions that ripen inside the subsystem "Personality" and are a kind of response to both the impact of media factors and the impact of internal factors. It is possible to refer to contradictions in the "External Environment" subsystem, which, on the one hand, prevent adaptive personality processes, on the other, help. Thus, adaptation can be defined as the "open system" for which the state of moving equilibrium, which preserves the constancy of structures only during the continuous exchange and movement of all components of the system.
Therefore, humanistic-oriented psychology considers the behavior and human activity in extreme, stressful situations As including the possibility of self-realization, creativity, i.e. Reorientation with negative and problematic aspects on the positive and strengths of the human person in situations of constant instability.
Plan: 1. general characteristics adaptation. 2. Adaptogenic factors - natural factors. - Social factors 3. Forms of adaptation 4. Phases of development of the adaptation process (stress and general adaptation syndrome) 5. Adaptation mechanisms
Under adaptation, all types of innate and acquired adaptive activities of a person who are provided with certain physiological reactions occurring at the level of cells, organs, systems and the body as a whole are.
Adaptogenic factors Natural Factors Climatic: - Gravity - The composition of the atmosphere - its pressure, temperature, radiation, insolation, - wind, precipitation, humidity, and other biological: - pathogenic viruses, microorganisms, - synthetic and genetically modified products and drinks, - medicines - changes in the inner environment of the body, - no stimuli
Adaptation to natural factors during the evolution of organisms was adapted to the action of a wide range of natural stimuli: a certain barometric pressure and gravity, the level of cosmic and thermal radiation, strictly defined gas composition of the surrounding atmosphere, etc. The effect of natural factors causing the development of adaptation mechanisms is always Complex. Animals have acquired the ability to react in advance to a change of seasons, for example, the winter approximation. According to P. K. Anokhin "Advanced" reactions of adaptations develop due to fixation in the organizational of the surrounding world and the signal value of the external environmental factors.
The adaptation to the natural factors in humans also takes adaptation to the change of seasons, day and night, etc. But the person, besides its physiological reactions, uses various protective equipment of civilization: clothes, housework of houses, etc. It frees the body from the load on some Adaptive systems, but at the same time and reduces the ability to adapt to natural factors (for example, to cold).
Social factors working conditions, bad habits, lack of control over events, lack of purpose in life Group pressure, persecution
Factors associated with human labor activities Expanding the habitat generates all new conditions and impacts for the human body. The person is forced to adapt to noise, change in illumination, weightlessness, restriction of mobility, EMF. Mechanized work reduces efforts, but enhances neuropsychic stress. Nervous tension is associated with increased rates of production processes, as well as with increased requirements for the attention and concentration of a person carrying out management processes.
Escape from an unfavorable stimulus passive subordination to him Active opposition due to the development of specific adaptive reactions
The biological meaning of active adaptation is to establish and maintain homeostasis, allowing to exist in a modified external environment. As soon as environment Changes, or any essential components change, the body is forced to change some constants of their functions.
You can imagine adaptation as a long chain of reactions of various systems, of which one must modify their activities, while others regulate these modifications. Since the basis of life is the exchange of substances that are inextricably related to energy processes, adaptation should be implemented through an adaptive change in metabolism and maintaining such a level that best meets new modified conditions.
The process of adaptation of metabolism to the changed conditions of existence is relatively inert. He is preceded by changes in the "service" systems of the body. These include blood circulation and breathing. These functions are first included in the reaction caused by the action of external factors.
Motor activity changes serve as an essential adaptation link. The motor system, on the one hand, is based on metabolism, on the other, it controls them in the interests of adaptation. A special role in the adaptive process belongs - nervous system- glands of internal secretion, their hormones.
The hormones of the pituitary gland and the brain layer and the adrenal cortex cause - initial motor reactions and at the same time changes in blood circulation, respiration, etc. Changes in the activities of these systems are the first reaction to any strong irritation and prevent stable geometase shifts.
At the initial stages of influence on the body of the changed conditions, the intensification of the activities of all organ systems are noted. This ensures the existence of an organism in new conditions, but it is energy unprofitable, uneconomical and only prepares the soil for another, more resistant and reliable tissue mechanism for the restructuring of service systems, which, functioning in new conditions, is gradually returned to the normal initial level of activity.
Phases of the development of the adaptation process First "Emergency" phase: Endocrine System VNS Activation of sympatho-studary Howl Systems visceral service systems (blood circulation, breathing) Strengthening catabolism Muscular apparatus Tissue and, Moreover, molecular processes in the cells and membranes of the body in this phase are not sent to this phase
2 phase - sustainable adaptation (resistance) is characterized by a new level of activity of tissue, cellular and membrane elements rebuilt due to the temporary activation of auxiliary systems. Auxiliary systems can practically function at the initial level, while fabric processes are activated, providing a new level of homeostasis, adequate to new conditions.
2 phase The main features of this phase are: - Mobilization of energy resources; - increased synthesis of structural and enzymatic proteins; - Mobilization of the immune system. In the same time, the same type of changes are observed, regardless of the current stimulus, therefore it was named by a common adaptation syndrome. It acquires nonspecific and specific stability.
The price of adaptation Despite the cost-effectiveness - turning off the "extra" reactions and energy costs - the switching of the organism's reactivity to a new level is not given to the organism for the gift, and flows with a certain voltage of control systems. This voltage is customary to call the adaptation price.
3 Phase - exhaustion Since the phase of the adaptation is associated with a constant voltage of control mechanisms, the restructuring of nervous and humoral ratios, the formation of new functional systems, then, in the case when the price of adaptation exceeds the functional reserves of the body, they can be exhausted. There is a breakdown of adaptation (disadaptation). In the course of the development of adaptive processes, hormonal mechanisms play an important role, so they are the most depleted link.
Adaptation mechanisms 1. 2. The occurrence of an indicative reaction and generalized arousal in the central nervous system. Excitation of the sympathetic department of VNS and the formation of the 1st (emergency) phase of adaptation. This is accompanied by an increase in afferent synthesis, targeted protective reactions and a change in hormonal background (activated Aktg-glucocorticoid system). As a result: - - - the synthesis of proteins and enzymes is enhanced. Energy and plasticizing the body improves. Immunity increases. If the action is briefly, the emergency phase does not go into adaptation.
With a long or repeated action of a fairly intensive factor, the effects are summed up, "structural traces" are formed. Transition develops and then stable adaptation. It is associated with the voltage of control mechanisms, - the restructuring of nervous and humoral relations, - the formation of new functional systems. The exhaustion of control mechanisms, on the one hand, and cellular mechanisms associated with increased energy costs - on the other hand, leads to disadaptation.
When studying changes occurring in the body under the influence of a set of environmental (natural and anthropotechnogenic) factors, the term "adaptation" is used. Adaptation understands all types of innate and acquired adaptive activities, which are provided by physiological reactions occurring in a cellular, organic, systemic and organisal levels. This chapter discusses approaches to the study of adaptation, evolution and form of adaptation, theory of adaptation, adaptogenic factors, adaptation mechanisms.
Approaches to the study of adaptation
When studying adaptation, systemic and individual approaches are used.
Systems approach the adaptation (Fig. 2-1) implies the need to study adaptation and as a process, and as a system of a system for which a moving equilibrium, which maintains constant structures only with the continuous movement of all components of the system. As a result, balancing with the medium occurs due to the acquisition of new system quality.
Fig. 2-1.Systemic nature of adaptation changes
Individual approach the person's adaptation can be characterized as a set of socio-biological properties and features necessary for the sustainable existence of an individual in a particular environmental habitat. In other words, for all organism, there is an optimal endogenous (internal) and exogenous (external) environmental medium, and the habitat is not only with the optimal characteristics of physical conditions, but also with specific production and social conditions. On both sides of the optimum, labor and biological activity is gradually decreasing, until finally, the conditions will not be such in which the body will not be able to exist at all.
Evolution and adaptation form
Adaptation is closely related to the evolution of organisms and resistantly adapted are those that have adapted to the changed conditions, breeding and give in a new habitat. There are two fundamentally different forms of adaptation: genotypic and phenotypic.
Genotypical adaptation, as a result of which, on the basis of heredity, mutations and natural selection, modern types of animals were formed.
Phenotypic adaptation is formed in the process of interaction between a particular body with its surrounding habitat.
Structural adaptation traces have important biological significance, as they protect a person from the upcoming meetings with non-decker and hazardous factors of the medium. At the same time, the results of phenotypic adaptation are not inherited, which should be considered profitable for conservation of the form, since the next generation is adapted to a wide range of sometimes completely new factors requiring the production of new specialized reactions.
Types of adaptive behavior. There are three types of adaptive behavior of living organisms in response to the action of an unfavorable stimulus: escape from an unfavorable stimulus, passive submission to the irritant or active opposition due to the development of specific adaptive reactions.
Homeostasis and homeokinesis. The life support system of the body, along with the mechanisms for maintaining the equilibrium of the internal environment
(homeostasis), represented by genetic development programs, the implementation of which is impossible without constant changes in this inner medium (homeokinesis), implemented by means of diverse adaptive processes (reactions, mechanisms, responses, etc.). It is on maintaining genetic development programs that are the leading driving force in a living organism, the activities of the reproductive, energy and adaptive homeostate systems are directed (Fig. 2-2). The optimal functioning of systems providing three leading homeostate is implemented through intermediary systems (blood circulation, breathing, blood) and regulatory mechanisms of vegetative and endocrine systems.
Fig. 2-2.Ensuring the activities of the main homeostatic systems
In other words, under adaptation understand all types of war and acquired adaptive activities, which are provided by certain physiological reactions occurring in a cellular, organ, systemic and organiser levels. This universal definition of adaptation reflects the need to respect in the living world of the fundamental law of biology formulated by another Claude Bernar - the law of constancy of the inner medium.
Adaptation theories
When forming an adaptive homeostate, physiological processes are expanded in stages. For example, V.P. Treasurers The process of adaptation when moving is subdivided into consistently occurring phases: initial, stabilization, transitional and exhaustion.
The 1st phase is the initial - characterized by the destabilization of the functions of the body. It can provide adaptation to the action of inadequate factors only for a short period of time, duration, as a rule, not more than one year. In some cases, the decreases of destabilization characteristic of the first phase of adaptation remain for many years, which, in particular, serves as one of the reasons for the return of migrants to the previous place of residence.
The 2nd phase - stabilization - continues from 1 year to 4 years. During this period, the synchronization of all homeostatic processes is observed, accompanied by not only the functional, but also the structural restructuring of the biosystem.
The 3rd phase is transitional, duration from 4 to 5-10 years. At this time, most immigrants have stabilization of somatic and vegetative functions.
The 4th phase - exhaustion is possible with long-term accommodation in the north, is a consequence of overvoltage in the homoeostatic systems of the body in the insufficiency of genetically programmed mechanisms of long-term adaptation to disturbing habitat factors.
In generalized form, the physiological processes under consideration at the organizational level are contained in the experimentally reasonable theory of "general adaptation syndrome", or stress reaction (Hans Selre, 1936).
Stress- Complex of non-specific reactions of the body in response to the effect of strong or supercrimal stimuli.
Stress in classical interpretation takes place in three stages (Fig. 2-3), or phases, namely "alarms", transitional, sustainable adaptation.
The first phase - "anxiety" - develops at the very beginning of the action of both physiological and pathogenic factor or changed conditions of the external environment. At the same time, visceral systems (blood circulation, respiration) react, the reactions of which control the CNS with the widespread involvement of hormone factors (in particular, the brainstorm hormones of adrenal glands - glucocorticoids and catecholamines), which in turn is accompanied by an increased tone of the sympathetic vehochetical nervous system.
Fig. 2-3.Stress phases in Selre
Transition phase. A phase is often isolated transition to stable adaptation. It is characterized by a decrease in the total excitability of the CNS, the formation of functional systems that ensure the management of adaptation to the new conditions. During this phase, the adaptive reactions of the body gradually switch to a deeper tissue level.
Phase sustainable adaptation, or resistance. New coordination relations are formed, targeted protective reactions are carried out. The pituitary-adrenal system is connected, the structures are mobilized, as a result of which the tissue is obtained by increased energy and plasticizing. This stage is actually an adaptation - adaptation - and is characterized by a new level of activity of tissue, cellular, membrane elements, rebuilt due to the time activation of auxiliary systems, which can function almost in the original mode, while tissue processes are activated, providing homeostasis, adequate to new conditions existence.
Despite the cost-effectiveness - turning off the "extra" reactions, and therefore, and excessive energy costs, the switching of the organism's reactivity to the new level is carried out at a certain voltage of control systems. It's a voltage
nite called the "Adaptation price". Since this stage is associated with the constant voltage of regulatory mechanisms, the restructuring of the ratios of nerve and humoral mechanisms, the formation of new functional systems, then these processes in the overall intensity of stress factors can cause the development of the depletion stage.
Adaptogenic factors
Selre called the factors, the impact of which leads to adaptation, stress factors. The other name is extreme factors. Extremes may not only have certain impacts on the body, but also changed conditions of existence in general (for example, the movement of a person from the south to the extreme north, etc.). In relation to person, adaptogenic factors can be natural and social, related to labor activity.
Natural factors. During the evolutionary development, living organisms adapted to the action of a wide range of natural irritants. The effect of natural factors causing the development of adaptation mechanisms is always integrated, so we can talk about the action of a group of factors of one or another nature. For example, all living organisms during evolution first of all adapted to earthly conditions of existence: a certain barometric pressure and gravity, the level of cosmic and thermal radiation, strictly defined gas composition of the surrounding atmosphere, etc.
Social factors. In addition to the fact that the human body is subject to the same natural influences as the organism of animals, the social conditions of human living, the factors associated with his labor activity spawned the specific factors to which it is necessary to adapt. Their number is growing with the development of civilization. So, with the expansion of the habitat, the condition and impact for the human body appear. For example, space flights bring new complexes of exposure. These include weightlessness - the state is absolutely inadequate for any organism. The weightlessness is combined with hypokinesia, a change in the daily lifestyle, etc.
Adaptation mechanisms
Adaptation begins to develop against the background of a generalized indicative reaction, activation of a non-specific, as well as a specific response to the causal factor. Subsequently, temporary and functional systems are formed, providing the body or "care" from the active emergency agent, or overcoming pathogenic effects, or the optimal level of life, despite the continued influence of this agent, i.e. Actually adaptation.
Emergency phase adaptation (Anxiety) is to mobilize compensatory, protective and adaptive mechanisms. This is manifested by triad natural changes - activation, hyperfunctions, mobilization.
Activation of the "research" behavioral activity of an individual aimed at obtaining a maximum of information on the emergency factor and the possible consequences of its action.
Hyperfunction of many organism systems, but mainly those that directly (specifically) provide adaptation to this factor. These systems (physiological and functional) are called dominant.
Mobilization of organs and physiological systems (cardiovascular, respiratory, blood, immunobiological supervision systems, metabolism, etc.), which react to the impact of any emergency factor for this body.
The development of the emergency phase of adaptation lies several interrelated mechanisms, the launch of which is carried out as a result of activation under the action of an emergency factor of the vegetative nervous (sympathetic department) and endocrine systems and as a result - a significant increase in blood and other liquids of the organism of the so-called stress, activating function and catabolic Processes of hormones and neurotransmitters - adrenaline, norepinephrine, glucagon, gluco- and mineralocorticoids, thyroid hormones.
The biological meaning of reactions developing in the emergency phase of adaptation (despite their nonspecification, imperfection, high energy and substrate "cost") is to create the conditions necessary in order to
the body "lasted" to the stage of forming its sustainable adaptation (resistance) to the action of an extreme factor.
Transitional phase adaptation it is characterized by a decrease in the excitability of the CNS, the formation of functional systems that ensure the management of adaptation to new conditions. The intensity of hormonal shifts is reduced, a number of systems and organs are gradually turned off, originally involved in the reaction. During this phase, adaptive reactions of the body gradually switch to a deeper - tissue level. The hormonal background is modified, the hormones of the adrenal cortex hormones are strengthened - "adaptation hormones".
Stage Sustainable, or Long-term Adaptation the body to the action of the emergency factor is implemented as follows. Occur:
The formation of the state of the specific stability of the body as a specific agent that caused adaptation, so often to other factors - cross-adaptation;
Increasing the capacity and reliability of the functions of organs and the dominant physiological systems that provide adaptation to a certain factor. In such systems, there is an increase in the number and / or mass of structural elements (i.e. hypertrophy and hyperplasia), glasses of internal secretion, effector tissues and organs.
A complex of such changes is referred to as a structural trail of the adaptation process. The signs of the stress reaction are eliminated, an effective adaptation of the organism is formed to the emergency factor, which caused the adaptation process. As a result, reliable and stable adaptation of the body to the changing socio-biological conditions of the medium is formed. Processes are being implemented both in advanced and included additionally. The latter relates reactions that provide preferential energy and plasticizing the cells of dominant systems. This is combined with the limitation of the supply of oxygen and substrates of metabolism of other organism systems and is carried out due to the reactions of two categories:
Redistribution of blood flow - increase it in tissues and organs of dominant systems due to reduction in others;
Activation of the genetic apparatus for long-term hyperfunctional cells and subsequent hypertrophy and hyperplasia of subcellular structural elements with simultaneous braking of gene expression in the cells of undermining systems and organs (for example, digestion, muscular system, kidneys, etc.).
Disadaptation.In most cases, the adaptation process is completed by the formation of the long-term stability of the body to the emergency factor acting on it. And at the same time, the phase of the resistant adaptation is associated with the constant voltage of the control and executive structures, which can lead to their exhaustion. The depletion of control mechanisms, on the one hand, and cellular mechanisms associated with increased energy costs, on the other hand, leads to disadaptation.
Unfinished adaptation it occurs when the body's functional reserves is exhausted and includes the control centralization and an increase in the reactivity of vegetative regulation mechanisms. The state of incomplete adaptation is characteristic of not only a significant part of persons living in extreme climatotogeographic conditions, an expedition-watch worker, but also a part of the population of metropolis of the average climatic strip, the environmental situation in which is unfavorable.
Questions for self-control
1. Give the definition definition.
2. What do you know adaptation forms?
3. What is the essence of an individual approach to adaptation?
4. What are theories of adaptation exist?
5. Name the phases of the total adaptation syndrome.
6. What are you knowing adaptogenic factors?
7. What is unfinished adaptation?
