What is the name of foreign words in Russian. Foreign words in Russian vocabulary

The adopted words are in absolutely every language of the world. They come with any interaction of countries. This article will help you understand what loan words are and how to distinguish them.

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Dictionary of loan words

Borrowed words in Russian appear in relations with representatives of other countries, nationalities, in a similar way speech is supplemented and improved. Borrowed vocabulary appears when an important concept is missing.

Borrowing words from other languages ​​significantly complements the speech, where they are included, make people closer to each other, it becomes easier to understand foreigners who use international terms in speech.

The dictionary of loan words contains borrowed words that came to Russian at different time intervals. Meaning they are revealed very fully, the etymology is explained. Find necessary word you can use the first letter, as in a regular glossary.

Words borrowed from other languages

Foreign words that have come through adoption behave differently. Some take root, enter into speech, changing according to all the rules of the Russian dialect (for example, a sandwich), while others do not change, they are used in their original state (a bright example of the word sushi).

Borrowed words are divided into Slavic and non-Slavic... For example, Slavic dialects - Czech, Ukrainian, Old Church Slavonic, Polish, etc. Non-Slavic - Finno-Ugric, Germanic, Scandinavian, Turkic, etc.

List of foreign words in Russian

Most borrowed words are simply forced to change according to all the rules of the Russian dialect: phonetically, semantically and morphologically. But over time, such terms are so firmly included in everyday life that most simply cease to be regarded as alien. For example, the words "School", "sugar", "activist", "bathhouse", "artel" and others were originally introduced into Russian from other dialects, only now they are taken for Russian.

Attention! Borrowed from others adverbs of a word can change dramatically: some change only the endings, others can change the gender, and still others change even their meaning.

Consider the words conservatory, conservative, canned food.

At first glance, their meanings are completely different, even these three expressions came from completely different countries, but they have something in common, something that even at first glance catches the eye - they are similar in spelling.

This can be explained very simply. They came to our dialect from Italian, French and Latin. And in them, for its part, came one term from Latin, meaning "to preserve."

Important! To correctly determine the lexical meaning of any word, you need to find out where it was brought from.

If you are not sure whether an expression came from other languages ​​or is originally Russian, dictionaries come to the rescue, where not only the meaning, but also the origin is explained.

For clarity, below are examples of loan words in Russian:

Foreign words

You can often hear the phrase a foreign language word. What are foreign words what are they like?

Foreign words are borrowed terms from other dialects. The introduction of borrowed words occurs in two ways: through conversation and through literature. This is a natural process in the interaction of two different languages and cultures.

There are a number of differences that can be used to establish how native Russian words differ from borrowed ones.

The first sign is phonetic:

1. Starts with the letter a. It is easy to distinguish them, since it is extremely rare for true Russian expressions to begin with the letter a. They start with but only interjections, imitation of sounds and their derivatives.
2. Primordially Russian words do not have the letter e at the root, this is typical of the adopted terms. Exceptions -, interjections and derived from the adopted words.
3. Letter F. Exceptions are imitation of sounds, interjections, the word owl.
4. Several vowels at the root of a word indicate borrowed words in Russian.
5. Consonant combinations"Kg", "cd", "gb" and "kz" in the roots of words.
6. Combinations of "ge", "ke" and "he" at the root. Primordially Russian words have these combinations only in the base-ending conjunction.
7. Combinations of "vu", "mu", "kyu" and "bu" at the root.
8. Doubled consonants at the root.
9. Hard consonant sound before the e vowel, read like e.
10. The words, starting with the letter e.

The second feature is morphological:

1. Nouns that do not inflect.
2. The immutability of the gender and number of nouns.

The third sign is derivational:

1. Foreign prefixes.
2. Foreign suffixes.
3. Roots such as aqua, geo, marine, grapho, etc.

Summing up, it should be noted that native Russian and borrowed words easy to discern just by paying attention to the above signs.

Borrowed vocabulary

What is borrowed really? These are expressions that have entered into speech from other languages ​​due to external (political, commercial, general cultural ties, definitions of concepts, objects) and internal (the law of saving verbal means, enrichment of language, a popular term) reasons.

Consider examples of loan words and their meaning.

Examples of English words

List of foreign words in Russian you can go on and on. Finding out from which language came word to speech, you can trace how the interaction between countries took place.

Examples of native Russian and borrowed words in the science of lexicology are strictly distributed by origin.

There are many glossaries explaining what foreign language terms are. They explain from which language this or that expression came. It also contains sentences with borrowed words from all ages. Over the course of a long time, many expressions began to be perceived as primordially Russian.

Now the most famous dictionary is the School Dictionary of Foreign Words by V.V. Ivanova. It describes from which language which word came from, what it means, examples of use. This is one of the most comprehensive glossaries covering the most basic concepts of the most commonly used terms.

Examples of loan words

Are loan words needed

Output

Find out which language this or that word came quite simply by understanding its original meaning. The dictionary gives whole list expressions, while it is constantly updated. The history of the terms and their origin can tell a lot, you just have to find a word in the glossary.

One of the sections of vocabulary is etymology, which studies the origin of a word against the background of changes in the entire vocabulary of the language. Primordially Russian and are viewed precisely from the standpoint of etymology. These are the two layers into which the entire vocabulary Russian language, in terms of origin. This section of the vocabulary gives an answer to the question of how the word came about, what it means, where and when it was borrowed, and what changes it has undergone.

Russian vocabulary

All words that exist in the language are called vocabulary. With their help, we name various objects, phenomena, actions, signs, numbers, etc.

The vocabulary is explained by the entry into the system, which led to the presence of their common origin and development. Russian vocabulary is rooted in the past of the Slavic tribes and has developed along with the people over the centuries. This is the so-called primordial vocabulary that has existed for a long time.

Also in the vocabulary there is a second layer: these are words that came to us from other languages ​​due to the emergence of historical ties.

Thus, if we consider the vocabulary from the standpoint of origin, then we can distinguish the words originally Russian and borrowed. both groups are represented in the language in large numbers.

The origin of Russian words

The vocabulary of the Russian language has more than 150,000 words. Let's see what words are called primordially Russian.

The native Russian vocabulary has several tiers:

Borrowing process

In our language, primordially Russian and borrowed words coexist. This is due to the historical development of the country.

As a people, Russians from ancient times entered the cultural, economic, political, military, trade links with other countries and states. This quite naturally led to the fact that the words of those peoples with whom we cooperated appeared in our language. Otherwise it was impossible to understand each other.

Over time, these linguistic borrowings became Russified, entered the group, and we have already ceased to perceive them as foreign. Everyone knows such words as "sugar", "bathhouse", "activist", "artel", "school" and many others.

The words originally Russian and borrowed, examples of which are given above, have long and firmly entered our use and help to build our speech.

Foreign words in Russian

Once in our language, foreign words are forced to change. The nature of their changes affects different sides: phonetics, morphology, semantics. Borrowing is subject to our laws and regulations. Such words undergo changes in endings, in suffixes, gender changes. For example, the word "parliament" is masculine in our country, but in German, where it came from, it is neuter.

The very meaning of the word may change. So, the word "painter" in our country means a worker, and in German it means "painter".

The semantics are changing. For example, the borrowed words "canned", "conservatory" and "conservatory" came to us from different languages ​​and have nothing in common. But in their native language, French, Latin and Italian, respectively, they came from Latin and have the meaning of "preserve."

Thus, it is important to know from which languages ​​the words are borrowed. This will help to correctly determine their lexical meaning.

In addition, it is sometimes difficult to recognize native Russian and borrowed words in the mass of vocabulary that we use every day. For this purpose, there are dictionaries that explain the meaning and origin of each word.

Classification of loan words

Two groups of loan words are distinguished according to a specific type:

• those who came from the Slavic language;
• taken from non-Slavic languages.

In the first group, a large mass is made up of Old Slavicisms - words that have been in church books since the 9th century. And now such words as "cross", "universe", "power", "virtue" and others are widely spread. Many Old Slavicisms have Russian counterparts ("Lanits" - "cheeks", "mouth" - "lips", etc. ) Phonetic ("gate" - "gate"), morphological ("grace", "benefactor"), semantic ("gold" - "gold") Old Slavicisms are distinguished.

The second group is made up of borrowings from other languages, including:

• Latin (in the field of science, politics of public life - "school", "republic", "corporation");
• Greek (everyday - "bed", "dish", terms - "synonym", "vocabulary");
• Western European (military - "headquarters", "cadet", from the field of art - "easel", "landscape", nautical terms - "boat", "shipyard" "schooner", musical terms - "aria", "libretto");
• Turkic (in culture and trade "pearls", "caravan", "iron");
• Scandinavian (everyday - "anchor", "whip") words.

Dictionary of foreign words

Lexicology is a very precise science. Everything is clearly structured here. All words are divided into groups, depending on the basis underlying them.

Originally Russian and borrowed words are divided into two groups on the basis of etymology, that is, origin.

There are various vocabularies that meet specific purposes. So, you can call a dictionary of foreign words, which contains examples of foreign languages ​​that have come to us over many centuries. Many of these words are now perceived by us as Russian. The dictionary explains the meaning and indicates where the word came from.

Dictionaries of foreign words in our country have a whole history. The first was created at the beginning of the eighteenth century, it was handwritten. At the same time, a three-volume dictionary was published, the author of which was N.M. Yanovsky. In the twentieth century appeared whole line foreign dictionaries.

Among the most famous can be called the "School Dictionary of Foreign Words" edited by In the dictionary entry, information about the origin of a word is called, an interpretation of its meaning, examples of use, stable expressions with it are given.

Language is the most versatile means of communication that reacts in a mobile manner to changes in the needs of society. Every day one or several new words appear, which are the result of simplification or merging of existing ones, but the largest number of verbal novelties come from abroad. So, foreign words in Russian: why do they arise and what are they?

Primordially Russian vocabulary

The Russian language has evolved over many centuries, resulting in three stages in the genesis of the original Russian words.

Indo-European vocabulary originated in the Neolithic era and was based on the basic concepts of kinship (mother, daughter), household items (hammer), food (meat, fish), the names of animals (bull, deer) and the elements (fire, water).

The main words were absorbed by the Russian language and are considered part of it.

The Proto-Slavic vocabulary, which was of high relevance at the border of the 6th-7th centuries, had a great influence on Russian speech. and spread to the territory of Eastern and Central Europe, as well as the Balkans.

In this group, words arose related to flora(tree, grass, root), names of crops and plants (wheat, carrots, beets), tools and raw materials (hoe, cloth, stone, iron), birds (goose, nightingale), as well as food (cheese, milk, kvass).

Modern words of the primordial Russian vocabulary arose in the period from the 8th to the 17th century. and belonged to the East Slavic language branch. Mass fraction of them expressed action (run, lie, multiply, lay), the names of abstract concepts appeared (freedom, result, experience, fate, thought), words appeared corresponding to everyday objects (wallpaper, carpet, book) and names national dishes(cabbage rolls, cabbage soup).

Some words have taken root so firmly in Russian speech that they will not need to be replaced soon, while others have been brazenly ousted by more consonant synonyms from the near abroad. So "humanity" turned into "humanity", "appearance" was transformed into "image", and "competition" was called "duel".

The problem of borrowing foreign words

Since ancient times, the Russian people had trade, cultural and political relations with speakers of other languages, so it was almost impossible to avoid mixing vocabulary.

New words were introduced into Russian speech both from neighboring states and from distant republics.

In fact, words of foreign origin are so often and for a long time present in our speech that we are already used to them and absolutely do not perceive them as something alien.

Here are some examples of well-established foreign words:

• China: tea.
• Mongolia: hero, shortcut, darkness.
• Japan: karate, karaoke, tsunami.
• Holland: orange, jacket, hatch, yacht, sprats.
• Poland: donut, market, fair.
• Czech Republic: tights, pistol, robot.

Official statistics say that only 10% words in Russian are borrowed. But if you listen closely to the spoken language of the younger generation, we can conclude that the contamination of the Russian language with foreign words has a more global scale.

We go to lunch at a fast food place and order a burger and milk shake. Having found free wi-fi, we will not miss the opportunity to visit Facebook to put a couple of likes under the best friend's photo.

Borrowing foreign words: the main reasons

Why are we so attracted to vocabulary from neighboring states?

Greece

Now let's look at the geography of borrowing.

The most generous country that has lent the Russian language part of its vocabulary is Greece. She gave us the names of almost all known sciences (geometry, astrology, geography, biology). Besides, Greek origin have many words related to the field of education (alphabet, spelling, Olympiad, department, phonetics, library).

Some foreign words in Russian have abstract meanings (victory, triumph, chaos, charisma), others characterize quite tangible objects (theater, cucumber, ship).

Thanks to the ancient Greek vocabulary, we learned how sympathy is expressed, got a taste of style and were able to capture vivid events in photographs.
It is interesting that the meaning of some words passed into the Russian language without change, while others acquired new meanings (economy - home economics, tragedy - goat song).

Italy

Do you think many words in Russian come from The Apennine Peninsula? Surely, apart from the famous greeting "chao", nothing will be immediately remembered. It turns out that Italian foreign words in Russian are present in sufficient quantities.

For example, an identity document was first called a passport in Italy, and only then this word was borrowed in many languages, including Russian.

Everyone knows the tricks of the Sicilian clans, so the origin of the word "mafia" is beyond doubt. Likewise, the "carnival" has taken root in many languages ​​thanks to the bright costumed show in Venice. But the Italian roots of "vermicelli" surprised: in the Apennines vermicelli is translated as "worms".

V recent times it has become fashionable to use the term “paparazzi” for the press. But in direct translation, these are not journalists at all, as one might think, but "annoying mosquitoes."

France

But France gave Russian speech a lot of "tasty" words: roasted nuts, jelly, croissant, canapes, creme brulee, omelette, mashed potatoes, stews, soup, soufflé, eclair, cutlet and sauce. Of course, along with the names of the French chefs, cooking recipes were also borrowed, many of which were to the taste of Russian gourmets.

A few more extensive borrowing industries are literature, film, and the entertainment industry: artist, ballet, billiards, magazine, verse, play, purse, repertoire, restaurant, and plot.

The French also became the inventors of seductive details. women's clothing(panties and peignoir), taught the world the rules of social behavior (etiquette) and the art of beauty (makeup, cream, perfumery).

Germany

German vocabulary is so different from Russian that it is difficult to imagine what words could take root in it. It turns out that there are a lot of them.

For example, we often use german word"Route", which denotes a pre-selected path. Or "scale" - the ratio of sizes on the map and on the ground. And "font" in Russian is the designation of the signs of the letter.

The names of some professions: hairdresser, accountant, locksmith.

The food industry also did not do without borrowing: sandwich, dumplings, waffles and muesli, it turns out, also have German roots.

Also, the Russian language has absorbed several fashion accessories into its vocabulary: for women - "shoes" and "bra", for men - "tie", children - "backpack". By the way, an intelligent child is often called a "prodigy" - this is also a German concept.

Foreign words in Russian they feel quite comfortable, they even settled in our house in the form of a chair, a bathroom and a tile.

England

The largest number borrowed words originally from Foggy Albion. Since English is an international language, and many know it at a fairly decent level, it is not surprising that many words migrated into Russian speech and began to be perceived as native.

Foreign words in Russian are almost ubiquitous, but the most popular areas of their application are:

• business (PR, Office Manager, copywriter, broker, holding);
• sports (goalkeeper, boxing, football, penalty, time-out, foul);
• computer technology (blog, offline, login, spam, traffic, hacker, hosting, gadget);
• entertainment industry (talk show, casting, soundtrack, hit).

Very often, English words are used as youth slang, which is most influenced by fashion (baby, boyfriend, loser, teenager, respect, make-up, freak).

Some words have become so popular in the world that they have acquired a common noun (jeans, show, weekend).

The number of foreign words in everyday speech is increasing exponentially from year to year. It is frustrating that equivalent words at the same time exist in the Russian language and are used less and less. The situation is aggravated thanks to the mass media, as well as the policy pursued by the ministries and departments of Russia in this direction. Increasingly, on TV screens, we hear newly introduced words from the predominantly Germanic group of languages ​​(mainly English), such as " manager", "campus", "shopping", "creativity", "digger"and other similar words. It is worth noting that presidents, prime ministers and other high-ranking officials set a bad example in the use of the aforementioned words.

Below is a list of foreign words with their equivalent meanings in Russian. The list is formed in alphabetical order... If there are any additions or want to discuss this article, you can leave your messages in a specially created topic on our forum.

About the list

The Russian language is deliberately littered, and the common people forgets that there are words of the same meaning in their native language. Therefore, the question "Where is this rich and powerful Russian language?" Comes to mind. We began to forget about the formation of words in our language. Where did this wealth come from in our language? This and other similar questions can be devoted to separate articles.

In some countries, special institutions are being created at the government level to preserve the primordial nature of the native language. For example, the population in France is very attentive and attentive to the language of their everyday communication. At the same time, it is interesting that the inhabitants of the country, first of all, are concerned not with the effect obtained in response to the linguistic policy of official Paris, but with the problem of a possible gradual simplification of French, and, as a consequence, the impoverishment and degradation of its potential. On December 1, 1975, French President Valerie Giscard d'Estein signed a law to protect the French language from the invasion of English and any other language, and therefore foreign culture. Similar measures should be taken in Russia as well.

The purpose of this article is to write equivalent Russian words to English, German and others that have taken root in our everyday use, as well as to mark with references to misuse of words by celebrities and high-ranking officials.

The following words are widely used by the media in Russia and in speeches famous people at a time when there are primordially Russian meanings. If there are no such words or expressions in the list, then everyone can add them to this list by pre-registering in Wikisource.

A

• Authoritative - significant
• Alphabet - (came from Greek- ἀλφάβητος). The original word " alphabet"also has a place to be meaning" glagolitic".
• Emphasis - Equivalent emphasis.
• Emphasize - Pay attention.
• Analogy, Analog, Similar - (in English and French"analogue"). Has an equivalent meaning in Russian " similarity"or as an adjective" like" or " same".
• Abstract - (in English language"annotation"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " content".
• Aristocracy (from the Greek language - αριστοκρατία). Equivalent word in Russian " know".

D

AND

TO

L

• Legitimate - (from English "legitimate") - primordially Russian equivalent meaning - " law".

M

• Market - (from English "market"). Equivalent value " market".
• Manager is the most frequently used word, from English it means " manager" / "manager" or " supervisor". Often used in phrases office manager - from English means" Secretary".
• Message - (from English "message") - given word often used in the Russian media. Equivalent value " message".
• Method - (from the ancient Greek "μέθοδος" - the path of knowledge, in English "method") - means in Russian nothing else but " way".
• Moment - (s Latin momentum - means driving force, but independent meaning does not have. In English, "moment" - means a short period of time) - an equivalent meaning in Russian " moment".
• Monitoring - (from the Latin word "monitor") - today this word is often used as the verb "monitor". Russian equivalent word " track", "track".

H

• Nickname or Nickname - (from English "nick" or "nickname") - it is best to say " nickname", "nickname" or " pseudonym".

O

• Okay - (from English "ok"). A common word in Everyday life, while in Russian there are many equivalent meanings such as " OK", "OK", in other cases you can also say" Great", "agree", "goes", you can pick up a lot of words, but the use probably comes from the brevity of the English version.

NS

• Person - (from Latin "rrsōna", in English "person") - equivalent meaning in Russian - " personality".
• Positive - (from English "positive"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " positive". May carry different meanings in different variations.
• Prolong (from English "prolong"). Not otherwise, as " prolong"in Russian. Used in relation to the renewal of any contracts.

R

• Reception - (from English "reception" -reception, accept) an equivalent word in Russian " reception"(most often in hotels).
• Real - (in English "real") means nothing but " valid".

WITH

• Synchronously - (with english word"synchronously" means "simultaneously", "at the same time").
• Selfie - (from the English word "self" - means "myself" or "myself"). This word has become widespread in the meaning of "photographing oneself (or a group of people with oneself)". They could not think of anything how to take this word from the English language, then how can I express myself " self". It is quite understandable and in Russian.
• Sketch - (from English "scatch" -translated not otherwise than " sketch"). This term is widespread in the construction industry and architecture. It is interesting that in the Russian language there has long been an equivalent word" sketch", but in common people you can say" underpainting".
• Speechwriter - (from English "speech" -speech and "writer" -writer) - a person who writes a speech for someone. Equivalent meaning can be the word " author" or " author of the text"This word is increasingly included in the vocabulary of central TV channels and magazines.
• Stagnation - (from Lat. Stagno - to make motionless) - an equivalent meaning in Russian " stop", "slow down"or as a noun" deceleration".
• Storage - (from English storage - storage, keep in stock) - equivalent value in Russian " storage".
• Soldier - (from Latin "Soldus", "Solidus", in English "soldier") - a primordially Russian equivalent meaning " warrior", "warrior" or " howl".

T

• Tolerance - (from Latin for tolerantia) an equivalent word in Russian " tolerance".
• Traffic - (from English "traffic" - movement). In Russian, this word began to be used mainly in two meanings. 1) In cases of describing the traffic situation on the roads - "heavy traffic" - when you can say nothing else but " congestion" or " loaded stream"(cars) or even simpler -" traffic jams". 2) In the technical meaning of the number of users who have visited a particular site -" high / low traffic ", when equivalent definitions can be said" high / low attendance"(site).
• Tradition - (from Latin "traditio" - legend, in English "tradition"). Unambiguous meaning in Russian " custom".
• Trading - (from English "trade" - to trade). This word is used more and more often on the Internet. Equivalent meaning in Russian " trade".
• Tour - (from English "tour"). Equivalent value - " travel".

Have

• Weekend - (from English "weekend"). Literally means "end of the week", not otherwise than in Russian " weekend".
• Unique (from Latin "unicus", in English "unique"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " special", "exceptional", "unrepeatable".

F

• Fake - (from English "fake"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " counterfeit".

NS

• Hobby - (from English "hobby") - equivalent meaning " enthusiasm".

NS

• Shopping - (from English "shop" -shop) - also means " purchase"or verb" to shop". On the signboard of one of the large stores in Moscow, there was an inscription" pleasant shopping "- one might say" pleasant shopping. "
• Show - (from English "show" -show) - equivalent meaning " showing", also used in the phrases" TV show "- with an equivalent meaning" telecast" or " TV program".

NS

• Equivalent - (comes from the Latin word "aequivalens", in English "equivalent") - in Russian it means nothing else than " equivalence".
• Experiment - (comes from the Latin language "experīmentum", in English "experiment") - equivalent meanings in Russian - an experience, trial.
• Existential - (in English the verb "exsist") - an equivalent meaning " existing"

Conclusion

The list, as we can see, is quite impressive and other words will be gradually added to it. Dear readers, if you have additions to this article, other foreign ones with equivalent meanings, then leave your examples on