Beauty of the Caribbean. The sea is a paradise on earth

One of the most beautiful places on Earth is the Caribbean Sea. It got its name from the Caribs who lived in the area. There is also a second name - Antilles, which is used much less frequently. The beauties of the Caribbean - the sea and the islands that belong to its basin are considered the most interesting and romantic places on the planet. No wonder lovers come here to hold a wedding ceremony or

Geographical position

The Caribbean Sea belongs to the Atlantic Ocean. On the one hand, it is limited by the shores of Central and South America, and on the other, by the Antilles. Therefore, the sea is semi-enclosed.

Caribbean waters, the sea is connected to through the Yucatan Strait, and to the Pacific Ocean through the Panama Canal. The area of ​​the basin is about 2,753,000 square kilometers. The sea washes the shores of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Puerto Rico and the Caribbean Sea is divided into five basins that limit islands and submarine ridges. The maximum depth is 7686 meters, although this sea is considered shallow.

Pearl of the Atlantic Ocean

Where the Caribbean Sea is, there is an incredible color, different corners, love and romance reign. This area is famous for its extraordinary coral reefs, large quantity tropical cyclones, which are destructive and, of course, pirates. The coastline of the sea is not monotonous, it is strongly indented.

There are many beautiful lagoons, bays, picturesque bays and capes. The sea coast is mostly low-lying, with white sandy beaches, but sometimes there is also mountainous terrain. Each country, whose shores are washed by the sea, has its own, unusual flavor. Therefore, a trip to the Caribbean becomes unforgettable.

Islands

The bright colors of the Caribbean Sea are numerous islands. All of them are united in the Antilles archipelago (Small and Greater Antilles, Bahamas). Each of the islands has its own unique landscape, flora and fauna. They are inhabited by colorful nationalities, and here you can try exotic cuisine. Each sea is an amazing corner that you must definitely visit in order to feel the atmosphere of picturesque nature. It is very difficult to choose one place to visit, because you want to know all the beauty of the Caribbean Sea.

The most picturesque corners

The most passionate corner of the Caribbean is Jamaica. Amazing nature, exotic music, mountains, hot sun, sandy beaches and local flavor remain in memory for a long time and make you come back here again and again. Incredible cascades of waterfalls, colorful jungles, beautiful lagoons and rare representatives of the animal world will appear before the eyes of tourists. Saint Lucia is an unusual island that beckons with its white sand beaches, quiet harbors and pristine nature.

Here it is as if you find yourself in virgin forests, untouched by man, and you feel like one with the environment. Dominica Island is the best place for ecotourism. It is located in the warm waters of the Caribbean Sea. Its surface is covered with impenetrable jungle, among which dormant volcanoes, waterfalls, hot springs and mountain streams are hidden. Martinique is an island of flowers, where European culture and local exoticism are surprisingly harmoniously mixed. You can endlessly enumerate the beauty of the Caribbean, but it is simply impossible to cover all the amazing features.

Bottom relief of the sea

The bottom relief of the Caribbean Sea is uneven. There are numerous depressions and uplands. The entire plateau is conditionally divided into five parts, which are delimited by underwater ridges. Among the features of the bottom surface, the Cayman Trench, the Puerto Rico Trench, and the Haiti Trench should be noted. The waters are Caribbean, the sea is a very seismically active area. Therefore, hurricanes and tsunamis often occur here, from which residents of coastal settlements suffer.

Most of the coastal soil consists of sand, but there are also rocky surfaces. Distinctive feature The Caribbean Sea are white sandy beaches.

Underwater flora

The beauty of the Caribbean, the sea attract divers. And this is no coincidence. The flora of this reservoir is very rich and diverse. Here you can find whole meadows of picturesque vegetation that amaze with their beauty. The pearl of the underwater world are coral reefs. These are amazing buildings created by nature itself. Numerous types of algae will amaze the most demanding lover of underwater flora. Hurricanes also cause great damage to vegetation, bringing garbage and littering these beautiful corners of nature.

Animal world of the sea

The fauna of the Caribbean is unique. The most exotic marine mammals and fish live here. A feature of the underwater world are which are presented in a large variety of species. One of the islands got its name because of the huge number of these animals (Las Tortugas). Large mammals (whales, sperm whales) are also found in the basin. Undersea world- this is the most unique feature that the Caribbean has given to people. Photos of its beautiful and diverse representatives are the most colorful. This part of the planet is unique and wonderful world which pleases and caresses the eyes of those who come here.

CARIBBEAN SEA, Caribbean Sea (Caribbean Sea), a semi-enclosed marginal sea in the western part of the tropical zone of the Atlantic Ocean. In the west and south it is bounded by the mainland coasts of Central and South America, in the north and east by the ridge of the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico) and the Windward Islands from the Lesser Antilles group. It is connected by the Yucatan Strait with the Gulf of Mexico, by numerous straits in the archipelagos of the Greater and Lesser Antilles - with the Atlantic Ocean, the Panama Canal - with the Pacific Ocean. The area is 2777 thousand km2, the volume is 6745 thousand km3. The greatest depth is 7090 m (Caiman trench).

The coasts of Central America are low-lying, wooded, those of South America are mostly high, steep, with separate low areas covered with mangroves. Most of the islands have mountainous and steep coasts. The western and partially southwestern coasts of the sea are bordered by reefs. The main large bays are located in the western and southern parts of the sea: the Honduran, Mosquitos, Darien, Venezuelan Gulf with Lake Maracaibo, Paria. Of the large islands - Jamaica; many small islands, most of them in the western and southeastern parts of the sea.

The shelf is well expressed only off the coast of Honduras, Nicaragua and Venezuela (100-240 km), the continental slope is steep, on average about 17°, in some parts of the slope there is a steepness of up to 45°. On the bottom, strongly dissected by underwater ridges, deep basins stand out: Yucatan (4800 m), Colombian (4259 m), Venezuelan (5420 m), Grenada (4120 m). In the north of the Caribbean Sea, from west to east, along the southern foot of the underwater ridge of the same name, the Cayman Trench stretches. Most of the submarine ridges (Aves, Beata, Marcelino Sill, etc.) are apparently submerged island arcs. Bottom sediments are mainly represented by calcareous foraminiferal silts. Turbidity flows are an important factor in the formation of sediments for the flat relief of the basins; the most powerful precipitations were found in the north of the Venezuelan basin (up to 12 km).

The climate is maritime, warm, with low seasonal variability, determined by the location of the Caribbean Sea in the zone of trade wind circulation of the atmosphere. Average air temperatures in February are 24-27 °C, in August 27-30 °C. The amount of precipitation increases from east to west from 500 to 2000 mm per year. The largest average monthly precipitation falls in summer off the coast of Panama (up to 400 mm), the smallest in winter off the coast of Cuba (about 20 mm). Northeast trade winds prevail over the sea with speeds of 5-7 m/s. Storm conditions are usually associated with tropical hurricanes, in which wind speeds reach 40-60 m/s. Hurricanes cross the Caribbean Sea in the western and northwestern directions at a speed of 10-20 km / h with an average frequency of 3 times a year (in some years more than 10).

Water exchange with the Atlantic Ocean is carried out mainly through deep straits: Windward, Sombrero, Dominica, etc.; with the Gulf of Mexico - through the Yucatan. Excitement is predominantly east and north-east, on average 3-4, rarely 5 points. The magnitude of annual level fluctuations is small and usually ranges from 8 to 30 cm. Short-term level fluctuations are observed during the passage of tropical hurricanes. The tides are irregular semidiurnal, off the coast of Venezuela they are irregular diurnal, up to 1 m.

The circulation of water is set by the branches of the Antilles current and the Guiana current, entering the Caribbean Sea through the northern and eastern interisland straits. These waters spread in a westerly direction called the Caribbean Current. In the eastern part of the sea, the current moves in two streams at a distance of 200-300 km from each other. At about 80° west longitude, both streams merge into one. The current velocity in the western part of the sea reaches 70 cm/s. Off the coasts of Cuba and Jamaica, the current forms several anticyclonic gyres; cyclonic eddies are observed along the coasts of Venezuela, Panama, and Costa Rica. The waters of the Caribbean Current through the Yucatan Strait are carried out into the Gulf of Mexico. In the strait, the highest speeds of surface currents from the mainland coast are up to 150 cm/s.

The water temperature on the surface during the year varies from 26 °C in winter to 29 °C in summer. Deep-water basins are filled with Atlantic waters with a temperature of about 4.3°C. The average salinity of water on the surface is from 35.5 to 36.5‰. By the end summer season due to the abundance of precipitation and fresh river runoff, salinity decreases by 0.5-1.0 ‰, its lowest values ​​​​(33-34 ‰) near the islands of Trinidad and Tobago are explained by the large fresh runoff of the Orinoco River. The highest salinity surface water in a narrow strip off the coast of South America and the coast of Haiti and Cuba (over 36‰).

There are about 800 species of fish in the Caribbean Sea, of which more than half are edible. Of the commercial fish, representatives of the families of snappers, serranids, crucians, several types of mullets, slabs, as well as sardinella, horse mackerel, mackerel, tarpon, and anchovies are of the greatest importance. Fish of the open ocean are widespread - tuna, marlin, sailboats, common dormice, sharks.

The Caribbean coast is known for its beautiful beaches, it is the largest recreational area with numerous resorts. Lively shipping; passes the sea route through the Panama Canal, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Main ports: Santiago de Cuba (Cuba), Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic), Maracaibo (Venezuela), Barranquilla and Cartagena (Colombia), Colon (Panama).

Lit .: Zalogin B. S., Kosarev A. N. Sea. M., 1999.M.G. Deev.

Water temperature in the Caribbean. Caribbean Sea coast water temperature

The given data show the surface water temperature on the coast of the seas and oceans. To see the values, select the country and then the city you are interested in.

10 Fun Facts About The Caribbean

In addition to water temperature, we also provide information about the weather for today, tomorrow and in the coming days, surf forecast, sea state and roughness, sunrise / sunset and moonrise data.

List of countries and territories in the Caribbean Sea

Caribbean sea water temperature monthly:

Water temperature in Caribbean Sea in january
Sea Temperature in Caribbean Sea in February
Water temperature in the Caribbean Sea in march
Water temperature in Caribbean Sea in april
Water temperature in the Caribbean Sea in May
Water temperature in Caribbean Sea in june
Water temperature in Caribbean Sea in july
Water temperature in Caribbean Sea in august
Sea Temperature in Caribbean Sea in september
Water temperature in Caribbean Sea in october
Water temperature in Caribbean Sea in november
Water temperature in Caribbean Sea in December

To calculate the sea temperature, satellite data are used together with the results of observations at ground stations.

Water temperature, weather forecast and sea conditions are updated daily. Temperatures in shallow areas near the shore may be slightly higher than those shown here.

Location of the Caribbean Sea: western part of the Atlantic Ocean, between Central and South America.

Caribbean area: 2,754 thousand km2

Average depth of the Caribbean Sea: 2491 m

Deepest Caribbean Sea: 7,680 m (Cayman Trench).

Bottom reliefCaribbean: deep-sea ridges (Cayman, Aves, Beata, Marcelino threshold), basins (Grenada, Venezuelan, Colombian, Bartlet, Yucatan).

SalinityCaribbean: 35.5-36‰.

Currentscaribbean moving from east to west, when leaving the Gulf of Mexico give rise to the Gulf Stream.

Inhabitants of the Caribbean: sharks, flying fish, sea turtles and other tropical fauna; there are sperm whales, humpback whales, seals and manatees.

Additional information about the Caribbean: The Caribbean Sea borders the Gulf of Mexico, the shortest sea route passes through it, connecting the ports of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Panama Canal.

caribbean sea wikipedia
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Caribbean Sea: where is it on the map, photo, area, depth, rivers, fish, countries, cities

caribbean sea- a semi-enclosed sea in the Atlantic Ocean, located between Central and South America. Countries washed by the Caribbean Sea: Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Cuba, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Haiti, Jamaica, Nicaragua, etc.

Area: 2,754,000 sq.

Caribbean Sea - corals, animals, tourism, pirates, interesting facts

km. Average depth: 2500 m. Maximum depth: 7686 m.

The following rivers flow into the Caribbean Sea: Plantaine Garden, Magdalena, Rio Grande, San Juan, Coco, Aguan, Motagua, Rio Hondo, etc.
Seaside resort cities: Cancun (Mexico), Varadero (Cuba), Montego Bay (Jamaica), Bridgetown (Barbados), Freeport (Bahamas), etc.

The main ports of the Caribbean Sea: Cartagena (Colombia), Santiago de Cuba (Cuba), Maracaibo (Venezuela), Colon (Panama), Limon (Costa Rica), Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic), Kingston (Jamaica).

Large bays: Mexican, Honduran, Venezuelan, Darien, Batabano, Gonave, Guacanaybo, Paria.

The most important islands of the Caribbean: Antilles, Bahamas, Caymans, Turneff, Islas de la Bahia. Largest island: Cuba.

Animal life: angelfish, silky shark, hawksbill turtle, barracudas, moray eels, tuna, lobsters, sardines, monk seal, sharp-winged crocodile, etc.

Photos of the Caribbean Sea:

Where is it on the map:

Oceans, lakes and rivers

caribbean sea

The Caribbean Sea belongs to the Atlantic Ocean and is located in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere. In the northwest, the reservoir borders the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) and connects to the Gulf of Mexico through the Yucatan Pass between Yucatan and Cuba.

In the north and east there are large and small Antilles. In the south, the sea is washed by the northern coast of South America. To the west and southwest is the coast of Central America. Caribbean waters are connected to the Pacific Ocean through the Panama Canal.

geography

The reservoir is considered one of the largest in the world.

Its surface is 2.754 thousand square meters. km. The amount of water is 6,860 thousand cubic meters. km. The maximum depth is 7686 meters. It is installed in the so-called trench candle. It is located between Jamaica and the Cayman Islands.

This is an underwater trough between the North American and Caribbean plates. The average depth of the reservoir is 2500 meters.

member

Many countries erase many seas. In South America, these are Venezuela and Colombia. In Central America: Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras and Belize.

The last in this series is the Yucatan Peninsula. The northern part occupies 3 Mexican states, and in the south - territories belonging to Belize and Guatemala.

In the northern part of the Greater Antilles, there are countries such as Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica and Puerto Rico.

The Antilles region is home to such countries as Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago.

Caribbean on the map

islands

Those who don't know should know that the Bahamas never belonged to the Caribbean. They are located north of Cuba and south of Florida. These are the waters of the Atlantic, and historically this area is called the West Indies.

It covers both the Caribbean and the Bahamas. This term appeared when Columbus discovered America.

In the reservoir under consideration there are the Antilles, divided into large and small. The first includes four large islands: Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica and Puerto Rico. This includes small islands located near Cuba and form the Los Canareos and Jardines de la Reina archipelagos.

The Lesser Antilles are much more numerous.

They are influenced by the northeast trade wind and are divided into wind, rain or south. The first group has about 50 islands. The southern group extends along the coast of South America and includes both individual islands and archipelagos.

Closer to the western coast of the reservoir there are several archipelagos. These are the Cayman Islands (Grand Cayman, Mali Cayman, Cayman Brach), the Department of Island Bay Islands, which are located in Honduras, as well as the Miskitos and Turneff Islands.

There are separate islands of San Andres and Providencia.

Rivers

There are many rivers in a large body of water. The largest of them is the South American Magdalen River. It passes through Colombia and is 1550 km long. The annual flow is the largest and is approximately 230 cubic meters.

km. Another Colombian river is called Atrato. Its length is 644 km. Some rivers go to Lake Maracaibo (the largest in South America). The Caribbean Sea is connected to the Gulf of Venezuela by a small slope, the depth of which does not exceed 4 meters.

In Central America, we also feed about 30 rivers.

The islands have rivers. For example, the Cauto River in Cuba. Its length is 343 km. But the Artibonite River in Haiti is 240 km long. There are rivers in Jamaica. This is the river of milk and the black river.

climate

The climate is tropical. It is created by the Subtropical Caribbean Current, a continuation of the South Trade trend. Hot water flows from the southeast to the northwest and passes through the Yucatan Channel in the Gulf of Mexico, from where the Gulf Stream takes.

That's why annual temperature ranges from 21 to 29 degrees Celsius.

Windmills are dominated by the trade winds. Their speed is from 16 to 30 km / h. There are tropical hurricanes in the northern part of the reservoir. Their speed can reach 120 km / h. Such strong winds sometimes suffer a real tragedy: people die, houses are destroyed, cultures die.

For example, Hurricane Mitch, created in the western part of the sea in October 1998, brought a lot of sadness. 11 thousand people were killed, and the same number was not enough. There were 2.7 million people homeless. They were mostly citizens of Nicaragua and Honduras.

economy

The Caribbean Sea is inextricably linked to oil production.

Approximately 170 million tons are produced offshore.

Caribbean Sea: "A true paradise on earth"

tons of oil per year. In addition, the fishing industry is well developed. Sea water annually provides up to 500 thousand tons of fish. However, human activity pollutes the environment. First, it negatively affects coral reefs, which are constantly bleaching and destroying their ecosystem.

In the near future, this may affect the tourism industry. the best way. Every year about 40 million tourists visit the region. Their net profit is about 30 billion dollars. Many tourists are attracted by the diving and the beauty of the coral reefs. About 3 million local residents living on the islands are somehow connected with the travel company. That's why environmental problems pretty sharp.

Sergey Gubanov

Before you find out where the Caribbean Islands are on the world map, you need to get some general information about them. They include the Antilles, which rise significantly above sea level, as well as the Bahamas from coral reefs. Most of them are of volcanic origin. Some islands are surrounded by large coral reefs, the tops of which protrude from the water and are overgrown with palm trees.

The Greater Antilles include four large areas of land that stretch from the mainland, among them Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Haiti and Cuba. The Lesser Antilles include a scattering of small lands, which include the Bahamas, Caicos, Turks, Bourbuda, Antigua, the Virginia Archipelago, Guadeloupe, Barbados, and so on.

Hard to say, which country is the caribbean, since they include all land areas washed by the Caribbean Sea.

At the same time, parts of the archipelago territorially belong to different states. Previously, they were known to the world as the legendary Antilia, then as the West Indies, and only then as the Caribbean, comfortably located inside a kind of geographical depression between South and North America.

Some of the islands are not inhabited, but most of them still have a developed resort network. Today, about fifty islands are places where visitors come from all over the world.

The popularity of the local latitudes is explained by the harmonious combination of mild climate, rich historical heritage, as well as picturesque natural landscapes.

An important advantage of the Caribbean is the opportunity to relax all year round, because it is not cold here, eternal summer and sunny weather reign.

The big question is the need for visas. It is tourists who are constrained by visa restrictions who are most interested in Where is the Caribbean which countries they belong to. The Caribbean includes more than fifty islands, some of which are separate states, while others are considered the territorial property of France, America and England. However, most Caribbean sites do not require their guests to have a visa.

All cruises are operated from Mexico, the Dominican Republic and the United States, so the city of departure still needs to be reached by plane, so lovers of cruise travel will still not be able to do without a visa. The most common cruise destinations are Eastern, Southern and Western Caribbean. It is also worth noting that the cost of the tour depends on the number of islands included in the route.

Which Caribbean Islands to visit

Among the huge list of sites in the Caribbean, there are several areas that are most popular.

After the tourist has understood where the Caribbean islands are, he needs to make a specific choice where he will go to rest.

To do this, you should familiarize yourself with the basic information known about the most resorts. Some of them are distinguished by a developed tourist network, others make travelers fall in love with their remoteness from the usual civilization. Domestic tourists, as a rule, choose among such offers:

The list can go on for a very long time.

It is noteworthy that before you go traveling, you must also look at the weather of the Caribbean Islands by months, which will allow you to make the right choice.

Weather in the Caribbean

Weather conditions for different land areas belonging to the same archipelago may vary slightly.

In general, however, the climate ranges from humid to temperate tropical. It is worth noting that the humidity index for any island will remain consistently high, which contributes to excellent growth. various types vegetation.

Cleaner and drier air is always in mountainous areas. The air temperature here does not fall below +25 degrees. The water near the coast remains warm all year round, its temperature does not fall below +22 degrees.

Care should be taken when planning a vacation in these latitudes from September to November. Since this period is characterized by increased rainfall with possible hurricanes.

The local summer is characterized by moderate heat, which is facilitated by the trade winds blowing from the sea.

The peak of tourism falls on the period from December to April, so domestic travelers often celebrate the New Year here.

From August to November, the so-called "Dead season" begins in the Caribbean. It is worth noting that it is quite difficult to predict a Caribbean holiday, because on one part of the land there can be a torrential downpour, and on the other, the sun can shine brightly. Thus, it is important not only to view photos of the beaches of the Caribbean Islands on the Internet, but also to read the reviews of tourists who have already had time to relax here.

1. Name and history

2. Geology

3. Relief

In the ridge of the Greater Antilles there are two deep passages: the Anegada Strait and the Windward Strait. The depth of the Anegada Strait varies from 1950 to 2350 m, the windward channel - from 1600 to 1630 m.

Map of the Caribbean Sea, created on the basis of satellite data
NASA, 2008

The numbers indicate: 1. Honduran Bay 2. Mosquitos Bay 3. Darien Bay 4. Venezuelan Bay 5. Maracaibo Lake 6. Guacanaybo 7. Gonave Bay 8. Trinidad Island 9. Cayman Islands

3.1. Coastline

The coastline of the sea is strongly indented, the shores are mountainous in places, low in places (Caribbean Lowland). In shallow water areas there are various coral deposits and numerous reef structures. On the continental coast (western and southern parts of the sea) there are several bays, the largest of which are: Honduran, Mosquitos, Darienska and Venezuelan. In the northern part are the bays of Batabano, Ana Maria and Guacanaybo (the southern coast of the island of Cuba), as well as the Gulf of Gonave (the western part of the island of Haiti).

There are several bays on the east coast of the Yucatan, including Asension, Espiritu Santo and Chetumal. The Gulf of Honduras ends with Amatiche Bay, located on the border of Belize and Guatemala. The north coast of Honduras is slightly indented, and several lagoons cut into the Mosquito Coast, including the lagoons of Caratasca, Bismuna, Perlas and Bluefields Bay. In the east of Panama there is a large lagoon Chiriqui. Off the coast of South America, the Darienska Bay ends with the Uraba Bay, and is fenced off by the Guajira Peninsula. The Venezuelan Bay is Lake Maracaibo. To the west of the island of Trinidad lies the Gulf of Paria, which is considered part of the Atlantic Ocean.

3.2. Islands

The surface subtropical Caribbean Current, passing from the southeastern to the northwestern part of the sea, is a continuation of the North Trade Wind Current, its flow is estimated at 26 million m/s. The trade wind drives the waters to the west, turns north off the coast of Central America and goes through the Yucatan Strait into the Gulf of Mexico. The speed of the current is 1-2.8 km / h, in the Yucatan Strait increases to 6 km / h. The current is warm, the water temperature in it is about 28 C, and the salinity is less than 35.5 due to the significant contribution fresh water Amazons and Orinocos. Water pumped from the Caribbean Sea into the Gulf of Mexico raises the level of the latter relative to the main part of the Atlantic Ocean (the water level off the west coast of Florida is 19 cm higher than on the east coast), which creates hydrostatic pressure, which is assumed to be the main driving force of the Gulf Stream .

In the southwestern region of the sea, between the coast of Colombia and Nicaragua, for almost the entire year there is a circular current, twisted counterclockwise. The tides in the Caribbean Sea are mostly irregular semi-diurnal, with an amplitude of less than 1 m.

During the rainy season, the waters of the Orinoco River create high concentrations of chlorophyll in the eastern part of the sea. The Caryaco Basin, located off the coast of Venezuela, is interesting in that hydrogen sulfide is constantly present in it, and a high concentration of methane has been found in the Cayman Trench.

4.1. Caribbean Sea Basin

The Caribbean Sea is located in Central and South America. The largest river flowing into the Caribbean Sea is Magdalena (1550 km) with tributaries Cauca and Cesar. Its annual flow is 228 km, or an average of 7.2 thousand m / s (data from 1942 to 2002). The rivers Atrato (annual flow - 81 km), Leon (2.1 km) and Turbo (12 km) flow into the Uraba Bay of the Darien Bay. Other rivers in South America include Dike (9.4 km) and son (11.8 km), as well as Catatumbo and Chama, which flow into Maracaibo, the largest lake on the continent.

On the coast of North America, the rivers Belen, Cricamola (flows into the Chiriqui lagoon), Teribe and Sixaola (Panama), Chirripo Atlantico, Reventason and San Juan (Costa Rica), Indio, Punta Gorda, Rio Escondido flow into the Caribbean Sea and Curinuas, Rio Grande de Metagalpa, Prinzapolca, Bambana, Kucalaya, Huaua and Coco (Nicaragua), Patuc, Sico Tinto, Agua, Ulua and Chamelecón (Honduras), Motagua and Rio Dulce (Guatemala), Belize River , New River, Rio Hondo (Belize).

Island rivers: Cauto and Sasa (Cuba), Artibonite and Caco del Sur (Haiti Island), Black River and Milk River (Jamaica).

5. Climate

The Caribbean Sea is in the tropical climate zone, which is influenced by trade wind circulation. Average monthly air temperatures vary from 23 to 27 C. Cloudiness is 4-5 points.

The average annual rainfall in the region varies from 250 mm on the island of Bonaire to 9000 mm in the windward parts of Dominica. Northeast trade winds prevail with average speeds of 16-32 km/h, however, tropical hurricanes occur in the northern regions of the sea, the speed of which can exceed 120 km/h. On average, 8-9 such hurricanes occur per year during the period from June to November, and in September - October they are most frequent. According to the US National Hurricane Center, 385 hurricanes passed over the Caribbean from 1494 to 1900, and 235 such manifestations of the elements were recorded from 1900 to 1991. The Caribbean Sea region is less prone to hurricane damage than the Gulf of Mexico or the western part Pacific Ocean(where typhoons rage from May to November). Most of the hurricanes are formed in the Cape Verde Islands and are directed by the trade winds to the shores of America; in general, it is impossible to predict the exact trajectory of the hurricane.

Severe hurricanes cause loss of life, destruction and crop failures in the region. The great hurricane of 1780, which raged from October 10 to 16, 1780, caused enormous damage to the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and, possibly, the Florida peninsula, and also led to the death of 22 to 24 thousand people. Hurricane Mitch, which originated on October 22, 1998 off the coast of Colombia, passed through Central America, the Yucatan and Florida peninsulas, causing damage of 40 million US dollars and killing 11-18 thousand people. Hurricanes Galveston (1900) and Fifi (1974) also caused significant damage to the region.

6. Flora and fauna

According to faunal zoning, the Caribbean Sea region belongs to the Caribbean region. The region is characterized by great biodiversity, many species are endemic.

6.1. Vegetable world

The vegetation of the region is predominantly tropical, but differences in topographic, soil and climatic conditions increase species diversity. The porous limestone terraces of the islands tend to be nutrient poor. An estimated 13,000 plant species grow in the Caribbean region, of which 6,500 are endemic, such as the guaiac tree (whose flower is the national symbol of Jamaica and) and the mahogany (national flower of the Dominican Republic). In coastal areas, the coconut palm is common, in the lagoons and estuaries of rivers there are dense thickets of mangroves (red and black mangroves).

In shallow waters, flora and fauna are concentrated around coral reefs, which are favored by near-constant stable temperatures, pure water and small changes in salinity levels. Submarine seagrass fields occur in the leeward lagoons of the reefs. In total, seven types of algae are found in the Caribbean Sea. The most common thalasso tortoiseshell (Thalassia testudinum) and Syringodium filiforme (Tsimodotsei family), which can grow both together and in single-species fields at depths up to 20 m. m. In the brackish water of harbors and estuaries of rivers at depths of 0-2.5 m, there is a sea rupee (Ruppia maritima). Representatives of three species belong to the genus Halophila (Halophila baillonii, Halophila engelmanni and Halophila decipiens) live at depths up to 30 m. Halophila engelmanni does not grow below 5 m, the range of this species is limited to the Bahamas, Florida, the Greater Antilles and the western Caribbean Sea. The species Halophila baillonii has only been found in the Lesser Antilles.

6.2. Animal world

Mammals of the Caribbean region are represented by 90 species, there are sperm whales, humpback whales and Dolphins. Seals and American manatees live near the island of Jamaica. The region was once inhabited by the Caribbean monk seal, which is now thought to be extinct. Under the threat of extinction, representatives of the family of the sand-toothed.

Reptiles of the Caribbean region are represented by 500 species (94% endemic). The islands are home to several endemic species of cyclura, a widespread sharp-snouted crocodile. Several species of sea turtles are represented in the region: Trichechea spp., Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) green turtle, trait, leatherback turtle, Atlantic ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) and olive turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea). Some species are under threat of extinction, their population, according to researchers, has greatly decreased since the 17th century - the number of green turtles has decreased from 91 million to 300 thousand individuals, and demons - from 11 million to less than 30 thousand before the year.

There are 600 bird species recorded in the Caribbean, 163 of which are endemic to the region, such as the then, Cuban shilodzubny woodpecker and palm mint. With endemics, 48 ​​species are endangered: the Puerto Rican Amazon, the Cuban shoulder straps, the Cuban wren, and others. The Antilles, near Central America, lie on the migration route of birds from North America, so bird population sizes are subject to strong seasonal fluctuations. Parrots, sugar birds and toucans are found in the forests, frigatebirds and phaetons can be found over the open sea.

7. Ecology

Global warming and rising sea levels (expected to rise by 86.36 cm by 2019), rising sea temperatures causing coral bleaching and water blooms, and changes in precipitation pattern are considered to be the main drivers of global change in the Caribbean Sea. and related river runoff and even dust brought in by sandstorms from the Sahara. Shipping, which generates about 82 thousand tons of garbage per year, oil transportation and land sources of pollution, negatively affects the ecological state of the sea.

Currently, no more than 23 thousand km (10%) of primary forests remain in the Caribbean. In Cuba, where the largest forests of the island part of the region are located, less than 15% of the forests remained intact, the rest were cut down during the development of the territories.

7.1. corals

The Atlantic Ocean contains about 9% of the world's coral reefs. Their area is 50 thousand km, and most of them are located off the coast of the Caribbean and Central America. . One of the most studied recent times phenomena in the region was coral bleaching. Until the 1980s, Madrepore corals were widespread in the Caribbean, over the next 20 years, due to anthropogenic and natural causes, their population decreased, and the number of seaweed increased. In 1983, this process was exacerbated by the mass death of sea urchins that feed on algae. Reef scientific research was carried out from 1995 to 1998 off the coast of Belize on the largest coral barrier reef in the Northern Hemisphere, and also in the year near reefs in the eastern part of the sea. The warming of the Caribbean Sea (as a result of global climate change) threatens the fragile ecosystems of coral reefs - a long excess of water temperatures above 29 C leads to the death of microscopic zooxanthella algae. These plants provide the corals with food and color, so their death results in coral bleaching and disruption of the entire reef ecosystem.

Reef dwellers are important for tourism activities such as fishing and diving, which, according to a 2000 estimate, generate US$3.1-4.6 billion annually for the region.

7.2. Protected areas

The total area of ​​protected areas in the West Indies is 30,000 km2 (13% of the region's land surface). About 15% of its territory is protected in Cuba (including the Zapata swamp with an area of ​​​​4354.3 km, national park named after Alexander Humboldt and Desembarco del Granma), in Dominica - a little over 20% (including the Morne Trois Pitons National Park), in the Dominican Republic - about 15% (Jaragua National Park, etc.). There are almost no protected areas in other countries.

Among the protected areas along the continental coast, the following stand out: the Sian Kaan Reserve, Chinchorro (Mexico), the Biological Reserve on the Miskitos Islands (Nicaragua), the Darien National Park (Panama), National parks Los Catios and Tayrona (Colombia), Medanos de Coro National Park, Henry Peter National Park, El Avila, Mochim and Laguna de la Restinga (Venezuela).

8. Economics and economic importance

More than 116 million people live on the Caribbean coast (within 100 km from the coast), whose main source of income is tourism (15.5% of all jobs in the region). More than 300 thousand people are employed in the fishing industry. Fishing volumes are estimated at slightly less than half a million tons of seafood per year. Main commercial species: Caribbean spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus), giant strombus (Strombus gigas), flagellate shrimp (Penaeidae), Cavalli mackerel (Scomberomorus Cavalla), Spanish mackerel (S. maculatus), large dormice (Coryphaena hippurus), SERIOL (Seriola spp.) and others. Industrial collection of pearls.

8.1. Shipping and trade

From an economic and strategic point of view, the Caribbean Sea plays the role of the shortest sea route from the ports of the Atlantic Ocean through the Panama Canal to the Pacific Ocean. The main ports of the Caribbean Sea: Maracaibo and La Guaira (Venezuela), Cartagena (Colombia), Limon (Costa Rica), Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic), Colon (Panama), Santiago de Cuba (Cuba) and others.

The complex system of communication and trade in the Caribbean region provides a high turnover, but most of it falls on countries located outside this region. Goods and resources that are traded within the region are few: rice from Guyana, timber from Belize, gasoline from Trinidad and Curaçao, salt, fertilizers, vegetable oils and fats from the eastern islands, as well as a small amount of industrial products. Most of the region's products (bananas, sugar, coffee, rum, bauxite, nickel and oil) are consumed by the United States and Canada.

8.2. Tourism

Thanks to its warm climate and beautiful beaches, the Caribbean Sea region is one of the main resort areas in the world. The rich marine fauna attracts divers, in addition to the natural beauties, the region is rich cultural monuments pre-Columbian civilizations and the colonial era. The tourism industry is an important component of the economies of the Caribbean region, serving mainly tourists from the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Argentina. Air traffic between North America and the Caribbean is better developed than within the region. According to the Caribbean Tourism Organization, 22,700,000 tourists visited the region in the year, and 19,200,000 people took part in cruise tours. The most popular destinations include the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Mexico (Cancun, Riviera Maya), Jamaica, Bahamas and Puerto Rico.

9. Culture

The rich history of the Caribbean has inspired numerous authors to create various works of culture related to piracy. Daniel Defoe, Robert Louis Stevenson, Rafael Sabatini and other writers have worked on the pirate theme, many films have been created on this topic (including the Pirates of the Caribbean series of films and the cartoon Treasure Island), and numerous computer games. The life and customs of the inhabitants of the Caribbean have been described by authors such as Cuban writer Alejo Carpentier, Dominican writer (and president) Juan Bosch, Derek Walcott (Saint Lucia) and Colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez.

The Caribbean region is home to various musical genres: reggae, ska in Jamaica, merengue and bachata in the Dominican Republic, calypso in Trinidad and Tobago. Regeton originates from Puerto Rico and Panama, son and son Montuno appeared in Cuba, cumbia, poro and vallenato on the Caribbean coast of Colombia.

One of the most popular sports in the Caribbean is baseball, and a separate baseball tournament, the Caribbean Series, is held here. Cricket is also common in the English-speaking Antilles, and football is being popularized in CONCACAF member countries. The region hosts the Central American and Caribbean Games, and national teams also take part in the Pan American Games.

10. Ports

Notes

1. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/95846/Caribbean-Sea - www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/95846/Caribbean-Sea
2. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Caribbean Sea - www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/059/220.htm (Russian)
3. "International Bathymetric Chart of the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico" - www.ngdc.noaa.gov / mgg / ibcca / ibcca.html. NOAA . http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/ibcca/ibcca.html - www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/ibcca/ibcca.html. Checked 2009-04-23 .
4. G. Samuels (RSMAS) .. "Animation of Monthly Temperatures in the Caribbean" - assets.panda.org/img/original/monthly_temperatures_caribbean.gif. WWF . http://assets.panda.org/img/original/monthly_temperatures_caribbean.gif - assets.panda.org/img/original/monthly_temperatures_caribbean.gif. Checked 2009-04-30 .
5. S. Heileman, R. Mahon .. "Large Marine Ecosystems - Caribbean Sea" - www.lme.noaa.gov/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58:lme12&catid=41:briefs&Itemid=53. NOAA www.lme.noaa.gov/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58:lme12&catid=41:briefs&Itemid=53. Checked 2009-04-23 .
6. Judy Gray, Doug Wilson (NOAA / NODC). (2004). "Animation of changing salinity distribution in the Caribbean" - assets.panda.org/img/original/monthly_salinity_caribbean.gif. WWF . http://assets.panda.org/img/original/monthly_salinity_caribbean.gif - assets.panda.org/img/original/monthly_salinity_caribbean.gif. Checked 2009-04-30 .
7. The Oceans, Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology, p. 638
8. Pattern: From TSB
9. Joanna Gyory, Arthur J. Mariano, Edward H. Ryan .. "The Caribbean Current" - oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu / caribbean / caribbean.html. University of Miami . http://oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu/caribbean/caribbean.html - oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu/caribbean/caribbean.html. Checked 2009-03-11 .
10. The Oceans, Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology, p. 642
11. Luis Ernesto Medina Faull.. "Descargas fluviales en las Zonas Costeras" - www.dhn.mil.ve/noticia/noticia6.html. Direccin de hidrografa y navegacin de Venezuela . http://www.dhn.mil.ve/noticia/noticia6.html - www.dhn.mil.ve/noticia/noticia6.html. Checked 2009-03-11 .
12. "Caribbean Sea" - slovari.yandex.ru/dict/geography/article/geo/geo1/geo-1998.htm. Dictionary of Modern Geographic Names . http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/geography/article/geo/geo1/geo-1998.htm - slovari.yandex.ru/dict/geography/article/geo/geo1/geo-1998.htm .
13. Institute of Oceanology RAS. (1997). "hydrothermal mechanism of formation of hydrocarbons in mid-ocean ridges" - www.geolib.ru/OilGasGeo/1997/08/Stat/stat01.html. geolib.ru . http://www.geolib.ru/OilGasGeo/1997/08/Stat/stat01.html - www.geolib.ru/OilGasGeo/1997/08/Stat/stat01.html. Checked 2009-03-07 .
14. John B. R. Agard, Angela Cropper, et al. (2007). - UNEP . Checked 2009-04-23 .
15. Philip Dickenson Peters. Caribbean Wow 2.0 Zagada Markets. 2003 isbn 1929970048 - books.google.com / books? id = tXbo9H6t1TcC
16. Orlando Frez. (1970).

The Caribbean Sea, or the Central American Sea, is the marginal sea of ​​the Atlantic Ocean. Its northern border runs from the Yucatan Peninsula to the Greater Antilles, further along the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico and Jamaica). The Virgin Islands, located east of Puerto Rico, are part of the Lesser Antilles. The latter consist of a large number of small islands that form an arc directed southeast from the Anegada Strait and further south, where the arc adjoins the shelf of South America, forming the eastern border of the Caribbean Sea. The large islands of this volcanic arc are Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Lucia and others. Another arc (outer) - the islands of Barbados, Tobago and Trinidad - is connected in the southeast with mountain ranges Venezuela. The southern border of the Caribbean Sea is the northern shores of three countries - Venezuela, Colombia and Panama. The eastern shores of Central America form the eastern stepped border of the Caribbean Sea, the first step of which is Honduras, the second Yucatan Peninsula. The Yucatan Strait, 220 km wide, connects the Caribbean Sea with the Gulf of Mexico.

Numerous straits up to 2000 m deep between the Greater and Lesser Antilles connect the Caribbean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean. The total area of ​​the Caribbean Sea is 2640 thousand km2. The greatest depth of the Caribbean Sea is slightly more than 7100 m. In the Cayman Trench, the following main basins are located from east to west: Grenada (3000 m), Venezuelan (5000 m), Columoon (4000 m), Cayman (6000 m) and Yucatan (500 m). Minor basins are the Virgin Islands Basin, the Dominican Trench, and the Caryaco Basin. The average depth of the basins is approximately 4400 m. The main underwater ridges stretch from east to west: Aves, Beata, Jamaica and Cayman. The Caribbean Sea is located in the trade wind zone, and therefore the winds blowing from the east and NNE are very stable here. Intense precipitation occurs during the summer months when tropical weather conditions prevail. The most abundant precipitation falls east of the Isthmus of Panama - more than 2000 mm for 6 months, from June to November. Few hurricanes originate directly in the Caribbean, but many hurricanes come through the Lesser Antilles in late summer and early autumn.

Hydrological regime

Circulation. Most of the straits connecting the Caribbean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean are shallow, which prevents a large water exchange. Only some straits have a depth of more than 1000 m, and they play a leading role in the circulation of the waters of the Caribbean Sea. The main strait through which the waters exit the Caribbean Sea is the Yucatan Strait. The depth of its threshold is about 2000 m.

The direction of the main flow of the Caribbean Sea in the upper 1500-meter layer is from east to west. Below this depth, the waters of the Caribbean Sea are isolated from the ocean, so there is a very slow and variable flow. In the Caribbean Sea, water comes from the Atlantic Ocean, brought by the drifting Guiana Current, which runs along the coast of South America to the northwest. Having reached the Lesser Antilles, the Guiana Current forks. The main branch passes into the Caribbean Sea through the central straits of this island arc, mainly through the straits north and south of the island of St. Lucia; the other branch merges into the North Equatorial Current and runs along the eastern and northern borders of the Caribbean towards the Bahamas. The waters of the Guiana Current form in the Caribbean Sea, after they pass the Grenada Basin and the Aves Ridge, a well-developed zonal circulation with a maximum flow velocity 200-300 km north of the coast of South America. A branch of the Guiana Current joins the Caribbean Current and continues westward through the Aruba Passage into the Columbia Basin. In the western part of the basin, it turns north, crosses the Jamaica Range, and then goes along the Cayman Basin to 85-86° W. where it turns north again and exits the Caribbean Sea through the Yucatan Strait.

The axis of the Caribbean current usually passes over the greatest depths from the Lesser Antilles to the Yucatan Strait. To the north and south of the axis of the Caribbean current, the flows are basically parallel. Their direction slightly changes with depth, while the speed decreases continuously with increasing depth, for example, to<5 см/с на глубинах свыше 1500 м в Венесуэльской и Колумбийской котловинах. В Кайманской и Юкатанской котловинах глубинное течение проявляется лучше, но его все же можно считать медленным.

The speed of the surface currents of the Caribbean Sea is determined by seasonal changes in the speed of the trade winds. The highest velocity of the Caribbean current on the surface is observed at the end of winter (39.1 cm/s) and at the beginning of summer (41.2 cm/s). The average speed of the Caribbean current on the surface during the year is 0.7 knots, or 38 cm/s. During observations from ships, higher velocities were noted, reaching 138.9 cm/s on the main axis of the Caribbean Current. Estimated velocities can be calculated from density measurements. The calculation shows that the main axis of the current is preserved in the upper 300–400 m layer, and its velocity rapidly decreases from 40–60 cm/s at the surface to 10 cm/s at a depth of 300 m. depth 1000-1500 m; below this depth, the current is too slow to be calculated by the geostrophic method. There are counter currents along the coasts of Cuba, Haiti and South America (to the east). In the western regions of the Columbia, Cayman and Yucatan basins, the countercurrents are directed towards the center of the Caribbean Sea. The zonal current is disturbed by meridional transport, which is caused by the deviation of the flow at the border with the mainland.

The transport of water through sections from north to south can be calculated from geostrophic velocities. In the west, its average value is 30 million m3/s. The straits of the Greater Antilles do not play a significant role in the overall transport. Through the meridian 64 ° W. it is basically the same as through the 84°W meridian. The Caribbean Current accounts for approximately 30% of the total transport (75–90 million m3/s) of water by the Gulf Stream. (The remaining 70% enters the Gulf Stream from the Antilles current, which flows into it north of the Bahamas.)

A feature of the circulation of the waters of the Caribbean Sea is the rise of deep waters to the surface off the coast of South America. The upward movement of water masses in the Caribbean Sea, as in other areas of the World Ocean, is caused by the action of the wind: surface water is driven away from the coast and replaced by deep water. The rise of deep waters does not extend to great depths and is not significant below 250 m. As a result of the rise of deep waters, productivity increases, this is an area of ​​​​intensive fishing. The corresponding subsidence of surface water occurs in the Venezuelan and Columbia Basins along 17°N.

Salinity of the Caribbean

The salinity field in the Caribbean Sea is characterized by four layers. Two of them, surface waters and subtropical subsurface waters (50-200 cm) are associated with the area of ​​warm waters of the ocean and are separated from the area of ​​cold waters at a depth of 400-600 m by a layer of water with a low (below 3.0 ml/l) oxygen content; the other two layers are represented by cold Subantarctic intermediate waters (700–850 m) and North Atlantic deep waters (1800–2500 m).

The waters lying on the boundary between the main layers are mixed due to turbulence. The salinity of surface waters depends on evaporation, atmospheric precipitation, land runoff and advection caused by currents. Salinity in winter is higher off the coast of South America (36 ind.), and this is partly due to the rise of saline subtropical subsurface waters to the surface. In the north of the Caribbean Sea, salinity on the surface decreases and becomes less than 35.5 ppm. In the Cayman and Yucatan basins, the highest salinity (Sbprom) is observed south of Cuba. Further south, the salinity of surface waters also decreases to 35.5 ppm. off the coast of Honduras. In summer, heavy rainfall and runoff from land reduce the salinity of surface waters by about 0.5 ppm in the south and by 1.0 ppm. in the north.

Information about the distribution of salinity in the western part of the Caribbean Sea is still insufficient.
Subtropical subsurface water has the highest salinity. It is a thin layer (which indicates the predominance of horizontal mixing over vertical in a stable layer), which has a slope from south (50-100 m) to north (200 m).
The main axis of the flow of subtropical subsurface water coincides with the axis of the Caribbean Current. The salinity of this water is more than 37% in the eastern regions of the Venezuelan basin. In the Yucatan Strait, as a result of mixing, salinity decreases to 36.7 ppm. a
Subantarctic intermediate water, which forms in the zone of the southern polar front, is the least saline. Its layer also has a slope from the south (600-700 m) to the north (800-850 m). In the southern Caribbean this layer is thicker. West of 65°W e. its northern edge becomes thinner and disappears, not reaching the northern border of the Caribbean Sea. The salinity of this layer is less than 34.7 ppm by B, but as the waters move, it increases so much that this layer cannot be found in the Yucatan Strait. Its axis also coincides with the axis of the Caribbean Current. Below this layer is a layer of North Atlantic deep water that enters the Caribbean Sea through the rapids of the straits between the Lesser Antilles. The water of this layer is extremely homogeneous, with a salinity of about 35 ppm.

Caribbean Sea temperature

The temperature field of the Caribbean Sea has a tropical character, i.e. warm water on the surface and a well-marked thermocline at a depth of 100–200 m, which prevents vertical mixing and heat penetration from the surface into depth. Below 1500 m, the water temperature is approximately 4°C with slight fluctuations from basin to basin. The temperature rises by several tenths of a degree at greater depths (below 3000 m) due to the influence of increasing pressure. The temperature distribution of the surface layer determines the position of the temperature equator in the northern Caribbean Sea.

At the end of summer, the temperature of the surface layer of the Caribbean Sea is 28.3 ° C in the south and 28.9 ° C in the north. In the west of the Caribbean, the warmest month is August, in the east it is September. The temperature of the surface layer of the Caribbean Sea in winter is about 3 ° C lower. In the Caribbean Sea, surface layer temperatures show small gradients and seasonal fluctuations. Below a depth of 150 m, seasonal fluctuations are not observed. The central regions of the Caribbean Sea receive an average of 6.28 * 10^18 cal / day of heat per year, with a deviation from this average of ± 0.5 * 10^18 cal / day.

Located in the west of the Atlantic Ocean. From the west and south it borders on the coast of Central and South America, from the north and east by the Greater and Lesser Antilles. To the west and southwest are reefs. The largest bays: Honduran, Venezuelan, Darien. Largest: Jamaica.

Satellite map of the Caribbean from Bing
(the map can be moved with the mouse, zoomed in and out)

The climate here is warm maritime. In February it is +24, and in August +30. Most precipitation falls off the coast of Panama, and the least off the coast of Cuba. Hurricanes hit the sea three times a year.
Water exchange with the Atlantic Ocean occurs through the straits of Windward, Sombrero and Dominica.
The water temperature during the year ranges from 26 to 29 degrees.
There are 800 species of fish here (mullet, croaker, sardinella, horse mackerel, mackerel).
The Caribbean coast is known for its beaches. Main ports: Santiago de Cuba in Cuba, Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic, Maracaibo in Venezuela, Barranquilla and Cartagena in Colombia. Cote d'Azur, beautiful beaches, girls in bikinis. The Caribbean is a unique, magical place to unwind and unwind.
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