Genghis Khan is a "Mongol" with a Slavic appearance. Falsification of history
Then the Mongol horsemen attacked the camp of Mstislav of Kiev. For three days they unsuccessfully rushed to the Russian squads. Having suffered heavy losses, the conquerors, as always, went to the trick. They offered Kiev prince release the Russian squads for a ransom. Of course, they broke their oath: when the Russians left the camp, they were surrounded and killed. Mstislav of Kiev and two other princes were captured alive. The Mongols prepared martyrdom for them: they laid boards on them and built a platform on which the Mongol military leaders settled down at the banquet tables. So on the blood of the Russian princes they celebrated the victory over them.
The next day, the Mongols organized the pursuit of the remnants of the Russian army. Only every tenth Rusich returned alive from this inglorious campaign. On their way, the conquerors destroyed and burned cities and villages, captured the civilian population. However, discipline was above all, and the Mongol military leaders had no order to linger in Russia. The main task of the reconnaissance campaign to the west was completed, and soon Genghis Khan recalled his generals to Mongolia. They went with their detachments to the Middle Volga. Here the Mongols could not break the resistance of the Volga Bulgars. Through the Caspian steppes, Jebe and Subutai returned to Asia and in 1225 joined the army of Genghis Khan. The great conqueror was pleased with the successful raid of his commanders. After all, they traveled a huge distance (about eight hundred kilometers) and won a number of victories over the Persians, Caucasians, Turks and Russians. The chronicler says that the khan was so interested in Subutai's report on the raid that he listened to him every day for several hours. As a result, he decided to bequeath to his heirs the task of conquering Europe. This reconnaissance in force was useful to Subutai two decades later, when the descendants of Genghis Khan entrusted him with this task.
Russia learned bitter lessons from the first serious clash with the Mongols-Tatars. The tragic events that took place on May 31, 1223 on Kalka were affected by the political disunity of Russia in the conditions of the decline of Kiev and the formation of new centers of statehood. Exactly 13 years after this battle, when Batu Khan leads the Mongol army on an aggressive campaign in Eastern and Central Europe, long-suffering Russia will again appear on his way. But Genghis Khan will no longer have a chance to learn about the new victories of his grandson. The sun of his life, already fading, would have left the sky by the time more than ten years had passed.
The last campaign of the Great Conqueror
In the autumn of 1225, Genghis Khan returned from Turkestan to Mongolia. Now his power extended from Samarkand to Beijing. But the Great Conqueror did not have to rest. He well understood that the war is not over while the offenders are alive. There was one more old enemy - the Tangut king. A few years ago, it was he who refused to send an auxiliary corps against Khorezmshah Muhammad. And Genghis Khan could not forgive such perfidy. Being a subtle politician, he well understood the need to destroy the hostile Tangut state, because this allowed Genghis Khan to move on and finally conquer the Chinese states of Jin and Song.
In the spring of 1226, the army of Genghis Khan moved against the Tangut. Ogedei and Tolui went on this campaign together with their father. The road ahead was long and difficult. The Mongolian troops crossed the desert Alashan and saw in the east towering mountain range up to three thousand meters high. A narrow strip of pastures and oases, wooded slopes of the mountains were an excellent place for hunting. And despite the warnings of relatives, Genghis Khan became interested in hunting. During the next raid, the horse under him suddenly reared up and threw the rider to the ground. It must be said that in 1223 the emperor had already fallen off his horse while hunting and was almost killed by a wild boar. This time it was more serious. When Genghis Khan was raised, he complained of severe pain inside. It was decided to convene a council to discuss the issue of continuing the military campaign. And then another sad news arrived: at the age of forty, the eldest son of the emperor, Jochi, died. And yet, despite all the unfavorable circumstances, Genghis Khan insisted on continuing the campaign: "I swear by the Eternal Blue Sky! I'd rather die, but I'll demand an account from the Tangut king!" He himself stood at the head of a 130,000-strong army.
Keeping the direction to the east, the Mongols captured the Lingzhou district and went to the Yellow River. Heishui and other cities fell under their blows. The Tanguts and some of their allied tribes were defeated. Only killed they lost several tens of thousands of people.
Moving along the Edzin-Gol River, the Mongols cut the Xi Xia territory in two. In the summer they captured the city of Suzhou. At the same time, the army of Genghis Khan suffered heavy losses. Enraged by the stubbornness of the Tanguts, the emperor ordered the massacre of all the inhabitants of the city, and its buildings to be destroyed to the ground. The same fate befell Ganzhou. In winter, the Mongols crossed the Huang He and entered the eastern regions of the Tangut kingdom. Ahead was the enemy capital - the city of Ningxia (Jungsin). The advance of the Mongol warriors tried to stop the 100,000-strong Tangut army. The battle took place near the city of Lingzhou. The army of the Mongols was personally led into battle by Genghis Khan. The Tanguts were completely defeated, Lingzhou fell.
In the winter of 1226/27, the siege of Ningxia began. The Tangut emperor sent ambassadors to Genghis Khan to negotiate peace. Rich offerings were also handed over: gold, silver, dishes, horses and camels, many Tangut boys and girls. But, violating the truce, the Mongols broke into the capital Si Si Ya. Almost all of its population was slaughtered, and the most ancient palaces, temples and libraries were turned into ruins. According to the chronicles, only a hundredth of the Tanguts survived.
The Tangut state was finished. Satisfied with the result of the campaign, Genghis Khan ordered: "Since I exterminated the Tanguts to their descendants and even to the last slave ... then let them remind me of such a total extermination at every dinner."
Death of Genghis Khan
]Before that, the capture of the Tangut kingdom was very difficult for the aged Conqueror. Having never recovered from last year's fall from a horse, he felt worse and worse. Their recent weeks he lived out in eastern Gansu. Genghis Khan began to show concern more and more often. He no longer found consolation in past victories, he began to constantly talk about death. He asked his doctors about only one thing - a means to prolong life.
The emperor had heard a lot about the wonderful Chinese sage Chan-Chun, that he allegedly discovered all the secrets of the earth and sky and even knows the means that gives immortality. In search of him, he sent his experienced adviser and astrologer Yelü Chucai. Having overcome a huge distance, the famous sage arrived at the headquarters of Genghis Khan. However, he could not help the fading lord. In one of the conversations with him, Chang-Chun explained it this way: "I can tell you the exact truth: there are many means to increase a person's strength, cure him of illness and protect his life, but there is no medicine to make him immortal. ". Genghis Khan thought for a long time. He realized that there was no escape. The weakened and helpless Shaker of the Universe was destined to end his earthly journey in a foreign and cold country, a military campaign in which would be his last. Realizing this, he summoned the sons of Ogedei and Tolui to him and, regretting that two more, Jochi and Chagatai, were not next to him, announced that he was leaving Ogedei as his heir. Instructing his sons, the great commander said: "... I conquered for you, my sons, a kingdom of such extraordinary width that from its navel in each direction there will be one year of travel. Now I tell you my last testament:" Always destroy your enemies and exalt your friends and for this you must always be of the same opinion and all act as one. Stand strong and formidable at the head of the entire state and the Mongolian people and do not dare to pervert or not perform my "Yasak" after my death. Although everyone wants to die at home, but I go on the last campaign for the worthy end of my great tribe.
Genghis Khan ordered his sons not to reveal his death in any way. There should be no crying or screaming. Enemies should not know anything about his death, for it will delight and inspire them. Instead of manifestations of grief, he asked to inform his soul about the complete victory over the Tanguts: "During the funeral, tell me: they are exterminated to the last! The Khan destroyed their tribe!"
The great conqueror died in the late summer or early autumn of 1227, probably in Ordos, near the Chjamhak River (now Inner Mongolia, an autonomous region in northern China). By the time of his death he was 72 years old. Now, on the site of the death of the Mongol ruler, there is a majestic mausoleum and his huge white stone statue.
There are no less legends about the death of Genghis Khan than about his life. The official version is the consequences of his fall from a horse, which led to a serious illness. At the same time, the Italian traveler Marco Polo writes that the reason for the death of the emperor was a knee wound from an arrow. Another Italian, Giovanni da Plano del Carpini points to a lightning strike.
The most widespread in Mongolia was the legend according to which Genghis Khan died from a wound inflicted on him by a beautiful Tangut khansha during their first (and only) wedding night. What actually happened can only be speculated.
Genghis Khan has long carried a coffin with him. It was hollowed out of a solid oak range, and lined with gold inside. After the death of the emperor, his sons secretly placed the coffin in the middle of the yellow tent at night. The body of the deceased was dressed in combat chain mail, a blued steel helmet was hoisted on his head. His hands clenched the hilt of a sharpened sword, and on both sides of the coffin were placed a bow with arrows, a flint and a golden cup for drinking.
Compared to him, Napoleon, Hitler and Stalin seem like inexperienced beginners.
Genghis Khan was the founder of the Mongol Empire and one of the most brutal men in human history. Compared to him, Napoleon, Hitler and Stalin seem like inexperienced beginners.
Today, we rarely hear anything about Mongolia, except that Russia is conducting nuclear tests in the steppes there. If Genghis Khan were alive, he would never allow this!
And in general, he would not give anyone peace, because most of all he loved to fight.
Here are 15 amazing facts about the Mongol commander who could have conquered the whole world:
1. 40 million corpses
Historians estimate that Genghis Khan was responsible for 40 million deaths. For you to understand, this is 11% of the total population of the planet at that time.
For comparison: the second World War sent to the other world "only" 3% of the world's population (60-80 million).
The adventures of Genghis Khan thus contributed to the cooling of the climate in the 13th century, as they removed more than 700 million tons of carbon dioxide from the Earth.
2. At the age of 10, Genghis Khan killed his stepbrother
Genghis Khan had a difficult childhood. His father was killed by warriors of a warring tribe when Genghis Khan was only 9.
Then his mother was expelled from the tribe, so she had to raise seven children alone - in Mongolia of the 13th century it was not easy!
When Genghis Khan was 10 years old, he killed his half-brother Bekter because he did not want to share food with him!
3. Genghis Khan is not his real name
The real name of the man known to us as Genghis Khan is Temujin, which means "iron" or "blacksmith".
The name is not bad, but clearly not worthy of a great warrior and emperor. Therefore, in 1206, Temujin called himself Genghis Khan.
"Khan"- this, of course, "ruler", but about the meaning of the word "Genghis" scientists are still arguing. The most common version says that this is a distorted Chinese "zheng" - "equitable". So that - this, oddly enough, "just ruler".
4. Genghis Khan used brutal torture
Under Genghis Khan, the Mongols were famous for their terrible torture. One of the most popular was to pour molten silver down the throat and ears of the victim.
Genghis Khan himself loved this method of execution: the enemy was bent back until his spine broke.
And Genghis Khan and his squad celebrated the victory over the Russians in the following way: they threw all the surviving Russian soldiers to the ground, and on top of them they put huge wooden gate. Then a feast was held at the gates, flattening the suffocating prisoners.
5. Genghis Khan held beauty pageants
Capturing new land, Genghis Khan ordered to kill or enslave all men, and gave women to his soldiers. He even arranged beauty contests among captives to choose the most beautiful for himself.
The winner became one of his numerous harem, and the rest of the participants went to the soldiers to be insulted.
6. Genghis Khan defeated overwhelming armies
The size of the Mongol Empire testifies that Genghis Khan was a truly great commander.
At the same time, he repeatedly won victories over superior enemy forces. For example, he defeated a million soldiers of the Jin Dynasty with an army of 90,000 Mongols.
In the course of his conquest of China, Genghis Khan destroyed 500,000 Chinese soldiers before the rest surrendered to the mercy of the conqueror!
7 Genghis Khan Turned Enemies Into Companions
In 1201, Genghis Khan was wounded in battle by an enemy archer. The Mongol army won the battle, after which Genghis Khan ordered to find the very archer who shot at him.
He said that the arrow hit his horse and not himself, so that the archer would not be afraid to confess. And when the archer was found, Genghis Khan acted unexpectedly: instead of killing the enemy on the spot, he invited him to join the Mongol army.
Such military cunning and foresight is one of the reasons for the unprecedented military successes of Genghis Khan.
8 Nobody Knows What Genghis Khan Looked Like
There are tons of images of Genghis Khan on the internet and history books, but we really have no idea what he looked like.
How is this possible? The fact is that Genghis Khan forbade himself to portray. Therefore, there are no paintings, no statues, not even written descriptions of his appearance.
But after his death, people immediately rushed to portray the late tyrant from memory, so we have a rough idea of \u200b\u200bwhat he might have looked like. However, some historians say that he had red hair!
9. Genghis Khan had a lot of children
Every time Genghis Khan conquered a new country, he took one of the local women as his wife. All of them eventually became pregnant and gave birth to his descendants.
Genghis Khan believed that by populating all of Asia with his offspring, he would guarantee the stability of the empire.
How many children did he have?
It is impossible to say for sure, but, according to historians, about 8% of all Asians are his descendants!
10. In Mongolia, Genghis Khan is revered as a folk hero.
The portrait of Genghis Khan adorns the tugriks, the Mongolian currency. In Mongolia, he is considered a hero for creating the great Mongol Empire.
It is not customary to talk about the cruelty of Genghis Khan there - he is a hero.
When Mongolia was socialist, that is, ruled from Moscow, any mention of Genghis Khan was forbidden. But since 1990, the cult of the ancient ruler has flourished with renewed vigor.
11 Genghis Khan Committed Iranian Genocide
The Iranians hate Genghis Khan as much as the Mongols adore him. And there is a reason for that.
The Khorezm Empire, located on the territory of modern Iran, was a powerful power until the Mongols attacked it. For several years, the Mongol army completely destroyed Khorezm.
According to historians, the troops of Genghis Khan slaughtered ¾ of the entire population of Khorezm. It took Iranians 700 years to restore the population!
12 Genghis Khan Was Religiously Tolerant
Despite his cruelty, Genghis Khan was quite tolerant in matters of religion. He studied Islam, Buddhism, Taoism and Christianity and dreamed of the Mongol Empire as a place where there would be no religious strife.
Once, Genghis Khan even held a debate between Christians, Muslims and Buddhists to determine which religion was the best. However, the participants got very drunk, so the winner was not determined.
13. Genghis Khan did not forgive offenders
Genghis Khan allowed the inhabitants of the Mongol Empire to live for their own pleasure, if they did not violate the rules he set. But any violation of these rules was punished in the most severe way.
For example, when the ruler of a Khorezm city attacked a Mongolian trade caravan and killed all the merchants, Genghis Khan became furious. He sent 100,000 soldiers to Khorezm, who killed thousands of people.
The unlucky ruler himself paid a severe price: his mouth and eyes were poured with molten silver. It was a clear sign that any attack against the Mongol Empire would be punished disproportionately.
14. The death of Genghis Khan is shrouded in mystery.
Genghis Khan died in 1227 at the age of 65. To this day, his death is surrounded by a halo of mystery.
It is not known from what he died, nor where is his grave. Of course, this gave rise to many legends.
The most popular version says that he was killed by a captive Chinese princess. There are also versions that he fell off his horse - either just like that, or because an enemy arrow hit him.
It is unlikely that we will ever know the truth about what happened 800 years ago. After all, even the burial place of the Mongol emperor was never found!
15. Genghis Khan created the largest uninterrupted empire in history
The Mongol Empire created by Genghis Khan will forever remain the largest uninterrupted empire in human history.
It occupied 16.11% of all land, and its area was 24 million square kilometers!
worldwide famous name Genghis Khan, in fact, is not a name - it's a title. After all, khans in Russia were called military princes. The real name of Genghis Khan is Timur, or Timur Chin (in a distorted pronunciation of Temujin or Temujin). The prefix Genghis denotes rank, position, rank, in other words - rank and title.
Temujin received the high title of a major military leader thanks to his military merits, his desire to support and protect a strong united united Slavic state with a large and reliable army.
The discrepancy between the name Temujin - Temujin is now explained by transcription problems of translations from different foreign languages. Hence the discrepancy in the title: Genghis Khan or Genghis Khan, or Genghis Khan. However, the Russian version of the sound of the name - Timur, which for some reason is least of all used by historians and scientists, does not fit into this system of explanations, as if they do not notice his name. Historians in general have problems with the spelling and pronunciation of the famous names of figures whose life belongs to that period, can be easily explained with the help of false statements that there was no written language in all countries of the world at that time.
And the deliberate distortion of the name of the people "Moguls" and its transformation into "Mongols" cannot be explained by anything other than a large-scale organized system of distortion of the facts of the past.
Genghis Khan. Strong personality in world history
The main source by which historians study the life and personality of Temujin was compiled after his death - "The Secret History". But the reliability of the data is not obvious, although it was from him that classical information about the appearance and character of the ruler of the Mongol tribes was obtained. Genghis Khan had a great gift as a commander, had good organizational skills and self-control; his will was unyielding, his character strong. At the same time, the chroniclers note his generosity and friendliness, which kept his subordinates attached to him. He did not deny himself the joys of life, but was alien to excesses, incompatible with the dignity of a ruler and commander. He lived a long life, keeping to old age mental capacity and strength of character.
Let historians argue today what letter to write in this or that name, something else is important - Temujin lived a bright, charismatic life, rose to the level of a ruler, played his role in world history. Now he can be condemned or praised - perhaps his actions are worthy of both, a moot point, but it is no longer possible to change something in historical development. But to find the truth among the imposed sea of distortions of real facts is very important, as well as to convict the lie itself.
Disputes about the appearance of Genghis Khan - the field of historians
The only portrait of Genghis Khan (Emperor Taizu), recognized and allowed by historians, is kept in Taiwan in national museum Taipei Palace.
An interesting portrait of the Mongol ruler has been preserved, which historians obsessively insist on considering the only authentic one. It is kept in the National Museum of Taiwan, in the Taipei Palace. It is prescribed to consider that the portrait (590*470 mm) has survived from the time of the Yuan rulers. but modern research the quality of fabrics and threads showed that the woven image dates back to 1748. But it was in the 18th century that the global stage of falsification of the history of the whole world, including Russia and China, passed. So this is another falsification of historians.
The exculpatory version says that such images are copyrighted works, and the author has the right to his own vision of the face and character. But the portrait was clearly woven by the hands of a skilled craftswoman, fine lines of wrinkles and folds on the face, hair in a beard and braid are so detailed on it that there is no doubt that a real person is depicted. That's just who? After all, Genghis Khan died in 1227, that is, five centuries before the start of the process of massive falsifications.
Miniature of Marco Polo "The Crowning of Genghis Khan". The great commander is crowned with a crown with trefoils - an attribute of European rulers.
Undoubtedly, historical and cultural heritage has come down to our days since the reign of the Manchus. From the Middle State, they were handed over to the next conquerors and transported to Beijing. The collection contains more than 500 portraits of rulers, their wives, sages and great people of the era. Portraits of eight khans of the Mongol dynasties, seven wives of khans have been identified here. However, again, skeptical scientists have a question of authenticity and reliability - are they the khans, and whose wives?
Chinese hieroglyphic writing was radically "modernized" by several rulers in a row. And who needed such labor costs? All the same figures from the Torah, putting things in order in the annals and destroying the "extra" traces.
During the change of the alphabet, manuscripts were brought from all over the Chinese empire and completely rewritten. And the "outdated" originals were stored in the archive? No, they were simply destroyed as they did not comply with the new rules!
That's where the scope for distortion ...
Is this the Khan, and is it the Khan
Until recently, the drawing was considered "medieval" now - a confirmed fake, one of many claiming that Chigis Khan is a Mongoloid.
There are many similar reproductions of Genghis Khan from different eras and authors. A drawing by an unknown Chinese master, made with ink on silk fabric, is quite common. Here Temujin is depicted in full height, on his head - a Mongolian hat, in right hand- Mongolian bow, behind - a quiver with arrows, left hand lies on the hilt of a saber in a painted scabbard. This is the same typical image of a representative of the Mongolian race.
What did Genghis Khan look like? Other sources
Chinese drawing of the 13th-15th centuries depicts Genghis Khan on falconry. As you can see, Genghis Khan is not a Mongoloid at all! A typical Slav, with a chic beard.
In a Chinese drawing of the 13th-14th centuries, Temujin is depicted hunting with falcons, here the master depicted him as a typical Slav with a thick beard.
No Mongoloid!
M. Polo in the miniature "The Crowning of Genghis Khan" depicts Temujin as a pure Slav. The traveler dressed the entire retinue of the ruler in European clothes, crowning the commander with a crown with trefoils - a clear attribute of European rulers. The sword in the hands of Genghis Khan is truly Russian, heroic.
The ethnic group of the Borjigins has not survived to this day.
The well-known Persian scientist-encyclopedist Rashid ad-Din in the "Collection of Chronicles" presents several images of Genghis Khan with truly Mongolian features. However, a number of historians have proven that the Borjigin tribe, from which Genghis Khan came, have other facial features that are fundamentally different from the Mongoloid group of peoples.
"Borjigin" in translation into Russian means "blue-eyed". The eyes of the ancient Mughal family are "dark blue" or "blue green", the pupil is edged with a brown rim. In this case, all the descendants of the genus should look different, which is not visible in the archive images of the alleged Temujin family that are allowed for general use.
Genghis Khan.
Russian researcher L.N. Gumilyov in the book " Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe" describes the disappeared ethnic group as follows: "The ancient Mongols were ... a tall, bearded, fair-haired and blue-eyed people ...". Temujin stood out for his tall stature, majestic posture, had a wide forehead, wore a long beard. L.N. Gumilyov brought out the concept of passionarity, and it is to her that he attributes the complete disappearance of small ethnic nationalities, many of which have not survived to this day in their pure form, including the Borjigins
http://ru-an.info/%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8/%D1%81%D0%BD%D0% B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8 %D1%8F-%D1%81-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1% 82%D0%B0%D1%80/
Death of Genghis Khan
Death of Genghis Khan.
Several “plausible” versions were invented, each has its own adherents.
1. From falling from a horse when hunting for wild horses - the official option.
2. From a lightning strike - according to Plano Carpini.
3. From an arrow wound in the knee - according to the story of Marco Polo.
4. From the wound inflicted by the Mongolian beauty Kyurbeldishin-khatun, the Tangut khansha - a Mongolian legend.
One thing is clear - he did not die a natural death, but they tried to hide the true cause of death by launching false versions.
The place of burial is classified. According to legend, the body rests on Mount Burkhan-Khaldun. There are also buried: the youngest son Tului, with children Kublai Khan, Mongke Khan, Arig-Buga and other children. There are no tombstones in the cemetery, so as not to be plundered. The secret place is overgrown with dense forest and is protected from European travelers by the Uryankhai tribes.
Conclusion
It turns out that the Mongol Genghis Khan was a tall, fair-haired Slav with blue eyes !!! These are the Mughals!
In addition to the "official" false evidence recognized by science, there are others that are not noticed by the "luminaries", according to which Timur - Genghis Khan does not look like a Mongoloid at all. Mongoloids have dark eyes, black hair and short stature. No similarity with the Slavic-Aryans. However, it is not customary to talk about such a discrepancy.
After such unexpected results, I want to check how other figures of the Mughal nationality looked like in the era of the three-hundred-year-old Mongol-Tatar yoke.
The Mongol warrior and ruler Genghis Khan created the Mongol Empire, the largest in the world in terms of area in the history of mankind, uniting scattered tribes in the North East Asia.
“I am the punishment of the Lord. If you have not committed mortal sins, the Lord will not send you punishment in the face of me! Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan was born in Mongolia around 1162, at birth he was given the name Temujin. He married at the age of 16 and had many wives throughout his life. At the age of 20, he began to create a large army with the intention of conquering individual tribes in Northeast Asia and uniting them under his rule. He succeeded: the Mongol Empire became the largest in the world, much larger than the British, and existed after the death of Genghis Khan (1227).
Early years of Genghis Khan
Born in Mongolia around 1162, Genghis Khan received the name Temujin - that was the name of the Tatar leader who was captured by his father Yesugei. The young Temujin was a member of the Borjigin tribe and a descendant of Khabula Khan, who briefly united the Mongols against the Jin (Chin) dynasty in northern China in the early 1100s. According to The Secret History of the Mongols (a contemporary account of Mongolian history), Temujin was born with a blood clot in his hand, a sign in Mongolian folklore that he was destined to become the ruler of the world. His mother, Hoelun, taught him how to survive in the bleak, turbulent Mongol tribal society and inspired him to form alliances.
When Temujin was 9 years old, his father took him to live with the family of the future bride, Borte. Returning home, Yesugei encountered a Tatar tribe. He was invited to a feast, where he was poisoned for past crimes against the Tatars. Upon learning of his father's death, Temujin returned home to claim the title of head of the clan. However, the clan refused to recognize the child as ruler and expelled Temujin and his younger and half-brothers, dooming them to a beggarly existence. The family had a very hard time, and once, in a dispute about hunting prey, Temujin quarreled with his half-brother Bekhter and killed him, thereby establishing his position as the head of the family.
At 16, Temujin married Borte, cementing the alliance between her tribe, the Conkirat, and his own. Shortly thereafter, Borte was kidnapped by the Merkit tribe and taken by their leader. Temujin recaptured her and shortly thereafter she gave birth to her first son Jochi. Although Borte's capture casts doubt on Jochi's origins, Temujin accepted him as his own. With Borte, Temujin had four sons, as well as many other children with other wives, which was common in Mongolia at that time. However, only his sons by Borte were eligible to inherit.
Genghis Khan - "Universal Ruler"
When Temujin was about 20 years old, he was captured by former allies of the family, the Taijits. One of them helped him escape, and soon Temujin, along with his brothers and several other clans, gathered his first army. So he began his slow rise to power, building a large army of more than 20,000 men. He intended to eliminate the traditional enmity between the tribes and unite the Mongols under his rule.
Excellent in military tactics, merciless and cruel, Temujin avenged the murder of his father by destroying the Tatar army. He ordered to kill every Tatar man taller than a cart wheel. Then, using their cavalry, Temujin's Mongols defeated the Taichiuts, killing all their leaders. By 1206, Temujin had also defeated the powerful Naiman tribe, thereby gaining control of central and eastern Mongolia.
The rapid success of the Mongol army owes much to the brilliant military tactics of Genghis Khan, as well as understanding the motives of his enemies. He used an extensive spy network and quickly adopted new technologies from his enemies. The well-trained Mongol army of 80,000 fighters was controlled by a complex alarm system - smoke and burning torches. Large drums sounded commands for charging, and further orders were transmitted by flag signals. Each soldier was fully equipped: he was armed with a bow, arrows, shield, dagger and lasso. He had large saddlebags for food, tools and spare clothes. The bag was waterproof and could be inflated to avoid drowning while crossing deep and fast-moving rivers. Cavalrymen carried a small sword, spears, body armor, a battle ax or mace, and a hooked spear to push enemies away from their horses. The attacks of the Mongols were very destructive. Since they could only control a galloping horse with their feet, their hands were free for archery. Followed the whole army well organized system supplies: food for soldiers and horses, military equipment, shamans for spiritual and medical care, as well as bookkeepers for accounting for trophies.
After victories over the warring Mongol tribes, their leaders agreed to peace and gave Temujin the title "Genghis Khan", which means "universal ruler". The title had not only political, but also spiritual significance. The supreme shaman declared Genghis Khan to be the representative of Monkke Koko Tengri ("Eternal Blue Sky"), the supreme god of the Mongols. The divine status gave the right to claim that his destiny was to rule the world. Although, but ignoring the Great Khan was tantamount to ignoring the will of God. That is why, without any hesitation, Genghis Khan will say to one of his enemies: “I am the punishment of the Lord. If you have not committed mortal sins, the Lord will not send you punishment in the face of me!
The main conquests of Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan wasted no time capitalizing on his newly acquired divinity. While his army was spiritually inspired, the Mongols found themselves face to face with serious difficulties. Food and resources decreased as the population grew. In 1207, Genghis Khan marched his armies against the Xi Xia kingdom and forced it to surrender two years later. In 1211, the armies of Genghis Khan conquered the Jin Dynasty in northern China, lured not by the artistic and scientific wonders of the great cities, but rather by the endless rice fields and easy enrichment.
Although the campaign against the Jin Dynasty continued for almost 20 years, Genghis Khan's armies were also actively fighting in the west against the frontier empires and the Muslim world. Initially, Genghis Khan used diplomacy to establish trade relations with the Khorezm dynasty, an empire with a head in Turkey that included Turkestan, Persia, and Afghanistan. But the Mongolian diplomatic caravan was attacked by the governor of Otrar, who, apparently, considered that this was just a cover for a spy mission. When Genghis Khan heard about this insult, he demanded that he be given a governor, and for this he seconded an ambassador. Shah Muhammad, the head of the Khorezm dynasty, not only refused the demand, but also, in protest, refused to receive the Mongol ambassador.
This event could have provoked a wave of resistance that would have swept Central Asia and Eastern Europe. In 1219, Genghis Khan personally took over the planning and execution of a three-stage attack by 200,000 Mongol soldiers against the Khorezm dynasty. The Mongols passed through all the fortified cities without hindrance. Those who survived the assault were put up as a human shield in front of the Mongol army when the Mongols took the next city. No one was left alive, including small domestic animals and livestock. The skulls of men, women and children were stacked in tall pyramids. Cities were conquered one by one, and finally Shah Muhammad and then his son were captured and killed, as a result of which in 1221 the dynasty of Khorezm ceased to exist.
Scholars call the period after the Khorezm campaign Mongol. Over time, the conquests of Genghis Khan connected major shopping centers China and Europe. The empire was governed by a legal code known as the Yasa. This code was developed by Genghis Khan, was based on common Mongolian law, but contained decrees prohibiting blood feud, adultery, theft and perjury. The Yasa also contained laws reflecting Mongol respect for environment: a ban on swimming in rivers and streams, an order for any soldier following another to pick up everything that the first soldier dropped. Violation of any of these laws was usually punishable by death. Promotion through the military and government ranks was based not on traditional lines of heredity or ethnicity, but on merit. There were tax incentives for high-ranking priests and some craftsmen, and religious tolerance was enshrined, which reflected the long Mongol tradition of viewing religion as a personal belief, not subject to condemnation or interference. This tradition had practical use, since there were so many different religious groups in the empire that it would be quite cumbersome to impose one religion on them.
With the destruction of the Khorezm dynasty, Genghis Khan again turned his attention to the east - to China. The Xi Xia Tanguts disobeyed his orders to send troops to the Khorezm campaign and openly protested. Capturing the Tangut cities, Genghis Khan eventually took the capital of Ning Khia. Soon the Tangut dignitaries surrendered one by one, and the resistance ended. However, Genghis Khan has not yet fully avenged the betrayal - he ordered the execution of the imperial family, thereby destroying the Tangut state.
Genghis Khan died in 1227, shortly after the conquest of Xi Xia. The exact cause of his death is unknown. Some historians claim that he fell off his horse while hunting and died from fatigue and injuries. Others claim that he died from respiratory disease. Genghis Khan was buried in a secret place in accordance with the customs of his tribe, somewhere in his homeland, near the Onon River and the Khentii Mountains in northern Mongolia. According to legend, the funeral escort killed everyone they encountered to hide the location of the burial, and a river was laid over Genghis Khan's tomb, completely blocking access to it.
Before his death, Genghis Khan handed supreme leadership to his son Ögedei, who controlled most of East Asia, including China. The rest of the empire was divided among his other sons: he took central Asia and northern Iran; Tolui, being the youngest, received a small territory from the Mongol homeland; and Jochi (who was killed before the death of Genghis Khan) and his son Batu took control of modern Russia and. The expansion of the empire continued and reached its peak under the leadership of Ögedei. Mongol armies eventually invaded Persia, the Song Dynasty in southern China, and the Balkans. When the Mongol troops reached the gates of Vienna (Austria), the supreme commander Batu received the news of the death of the great Khan Ogedei and returned to Mongolia. Subsequently, the campaign faded, marking the furthest Mongol invasion of Europe.
Among the many descendants of Genghis Khan there is Kubilai Khan, the son of the son of Tolui, younger son Genghis Khan. At a young age, Kubilai showed great interest in Chinese civilization and did much throughout his life to incorporate Chinese customs and culture into Mongol rule. Kubilai rose to prominence in 1251 when his elder brother Monkke became Khan of the Mongol Empire and appointed him governor of the southern territories. Kubilai is remembered for the growth of agricultural production and the expansion of Mongolian territory. After Monkke's death, Kubilai and his other brother, Arik Boke, fought for control of the empire. After three years of tribal warfare, Kubilai won and became the Great Khan and Emperor of the Chinese Yuan Dynasty.
The name of Genghis Khan has long become a household name. It is a symbol of devastation and colossal wars. The ruler of the Mongols created an empire, the size of which struck the imagination of his contemporaries.
Childhood
The future Genghis Khan, whose biography has many white spots, was born somewhere on the border modern Russia and Mongolia. They named him Temujin. He adopted the name Genghis Khan as a designation for the title of the ruler of the vast empire of the Mongols.
Historians have not been able to accurately calculate the date of birth of the famous commander. Various estimates place it between 1155 and 1162. This inaccuracy is due to the lack of reliable sources relating to that era.
Genghis Khan was born into the family of one of the Mongol leaders. His father was poisoned by the Tatars, after which the child began to be persecuted by other contenders for power in his native uluses. In the end, Temujin was captured and forced to live with stocks on his neck. This symbolized the slave position of the young man. Temujin managed to escape from captivity by hiding in a lake. He was under water until his pursuers began to look for him elsewhere.
Unification of Mongolia
Many Mongols sympathized with the escaped prisoner, who was Genghis Khan. The biography of this man is a vivid example of how a commander created a huge army from scratch. Once free, he was able to enlist the support of one of the khans named Tooril. This elderly ruler married Temuchin his daughter, thereby securing an alliance with a talented young military leader.
Very soon, the young man was able to meet the expectations of his patron. Together with his army, ulus after ulus. He was distinguished by uncompromising and cruelty to his enemies, which terrified the enemies. His main enemies were the Tatars, who dealt with his father. Genghis Khan ordered his subjects to destroy all these people, except for children whose height did not exceed the height of a cartwheel. The final victory over the Tatars took place in 1202, when they became harmless to the Mongols, united under the rule of Temujin.
Temujin's new name
In order to officially consolidate his leading position among his fellow tribesmen, the leader of the Mongols convened a kurultai in 1206. This council proclaimed him Genghis Khan (or Great Khan). It was under this name that the commander went down in history. He managed to unite the warring and scattered uluses of the Mongols. The new ruler gave them the only goal - to extend their power to neighboring nations. Thus began the conquests of the Mongols, which continued after the death of Temujin.
Reforms of Genghis Khan
Soon reforms began, initiated by Genghis Khan. The biography of this leader is very informative. Temujin divided the Mongols into thousands and tumens. These administrative units together made up the Horde.
The main problem that could hinder Genghis Khan was the internal hostility among the Mongols. Therefore, the ruler mixed numerous clans among themselves, depriving them of their former organization that had existed for dozens of generations. This has borne fruit. The Horde became manageable and obedient. At the head of the tumens (one tumen included ten thousand soldiers) were people loyal to the khan, who unquestioningly obeyed his orders. The Mongols also attached themselves to their new units. For going to another tumen, the disobedient were threatened with the death penalty. So Genghis Khan, whose biography shows him as a far-sighted reformer, was able to overcome the destructive tendencies within Mongolian society. Now he could take up external conquests.
Chinese campaign
By 1211, the Mongols managed to subjugate all the neighboring Siberian tribes. They were distinguished by poor self-organization and could not repulse the invaders. The first real test for Genghis Khan on distant frontiers was the war with China. This civilization had been at war with the northern nomads for many centuries and had colossal military experience. Once, the guards on the Great Wall of China saw foreign troops led by Genghis Khan (a brief biography of the leader cannot do without this episode). This system of fortifications was impregnable for the previous uninvited guests. However, it was Temuchin who first managed to take possession of the wall.
It was divided into three parts. Each of them went to conquer hostile cities in their direction (in the south, southeast and east). Genghis Khan himself reached the sea with his army. He made peace. The losing ruler agreed to recognize himself as a tributary of the Mongols. For this he received Beijing. However, as soon as the Mongols went back to the steppes, chinese emperor moved his capital to another city. This was regarded as treason. The nomads returned to China and again filled it with blood. After all, this country was subdued.
Conquest of Central Asia
The next region that came under attack from Temujin was the local Muslim rulers who did not resist the Mongol hordes for long. Because of this, the biography of Genghis Khan is studied in detail in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan today. Summary his biography is taught in every school.
In 1220, the khan captured Samarkand - the most ancient and richest city region.
The next victims of the aggression of the nomads were the Polovtsians. These steppe people asked some Slavic princes for help. So in 1223, Russian soldiers first met the Mongols in the battle of Kalka. The battle between the Polovtsy and the Slavs was lost. Temujin himself at that time was in his homeland, but closely followed the success of the weapons of his subordinates. Genghis Khan, whose interesting biography facts are collected in various monographs, accepted the remnants of this army, which returned to Mongolia in 1224.
The death of Genghis Khan
In 1227, during the siege of the Tangut capital, he died short biography leader, set out in any textbook, necessarily tells about this episode.
The Tanguts lived in northern China and, despite the fact that the Mongols had long subdued them, revolted. Then Genghis Khan himself led the army, which was supposed to punish the disobedient.
According to the annals of that time, the leader of the Mongols received a delegation of Tanguts who wanted to discuss the conditions for the surrender of their capital. However, Genghis Khan felt unwell and refused the ambassadors an audience. He soon died. It is not known exactly what caused the death of the leader. Perhaps it was the age, since the khan was already in his seventies, and he could hardly endure long campaigns. There is also a version that one of his wives stabbed him. The mysterious circumstances of death are also supplemented by the fact that researchers still cannot find Temujin's grave.
Heritage
There is little reliable evidence left about the empire that Genghis Khan founded. Biography, campaigns and victories of the leader - all this is known only from fragmentary sources. But the significance of the Khan's deeds is difficult to overestimate. He created the largest state in the history of mankind, spread over the vast expanse of Eurasia.
The descendants of Temujin developed his success. So, his grandson Batu led an unprecedented campaign against the Russian principalities. He became the ruler of the Golden Horde and imposed tribute on the Slavs. But the empire founded by Genghis Khan proved to be short-lived. At first, it broke up into several uluses. These states were eventually captured by their neighbors. Therefore, it was Khan Genghis Khan, whose biography is known to any educated person, who became a symbol of Mongol power.
