Rewarding with an order is a formal positive sanction for arrest. Formal and informal sanctions

Term" social control"was introduced into scientific circulation by the French sociologist and social psychologist. Gabriel. Tarde. He considered it as an important means of correcting criminal behavior. Subsequently, Tarde expanded the considerations of this term and considered social control as one of the main factors of socialization.

Social control is a special mechanism for social regulation of behavior and maintenance of public order

Informal and formal control

Informal control is based on the approval or condemnation of a person's actions by her relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as by public opinion, which is expressed through customs and traditions, or che. Through the media.

IN traditional society there were very few established norms. Most aspects of the lives of members of traditional rural communities were controlled informally. Strict observance of rituals and ceremonies associated with traditional holidays and rituals brought up respect for social norms, understanding of their necessity.

Informal control is limited to a small group; in a large group it is ineffective. Agents of informal control are relatives, friends, neighbors, acquaintances

formal control is based on the approval or condemnation of a person's actions by official authorities and administration. In difficult modern society which numbers many thousands or even millions of Jews, it is impossible to maintain order by means of informal control. In modern society, order is controlled by special social institutions, such as courts, educational institutions, the army, the church, the mass media, enterprises, etc. Accordingly, the agents of formal control are the workers of these installations.

If an individual goes beyond social norms, and his behavior does not meet social expectations, he will certainly face sanctions, that is, people's emotional reaction to normatively regulated behavior.

. Sanctions- these are punishments and rewards that are applied by a social group to an individual

Since social control can be formal or informal, there are four main types of sanctions: formal positive, formal negative, informal positive and informal negative.

. Formal positive sanctions- this is public approval from official organizations: certificates, awards, titles and titles, state awards and high positions. They are closely related to the existence of prescriptions that determine how an individual should behave and which provide rewards for complying with normative prescriptions.

. Formal negative sanctions - these are the punishments provided for by legal laws, government regulations, administrative instructions and orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal from work, fine f, official penalty, reprimand, the death penalty etc. They are associated with the presence of regulations governing the behavior of the individual and indicate what kind of punishment is intended for non-compliance with these norms.

. Informal positive sanctions- this is public approval from unofficial persons and organizations: public praise, compliment, silent approval, applause, fame, smile, etc.

. Informal negative sanctions- this is a punishment unforeseen by official authorities, such as a remark, ridicule, a cruel joke, contempt, an unfriendly review, slander, etc.

The typology of sanctions depends on the system of educational features we have chosen.

Given the way sanctions are applied, current and prospective sanctions are distinguished

. Current sanctions are those that actually apply in a certain generality. Everyone can be sure that if he goes beyond the existing social norms, he will be punished or rewarded in accordance with the existing regulations.

Perspective sanctions are associated with the promises of punishment or reward to the individual in case of going beyond the limits of normative prescriptions. Very often the mere threat of execution (the promise of a reward) is enough to keep the individual within the normative framework.

Another criterion for dividing sanctions is related to the time of their application.

Repressive sanctions are applied after an individual performs a certain action. The amount of punishment or reward is determined by public beliefs regarding the harmfulness or usefulness of its action.

Preventive sanctions are applied even before an individual performs a certain action. Preventive sanctions are applied with the aim of inducing an individual to the type of behavior that society needs.

Today, in most civilized countries, the belief about the "crisis of punishment", the crisis of state and police control, prevails. The movement for the abolition of not only the death penalty, but also prison sentences and the transition to alternative measures of punishment and the restoration of the rights of the injured victims is expanding more and more.

progressive and promising in world criminology and sociology of deviations is the idea of preventive

Theoretically, the possibility of crime prevention has long been known. Charles. Montesquieu in his work "The Spirit of the Laws" noted that "a good legislator is not so worried about punishing a crime as about. Preventing a crime, he will try not so much to punish as to improve morality" Preventive sanctions improve social conditions, create a more favorable atmosphere and reduce inhuman actions. They are suitable to protect a specific person, a potential victim from possible encroachment of the types of possible encroachment.

However, there is another point of view. While agreeing that the prevention of crime (as well as other forms of deviant behavior) is democratic, liberal and progressive than repression, some sociologists (T. Mathyssen, B. Andersen and others) question the realism and effectiveness of their preventive measures. the arguments are like this:

Since deviance is a certain conditional construct, a product of social agreements (why, for example, in one society alcohol is allowed, and in another - its use is considered a deviation?). That in decides what is an offense - the legislator. Will prevention turn into a way to strengthen the position of officials?

Prevention involves the impact on the causes of deviant behavior. And who can say with certainty that he knows these reasons? and the basis and apply in practice?

Prevention is always an intervention in the privacy of a person. Therefore, there is a danger of violation of human rights through the introduction of preventive measures (for example, violation of the rights of homosexuals in the USSR)

The severity of sanctions depends on:

Measures of formalization of the role. The military, policemen, doctors - are controlled very tightly, both formally and by the public, and, say, friendship - is realized through informal social ro. Ole, so the sanctions here are rather conditional.

status prestige: roles associated with prestige statuses are subject to severe external scrutiny and self-monitoring

The cohesion of the group within which role behavior occurs, and hence the forces of group control

Control questions and tasks

1. What behavior is called deviant?

2. What is the relativity of deviation?

3. What behavior is called delinquent?

4. What are the causes of deviant and delinquent behavior?

5. What is the difference between delinquent and deviant behavior?

6. Name the functions of social deviations

7. Describe the biological and psychological theories of deviant behavior and crime

8. Describe the sociological theories of deviant behavior and crime

9. What functions does the system of social control perform?

10. What are "sanctions"?

11. What is the difference between formal and informal sanctions?

12 names for the difference between repressive and preventive sanctions

13. Prove with examples what the tightening of sanctions depends on

14. What is the difference between the ways of informal and formal control?

15. Name of agents of informal and formal control

Agents and institutions of socialization perform not one, but two functions:

- teach child's cultural norms;

- control how firmly, deeply and correctly assimilated social norms and roles.

social control is a mechanism for maintaining social order, based on a system of prescriptions, prohibitions, beliefs, coercive measures, which ensures the compliance of actions
the individual to accepted patterns and streamlines the interaction between individuals.

Social control includes two main elements - norms and sanctions.

Norms- Instructions on how to behave properly in society.

Sanctions- means of encouragement and punishment, stimulating people to comply with social norms.

Social control is carried out in the following forms:

1) coercion;

2) the influence of public opinion;

3) regulation in social institutions;

4) group pressure.

Even the simplest norms embody what is valued by a group or society. The difference between norms and values is expressed as follows: norms are rules of behavior, and values are abstract concepts of what is good and evil, right and wrong, proper and improper.

sanctions not only punishments are called, but also rewards that contribute to the observance of social norms. Social sanctions - an extensive system of rewards for the implementation of norms, i.e. for conformity, for agreeing with them, and punishment
for deviation from them, i.e. for deviance.

conformism represents an external agreement with the generally accepted, despite the fact that internally an individual can maintain disagreement in himself, but not tell anyone about it.

Conformism is the goal of social control. However, it cannot be the goal of socialization, because it must end with internal agreement with the generally accepted.

There are four types of sanctions: positive And negative, formal And informal.

Formal positive sanctions - public approval by governmental organizations (government, institutions, creative union): government awards, state awards
and scholarships, awarded titles, academic degrees and titles, construction of a monument, presentation of certificates of honor, admission to high positions
and honorary functions (for example, election as chairman of the board).

Informal positive sanctions- public approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, tacit recognition, benevolent disposition, applause, fame, honor, flattering reviews, recognition of leaders or experts
qualities, smile.

Formal negative sanctions- punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, prescriptions, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, deprivation of bonuses, confiscation of property, demotion, demolition, dethronement, death penalty, excommunication from churches.

Informal negative sanctions- punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, remark, ridicule, mockery, a cruel joke, an unflattering nickname, neglect, refusal to give a hand or maintain relations, spreading rumors, slander, an unfriendly review, writing a pamphlet or feuilleton, exposing article.

The assimilation of social norms is the basis of socialization. social
behavior that is not in accordance with the norm, considered by the majority of members of society as reprehensible or unacceptable, is called deviant(deviant) behavior, and a serious violation of the law leading to criminal punishment is called delinquent(asocial) behavior.

The well-known social anthropologist R. Linton, who worked extensively in microsociology and is one of the founders of role theories, introduced the concept of modal and normative personality.

Normative personality- it's like an ideal personality of a given culture.

Modal personality- a more common type of deviant personality options. The more unstable the society, the more people social type which do not coincide with the normative personality. Conversely, in stable societies, cultural pressure on the individual is such that a person in his views on behavior is less and less detached from the "ideal" stereotype.

Characteristic deviant behavior - cultural relativism (relativity). In the primitive period, and among some primitive tribes even today, cannibalism, gerontocide (killing the elderly), incest and infanticide (murder of children) were considered normal phenomena caused by economic reasons (lack of food) or social structure (permission of marriage between relatives). Cultural relativism can be comparative characteristic not only of two different societies and epochs, but also of two or more social groups within one society. In this case, it is necessary to talk not about culture, but about subculture. An example of such groups is political parties, government, social class or stratum, believers, youth, women, pensioners, national minorities. Yes, non-attendance church service- deviation from the position of a believer, but the norm from the position of a non-believer. The etiquette of the nobility required addressing by name and patronymic, and the diminutive name (Kolka or Nikitka) - the norm of communication in the lower strata - was considered a deviation by the nobles.

Thus, we can conclude: the deviation is relative: a) to the historical era; b) the culture of society.

Sociologists have established a trend: the more a person learns patterns of deviant behavior, the more often he encounters them and the younger his age. Violations of social norms by young people can be serious or not serious, conscious or unconscious. All serious violations, whether conscious or not, that fall under the category of unlawful act are delinquent behavior.

Alcoholism- a typical type of deviant behavior. An alcoholic is not only a sick person, but also a deviant, he is not able to
fulfill social roles.

junkie- a criminal, since the use of drugs is qualified by law as a criminal act.

Suicide, i.e. the free and deliberate termination of one's life is a deviation. But killing another person is a crime. Conclusion: deviance and delinquency are two forms of deviation from normal behavior. The first form is relative and insignificant, the second is absolute and significant.

The social consequences of deviant behavior at first glance must seem absolutely negative. Indeed, although a society can assimilate a considerable number of deviations from the norm without serious consequences for the functioning of its social organism, still constant and widespread deviations can disrupt or even undermine organized social life. If a significant number of individuals simultaneously fail to meet social expectations, the entire system of society, all its institutions, may suffer. For example, in modern Russian society, more and more parents refuse to raise their children, and, accordingly, more and more children are left without parental care. The direct connection of this phenomenon with social destabilization and the growth of crime is obvious. The deviant behavior of the masses of military personnel in military units is manifested in hazing and desertion, and this means a serious threat to stability in the army. Finally, the deviant behavior of some part of the members of society demoralizes the rest and discredits them in their eyes. existing system values. Thus, corruption of officials, unpunished on a massive scale, police arbitrariness and other negative phenomena in the life of society deprive people of the hope that honest work and “playing by the rules” will be socially rewarded, and push them also to deviations.

Thus, deviations are contagious. And society, treating them carefully, has the opportunity to draw some positive experience from the existence of deviations.

First, the identification of deviations and their public declaration as such contributes to the strengthening of social conformity - the willingness to obey the norms - of the majority of the rest of the population. Sociologist E. Sagarin notes: “One of the most effective methods The key to ensuring that most people follow the norm is to label some as norm breakers. This allows you to keep the rest in submission and at the same time in fear of being in the place of the violators ... Expressing hostility not good enough and the right people, the majority or the dominant group can reinforce ideas of what is good and right, and thereby create a society of individuals more loyal to the accepted ideology and norms of behavior.

Secondly, the condemnation of deviation allows society to see more clearly what it accepts as the norm. In addition, according to
K. Erickson, sanctions that suppress deviant behavior show people that it will continue to be punished. Once the perpetrators of crimes were subjected to public punishment. Today, the same result is achieved with the help of the media, which widely covers trials and verdicts.

Third, by collectively judging norm-breakers, the group strengthens its own cohesion and unity. Facilitates group identification. So, the search for the "enemy of the people" served a good remedy to rally society around the ruling group, which allegedly "can protect everyone."

Fourthly, the emergence and even more so wide use
in a society of deviations indicates that the social system is functioning incorrectly. The increase in crime indicates that there are many dissatisfied people in society, low level life of the majority of the population, the distribution of material wealth is too uneven. Availability a large number deviations speaks of the urgent need for social change.

Sociology / Yu. G. Volkov, V. I. Dobrenkov, N. G. Nechipurenko [and others]. M., 2000. S. 169.

The formation and functioning of small social groups is invariably accompanied by the emergence of a number of laws, customs and traditions. Them main goal becomes the regulation of public life, the preservation of a given order and concern for maintaining the well-being of all members of the community.

Sociology of personality, its subject and object

Such a phenomenon as social control takes place in all types of society. For the first time this term was used by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde He, calling one of the essential funds correction of criminal behavior. Later, social control began to be considered by him as one of the determining factors of socialization.

Among the instruments of social control are called formal and informal incentives and sanctions. Sociology of the individual, which acts as a section social psychology, considers questions and problems related to how people interact within certain groups, as well as how the formation of individual. This science under the term "sanctions" also understands encouragement, that is, this is a consequence of any act, regardless of whether it has a positive or negative connotation.

What are formal and informal positive sanctions

Formal control of public order is entrusted to official structures (human rights and judicial), while informal control is carried out by members of the family, collective, church community, as well as relatives and friends. While the former is based on state laws, the latter is based on public opinion. Informal control is expressed through customs and traditions, as well as through the media (public approval or censure).

If earlier this type of control was the only one, today it is relevant only for small groups. Thanks to industrialization and globalization contemporary bands have a huge number of people (up to several million), so informal control is untenable.

Sanctions: definition and types

Sanctions sociology of personality refers to the punishment or reward used in social groups in relation to individuals. This is a reaction to the individual's going beyond the boundaries of generally accepted norms, that is, the consequence of actions that differ from those expected. Given the types of social control, there are formal positive and negative ones, as well as informal positive and negative sanctions.

Feature of positive sanctions (encouragement)

Formal sanctions (with a plus sign) are different kinds public approval by official organizations. For example, the issuance of diplomas, awards, titles, titles, state awards and appointment to high positions. Such incentives necessarily provide for the conformity of the individual to whom they are applied to certain criteria.

In contrast, there are no clear requirements to merit informal positive sanctions. Examples of such rewards: smiles, handshakes, compliments, praise, applause, public gratitude.

Punishments or negative sanctions

Formal punishments are measures that are set out in legal laws, government regulations, administrative instructions and orders. An individual who violates applicable laws may be subject to imprisonment, arrest, dismissal from work, a fine, official reprimand, reprimand, death penalty and other sanctions. The difference between such punishments and those provided for by informal control (informal negative sanctions) is that their application requires a specific prescription that regulates the individual's behavior. It contains the criteria related to the norm, the list of actions (or inaction) that are considered as violations, as well as the punishment for the act (or lack of it).

Types of punishments that are not fixed at the official level become informal negative sanctions. It can be ridicule, contempt, verbal reprimands, unfriendly reviews, remarks, and others.

Classification of sanctions by time of application

All existing types of sanctions are divided into repressive and preventive. The former are applied after the individual has already performed the action. The amount of such punishment or encouragement depends on social beliefs that determine the harmfulness or usefulness of an act. The second (preventive) sanctions are designed to prevent the commission of specific actions. That is, their goal is to persuade the individual to the behavior that is considered normal. For example, informal positive sanctions in the school system are designed to develop the habit of “doing the right thing” in children.

The result of such a policy is conformism: a kind of "disguise" of the true motives and desires of the individual under the camouflage of instilled values.

The role of positive sanctions in the formation of personality

Many experts come to the conclusion that informal positive sanctions allow for more humane and effective control of the individual's behavior.
By applying various incentives and reinforcing socially acceptable actions, it is possible to develop a system of beliefs and values that will prevent the manifestation of deviant behavior. Psychologists recommend using informal positive sanctions as often as possible in the process of raising children.

Back to Sanctions

The formation and functioning of small social groups is invariably accompanied by the emergence of a number of laws, customs and traditions. Their main goal is the regulation of public life, the preservation of the given order and concern for maintaining the well-being of all members of the community.

Such a phenomenon as social control takes place in all types of society. For the first time this term was used by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde He, calling it one of the most important means of correcting criminal behavior. Later, social control began to be considered by him as one of the determining factors of socialization.

Among the instruments of social control are called formal and informal incentives and sanctions. The sociology of personality, which is a branch of social psychology, deals with questions and problems related to how people interact within certain groups, as well as how the individual personality is formed. This science under the term "sanctions" also understands encouragement, that is, this is a consequence of any act, regardless of whether it has a positive or negative connotation.

While the former is based on state laws, the latter is based on public opinion. Informal control is expressed through customs and traditions, as well as through the media (public approval or censure).

If earlier this type of control was the only one, today it is relevant only for small groups. Thanks to industrialization and globalization, modern groups have a huge number of people (up to several million), so informal control is untenable.

Given the types of social control, there are formal positive and negative ones, as well as informal positive and negative sanctions.

Formal sanctions (with a plus sign) are various types of public approval by official organizations. For example, the issuance of diplomas, awards, titles, titles, state awards and appointment to high positions.

Such incentives necessarily provide for the conformity of the individual to whom they are applied to certain criteria.

In contrast, there are no clear requirements to merit informal positive sanctions. Examples of such rewards: smiles, handshakes, compliments, praise, applause, public gratitude.

The difference between such punishments and those provided for by informal control (informal negative sanctions) is that their application requires a specific prescription that regulates the individual's behavior.

It contains the criteria related to the norm, the list of actions (or inaction) that are considered as violations, as well as the punishment for the act (or lack of it).

Types of punishments that are not fixed at the official level become informal negative sanctions. It can be ridicule, contempt, verbal reprimands, unfriendly reviews, remarks, and others.

Everything existing species sanctions are divided into repressive and preventive. The former are applied after the individual has already performed the action. The amount of such punishment or encouragement depends on social beliefs that determine the harmfulness or usefulness of an act.

The second (preventive) sanctions are designed to prevent the commission of specific actions. That is, their goal is to persuade the individual to the behavior that is considered normal. For example, informal positive sanctions in the school system are designed to develop the habit of “doing the right thing” in children.

The result of such a policy is conformism: a kind of "disguise" of the true motives and desires of the individual under the camouflage of instilled values.

Many experts come to the conclusion that informal positive sanctions allow for more humane and effective control of the individual's behavior.

By applying various incentives and reinforcing socially acceptable actions, it is possible to develop a system of beliefs and values that will prevent the manifestation of deviant behavior. Psychologists recommend using informal positive sanctions as often as possible in the process of raising children.

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Competition
Competition and market
Imperfect and perfect competition
Restriction of competition by the executive branch

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informal

So, social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control.

Together with values and norms, they constitute

self-control. Thus, depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal tough, and nonstrict, or soft.

External control- subdivided into informal And formal. Informal control

formal control agents of formal control.

Public opinion

socialization and control basis legal regulations: laws.

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informal

Formal positive sanctions (F+): — public approval from official organizations: government awards, state awards, titles, academic degrees and titles, construction of a monument, admission to high positions and honorary functions.

Informal positive sanctions (H+): — public approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, benevolent disposition, flattering response, smile.

Formal negative sanctions (F-): - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, prescriptions, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, deprivation of bonuses, confiscation of property, demotion, demolition, death penalty, excommunication.

Informal negative sanctions (N-): — punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, remark, ridicule, mockery, cruel joke, insulting nickname, refusal to give a hand, spreading rumors, slander, complaint.

So, social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control. Together with values and norms, they constitute mechanism of social control. Norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm does not have a sanction accompanying its violation, then it ceases to regulate the real behavior of people. It becomes a slogan, an appeal, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.

Application of social sanctions in some cases, it requires the presence of outsiders, while in others it does not require (for example, imprisonment requires a complex procedure for litigation; awarding an academic degree involves a complex procedure for defending a dissertation and the decision of an academic council). If the application of the sanction is committed by the person himself, directed at himself and occurs inside, then this form of control should be considered self-control.

Thus, depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal. According to the degree of intensity, the sanctions are strict, or tough, and nonstrict, or soft.

External control- subdivided into informal And formal. Informal control is based on approval or condemnation from relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances (they are called agents of informal control), as well as public opinion.

formal control based on the approval or disapproval of official authorities or administration. In modern society, the importance of formal control is increasing. It is carried out by special people - agents of formal control. These are people who are specially trained and receive a salary for the performance of control functions (judges, policemen, social workers, psychiatrists, etc.). Formal control is carried out by such institutions of modern society as the courts, the education system, the army, production, the media, political parties, and the government.

Public opinion- a set of assessments, ideas and judgments shared by the majority of the population or part of it; state of mass consciousness. It is in the production team, in a small village, it is in the social class, ethnic group, society as a whole. The impact of public opinion is very strong. Sociology is a very broad study of public opinion. This is her main subject. Questionnaires and interviews are aimed primarily at him.

It is easy to see the similarity of the two processes in society - socialization and control. The subjects of influence in both cases are agents and institutions. In modern society basis social control advocate legal regulations: laws.

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Sanctions are the reactions of society to the actions of the individual.

The emergence of a system of social sanctions, like norms, was not accidental. If norms are created to protect the values of society, then sanctions are designed to protect and strengthen the system of social norms. If a norm is not supported by a sanction, it ceases to be valid.

Thus, the three elements - values, norms and sanctions - form a single chain of social control. In this chain, sanctions are assigned the role of a tool with which the individual first gets acquainted with the norm, and then realizes the values.

Sanctions are of different types.

Among them are positive and negative, formal and informal.

Positive(positive) sanctions are the approval, praise, recognition, encouragement, glory, honor that others reward those who act within the framework of socially accepted norms. Every activity has its own incentives.

Negative sanctions- condemning or punishing the actions of society in relation to those individuals who violate the norms accepted in society. Negative sanctions include censure, dissatisfaction with others, condemnation, reprimand, criticism, a fine, as well as more severe actions - detention, imprisonment or confiscation of property. The threat of negative sanctions is more effective than the expectation of encouragement. At the same time, society strives to ensure that negative sanctions do not punish as much as prevent violations of norms, be proactive, not late.

Formal sanctions come from official organizations - the government or the administration of institutions that are guided in their actions by officially adopted documents

Informal sanctions come from the immediate environment of the individual and are in the nature of informal, often verbal and emotional assessments.

Social behavior that corresponds to the norms and values defined in society is designated as conformist (from Latin conformis - similar, similar). The main task of social control is the reproduction of a conformist type of behavior.

Social sanctions are used to control the observance of norms and values. Sanction is the reaction of the group to the behavior social subject. With the help of sanctions regulation social system and its subsystems.

Sanctions are not only punishments, but also incentives that contribute to the observance of social norms. Along with values, they contribute to the observance of social norms and thus social norms are protected from two sides, from the side of values and from the side of sanctions. Social sanctions are an extensive system of rewards for the implementation of social norms, that is, for conformity, agreement with them, and a system of punishments for deviation from them, that is, deviance.

Negative sanctions are linked with socially unapproved violations of norms, Depending on the degree of rigidity of the norms, they can be divided into punishments and censures:

forms of punishment- administrative penalties, restriction of access to socially valuable resources, prosecution, etc.

forms of censure- expression of public disapproval, refusal to cooperate, rupture of relations, etc.

The application of positive sanctions is associated not only with the observance of norms, but with the performance of a number of socially significant services aimed at preserving values and norms. The forms of positive sanctions are rewards, monetary rewards, privileges, approval, etc.

Along with negative and positive, formal and informal sanctions, which differ depending on the institutions that use them and the nature of their action:

formal sanctions implemented by official institutions sanctioned by society - law enforcement agencies, courts, tax authorities, the penitentiary system.

informal applied by informal institutions (comrades, family, neighbors).

There are four types of sanctions: positive, negative, formal, informal. Οʜᴎ give four types of combinations that can be represented as a logical square.

(F+) Formal positive sanctions. This is a public endorsement by official organizations. Such approval can be expressed in government awards, state prizes and scholarships, bestowed titles, erection of monuments, presentation of diplomas or admission to high positions and honorary functions (for example: election as chairman of the board).

(H+) Informal Positive Sanctions—Public approval that does not come from official organizations can be expressed in terms of friendly praise, compliment, honor, flattering feedback, or recognition of leadership or expertise. (just a smile) (F)-) formal negative sanctions - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders and orders can be expressed in arrest, imprisonment, dismissal, deprivation of civil rights, confiscation of property, fine, demotion, excommunication from the church, the death penalty.

(N-) informal negative sanctions - punishment not provided for by official authorities: censure, remarks, ridicule, neglect, unflattering nickname, refusal to maintain relations, disapproving feedback, complaint, exposing article in the press.

Four groups of sanctions help to determine what behavior of an individual can be considered beneficial for the group:

— legal - a system of punishments for actions prescribed by law.

— ethical - a system of censures, remarks arising from moral principles,

— satirical - ridicule, neglect, smirks, etc.,

— religious sanctions .

French sociologist R.

Lapierre identifies three types of sanctions:

— physical , with the help of which punishment is carried out for violation of social norms;

— economic blocking the satisfaction of urgent needs (fines, penalties, restrictions on the use of resources, dismissals); administrative (downgrading of social status, warnings, penalties, removal from office).

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, sanctions together with values and norms constitute the mechanism of social control. Regulations by themselves do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people on the basis of norms. Compliance with norms, like the implementation of sanctions, makes people's behavior predictable,

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If some norm does not have a sanction accompanying it, then it ceases to regulate behavior and becomes just a slogan or appeal, and not an element of social control.

The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, and in others it does not (imprisonment requires a serious trial, on the basis of which a sentence is issued). Assignment of a scientific degree involves an equally complex process of defending a dissertation and making a decision by the Academic Council. If the application of the sanction is committed by the person himself, directed at himself and occurs inside, then this form of control is called self-control. Self-control is internal control.

Individuals independently control their behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms. In the process of socialization, norms are assimilated so firmly that people who violate them feel guilty. Approximately 70% of social control is carried out through self-control. The more self-control is developed among members of a society, the less it is extremely important for this society to resort to external control, and, conversely, the weaker self-control, the tougher external control should be. Wherein hard outer control, petty guardianship of citizens, hinder the development of self-consciousness and muffle the volitional efforts of the individual, as a result, a dictatorship arises.

Often a dictatorship is established temporarily for the benefit of citizens, in order to restore order, but citizens who are accustomed to submit to coercive control do not develop internal control, they gradually degrade as social beings, as individuals who are able to take responsibility and do without external coercion, that is, dictatorship, thus, the degree of development of self-control characterizes the type of people prevailing in society and the emerging form of the state. With developed self-control, the likelihood of establishing democracy is high, with undeveloped self-control, dictatorship.

Social sanctions are rewards and punishments that encourage people to comply with social norms. Social sanctions are the guardians of norms.

Types of sanctions:

1) Formal positive sanctions are the approval from the authorities:

Reward;

Scholarship;

Monument.

2) Informal positive sanctions are the approval from the society:

Praise;

Applause;

Compliment;

3) Formal negative - this is a punishment from official bodies:

Dismissal;

Rebuke;

The death penalty.

4) Informal negative sanctions - punishments from society:

Comment;

Taunt;

There are two types of social control:

1. external social control - it is carried out by the authorities, society, close people.

2. internal social control - it is carried out by the person himself. Human behavior is 70% dependent on self-control.

The fulfillment of social norms is called conformity - this is the goal of social control

3. Social deviations: deviant and delinquent behavior.

The behavior of people who do not comply with social norms is called deviant. These actions do not correspond to the norms and social stereotypes that have developed in this society.

Positive deviation is such deviant behavior that does not cause disapproval from society. It can be heroic deeds, self-sacrifice, excessive devotion, excessive zeal, a heightened sense of pity and sympathy, over-industriousness, etc. Negative deviation - deviations that in most people cause a reaction of disapproval and condemnation. This includes terrorism, vandalism, theft, betrayal, cruelty to animals, etc.

Delinquent behavior is a serious violation of the law, for which criminal liability may follow.

There are several basic forms of deviation.

1. Drunkenness - immoderate consumption of alcoholic beverages. Alcoholism is a morbid craving for alcohol. This type of deviation brings great harm to all people. Both the economy and the well-being of society suffer from this. For example, in the United States, about 14 million people suffer from alcoholism, and the annual losses from it reach 100 billion dollars. Our country is also the world leader in alcohol consumption. Russia produces 25 liters of alcohol per capita per year. Moreover, most of the alcohol is hard liquor. IN Lately there was a problem and "beer" alcoholism, which mainly affects young people. For various reasons related to alcohol, about 500 thousand Russians die every year.

2. Drug addiction is a painful craving for drugs. The accompanying consequences of drug addiction are crimes, physical and mental exhaustion, degradation of the personality. According to the UN, every 25th inhabitant of the Earth is a drug addict; There are more than 200 million drug addicts in the world. According to official estimates, there are 3 million drug addicts in Russia, and 5 million according to unofficial estimates. There are supporters of the legalization of "soft" drugs (such as marijuana). They give the example of the Netherlands, where the use of these drugs is legal. But the experience of these countries has shown that the number of drug addicts is not decreasing, but only increasing.

3. Prostitution - extramarital sexual relations for a fee. There are countries where prostitution is legalized. Supporters of legalization believe that the transfer to a legal position will allow better control of the “process”, improve the situation, reduce the number of diseases, save this area from pimps and bandits, in addition, the state budget will receive additional taxes from this type of activity. Opponents of legalization point to the humiliation, inhumanity and immorality of body trafficking. Immorality cannot be legalized. Society cannot live according to the principle “everything is permitted”, without certain moral brakes. In addition, clandestine prostitution with all the criminal, moral and medical problems will remain.

4. Homosexuality is sexual attraction to people of the same sex. Homosexuality is in the form of: a) sodomy - sexual relations between a man and a man, b) lesbianism - a woman's sexual attraction to a woman, c) bisexualism - sexual attraction to individuals of her own and the opposite sex. The normal sexual attraction of a woman to a man and vice versa is called heterosexuality. Some countries already allow marriages between gays and lesbians. These families are allowed to adopt children. In our country, the general population is ambivalent about such relations.

5. Anomie - a state of society in which a significant part of people neglects social norms. This happens in troubled, transitional, crisis times. civil wars, revolutionary upheavals, deep reforms, when the old goals and values collapse, faith in the usual moral and legal norms falls. Examples can be France during the Great Revolution of 1789, Russia in 1917 and the early 90s of the 20th century.