The Novaya Zemlya archipelago is a picturesque corner of the Arctic. Novaya zemlya read online, kolas yakub

The archipelago consists of two large islands - North and South, separated by a narrow strait (2-3 km) Matochkin Shar and many relatively small islands, the largest of which is Mezhdusharsky. The northeastern tip of the North Island - Cape Flissing - is the easternmost point of Europe.

It stretches from the southwest to the northeast for 925 km. The northernmost point of Novaya Zemlya is the eastern island of the Greater Orange Islands, the southernmost point is the Pynina Islands of the Petukhov archipelago, the western one is an unnamed cape on the Gusinaya Zemlya peninsula of the South Island, and the eastern one is Cape Flissingsky of the Severny Island. The area of ​​all the islands is more than 83 thousand km2; the width of the North Island is up to 123 km, the South - up to 143 km.

In the south, the Karskie Vorota strait (50 km wide) is separated from Vaygach Island.

The climate is arctic and harsh. Winter is long and cold, strong winds(the speed of katabatic (katabatic) winds reaches 40-50 m/s) and snowstorms, in connection with which Novaya Zemlya is sometimes called the “Land of Winds” in the literature. Frosts reach?40 °C. The average temperature of the warmest month - August - is from 2.5 °C in the north to 20 °C in the south. In winter, the difference reaches 4.6°. The difference in temperature conditions between the coasts of the Barents and Kara Seas exceeds 5°. Such a temperature asymmetry is due to the difference in the ice regime of these seas. There are many small lakes on the archipelago itself; under the rays of the sun, the water temperature in the southern regions can reach 18 ° C.

About half of the area of ​​the North Island is occupied by glaciers. On the territory of about 20,000 km? - a continuous ice cover, stretching almost 400 km in length and up to 70-75 km in width. The thickness of the ice is over 300 m. In a number of places, the ice descends into the fjords or breaks off into the open sea, forming ice barriers and giving rise to icebergs. The total glaciation area of ​​Novaya Zemlya is 29,767 km², of which about 92% is cover glaciation and 7.9% is mountain glaciers. On the South Island - areas of arctic tundra.

Geographical position

New Earth- an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean between the Barents and Kara seas; is included in the Arkhangelsk region of Russia in the rank municipality"New Earth".
The archipelago consists of two large islands - North and South, separated by a narrow strait (2-3 km) Matochkin Shar and many relatively small islands, the largest of which is Mezhdusharsky. The northeastern tip of the North Island - Cape Flissing - is the easternmost point of Europe.

It stretches from the southwest to the northeast for 925 km. The northernmost point of Novaya Zemlya is the eastern island of the Greater Orange Islands, the southernmost point is the Pynina Islands of the Petukhov archipelago, the western one is an unnamed cape on the Gusinaya Zemlya peninsula of the South Island, and the eastern one is Cape Flissingsky of the Severny Island.

Area of ​​all islands over 83 thousand km²; the width of the North Island is up to 123 km, the South - up to 143 km.
In the south, the Karskie Vorota strait (50 km wide) is separated from Vaygach Island.
About half of the area of ​​the North Island is occupied by glaciers. On the territory of about 20,000 km² - a continuous ice cover, extending almost 400 km in length and up to 70-75 km in width. The thickness of the ice is over 300 m. In a number of places, the ice descends into the fjords or breaks off into the open sea, forming ice barriers and giving rise to icebergs. The total glaciation area of ​​Novaya Zemlya is 29,767 km², of which about 92% is ice cover and 7.9% is mountain glaciers. On the South Island - areas of arctic tundra.

Climate

The climate is arctic and harsh. The winter is long and cold, with strong winds (the speed of katabatic (katabatic) winds reaches 40-50 m/s) and snowstorms, which is why Novaya Zemlya is sometimes referred to in the literature as the "Land of Winds". Frosts reach -40 °C. The average temperature of the warmest month - August - is from 2.5 °C in the north to 6.5 °C in the south. In winter, the difference reaches 4.6°. The difference in temperature conditions between the coasts of the Barents and Kara Seas exceeds 5°. Such a temperature asymmetry is due to the difference in the ice regime of these seas. There are many small lakes on the archipelago itself; under the rays of the sun, the water temperature in the southern regions can reach 18 ° C.

Population

In administrative terms, the archipelago is a separate municipality of the Arkhangelsk region. It has the status of ZATO (closed administrative-territorial entity). A special pass is required to enter Novaya Zemlya. Until the beginning of the 90s. the very existence of settlements on Novaya Zemlya was a state secret. The postal address of the village of Belushya Guba was “Arkhangelsk-55”, the village of Rogachevo and the “points” located on the South Island and the south of the North Island - “Arkhangelsk-56”, the “points” located in the north of the North Island and Franz Josef Land - “ Krasnoyarsk Territory, Dikson-2 Island "(communication with them through Dikson was maintained). In the administrative center - the urban-type settlement of Belushya Guba, located on the South Island - 2149 people live (2013). The second settlement on Novaya Zemlya that currently exists is the village of Rogachevo (457 people), 12 km from Belushya Guba. There is a military airfield - Amderma-2. 350 km to the north on the southern coast of the Matochkin Shar Strait is the Severny settlement (without a permanent population), a base for underground tests, mining, construction and installation works. There are currently no settlements on the North Island.

Indigenous people- the Nenets were completely evicted from the islands in the 1950s, when a military training ground was created. The population of the settlements is mainly made up of soldiers and builders.

According to the results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census, the population of Novaya Zemlya is 2429 people and is concentrated in only two settlements - Belushya Guba and Rogachevo.

Nature

The ecosystems of Novaya Zemlya are usually referred to as biomes of the Arctic deserts.(North Island) and Arctic tundra.
The main role in the formation of phytocenoses belongs to mosses and lichens. The latter are represented by species of cladonia, the height of which does not exceed 3-4 cm.
Arctic herbaceous annuals also play a significant role. Creeping species, such as creeping willow (Salix polaris), opposite-leaved saxifrage (Saxifraga oppositifolia), mountain lichen and others, are characteristic of the scarce flora of the islands. Vegetation in the southern part is in the majority dwarf birches, moss and low grass, in areas near rivers, lakes and bays a lot of mushrooms grow: milk mushrooms, mushrooms, etc.
The largest lake is Gusinoe. It is home to freshwater fish, in particular arctic char. Of the animals, arctic foxes, lemmings, white partridges, and also reindeer are common. Polar bears come to the southern regions with the onset of cold weather, being a threat to local residents. Marine animals include harp seals, seals, bearded seals, walruses, and whales.
On the islands of the archipelago you can find the largest bird colonies in the Russian region of the Arctic. Guillemots, puffins, seagulls settle here.

The time of the origin of the name Novaya Zemlya is not exactly known. Perhaps it was formed as a tracing-paper from the Nenets Yedei-Ya "Novaya Zemlya". If so, then the name could have arisen during the very first visits to the islands by Russians in the 11th-12th centuries. The use of the name Novaya Zemlya at the end of the 15th century is recorded by foreign sources.

Pomors also used the name Matka, the meaning of which remains unclear. Often it is understood as "nurse, rich land."

And the land there is really rich, but not in plants, but in animals, which were hunted by hunters. Here, for example, as the artist A. Borisov wrote about the riches of the Arctic at the end of the 18th century, having visited Yugorsky Shar and Vaigach:

“Wow, how good it would be to live here in the regions rich in crafts! In our places (Vologda province), see how a man works all year round every day, and only barely, with all his modesty, can feed himself and his family. Not here! Here, sometimes one week is enough to provide for oneself for a whole year, if the merchants did not exploit the Samoyeds in such a way, if the Samoyeds were at least somewhat able to preserve and dispose of this rich property ... "

Based on the Pomeranian uterus (compass), the name is associated with the need to use a compass for sailing to Novaya Zemlya. But, as V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko wrote, “Svenske, in his description of Novaya Zemlya, says that the name of the Matochkin Shar strait comes from the word - matochka (small compass). This is not true: the Matochkin ball is called matochkin, unlike other small Novaya Zemlya balls, since it crosses the entire Uterus, that is, the hardened land of this archipelago.

In Finnish, Karelian, Vepsian matka means “way, road”, in Estonian matk “journey, wandering”. The term is widely represented in the toponymy of the North (cf. Matkoma, Matkozero, Irdomatka, etc.), it was mastered by the Pomors, and, perhaps, the name Matka is associated with it.

Novaya Zemlya is located on the border of two seas. In the west it is washed by the Barents Sea, and in the east by the Kara Sea.

The archipelago consists of two large islands and many smaller ones. In general, we can say that Novaya Zemlya is two islands: South and North, separated by a narrow strait Matochkin Shar.

The distance from the northernmost point of Novaya Zemlya (Cape Zhelaniya) to the North Pole is only about one and a half thousand kilometers.

Cape Flissingsky of the North Island is the easternmost point of Europe.

Novaya Zemlya belongs to the Arkhangelsk region, as well as another Arctic archipelago adjacent to it, Franz Josef Land. That is, the inhabitants of the Arkhangelsk region, having visited Novaya Zemlya, in fact, will not even leave their subject, despite the fact that from Arkhangelsk to Novaya Zemlya in a straight line is about 900 kilometers, almost the same as to Moscow, Estonia or Norway.

The Barents Sea, which had been traversed by Russian coast-dwellers for several centuries before, was visited in 1594, 1595 and 1596 by expeditions led by the Dutch navigator Willem Barents and, although he was not even the first foreign traveler to visit Novaya Zemlya, the sea in 1853 was named after him. This name has been preserved to this day, despite the fact that in Russia this sea in the old days was called the Northern, Siver, Moscow, Russian, Arctic, Pechora and most often Murmansk.

Something about the geology and climate of the archipelago

Novaya Zemlya in the west is washed by the relatively warm Barents Sea (compared to the Kara Sea), and due to this, the weather there can be quite warm, and even, oddly enough, sometimes even warmer than on the coast. The weather forecast for Novaya Zemlya now (in Belushya Guba), as well as for comparison on the coast (in Amderma):

Very interesting and remarkable is the so-called "Novaya Zemlya bora" - a strong cold gusty local wind, reaching up to 35-40 m/s, and sometimes 40-55 m/s! Such winds near the coast often reach the strength of a hurricane and weaken with distance from the coast.

The word Bora (bora, Βορέας, boreal) is translated as a cold north wind.

Bora occurs when a stream of cold air encounters a hill on its way; having overcome the obstacle, the bora with great force falls on the coast. The vertical dimensions of the bur are several hundred meters. Affects, as a rule, small areas where low mountains directly border the sea.

Novaya Zemlya bora is due to the presence of a mountain range stretched from south to north along the island. Therefore, it is celebrated on the western and eastern coasts of the South Island. The characteristic features of the "bora" on the west coast is a strong gusty and very cold wind, northeast or southeast directions. On the east coast - winds of the western or north-western direction.

The highest frequency of Novaya Zemlya bora is observed in November - April with a duration of 10 days or more. During bora, all visible air is filled with thick snow and resembles smoking smoke. Visibility in these cases often reaches its complete absence - 0 meters. Such storms are dangerous for people and equipment, and require foresight and caution from residents when moving in case of emergency.

The Novaya Zemlya Range affects not only the direction, but also the speed of the wind crossing it. The mountain range contributes to an increase in wind speed on the leeward side. With an east wind, air accumulates on the windward side, which, when crossing the ridge, leads to air collapses, accompanied by strong gusty winds, the speed of which reaches 35-40 m/s, and sometimes 40-45 m/s (in the area of ​​the Severny village up to 45-55 m/s).

Novaya Zemlya is covered with "thorns" in many places. If I'm not mistaken, this is slate and phyllite (from the Greek phýllon - leaf) - a metamorphic rock, which in structure and composition is transitional between clay and mica schist. In general, almost everywhere in the south of NZ where we visited, the land is like this. That is why here the paws of the running dogs were constantly injured.

Previously, when Europeans had boots with leather soles, they constantly risked tearing their shoes. There is a story on this topic, told by Stepan Pisakhov in his diary: “In the early days, I was going to go away from the camp. Malanya saw, swayed, hurried, caught up. - Where are you going? - To Chum-mountain. Malanya looked at my feet - I was wearing boots - How are you going back? Are you going to roll yourself sideways? - Malanya explained that the shoes would soon break on sharp stones. - I'll bring you pima. Waited.

Malanya brought new seal pima with sea hare soles. - Dress up. In these pims, it is good to walk on pebbles, and you can walk on water. How much do pimas cost? - One and a half rubles. It seemed cheap to me. Surprise resulted in a question: - Both? Malanya laughed a long laugh, even sat down on the ground. Waving her hands, she swayed. And through laughter she said - No, one pim! You will wear one, I will wear one pim. You step foot and I step foot. So let's go. Malanya laughed and told an old Nenets tale about people with one leg who can only walk with their arms around each other - They live there loving each other. There is no malice there. They don’t cheat there, - finished Malanya and fell silent, thoughtful, stared into the distance of the told fairy tale. Malania was silent for a long time. The dogs have calmed down, curled up in balls, sleeping. Only the ears of dogs flinch at every new sound.

Modern life on Novaya Zemlya

First of all, many people associate Novaya Zemlya with a nuclear test site and testing of the most powerful hydrogen bomb in the history of mankind - the 58-megaton Tsar Bomba. Therefore, there is a widespread myth that after nuclear tests on Novaya Zemlya it is impossible to live because of radiation. In fact, everything, to put it mildly, is not at all like that.

On Novaya Zemlya, there is a town for the military - Belushya Guba and Rogachevo, as well as the village of Severny (without a permanent population). In Rogachevo there is a military airfield - Amderma-2.

There is also a base for underground testing, mining and construction and installation works. On Novaya Zemlya, the Pavlovskoye, Severnoye and Perevalnoye ore fields with deposits of polymetallic ores were discovered. The Pavlovskoye field is so far the only field on Novaya Zemlya for which balance reserves have been approved and which is planned to be developed.

2149 people live in Belushi Guba, 457 people live in Rogachevo. Of these, military personnel - 1694 people; civilians - 603 people; children - 302 people. Currently, personnel also live and serve in the village of Severny, at the Malye Karmakuly weather station, at the heliports of Pankovaya Zemlya, Chirakino.

Novaya Zemlya has the House of Officers, a soldier's club, the Arktika sports complex, a secondary school, Kindergarten Bunochka, five canteens, a military hospital. There is also a grocery store "Pole", a department store "Metelitsa", a vegetable store "Spolohi", a cafe "Fregat", a children's cafe "Skazka", a store "Sever". The names are just mi-mi-mi :)

Novaya Zemlya is considered a separate municipality with the status of an urban district. The administrative center is the village of Belushya Guba. Novaya Zemlya is ZATO (closed administrative-territorial entity). This means that you need a pass to enter the city district.

The site of the municipal formation "Novaya Zemlya" - http://nov-zemlya.ru.

Until the early 1990s. the very existence of settlements on Novaya Zemlya was a state secret. The postal address of the village of Belushya Guba was "Arkhangelsk-55", the village of Rogachevo and "points" located in the south - "Arkhangelsk-56". The postal address of the "points" located in the north is "Krasnoyarsk Territory, Dikson Island-2". Now this information is declassified.

The Malye Karmakuly meteorological station also operates on Novaya Zemlya. And in the north of Novaya Zemlya (Cape Zhelaniya) there is a stronghold National Park"Russian Arctic", where in summer period its employees live.

How to get to Novaya Zemlya

Regular planes fly to Novaya Zemlya. Since November 5, 2015, Aviastar Petersburg has been operating passenger and cargo flights on the route Arkhangelsk (Talagi) - Amderma-2 - Arkhangelsk (Talagi) on An-24 and An-26 aircraft.

For questions about purchasing tickets, booking tickets, the date and time of departure for regular civil aviation flights to Novaya Zemlya, you can contact the representatives of Aviastar Petersburg LLC on working days from 9.30 to 19.00.

Representative of Aviastar tel. +7 812 777 06 58, Moscow highway, 25, building 1, lit. 8 921 488 00 44. Representative in Belushya Guba tel. 8 911 597 69 08.

Also, Novaya Zemlya can be reached by sea - by boat. Personally, we went there just like that.

History of Novaya Zemlya

It is believed that Novaya Zemlya was discovered by the Russians already in the 12th-15th centuries. The first written evidence of the presence and fishing activities of Russians in the archipelago dates back to the 16th century and belongs to foreigners. Indisputable material evidence of the long stay of the Russians in the archipelago was recorded in 1594 and 1596-1597. in the diaries of De Fer - a member of the Dutch expeditions led by Willem Barents.

By the first arrival of Europeans to Novaya Zemlya, the unique spiritual and fishing traditions of the Russian Pomors had already developed here. Novaya Zemlya was visited by hunters seasonally to hunt sea animals (walruses, seals, polar bears), fur-bearing animals, birds, as well as collect eggs and fish. Hunters hunted for walrus tusks, polar fox, bear, walrus, seal and deer skins, walrus, seal, beluga and bear “fat” (blubber), omul and loaches, geese and other birds, as well as eider down.

The Pomors had fishing huts on Novaya Zemlya, but they did not dare to stay there for the winter. And not so much because of the harsh climate, but because of the terrible polar disease - scurvy.

Industrialists for the construction of huts brought wood and bricks themselves. The dwelling was heated with firewood brought with them on the ship. According to surveys conducted among industrialists in 1819, “there are no natural inhabitants; any indigenous inhabitants of Novaya Zemlya were unknown to the fishermen.

Discovery of Novaya Zemlya by foreign sailors

Due to the fact that Spain and Portugal dominated the southern sea routes, in the 16th century English sailors were forced to look for a northeastern passage to the countries of the East (in particular, to India). So they got to the New Earth.

First unsuccessful expedition:

In 1533 X. Willoughby left England and apparently reached the southern coast of Novaya Zemlya. Turning back, the two ships of the expedition were forced to spend the winter at the mouth of the Varsina River in eastern Murman. The following year, the Pomors accidentally stumbled upon these ships with the corpses of 63 English wintering participants.

The following unfinished expeditions, but without casualties:

In 1556, an English ship under the command of S. Borro reached the shores of Novaya Zemlya, where he met the crew of a Russian boat. The accumulation of ice in the Yugorsky Shar Strait forced the expedition to return to England. In 1580, the English expedition of A. Pete and C. Jackman on two ships reached Novaya Zemlya, but solid ice in the Kara Sea also forced them to sail home.

Expeditions with victims, but also goals achieved:

In 1594, 1595 and 1596, three trading sea expeditions to India and China set off from Holland by the northeast passage. One of the leaders of all three expeditions was the Dutch navigator Willem Barents. In 1594, he passed along the northwestern coast of Novaya Zemlya and reached its northern tip. Along the way, the Dutch repeatedly met material evidence of the Russians' presence in Novaya Zemlya.

On August 26, 1596, the Barents ship was wrecked off the northeastern coast of the archipelago, in Ice Harbor. The Dutch had to build a dwelling on the shore from driftwood and ship planks. During the winter, two members of the team died. On June 14, 1597, leaving the ship, the Dutch set sail in two boats from Ice Harbor. Off the northwestern coast of Novaya Zemlya, in the area of ​​Ivanov Bay, V. Barents and his servant, a little later another member of the expedition, died.

Off the southern coast of the archipelago, in the area of ​​​​the Kostin Shar Strait, the Dutch met two Russian boats and received from them Rye bread and smoked birds. On boats, the surviving 12 Dutch reached Kola, where they accidentally met with the second ship of the expedition and arrived in Holland on October 30, 1597.

Subsequent expeditions:

Then, in 1608, the English navigator G. Hudson visited Novaya Zemlya (during the landing on the archipelago, he discovered a Pomor cross and the remains of a fire), in 1653 three Danish ships reached Novaya Zemlya.

Further, the Danes, the Dutch, the British visited Novaya Zemlya until 1725-1730, and on this the voyages of foreign ships to the archipelago ceased until the 19th century. The most outstanding of the expeditions were two Dutch expeditions by V. Barents. The main merit of Barents and De Fer is the compilation of the first map of the western and northern coasts of Novaya Zemlya.

Exploration of Novaya Zemlya by Russians

It all started with two unsuccessful expeditions:

In 1652, by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, an expedition of Roman Neplyuev went to Novaya Zemlya to search for silver and copper ores, precious stones and pearls. Most of the 83 participants and Neplyuev himself died during the winter south of Dolgiy Island.

In 1671, an expedition led by Ivan Neklyudov was sent to Novaya Zemlya to search for silver ore and build a wooden fortress on the archipelago. In 1672, all members of the expedition died.

Finally, relative luck:

In 1760-1761. Savva Loshkin traveled by boat from south to north along the eastern coast of Novaya Zemlya for the first time, spending two years on it. One of his winter huts, apparently, was built at the mouth of the Savina River. Loshkin rounded the northern coast and went south along the western coast.

In 1766, helmsman Yakov Chirakin sailed on the ship of the Arkhangelsk merchant A. Barmin from the Barents Sea to the Kara Strait Matochkin Shar. Upon learning of this, the Arkhangelsk governor A.E. Golovtsyn agreed with Barmin to send a ship with an expedition.

In July 1768, an expedition led by F.F. Rozmyslova set off on a three-masted kochmar to the western mouth of the Matochkin Shar strait in order to map the strait and measure its depth. The tasks of the expedition included: to go, if possible, through Matochkin Shar and the Kara Sea to the mouth of the Ob River and study the possibility of opening a route from the Kara Sea to North America. From August 15, 1768, the expedition carried out measurements and research of Matochkin Shar. In the eastern mouth of the strait - Tyulenya Bay and on Cape Drovyanoy, two huts were built, where, divided into two groups, the expedition spent the winter. During the winter, Yakov Chirakin died. Of the 14 people on the expedition, 7 died.
Returning to the western mouth of the Matochkin Shara, the expedition met a Pomeranian fishing vessel. The rotten kochmara had to be left at the mouth of the Chirakina River and returned on September 9, 1769 to Arkhangelsk on a ship of the Pomors.

Of course, the name of Rozmyslov should take one of the first places among the outstanding Russian sailors and explorers of the Arctic. He not only measured and put on the map the semi-legendary Matochkin Shar Strait for the first time. Rozmyslov gave the first description natural environment strait: surrounding mountains, lakes, some representatives of flora and fauna. Moreover, he carried out regular observations of the weather, fixed the time of freezing and opening of ice in the strait. Fulfilling the assignment given to him, Rozmyslov built the first winter hut in the eastern part of the Matochkin Shar strait. This winter hut was later used by industrialists and explorers of the archipelago.

In 1806, Chancellor N.P. Rumyantsev allocated funds for the search for silver ore in Novaya Zemlya. Under the leadership of the mining official V. Ludlov, in June 1807, two mining masters and eleven members of the ship's crew set off for the archipelago on the single-masted sloop "Pchela". The expedition traveled to Mezhdusharsky Island, visiting the famous Pomeranian camp of Valkovo. Studying the islands in the Costin Shar Strait, Ludlov discovered deposits of gypsum.

In 1821-1824. Lieutenant F.P. Litke led four expeditions on the military brig Novaya Zemlya. Expeditions led by Litke made an inventory of the western coast of Novaya Zemlya from the Kara Strait to Cape Nassau. Close-knit ice did not allow them to break further to the North. For the first time, a whole complex of scientific observations was carried out: meteorological, geomagnetic and astronomical.

In 1832, difficult ice conditions in the Kara Gates forced the expedition of P.K. Pakhtusov to put up a single-mast deckless large karbas “Novaya Zemlya” for wintering near the southern coast of the archipelago, in the Kamenka Bay. For the construction of housing, the remains of a Pomeranian hut and a driftwood found here were used. As soon as all the members of the expedition moved to the rebuilt winter hut, from the second decade of September they began to keep a meteorological log, entering into it every two hours the readings of the barometer, thermometer and the state of the atmosphere. With the end of winter, many-day hiking routes began to describe and survey the southern shores of the archipelago. The results of the expedition - the first map of the entire eastern coast of the South Island of the archipelago. Thanks to his subsequent expeditions, outstanding results were achieved. Pakhtusov described the southern coast of Matochkin Shara, the eastern coast of the archipelago from the Kara Gate to the Far Cape.

Then they were in 1837 on the schooner “Krotov” and a small boat “St. Elisha” expedition of the Imperial Academy of Sciences under the leadership of Academician K. Baer. Ensign A.K. Tsivodka commanded the ship.
In 1838, under the command of Ensign A.K. Tsivolka, an expedition was sent to Novaya Zemlya on the schooners Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen. The second schooner was commanded by Ensign S.A. Moiseev. As a result, a number of important studies were made, and well-known domestic and Western European scientists repeatedly addressed various scientific results of the Tsivolka-Moiseev expedition.

In subsequent years, the Pomors, who continued to fish on Novaya Zemlya, at the request of the famous Siberian industrialist M.K. Sidorov, landed in the places indicated by him, collected rock samples and set up application posts. In 1870, Sidorov published a project “On the benefits of a settlement on Novaya Zemlya for the development of marine and other industries”.

Commercial development of Novaya Zemlya

The history of the creation of fishing settlements on Novaya Zemlya has purely "political roots". For a long time this region was "Russian", but unfortunately there was not a single permanent settlement here. Even the first Russian settlers in the North and their descendants, the Pomors, went here to fish. But the “rustic Russians” for some reason believed that their Arctic paradise would always be inaccessible to the “nemchure”, “Germans” - foreigners (“Germans”, i.e. dumb, not speaking Russian, Pomors called all foreigners). And they were clearly wrong.

It is known that back in the 16th century, shortly after the visit of the Dutchman Willem Barents and his associates to the region, Europe was interested in this particular “corner of the Russian Arctic”. And in confirmation of this, “in 1611, a society was formed in Amsterdam that established hunting in the seas near Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya,” and in 1701 the Dutch equipped up to 2,000 ships to Svalbard and Novaya Zemlya to “beat the whales.” According to the famous Siberian merchant and philanthropist M.K. Sidorov, who spent his whole life and fortune just to prove that Russia's strength was in the development of Siberia and the North, "before Peter the Great, the Dutch freely hunted whales in Russian territory."

At the end of the 18th - the first third of the 19th century, when the North Atlantic whale and fish stocks had already dried up, and the beaches and shoals of Jan Mayen and Bear, Svalbard and other islands lost their once familiar appearance - walruses and seals, polar bears, our the eternal competitors in the development of the North, the Norwegians, turned their attention to the undeveloped eastern expanses of the Barents Sea - the islands of Kolguev, Vaigach and Novaya Zemlya, the icy Kara Sea, which were still "teeming" with Arctic life. The main period of their exploitation of the Novaya Zemlya fisheries covers approximately a 60-year period - from the end of the second third of the 19th century to the end of the 1920s.

Although the Norwegian industrialists appeared in the Novaya Zemlya fisheries several centuries later than the Russian sea animal hunters and the Nenets, the presence of the Scandinavians in the region was very large-scale, and the nature of the exploitation of natural resources was predatory, poaching. In a few years, they mastered the entire range of Russian crafts on the Barents Sea side of both islands of Novaya Zemlya, penetrated into the Kara Sea through Cape Zhelaniya, the Yugorsky Shar and Kara Gates straits and onto the eastern coast of the archipelago. Well-equipped and financially well-off Norwegian industrialists for sea animals, who have long hunted whales and seals in the North Atlantic and near Svalbard, skillfully used the experience of the Arkhangelsk coast-dwellers.

In sailing along the coast of the archipelago, the Norwegians relied on the navigational and perceptible signs (houris, crosses) set by the Pomors, used the old Russian camps or their remains as strongholds. These camps also served as a signal to the Norwegians that the crafts were somewhere nearby, since the Pomors usually built camps and huts near them. By the beginning of the XX century. they even organized several winter quarters in the archipelago.

A whole branch of the Norwegian economy quickly matured in Russian crafts, and small villages in the northern region of our Scandinavian neighbor, from where fishing expeditions were equipped to the Arctic, turned into prosperous cities in a matter of years, creating a good financial foundation for the entire twentieth century.

“The development by Norwegians of crafts in the Barents and Kara Seas, on Vaigach and Kolguev contributed to the development of the outlying cities of Norway. Thus, the small town of Hammerfest, one of the northernmost cities in the world in the middle of the 19th century, in 1820 had no more than 100 inhabitants. After 40 years, 1750 people lived in it. Hammerfest developed his trades on Svalbard and Novaya Zemlya, sent in 1869 27 ships with a displacement of 814 tons and 268 crew members for fishing.

Knowing about the existence in Russia of the laws of "coastal law, which prohibit foreigners from settling the shores of the islands without the permission of the government," the Norwegians quite cleverly circumvented this legal obstacle. In particular, according to the famous Arkhangelsk Pomor F.I. Voronin, who worked on Novaya Zemlya for 30 years, he knew cases when “agents of Norwegian merchants, having their relatives as colonists on the Murmansk coast, extended their plans not only to the island of Novaya Zemlya, but also to Kolguev and Vaigach.

And so, in order to somehow protect themselves from Norwegian expansion in the Russian North, in the 1870s, a plan ripened in the bowels of the Arkhangelsk provincial administration - to create settlements on Novaya Zemlya, denoting national interest in this region of the Arctic. Naturally, the good idea was supported in the capital. From St. Petersburg to Arkhangelsk comes "good" for the beginning of the colonization of the Arctic island. The beginning of the existence of the Novaya Zemlya island hunting economy should be considered the second half of the 1870s, when the first permanent settlement, the Small Karmakuly camp, was founded on the archipelago by the Arkhangelsk provincial administration with state support.

From the very beginning of the creation of settlements on the Arctic archipelago, both the state and the provincial authorities believed that the main occupation of the Nenets on Novaya Zemlya would be fishing activities. The provincial administration even developed and implemented a number of measures stimulating the involvement of the Nenets in resettlement to Novaya Zemlya and supporting their fishing activities.
In the initial period of the colonization of Novaya Zemlya, according to the royal decree, each male pioneer industrialist was entitled to 350 rubles from the state treasury as "lifting" or compensation. At the same time, the settlers were exempted from all state and zemstvo fees for 10 years, and those who wished to move back to the mainland in five years could return to their former place of residence without prior permission.

In 1892, by order of the Minister of the Interior, 10% of the gross proceeds from the sale of craft products were to be "credited to a special reserve colonization capital, and the net profit of individual colonists was to be paid into a savings bank on special personalized books." Each Samoyed hunter was entitled to a special book signed by the governor, in which "the amount belonging to the owner of the book is indicated." The reserve capital was used to help the first settlers - to bring them from the tundra to Arkhangelsk, live there for several months, provide them with clothes and tools for crafts, deliver them to Novaya Zemlya, issue a gratuitous cash allowance, etc.

Settlement of Novaya Zemlya (its inhabitants)

The residence of indigenous Samoyeds on Novaya Zemlya until the 19th century, unlike Vaigach (an island located between Novaya Zemlya and the mainland), is not confirmed.

Nevertheless, when in 1653 (already after the Barents and other foreign predecessors) three Danish ships reached Novaya Zemlya, the ship's doctor of this expedition, De Lamartinier, in the description of the voyage to the archipelago, pointed to a meeting with local residents - "New Landers". Like the Samoyeds (Nenets), they worshiped the sun and wooden idols, but differed from the Samoyeds in clothing, jewelry, and face painting. Lamartinière indicates that they used boats that resembled light canoes, and that spear and arrowheads, like their other tools, were made of fish bones.

In the literature, there are also references to the attempts of Russian families to settle in the archipelago in the 16th-18th centuries. There is a legend that the Stroganov Bay, located in the southwestern part of Novaya Zemlya, is named after the Stroganov family, who fled from Novgorod during the persecution of Ivan the Terrible. Two hundred years later, in 1763, 12 people of the Paikachev family of the Old Believers settled on the coast of Chernaya Bay (the southern part of the archipelago). They were forced to flee from Kem, refusing to renounce their faith. Both families died, apparently from scurvy.

However, it is reliably known that Novaya Zemlya became inhabited only at the end of the 19th century. In 1867, the Nenets Foma Vylka with his wife Arina and children sailed to the southern coast of Novaya Zemlya on two karbashes. The Nenets accompanying them went back in the fall, while Vylka, his family and the Nenets Samdey stayed for the winter. At the end of the winter, Samdey died. Vylka became the first known permanent resident of the archipelago. He lived on Goose Land, in the Small Karmakuly and on the coast of Matochkin Shara.

In 1869 or 1870, an industrialist brought several Nenets (Samoyeds) for the winter, and they lived on Novaya Zemlya for several years. In 1872, the second Nenets family arrived in Novaya Zemlya - Pyrerka Maxim Danilovich. The Nenets proved that a person can live on Novaya Zemlya.

“In 1877, a rescue station was set up in the Malyye Karmakuly camp in order to provide industrialists with a reliable shelter both for the time of fishing and in case of an unforeseen wintering, and at the same time to provide assistance to the crews of ships in case they crash near this island.
In addition, to protect the erected buildings and to engage in crafts there, five Samoyed families from the Mezen district, including 24 people, were then delivered to Novaya Zemlya and settled in the Malokarmakulsky camp; they were supplied warm clothes, shoes, guns, gunpowder, lead, food supplies and other tools for hunting and crafts.

Commanded to Novaya Zemlya to set up a rescue station, lieutenant of the corps of naval navigators Tyagin met those same two Samoyed families, consisting of 11 people, who had been roaming around Moller Bay for eight years already.

These Samoyeds were sent here by a Pechora industrialist, and were provided with good means for crafts, but they squandered them and, not risking returning to their homeland, completely got used to Novaya Zemlya. Having found themselves in complete economic dependence on one of the Pomor industrialists, who supplied them with the necessary supplies, in return for this - of course, at fabulously cheap prices - taking away their crafts, the Samoyeds asked Tyagin to include them in the Samoyed artel brought at the expense of the Water Rescue Society " . A. P. Engelhardt. Russian North: Travel notes. St. Petersburg, published by A.S. Suvorin, 1897

Expedition of E.A. Tyagin. built a rescue station in the Small Karmakuly and carried out hydrometeorological observations during the winter. Tyagin's wife gave birth to a child who became one of the first children born on Novaya Zemlya.

The families of the Nenets colonists who settled in the Small Karmakuly elected Foma Vylka as the first inhabitant of the island, the headman. He was entrusted with the care of the people-colonists, the duties of maintaining order, as well as organizing the unloading and loading of ships. In the performance of his official duties, Foma put on a white round tin badge over a patched and greasy blubber coat, which meant a foreman. After the departure of Tyatin, the entire management of the rescue station passed into the hands of Foma. He faithfully fulfilled this duty for many years.

The first known inhabitant of Novaya Zemlya - Thomas Vylka

Thomas Vylka - interesting person. He was born on the banks of the Hungry Bay at the mouth of the Pechora River, in the poorest family. At the age of seven, left an orphan, he went to work as a farm laborer to a rich reindeer herder and worked only for the fact that he was fed.

The owner had a son who was taught to read, forced to read and write. Thomas saw it all. He asked the young owner - they were the same age - to teach him to read and write. They went further into the tundra or into the forest, where no one saw them, there they drew letters in the snow or sand, added words, read in syllables. So Foma learned Russian letters. And once, when the owner beat Foma severely, he ran away from home, taking with him the master's psalter...

Moving from pasture to pasture, where many reindeer herders gathered, Foma looked after himself a beautiful girl and decided to marry. Violating the ancient rites of matchmaking, he asked the girl if she wanted to become his wife. And only when he received her consent, he sent matchmakers. Several years have passed. Foma came to the ancient capital of the European Nenets Pustozersk for a fair. Here he was persuaded to accept Christianity, to marry his wife according to the Christian rite, and to baptize his daughter. Thomas himself had to take confession in the church. It was then that something unexpected happened. The priest asked the confessor, "Have you stolen?" Foma became agitated, upset, even wanted to run away, but finally admitted that in childhood he had taken the psalter from the owner...

The new owner, to whom Foma was hired for this job, suggested that he go to Vaigach Island at the head of the owner’s fishing artel to hunt for sea animals. So for three years Foma went on karbass across the sea to Vaigach and always brought good booty to the owner. For Thomas, the reputation of a successful hunter, a skilled pilot and a good headman of a fishing artel was strengthened. After some time, he began to ask the owner to send him with an artel to fish for sea animals on Novaya Zemlya. The owner approved this plan, assembled an artel, equipped two sailing karbas. On the way to Novaya Zemlya, they were met by a strong storm, the rudder of one karbas was torn off, Foma was washed into the sea. Miraculously, the assistant dragged him on board by the hair. One karbas turned back, the second, led by Foma Vylka, safely reached the shores of Novaya Zemlya. So Foma Vylka with his wife and daughter first came to Novaya Zemlya. A year later, their second daughter was born there.

Once Foma was returning from fishing and saw a large polar bear near the hut-hill, where his wife and children were. The polar bear among the Nenets was considered a sacred animal. Hunting for him was not forbidden, but the hunter, before killing this beast, must mentally advise the bear to leave in good health. If the bear does not leave, then he himself wants death. Foma killed the polar bear, went up to him, apologized, bowed as to the owner of the Novaya Zemlya and the sea. According to ancient Nenets customs, only men were allowed to eat bear meat. The carcass of the sacred animal could be brought into the tent not through the door, which was considered an unclean place, but only from the front side of the tent, lifting its cover. Women could eat bear meat if they drew mustaches and beards with charcoal. Such a "cunning move" with a deviation from the ancient rites, apparently, helped many Nenets women escape from starvation.

Foma Vylka's family had to endure many hardships in Novaya Zemlya. Harsh, endlessly long winters, loneliness. Food was obtained with great difficulty, clothes and shoes were sewn from animal skins. There was not enough firewood to heat and light the tent a little, they burned blubber - the fat of a sea animal.

Once, when the family of another Nenets, Pyrerka Maxim Danilovich, was already living on the island next to the Vylka family, such an event happened. In late autumn, Norwegian sailors from a wrecked ship came to the plagues of the Nenets. Their appearance was terrible: exhausted to a pulp, in tattered clothes and shoes. Foma and Pyrerka gladly accepted them into their tents, fed them, warmed them, provided them best places in the plague. The wives sewed warm fur clothes and shoes for them. The Norwegians did not eat seal meat, and the Nenets had to specially go hunting in the mountains, kill wild deer there and feed the guest with fresh boiled meat. When one of the Norwegians fell ill with scurvy, Foma and Pyrerka forcibly forced him to drink the warm blood of animals and eat raw reindeer meat, rubbed his legs and body, forced him to walk, did not let him sleep much, and thus saved him from death.

In the spring, the Nenets gave the Norwegian sailors a boat, and they left for their homeland. The parting was very touching: they cried, kissed, hugged, the sailors thanked the Nenets for saving them from inevitable death. We exchanged gifts. Foma was given a pipe, and he gave them a walrus tusk.

Several years have passed since the sailors left. Once a sea steamer came to Small Karmakuly. All Nenets colonists were invited to it. The Swedish envoy read out and presented a letter of gratitude signed by the Swedish king. Then gifts began to be distributed. The first gift to Foma Vylka was a rifle and cartridges. Showed how to use it. Foma could not resist with joy and immediately smashed the head of a floating loon with a shot from his hand, thereby violating the order of the solemn ceremony ...

Exploration of Novaya Zemlya

In 1880, M.K. Sidorov, together with the shipowners Kononov, Voronov and Sudovikov, submitted a report to the Minister of the Interior on improving the situation in the Northern Territory. It proves the need proper organization resettlement of Russian industrialists to Novaya Zemlya. By the summer of 1880, the armed sailing schooner “Bakan” was transferred from the Baltic to protect the northern lands of Russia. Starting from this year, regular steamboat flights from Arkhangelsk to Malye Karmakuly are being established.

In 1881, the regulation on the colonization of Novaya Zemlya was approved. From September 1, 1882 to September 3, 1883, continuous observations on meteorology and terrestrial magnetism are carried out in the Small Karmakuly under the program of the First International Polar Year.

The work of the polar station was supervised by a hydrograph, lieutenant K.P. Andreev. In late April - early May 1882, an employee of the station, doctor L.F. Grinevitsky, accompanied by the Nenets Khanets Vylka and Prokopy Vylka, made the first exploratory crossing of the Southern Island of Novaya Zemlya from Malye Karmakul to the eastern coast in 14 days (round trip).

In 1887, a new encampment was founded in the Pomorskaya Bay, Matochkin Shar Strait. Here, a member of the Russian Geographical Society K.D. Nosilov stayed for the winter, who carried out regular meteorological observations. Hieromonk father Jonah arrived in Small Karmakuly with a psalmist. Prior to this, the diocesan spiritual authorities annually sent a priest to Novaya Zemlya in the summer to officiate trebs and services in a small chapel.

In 1888, the Arkhangelsk governor, Prince N.D. Golitsyn, arrived in Novaya Zemlya. In Arkhangelsk, a wooden church was built specially for Novaya Zemlya, which the governor delivered along with the iconostasis to Malye Karmakuly. In the same year, Father Jonah made two trips. One in Matochkin Shar for the baptism of two residents. The second - to the eastern coast of the South Island, to the Kara Sea. Here he found and destroyed a Nenets wooden idol, personifying the patron god of deer hunting. Idols were discovered and destroyed by Father Jonah in other places of the South Island. Father Ion began to teach Nenets children to read and write, and their parents to pray.

On September 18, 1888, the new church was consecrated. The church was supplied with magnificent icons, valuable church utensils and bells. In 1889, in the Small Karmakuly, the Nikolo-Karelsky Monastery was established, with the permission of the Holy Synod, a monastic skete. The task of the monks included not only preaching among the Nenets, but also helping to change the prevailing way of life during the transition from nomadic to settled life. The long-term activity of Jonah's father has borne fruit. The German colonists willingly visited the temple, and their children read and sang in the church during worship.

In 1893, Russian industrialists Yakov Zapasov and Vasily Kirillov with their families moved from the mouth of the Pechora to Novaya Zemlya for permanent residence.

By 1894, the permanent population of Novaya Zemlya was 10 families of Nenets in the amount of 50 people. This year, Novaya Zemlya was visited by Arkhangelsk Governor A.P. Engelgard, who brought 8 more families, including 37 people, who expressed a desire to settle in the archipelago, on the Lomonosov steamer.

On the ship, a six-room house was delivered in disassembled form for the school and the residence of Jonah's father and the psalmist. This house was assembled in Small Karmakuly. Another house was brought to the camp in Matochkin Shar. So, in Small Karmakuly in 1894 there was a church building, a school, two houses in which the Nenets lived, a building in which the paramedic lived and there was a supply depot, a barn where spare parts were stored. Construction Materials, and in winter - a rescue boat. In Matochkin Shar there were three small houses where the Nenets lived.

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Included in the Arkhangelsk region of Russia as the administrative region of Novaya Zemlya and, within the framework of local government, in the status of the urban district of Novaya Zemlya.

Geography and climate

The archipelago consists of two large islands - North and South, separated by a narrow strait (2-3 km) Matochkin Shar and many relatively small islands, the largest of which is Mezhdsharsky. The northeastern tip of the North Island - Cape Flissing - is the easternmost point of Europe.

The archipelago stretches from southwest to northeast for 925 km. The northernmost point of Novaya Zemlya is the eastern island of the Greater Orange Islands, the southernmost is the Pynina Islands of the Petukhov Archipelago, the western is an unnamed cape on the Gusinaya Zemlya peninsula of the South Island, and the eastern is Cape Flissingsky of the Severny Island. The area of ​​all the islands is more than 83 thousand km²; the width of the North Island is up to 123 km, the South - up to 143 km.

In the South Island, occurrences of native copper and cuprous sandstones are known.

All known ore fields require additional study, which is difficult natural conditions, insufficient economic development and the special status of the archipelago.

In the waters of the seas surrounding the archipelago, a number of geological structures have been identified that are promising for the search for oil and gas fields.

Presumably Novaya Zemlya was discovered in the 12th-13th centuries by Novgorod merchants, but there is no convincing historical and documentary evidence of this. Failed to prove the primacy in the discovery of the archipelago and the ancient Scandinavians. In any case, the name of the island is of purely ancient Russian origin.

Of the Western Europeans, the first to visit the archipelago in 1553 was the English navigator Hugh Willoughby, who, by decree of King Edward VI (1547-1553), led the expedition of the London "Moscow Company" to "find the Northeast Passage" and establish relations with the Russian state.

On the map of the Flemish scientist Gerard Mercator in 1595, Novaya Zemlya still looks like a single island or even a peninsula.

In the course of his third expedition, in 1596, Barents rounded the northern tip of Novaya Zemlya and wintered on the east coast of Severny Island in the area of ​​Ice Harbor (1597). In 1871, the Norwegian polar expedition of Elling Carlsen discovered a preserved Barents hut in this place, in which dishes, coins, wall clocks, weapons, navigational tools were found, as well as a written report on wintering, hidden in a chimney.

The famous Dutch natural scientist Nikolaas Witsen in the book "Northern and Eastern Tartaria" (1692) - the first scientific work in Western Europe on Siberia and the Russian North - reports that Peter the Great intended to build a military fort on Novaya Zemlya.

The first two were carried out by him at the Malaye Karmakuly station on Yuzhny Island, which was then the only Russian settlement on the archipelago. Its elimination could lead to the loss of control by Russia over the islands and their capture by the Norwegians.

Arriving on the coast of Moller Bay on June 19, 1887, K. D. Nosilov settled in the house of the station of the Water Rescue Society. Together with the priest Father Jonah, seconded by the Archangel diocese, sailors and several Samoyeds, he restored an Orthodox chapel damaged by a hurricane in the Small Karmakuly, which helped attract Russian industrialists from Arkhangelsk to the island. During these winterings, K. D. Nosilov explored the coast of the island itself and the mountain range that crossed it, the local flora and fauna, the directions of animal migration, and also studied the language and everyday culture of the Samoyed families resettled there.

The third wintering of K. D. Nosilov in -1891 took place on the coast of the Matochkin Shar strait, where he founded the first meteorological station on the archipelago.

New Earth. View from space.

From March 27, 1927, Novaya Zemlya, like other islands in the Arctic Ocean, was governed by a special regulation of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In 1929 they came under the direct jurisdiction of the executive committee of the Northern Territory.

After the Nenets were evicted to the mainland, by the decision of the executive committee of the Arkhangelsk Regional Council of Working People's Deputies of July 15, 1957, the Novaya Zemlya Island Council was abolished from August 1, 1957 in accordance with the resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR No. 764 of August 27, 1956.

From 1988 to 2014, the Marine Arctic Complex Expedition (MAKE) of the Russian Research Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage named after A.I. D. S. Likhachev under the command and scientific guidance of P. V. Boyarsky.

In 2015, hydrographers of the Northern Fleet recorded the formation of seven capes and four straits, discovered nine islands in the Russian part of the Arctic.

Population

Flora and fauna

The main role in the formation of phytocenoses belongs to mosses and lichens. The latter are represented by species of cladonia, the height of which does not exceed 3-4 cm.

Arctic herbaceous annuals also play a significant role. Plants characteristic of the scarce flora of the islands are creeping species, such as creeping willow ( Salix polaris), saxifrage opposite-leaved ( Saxifraga oppositifolia), mountain lichen and others. The vegetation in the southern part is mostly dwarf birches, moss and low grass, in areas near rivers, lakes and bays a lot of mushrooms grow: milk mushrooms, mushrooms, etc.

On the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, according to the combined data of various authors, 6 species of bumblebees were identified. On the South Island of the archipelago, 6 species of diurnal butterflies were found. The coastal position of the areas can significantly limit the number of species in the local butterfly fauna due to unfavorable natural and climatic conditions. The flight time of lepidoptera is usually very short and falls on the warmest period, while the flight time can be significantly shifted depending on weather conditions.

Of the animals, polar foxes, lemmings, white partridges, and also reindeer are common. Polar bears come to the southern regions with the onset of cold weather, posing a threat to local residents. Marine animals include harp seals, seals, bearded seals, walruses, and whales.

nuclear test site

However, on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the creation of the test site at Novaya Zemlya, the head of the Russian Federal Atomic Energy Agency, Alexander Rumyantsev, said that Russia intends to continue to develop the test site and keep it in working order. At the same time, Russia is not going to conduct nuclear tests on the archipelago, but intends to carry out non-nuclear experiments to ensure the reliability, combat capability and safety of storing its nuclear weapons.

Disposal of radioactive waste

In addition to testing nuclear weapons, the territory of Novaya Zemlya (or rather, the water area adjacent directly to its eastern coast) in 1957-1992 was used for the disposal of liquid and solid radioactive waste (RW). Basically, these were containers with spent nuclear fuel (and in some cases entire reactor plants) from submarines and surface ships of the Northern Fleet of the Navy of the USSR and Russia, as well as icebreakers with nuclear power plants.

Such RW disposal sites are the bays of the archipelago: Sedov Bay, Oga Bay, Tsivolki Bay, Stepovoy Bay, Abrosimov Bay, Prosperity Bay, Currents Bay, as well as a number of points in the Novaya Zemlya depression stretching along the entire archipelago. As a result of such activities, a lot of underwater potentially hazardous objects (OPOOs) have formed at the bottom of the Kara Sea and the bays of Novaya Zemlya. Among them: the completely flooded nuclear submarine "K-27" (1981, Stepovoy Bay), reactor compartments and assemblies of a number of other nuclear submarines, the reactor compartment of the Lenin nuclear icebreaker (1967, Tsivolki Bay).

Since 2002, the areas where the PPO is located have been subject to annual monitoring by the Russian Emergencies Ministry. In 1992-1994, international expeditions were carried out (with the participation of specialists from Norway) to assess the degree of pollution environment, since 2012 the activity of such expeditions has been resumed.

see also

Notes

1. Regional law of September 23, 2009 N 65-5-OZ "On the administrative-territorial structure of the Arkhangelsk region"
2. Charter of the Arkhangelsk region
3. Knipovich N. M., Shokalsky Yu. M.// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
4. labyrinth
5. New Earth. Book 2. Part 1. Under the general. ed. P. V. Boyarsky. M., 1998.
6. Unknown Arctic // Novaya Zemlya Vesti, Friday, December 06, 2013. No. 49 (417)
7. Charnock, Richard Stephen. Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names. - London: Houlston and Wright, 1859. - P. 192.
8. Aleksandrova V. D., Zubkov A. I. Physical-geographical sketch of Novaya Zemlya.
9. George Blon. Great hour of the oceans. polar seas. - M., 1984. - S. 22.
10. Tsiporukha M.I. Seas of the Russian Arctic
11. Pierre-Martin de Lamartinere. Journey to the Nordic countries
12. All about the Novaya Zemlya archipelago. Exploration of Novaya Zemlya
13. All about the Novaya Zemlya archipelago. Settlement of Novaya Zemlya
14. Sosnovsky I. V. . The Most Submissive Report on the State of the Arkhangelsk Governorate for 1909. Arkhangelsk, 1911 (indefinite) . Project "Electronic Memory of the Arctic". emaproject.com. Retrieved January 30, 2013. Archived from the original February 1, 2013.
15. Nature and people, 1912, No. 21
16. About the municipality
17. Boyarsky P. "Russian Arctic" is unique (indefinite) . // Internet edition Vesti.ru(June 27, 2009). Retrieved 23 April 2016.
18. Donskikh, Ekaterina. Adventurer in the Arctic. How a unique scientist grew out of romance // Arguments and Facts. - 2014. - No. 9 (1738) for February 26. - S. 62. (Retrieved April 23, 2016)
19. Hydrographers of the Northern Fleet discovered an island near Novaya Zemlya (Russian), TASS. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
20. Novaya Zemlya - the history of settlement (indefinite) . arhangelsk.allnw.ru. Retrieved January 30, 2013. Archived from the original February 1, 2013.

Paema, which has become a hell of a hell of a gallows of Belarusian literature, has grown up in astroza. Antosya knows nothing about the skin of a Belarusian schoolboy, and the famous friend “My dear ones, how dear you are to me” can practice love of Belarus.

How to create adzin with national symbols, once with karespandentam Sputnik Alesya Sharshnyovay uspamіnaў dyrektar’s deputy of the National Library of Belarus Ales Susha.

"Valadarka" like a krynitsa nathnennya

"New Land" Yakub Kolas pachynaў writing near Minsk and the dachshund died there. And eight foreign kropaks on the way were welded for 12 bastards - the menavita was so much spattered, as if the work was finished - it was shmat.

Pіsats Kanstantsіn Mіtskevіch pachaў in 1911 Godse, sedzyachy ¢ Turm for ўdzel in illegal of "ezdze nastaўnіkaў Mіnskay gubernіі. Re arganіzatary vystupalі for agulnuyu syarednyuyu adukatsyyu i vykladanne on Belarusian Move for INTO i bylі aryshtavanyya. Pіshchalaўskі zamak on Nyamіze, great vyadomy yak Valadarka , become months of inspiration for another contributor to the Belarusian literary language.

"Pastoring the wars on your own uspamins in 1947, Kolas uzgadvaў, that, sedzyachy ў astroze, great sumavaў on your own land and ўzgadvaў moments of your dzyatsіnstva", - Alexander Susha's pavedamiў.

For three bastards, the light was lulled by a sluggish ring of razdzela paems, yakіh, darechy, it was thrice. Some times they were friends with "Nasha Niva".

Lepshaya book to the world and opera

Aўtabіyagrafіchny creat in 1923 was the first to scold the Belarusian kaaperatsiynaya vydavetstva "Savetskaya Belarus" - dzarzhaўnaya and the most violent for the hour.

© Sputnik Alesya Sharshneva

Issued paems "New Land" by Yakub Kolas

"Kollasa Kolasў himself, Sato Padzeі ў Pathmea Adnosyatsza yes 1890-1900 x Gadoў, ale Padzemi Padzei Pad Raali Krich Picky Pozaga Hasu. Raspіі ў Tyja Clock tried out the STALIPINSK REFORM, PІSENNIK PADKRESLIVAў VELMІ SUR SURSKY ZHETSI", - Tlumachyts Alexander Susha.

Praz nekatori hour z "yalyaetstsa yashche hellishly issued - the hell of Belarusian dzyarzhanaga issuance. The book was often issued, and over the masterful afarmlenny worked the dainty creators of hours. For example, the Finnish master of Aleksantera Ahola-Valo, yak stagodja.

The creativity of Kolas and the master Georgiy Paplauskag inspired. Yon zrabіў tsely tsykl malyunkaў, for yakіya at the Leiptsyg exhibition, it was given out atrymala to the people as "The best book of the world."

At this hour paema atrymala and musical arrangement. In 1980, Ales Petrashkevich wrote a libret, and the national opera "New Land" appeared. the theme of this clock was rarely set.

Encyclopedia for aliens

It is not for nothing that Paema borrows gallon months in the Belarusian literature. "New Land" - the first violent lira-epic work, written in Belarusian, under the patronage of Alexander Susha.

Taghachasnye chytachy immediately adopted the song as if it were a folk song: they sounded me to memory and read with ease the casualties of the khatnih gassy.

“Atsenki paemy, and once issued, were great lords, and not only from the side of the readers and prodstavnіkoў of Belarusian culture, but also to hell with foreign literature of the knower,” said the expert.

The reviewers highly acclaimed the masterful work of art and the christian pasyl and ahrystsli the poem "Encyclopedia of the life of the Belarusian clergy of the late XIX - a patch of the XX century". Menavita getae paraўnanny zastaetstsa infernal from the most papular and tsyaper.

Vyadomy pismennik and gramadski dzeyach Ales Adamovich at the pile of scientific practice "Belarusian Vershavany Raman" asked a hypothetical test: if we could scantact to some people with aliens, then what would be the best way for the Magistrates of Belarus? "The New Land" by Yakub Kolas, because you are all right with us," - a Navukovian on his pile test.

At the same time, it is possible to get hell of a badge of issued issued by Belarusians not only in any country. For example, the National Library of Belarus presented the works of the Belarusian songwriter on their own site.

Admyslov's virtual project can provide not only scans of original first publications, but also first publications, and sherags of analytical texts, supported by supra-councils of libraries.