Physical experiments for children - water flows up. Gravitational anomaly for dropouts

Recently, another "gravitational anomaly" was discovered in the mountains in the south of Uzbekistan in the Baysun reserve - a place where water, rubber balls and a car at a neutral speed roll not down, but up. As always, the media says that scientists cannot explain this phenomenon. In fact, they are simply reluctant to explain what is already so obvious.

To a person who already does not remember well the school physics course, it may seem that the number of anomalous zones on Earth is increasing every year. Take at least the areas where, according to eyewitnesses, the force of gravity ceases to act. In such places, a car set to neutral speed, a rubber ball or a trickle of water begin to move up the slope - miracles, and nothing more!

The most interesting thing is that there are a lot of such places, and some of them have been known for a very long time. For example, about an anomaly in the Beit Shemesh region (Israel), Devil's Gorge(Jordan) or the pass in Ladhak (India) has been known since time immemorial: this phenomenon was even mentioned by some ancient and ancient Chinese naturalists. Other places - for example, the vicinity of the village of Galashki, Nevyansk district ( Middle Ural), where there is even a stream flowing uphill, as well as a strange hill in the region of a mountain range located ten kilometers from the village of Banjiegou in Jitai County (PRC) or a section of a mountain road on Jeju Island (South Korea) - were discovered just a few years ago .

And just the other day, a message was received from Uzbekistan that now an anomalous zone in the mountains of the Baysun reserve has been opened for tourists. Like, sheer miracles happen there: contrary to all the laws of physics and logic, an unknown force makes the car move up with the engine turned off. Moreover, moving against gravity in a section of only 50 meters, the car also manages to pick up speed!

Nevertheless, no matter how old this anomaly is, immediately after its miraculous discovery, it attracts the attention of the media and the Internet, and then tourists. At the same time, reports about such sites are always of the same type - they say that "a place has been found where the laws of physics do not apply" and that scientists "are not able to explain this riddle." True, if you start to deal with the last statement, it immediately turns out that no one has actually conducted research in this area, therefore, in fact, there is no one to explain it to. Which, you see, is suspicious in itself.

However, it is precisely the fact that scientists are unanimously silent that just gives rise to the most absurd assumptions. What versions are not put forward - and about gravitational anomalies, and about the curvature of space, and about an unusual magnetic field. However, frankly, the first two are not even worth refuting, since they belong more to the realm of fantasy than science.

How, pray tell, can a gravitational anomaly arise in such a small area (because literally two meters in front of and after this zone everything is absolutely normal)? And if we are talking about the curvature of space, then why do all other objects in the anomalous zone look as they should (the sky is above, the earth is below, etc.)? As for the electromagnetic version, then strong magnet, of course, can make the car go up. But why does water flow in the same direction and rubber balls roll?

In general, it must be admitted that none of the "anomalous" versions is convincing. Which, in general, is understandable, because in fact we are dealing with a very common phenomenon. By the way, I am convinced that many of you read about him in childhood in various educational books - for example, in "Entertaining Physics" by Yakov Isidorovich Perelman, but then you simply forgot about it. Well, let's try to deal with these "miracles" together.

First of all, you should pay attention to the fact that all these anomalous places have a lot of common features. They are all in the mountains, most of them in the subtropical zone (here, perhaps, only the village of Galashki with its crazy stream breaks the rule). And each "anti-gravity" zone has small size: in length - from 50 to 600 meters, and in width - as a standard two-three-lane highway on each side.

Well, I see many have already guessed? For those who have not yet understood what the trick is, I will quote the words of one of my acquaintances who was in such a zone in Jordan. Talking about this wonderful place, he remarked: “When I walked up the slope, it was easy for me, as if I was running down. But the way back was much more difficult - it seems to be going down, but the feeling is like climbing a mountain.” In these words lies the solution to the mystery - after all, the muscles, the circulatory system of the body and the vestibular apparatus cannot be deceived. But the eyes...

In a word, now you understand everything: in this case, a fairly ordinary optical illusion takes place. And, apparently, combined. All physicists have long known such a phenomenon as the "lower" mirage, which occurs on highways. And it arises in the same way as the usual "upper" - in those places where there is a rapid change in the masses of heated and cold air above the earth's surface.

It is known that the heated layer of air has a lower density than its overlying layers. An inclined beam of light from a very distant object, having reached this air layer, bends its path in it so that in its further movement it again moves away from the ground and hits the observer's eye, as if reflected from a mirror at a very large angle of incidence. Therefore, in front of him, a person sees, figuratively speaking, not what is in front, but what is behind.

Regarding the situation under consideration, we can say that the anomalous areas are located just in those places where there is a constant change of heated air near the earth's surface. Heating up from it, the air mass is continuously forced upwards and is immediately replaced by a new layer of heated air. As a result, above the anomalous zone, which is a real descent, there is an "air mirror", which reflects the rise, located behind the traveler or to the side of him.

Inferior mirage can often be observed in the summer on asphalt and tarmac roads, which, due to their dark color, become very hot in the sun. This phenomenon also occurs in the plains and temperate latitudes, and not only in the subtropical mountains. However, due to the fact that the terrain is flat and the road is the same, we usually do not pay attention to such mirages. It is much easier to notice it when there is a descent, and the observer sees the rise - and this, you know, happens precisely in the mountains.

In addition, in such places, one mirage is often superimposed on another - a side mirage. It occurs when a heated sheer wall plays the role of a mirror. Interestingly, in all the above-described anomalous zones, they are present, and in a fairly large amount. The combination of two mirages, "showing" the rise to an inexperienced viewer, creates a very plausible illusion. Moreover, depending on the inclination of the reflective wall to the ground, the illusory rise may be steep or gentle.

So, the chest opens very simply - there are no anomalies, there is only an optical illusion as old as the world. That is why scientists do not give any comments - to explain what is already obvious, from the point of view of scientists, is meaningless. In addition, many of them are sure that everyone read Perelman's "Entertaining Physics" in childhood. Or, at least, at school, in physics lessons, at least sometimes they listened to what the teacher says.

Those to whom the evidence presented in this article seemed unconvincing can verify the validity of these conclusions themselves if they go to such an "anomalous" place. To do this, they need to take with them only a device like GPS, which shows the height above sea level and the angle of inclination.

With this device, the experimenter can go through the entire area and see how the height will change. I am sure that the device, which is not affected by any optical illusion, will show what it really is - a decrease instead of an elevation ...

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Outwardly, the water tower of one of the collective farms of the Spassky district of the Gorky region is not remarkable in any way. It has been supplying the villagers with spring water for many years. However, coming closer, you will not hear the usual noise of the water pump - it is not here! And although the source is located much lower than the level of the upper tank, the water constantly, only with short breaks, rises up! Isn't it a miracle? No, just a Gorky craftsman, a fitter L. Cherepkov, managed to invent and test in practice an original hydraulic installation, in which ... the energy of the source itself is used to raise water. We invite our readers to get acquainted with the principles of its operation and device.

A simple water supply system in rural areas: an electric pump supplies water to a pressure tank, from where it goes to consumers. But electricity for lifting water is often generated by local hydroelectric power plants by converting the pressure of a moving stream. So, in this case, is it possible to do without the help of electricity at all, forcing only the source of water itself to work - a stream, a spring? This can be done using a simple hydraulic installation that operates on the principle of a kind of "swing": draining a certain amount of water ensures that part of it rises to a certain height above the source.

The device of a non-motorized automatic water lift is shown in Figure 1. Its main parts: water tank, source well, pressure and air sealed tanks with valve mechanisms and connecting pipes.

The water from the spring fills the well. As soon as its level reaches the inlet of the connecting pipe 9, it begins to flow into the pressure tank. When it is full, the level in the well will rise to the cutoff pipe 8 and water will flow into the air tank. The pressure of the air compressed there is transmitted through pipe 2 to the pressure tank, and since the height H1 is greater than H2 by the amount of pressure loss due to resistance in the pipes, the water from there will rise to the pressure tank. The reverse flow of water from the pressure tank to the well will be prevented by a closed check valve BUT.

Rice. 1. Scheme of the water lift:

1 - air tank, 2 - air pipe, 3 - pressure tank, 4 - well, 5 - spring, 6 - water tank, 7 - pressure pipe, 8 - pressure pipe, 9 - connecting pipe; A, B - pressure tank valves.

The water supply to the water tank will continue until the air tank is filled with water. At the same time, its valve mechanism will work and water will go into the drain hole. Then the work cycle is repeated.

The valve mechanism of the air tank (Fig. 2) works as follows. Water entering through pipe 3, displacing air into the pressure tank, fills the air tank. Climbing up to top level cylinder, the water will raise the float 10, which will close the valve 13, blocking access to the glass of the float 2. It can enter it only through the upper cut of the glass - when all the air is forced out into the pressure tank. When filling a glass

the float with its levers will open the air and drain rivets, communicating the pressure tank with the atmosphere, and the air one with the drain pipe 14. The valves will remain open until the tank is empty. And only when the water flows out of the cylinder 11 through a small hole 12, the float 10 will open the drain valve 13 of the glass with its lever. Float 2 will lower, close valves 8 and 15 - the tank is ready for operation again.

The performance of such a water lift depends on the flow rate of the source, the height of the water rise, and the diameter of the pipes. Operating plant with a water drop H1 = 8.2 m and a head H2 = 7 m, it has a capacity of 21,312 liters of water per day. One tank charging cycle takes 15 minutes and delivers 222 liters to the water tower, draining 507 liters from the air.

Rice. 2. Air tank valve mechanism:

1 - glass, 2 - float, 3 - pressure pipe, 4 - air pipe, 5, 6, 7 - float levers, 8 - air valve, 9 - lever, 10 - float, 11 - cylinder, 12 - bypass, 13 - valve, 14 - drain pipe, 15 - drain valve.

The plant is simple in design and can be made from available materials in small machine shops. Reliability, non-failure operation and autonomy allow such a water lift to be operated far from power lines, used to create artificial reservoirs, irrigation systems, other household needs. Thanks to automatic mode the system can work for a long time without human supervision.

The diagram shows only one version of such an installation, operating on the principle of a hydraulic compressor. To obtain a greater pressure, the system can be made two-stage: with a sequential rise of water in two pressure tanks. The lack of hydraulic connection between the air tank and the pressure tank allows the installation to operate on two sources of water, when, for example, a clean spring has a small capacity, and a swift mountain stream flowing nearby is unsuitable for drinking. Then spring water can only flow into the pressure tank, and from the stream - into the air tank, creating the necessary pressure in the system.

If readers of the magazine are interested in my message, I will be happy to share my experience and new ideas with them.

L. Cherepnov, Gorky.

You say that it is impossible to stop the flow of water or even make it rise up and you will be wrong! Nothing is impossible, using the knowledge of science and the latest, widespread technological devices. Today, even stones can be made to fly, as in installation.

Some Brusspup (http://www.youtube.com/user/brusspup) , posted a video on which, with the help of a simple homemade installation and the camera, working in the video shooting mode, the author forced the flow of water from the hose to stop and, what is most incredible, made it rise up. On the first day, the video got a million views.

A fascinating video of the magical movement (immobilization) of water is presented below.

The physical essence of the effect lies in the synchronous operation of the video camera along with the vibrations of the water jet. Everyone can repeat this experiment, for this you need:
1. Place the subwoofer on the edge of a solid surface.
2. Fasten the light and flexible hose to the speaker cone, for example, with adhesive tape, but it is best to use masking tape, as adhesive tape can ruin the speaker cone. The hose should end at a distance of 2-3 centimeters from the edge of the speaker. Naturally, the hose should be directed downwards. In principle, this is the most important part of the experiment - the hose must touch the diffuser.
3. Connect the subwoofer to an amplifier, and connect the amplifier to a sound source such as an audio generator or computer. Using a computer is a more acceptable option, because it is easier for him to find a program with which you can set the desired sound frequency.
4. Turn on the camera or set your smartphone to video mode.
5. Run the audio frequency generator program on the computer and set the frequency at which video is recorded on your camcorder. Such information can be easily found in your passport or on the Internet by the type of your video camera. The most common parameters are 24 or 30 frames per second, respectively, in the generator program, you must set the same value.
6. Run water through the hose and watch the water flow through your chamber. If the frequency with which video recording is made coincides with the frequency set in the generator program, then you will observe a motionless flow of water.
7. By adjusting the volume level, you can get a variety of water flow patterns.
8. By changing the frequency of sound vibrations in the program by one hertz more (if it was 24Hz, then setting it to 25Hz), we get the effect of water moving forward.
9. By changing the frequency of sound vibrations in the program by one hertz less (if it was 24Hz, then setting it to 23Hz) we get the effect of water moving back, back into the hose.
10. Do not forget to install a container where water will drain.

Thus, you can get magical effects and create unforgettable videos that you will not be ashamed to show to friends and acquaintances.

Direction:natural sciences (physics)

Job title:"Can water flow upwards?"

Scientific adviser: Makarova Elena Nikolaevna,

teacher primary school the highest category.

city ​​of Ardon. 2018

Table of contents

INTRODUCTION

What is water?

This question is not at all as unreasonable as it might seem. Indeed, is water only that colorless liquid that is poured into a glass? The ocean that covers almost our entire planet, our entire wonderful Earth, in which life originated millions of years ago, is water. Clouds, clouds, fogs that carry moisture to all living things on the earth's surface - this is also water. Endless ice deserts of the polar regions, snow covers covering almost half of the planet - and this is water. Beautiful, unreproducible is the endless variety of colors of the sunset, its golden and crimson overflows; solemn and gentle are the colors of the sky at sunrise. This great artist of nature is water. Besides, have all the secrets of water been discovered by scientists? Only time can answer this question.

I wanted to know if water can flow upwards?

Hypothesis: water can flow upward.

Purpose of the study: investigate if water can flow upwards.

Tasks:

1. Study information about the properties of water using popular science literature;
2. Conduct physical experiments to study the properties of water;
3. Formulate conclusions.

In preparing the work, various literature was studied, materials from Internet sites were studied, the knowledge gained in the lessons of the outside world and in the “Young Researcher” circle was applied, and a number of experiments were carried out.

Chapter I . THEORETICAL PART

The action of gravity

If you let go of the book, it will inevitably fall to the floor. “Guilty” of this is the force of gravity, which attracts all objects without exception to the center of the Earth. And when you pick up a fallen book, you will notice that it appearance hasn't changed at all. It is solid, and solid objects retain their original shape. Unless, of course, you do not apply any special force to them.

Now imagine that it was not a book that fell, but a glass of water. Water will splash out and spread in disorder. In fact, the liquid does not have its own form. It only occupies the volume, the form in which it is poured. All the same gravity makes it strive to the lowest point. In a word, where there is water, there is the lowest place. Why do rivers flow into the sea? It's just that the water level in the seas is lower. Any river, as it were, is inclined towards the sea into which it flows. A striking proof that water is attracted to the Earth and tends to occupy the most low level are waterfalls.

Essence of experience

The napkin has a porous structure and consists mainly of cellulose, which, in turn, has a fibrous structure. Thus, it is not difficult for water to find its way-capillaries to move up.

Chapter II. PROJECT STAGES

Cut out a strip from the napkin.

We apply multi-colored dots with felt-tip pens with one row.

On the twine, we also make several marks at a distance from each other with felt-tip pens of different colors.

Pour water into glasses.

We lower a strip of paper napkin into the first glass so that it slightly touches the surface of the water.

We place the twine in the second glass of water in the same way as the napkin.

What was used:

paper napkin

plastic cups

water

cropped bottle

twine

markers

scissors

Water is a unique substance. Despite the prevalence and simplicity of its composition, its physical and Chemical properties are often the exception. So, for example, at 4 about Since the density of water is maximum, and when it goes into a solid state (ice), it decreases! No other substance behaves this way.

As for this experience, at first glance, everything is obvious and simple. Water wets the paper and twine, and the materials get wet. But it is difficult to explain why this happens.

Let's understand, for starters, the term "wetting" itself. It is a phenomenon of the interaction of a liquid with a solid surface. As always, there are two options for the development of events:

the attraction between the molecules of a liquid is stronger than their attraction to the molecules of a solid. The liquid tends to reduce contact with the surface and, as a result, collects in droplets.

the attraction between the molecules of a liquid is weaker than their attraction to the molecules of a solid. The liquid tends to increase the area of ​​contact and, as a result, is pressed against the surface of the body, spreading over it.

Here, obviously, the second option. Spreading occurs until the liquid covers the entire surface, or until the liquid layer becomes monomolecular.

But how does water overcome the forces of gravity?

Just like in plants. Water rises up the capillary vessels of the plant and delivers it from the roots to the leaves and fruits.

This happens due to the difference in pressures and forces. surface tension water. And the thinner the capillary, the higher the water rises, trying to balance the negative pressure. If the liquid does not wet the surface, then the water will not rise up the capillary.

OUTPUT:

Our hypothesis was confirmed - water can flow upwards! The napkin has a porous structure and consists mainly of cellulose, which, in turn, has a fibrous structure. Thus, it is not difficult for water to find its way-capillaries to move up.

Bibliographic list:

2. XuMuK.ru - WATER - Chemical Encyclopedia

4. Gravity, ed.: "Press", Moscow, 2008.

Outwardly, the water tower of the Zavety Ilyich collective farm in the Spassky district of the Gorky region is not remarkable in any way. It has been supplying villagers with spring water for many years. However, coming closer, you will not hear the usual noise of the water pump - it is not here! And although the source is located much lower than the level of the upper tank, the water constantly, only with short breaks, rises up! Isn't it a miracle? No, just a craftsman from Gorky, an assembly fitter L. Cherepnov, managed to invent and test in practice the original hydraulic installation, in which ... the energy of the source itself is used to raise water. We invite our readers to get acquainted with the principle of its operation and device.

A simple water supply device in rural areas: an electric pump supplies water to a pressure tank, from where it is supplied to consumers. But electricity for lifting water is often generated by local hydroelectric power plants by converting the pressure of a moving stream. So, in this case, is it possible to do without the help of electricity at all, forcing only the source of water itself to work - a stream, a spring? This can be done using a simple hydraulic installation that operates on the principle of a kind of "swing": draining a certain amount of water ensures that part of it rises to a certain height above the source.

The device of a non-motorized automatic water lift is shown in Figure 1. Its main parts are: a water tank, a source well, pressure and air sealed tanks with valve mechanisms and connecting pipes.

The water from the spring fills the well. As soon as its level reaches the inlet of the connecting pipe 9, it begins to flow into the pressure tank. When it is full, the level in the well will rise to the cutoff pipe 8 and water will flow into the air tank. The pressure of the air compressed there is transmitted through pipe 2 to the pressure tank, and since the height H] is greater than H3 by the amount of head loss st resistance in the pipes, water from there will rise into the pressure tank. The reverse flow of water from the pressure tank to the well will be prevented by the closed check valve A.

1 - air tank, 2 - air pipe, 3 - pressure tank, 4 - well, 5 - spring, 6 - water tank, 7 - pressure pipe, 8 - pressure pipe, 9 - connecting pipe; A, B - pressure tank valves.

The water supply to the water tank will continue until the air tank is filled with water. At the same time, its valve mechanism will work and water will go into the drain hole. Then the work cycle is repeated.

The valve mechanism of the air tank (Fig. 2) works as follows. The water flowing through pipe 3, displacing air into the pressure tank, fills the air tank .. Having risen in it to the upper level of the cylinder, the water will raise the float 10, which will close the valve 13, blocking access to the glass of the float 2. It can enter it only through the upper glass cut - when all the air is forced into the pressure tank. When filling the glass, the float with its levers will open the air and drain valves, communicating the pressure tank with the atmosphere, and the air one with the drain pipe 14. The valves will remain open until the tank is empty. And only when the water flows out of the cylinder 11 through a small hole 12, the float 10 will open the drain valve 13 of the glass with its lever. Float 2 will lower, close valves 8 and 15 - the tank is ready for operation again.

1 - glass, 2 - float, 3 - pressure pipe, 4 air pipe, 5, 6, 7 - float levers, 8 - air valve, 9 - lever, 10 - float, 11 - cylinder, 12 - bypass, 13 - valve, 14 - drain pipe, 15 - drain valve.

The performance of such a water lift depends on the flow rate of the source, the height of the water rise, and the diameter of the pipes. The operating installation with a water drop H1 = 8.2 m and a head H2 = 7 m has a capacity of 21,312 liters of water per day. One tank charging cycle takes 15 minutes and delivers 222 liters to the water tower, draining 507 liters from the air.

The plant is simple in design and can be made from available materials in small machine shops. Reliability, non-failure operation and autonomy make it possible to operate such a water lift far from power lines, use it to create artificial reservoirs, irrigation systems, and other household needs. Thanks to the automatic mode, the system can work for a long time without human supervision.

The diagram shows only one version of such an installation, operating on the principle of a hydraulic compressor. To obtain a greater pressure, the system can be made two-stage: with a sequential rise of water in two pressure tanks. The lack of hydraulic connection between the air and pressure tank allows the unit to operate on two sources of water, when, for example, a clean spring has a small capacity, and a swift mountain stream flowing nearby is unsuitable for drinking. Then the key water can only enter the pressure tank, and from the stream - into the air tank, creating the necessary pressure in the system.

If readers of the magazine are interested in my message, I will be happy to share my experience and new ideas with them.

L. CHEREPKOV, Gorky

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