Guerrilla warfare and its heroes. How does Tolstoy assess this war? Partisan movement in the work of L

In difficult times, which our Motherland has had more than once, not only regular troops, but also ordinary people stood up to defend it. They had nothing to do with the army, but they could not live in peace when trouble threatened their home. Partisan detachments were formed. At first, they arose spontaneously, and after some time they united and grew to large national associations.

Such a guerrilla war to defend the native land against the French troops was described in his novel by Leo Tolstoy. He showed how ordinary Russian people from the first days when the enemies came to their native land rebelled against this, first created small detachments of three to ten people, and then they united in large groups, which the emperor, commander Kutuzov and others were forced to recognize. generals.

Under the leadership of Davydov and Dolokhov, these were mobile formations that, behind enemy lines, attacked carts and small military detachments, often obtained important information, that is, they helped the regular army as much as they could. These were completely different people. AT ordinary life many would never have met each other, but in difficult times they all became heroes who did not spare their lives to win. So, for example, Tikhon Shcherbaty, a simple peasant who by nature was cunning and resourceful, alone makes his way to the rear of the French in order to get a “language”.

There were completely different people in the partisan detachments: both rich and poor, and famous, and completely unknown to anyone. For various reasons, they united together - who, like Petya Rostov, came for romance, but most simply realized that if they did not stand up for their home, then trouble would certainly come to him. They fought, defended and died for a just cause. So that their names and prototypes remain in our memory, and reach the future, the author created his great work.

Option 2

The work describes the events Patriotic War 1812, in which the writer analyzes the reasons and factors for the victory of the Russian people from the point of view of not only the actions of the army forces, but also the participation of ordinary ordinary people in the war.

The author vividly illustrates the cruelty and horror of war, but at the same time argues that the result of military battles always depends on the human factor, and not only on regular troops, but also on the war waged by disparate people united in small partisan detachments.

The actions of the guerrillas contrast sharply with the military tactics of the army, as they fight the invaders from behind enemy lines. The methods of guerrilla warfare are distinguished by spontaneity, the absence of uniform rules and military laws. The only motive that unites both the military and the partisans is a burning desire to defeat the hated enemy, liberate their native land and live in peace.

The writer describes the relationship of people who have fallen into the partisan movement using the example of the images of Davydov, Dolokhov, Denisov, Tikhon Shcherbaty, who are opposite people both in position and in views, but united for the sake of defending the fatherland, understanding that they are fighting and dying for the sake of restoring justice, for the sake of their relatives and friends.

The characters use different methods of fighting the French invaders, seizing military carts, exterminating small enemy detachments, capturing officers in order to obtain the necessary information, but in life they are completely different people. Shcherbaty, having gone on a mission to get a captured Frenchman, having captured an officer and realizing that he does not have the necessary information, easily destroys him. Denisov, being the leader of one of the partisan formations, forbids heartlessly killing captured invaders. At the same time, both partisan heroes realize that in a similar case, no one will spare or pity them.

The reasons for being in the partisans of the characters are varied, there are even romantic natures (the image of Peter Rostov), ​​representing the war as playground. But all participants in the partisan movement of their own free will decide to defend their loved ones and their homeland in this way, while each of them has a natural sense of fear and pain for their comrades, for their own lives, for the fate of the country.

Narrating not only about the famous battles of the Patriotic War won by the Russian army, the writer focuses on the key factor in the final victory over the French. According to the author, the patriotism of the members of the partisan detachments is an invaluable help to the active troops, becomes a decisive moment in the turning point of military events and contributes to the expulsion of the French conquerors from the territory of the Russian state.

Composition Partisan war in Tolstoy's novel War and Peace

Leaving Moscow, the French went further along the Smolensk road, but everywhere they were pursued by failures. The French army was slowly disappearing, hunger did not spare anyone, and partisan detachments began to attack, which could be defeated by small detachments of the army.

Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy in his novel describes the events that took place in two incomplete days. This is a description of the death of Peter Rostov, it is described briefly, but there are so many incomprehensible things in it and many questions arise. Tolstoy and asks why people kill each other and for what. The death of Petka Rostov takes place in front of Dolokhov and Denisov, an unfair and cruel death.

Tolstoy generally says that war is something nasty and terrible, around injustice and murder. Lev Nikolaevich, describing the guerrilla war, wrote that people who loved their country very much and did not want to be under the yoke of strangers participated in it. The partisans were different people social groups and segments of the population, but they had one common goal, they wanted to drive the enemies out of their territory.

The Russian people immediately reacted to the enemy's invasion and began to merge, organizing partisan detachments in order to defeat the enemy together. The French army had no chance against the people who love their country. The Russian people especially treat their land as if they were their own mother, who brought them up. Perhaps, of course, the French could have won, but everything played against them and disease and hunger and cold, and then the partisans began to attack.

Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy wanted to write that no matter what kind of grandfathers the people are engaged in, if it is necessary to come to the aid of the Fatherland and defend their rights, they are ready to stand shoulder to shoulder and, in spite of everything, stand to the death.

Tolstoy describe the picture of the war in such a way that fencing between two people lasted a very long time. One of them understands that he will not be able to win and this may end in death for him. Then the person decides to throw the sword and pick up the club, thus defeating the enemy. That is why the French had no chance to win because the swordsman is a Frenchman, and the second one who took the baton is a Russian man with a huge, open soul.

Not one of the historians could unambiguously describe the war, but Lev Nikolaevich decided to do this from the point of view of an ordinary person. In his novel, he showed that the Russian people will be able to stand up for themselves and their homeland.

After the French left Moscow and moved west along the Smolensk road, the collapse of the French army began. The army was melting before our eyes: hunger and disease pursued it. But worse than hunger and disease were partisan detachments that successfully attacked carts and even entire detachments, destroying the French army.

In the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy describes the events of two incomplete days, but how much realism and tragedy in that narrative! Death is shown here, unexpected, stupid, accidental, cruel and unfair: the death of Petya Rostov, which occurs in front of Denisov and Dolokhov. This death is described simply and briefly. This exacerbates the harsh realism of writing. Here it is, the war. Thus, Tolstoy once again recalls that war is “an event that is contrary to the human mind and all human nature”, war is when people are killed. It is terrible, unnatural, unacceptable to man. For what? Why would an ordinary person kill a boy, even if from another nation, leaning out because of his inexperience and courage? Why would a person kill another person? Why Dolokhov so calmly pronounces a sentence on a dozen captured people: “We won’t take it!” These questions are put by Tolstoy before the readers.

The phenomenon of guerrilla warfare fully confirms Tolstoy's historical concept. guerrilla war- the war of the people who cannot, do not want to live under the invaders. Guerrilla warfare was made possible by the awakening in various people regardless of their social status"swarm" principle, the spirit, in the existence of which in every person, in every representative of the nation, Tolstoy was sure. The partisans were different: “there were parties that adopted all the methods of the army, with infantry, artillery, headquarters, with the conveniences of life; there were only Cossack, cavalry; there were small, prefabricated, foot and horse, there were peasants and landlords ... there was a deacon ... who took several hundred prisoners. There was an elder, Vasilisa, who beat hundreds of Frenchmen. The partisans were different, but all of them, driven by different goals and interests, did everything that could be done to drive the enemy from their land. Tolstoy believed that their actions were caused by innate, instinctive patriotism. People who are in Peaceful time calmly went about their daily business, during the war they arm themselves, kill and drive away enemies. So the bees, flying freely over a vast territory in search of nectar, quickly return to their native hive when they learn about the invasion of the enemy.

The French army was powerless against partisan detachments, as a bear, climbing into a hive, is powerless against bees. The French could have defeated the Russian army in battle, but they could not do anything against hunger, cold, disease and partisans. "The fencing went on for quite some long time; suddenly one of the opponents, realizing that this was not a joke, but about his life, threw down his sword, and, taking ... a club, began to roll with it ... The fencer was French, his opponent ... were Russians ... "

Napoleon's army was destroyed thanks to guerrilla warfare - the "club of the people's war." And it is impossible to describe this war from the point of view of “fencing rules”, all attempts of historians who wrote about this event were unsuccessful. Tolstoy recognizes guerrilla warfare as the most natural and fair means of the people's struggle against the invaders.

After the French left Moscow and moved west along the Smolensk road, the collapse of the French army began. The army was melting before our eyes: hunger and disease pursued it. But worse than hunger and disease were partisan detachments that successfully attacked carts and even entire detachments, destroying the French army.

In the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy describes the events of two incomplete days, but how much realism and tragedy in that narrative! Death is shown here, unexpected, stupid, accidental, cruel and unfair: the death of Petya Rostov, which occurs in front of Denisov and Dolokhov. This death is described simply and briefly. This exacerbates the harsh realism of writing. Here it is, the war. Thus, Tolstoy once again recalls that war is “an event that is contrary to the human mind and all human nature”, war is when people are killed. It is terrible, unnatural, unacceptable to man. For what? Why would an ordinary person kill a boy, even if from another nation, leaning out because of his inexperience and courage? Why would a person kill another person? Why Dolokhov so calmly pronounces a sentence on a dozen captured people: “We won’t take it!” These questions are put by Tolstoy before the readers.

The phenomenon of guerrilla warfare fully confirms Tolstoy's historical concept. A guerrilla war is a war of a people who cannot, does not want to live under the invaders. The guerrilla war became possible thanks to the awakening in various people, regardless of their social position, of the “swarm” principle, the spirit, in the existence of which in every person, in every representative of the nation, Tolstoy was sure. The partisans were different: “there were parties that adopted all the methods of the army, with infantry, artillery, headquarters, with the conveniences of life; there were only Cossack, cavalry; there were small, prefabricated, foot and horse, there were peasants and landlords ... there was a deacon ... who took several hundred prisoners. There was an elder, Vasilisa, who beat hundreds of Frenchmen. The partisans were different, but all of them, driven by different goals and interests, did everything that could be done to drive the enemy from their land. Tolstoy believed that their actions were caused by innate, instinctive patriotism. People who in peacetime calmly went about their daily business, in time of war arm themselves, kill and drive away enemies. So the bees, flying freely over a vast territory in search of nectar, quickly return to their native hive when they learn about the invasion of the enemy.

The French army was powerless against partisan detachments, as a bear, climbing into a hive, is powerless against bees. The French could have defeated the Russian army in battle, but they could not do anything against hunger, cold, disease and partisans. “Fencing went on for quite a long time; suddenly one of the opponents, realizing that this was not a joke, but about his life, threw down his sword, and, taking ... a club, began to roll with it ... The fencer was French, his opponent ... were Russians ... "

Napoleon's army was destroyed thanks to guerrilla warfare - the "club of the people's war." And it is impossible to describe this war from the point of view of “fencing rules”, all attempts of historians who wrote about this event were unsuccessful. Tolstoy recognizes guerrilla warfare as the most natural and fair means of the people's struggle against the invaders.

The definition of guerrilla warfare in the novel "War and Peace"

According to military science, in times of war, "Law is always on the side of large armies." Talking about guerrilla warfare in the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy refutes this statement and writes: "Partisan warfare (always successful, as history shows) is directly opposite to this rule."

The French in 1812, believing that they had conquered Russia, were very mistaken. They did not expect that the war is not only the observance of the rules of military science, it is also that invisible force that lurks in the souls of the Russian people. It was this force that led both ordinary peasants and the military, uniting them into small detachments, which provided invaluable assistance to the Russian army in defeating the French.

Napoleon, behaving so pompously and pompously in Vilna, was sure that his army would conquer Russia easily and beautifully, and did not expect to meet resistance not only from the army, but also from the common people. He believed that his large army would march victoriously across the territory of Russia and add another page to the book of his glory.

But Napoleon did not expect that this war would become popular and his army would be practically destroyed by small detachments of people, sometimes far from military science - partisans.

The guerrillas often acted contrary to the logic of war, on a whim, observing their own rules of warfare. “One of the most tangible and advantageous deviations from the so-called rules of war is the action of scattered people against people huddled together. This kind of action always manifests itself in a war that takes on a popular character. These actions consist in the fact that, instead of becoming a crowd against the crowd, people disperse separately, attack one by one and immediately run away when they are attacked by large forces, and then attack again when the opportunity presents itself,” Tolstoy wrote about them.

Because when it comes to defending their Fatherland, all means are good, and, realizing this, absolutely unfamiliar people unite in a single impulse for this goal.

Partisans, description and characters

In the novel War and Peace, guerrilla warfare is initially described as spontaneous and unconscious actions of individual peasants and peasants. Tolstoy compares the destruction of the French with the extermination of mad dogs: "thousands of people of the enemy army - backward marauders, foragers - were exterminated by Cossacks and peasants, who beat these people just as unconsciously as dogs unconsciously bite a runaway mad dog."

The state could not fail to recognize the strength and effectiveness of individual scattered detachments of partisans, who "destroyed the Great Army in parts" and therefore recognized the partisan movement quite officially. Many “parties” along the entire front line have already joined him.

Partisans are people of a special temperament, adventurers by nature, they are at the same time true patriots, without high-flown speeches and beautiful performances. Their patriotism is a natural movement of the soul, which does not allow them to stand aside from the events taking place in Russia.

The prominent representatives of the army in the partisan movement in the novel are Denisov and Dolokhov. With their detachments, they are ready to attack the French transport, not wanting to unite with either the German or the Polish generals. Without thinking about the hardships and difficulties of camp life, as if effortlessly, they capture the French and free the Russian prisoners.

In the novel War and Peace, the partisan movement unites people who, in ordinary life, might not even have met each other. In any case, they would not communicate and be friends. As, for example, Denisov and Tikhon Shcherbaty, so kindly described by Tolstoy. The war shows the true face of every person, and forces them to act and act as the significance of this historical moment dictates. Tikhon Shcherbaty, dexterous and cunning man, alone making his way into the enemy camp to capture the language - the embodiment of people from the common people, ready to serve to destroy enemies out of "loyalty to the tsar and the fatherland and hatred for the French, which the sons of the fatherland must observe," as Denisov said .

The relationship between people during hostilities is interesting. On the one hand, Tikhon, having taken the “plastun” and deciding that he is not suitable for Denisov, because he doesn’t really know anything, easily kills him. And on the other hand, he also says that “We don’t do anything bad to the French ... We just played with the guys out of hunting. It was like a dozen or two Miroderov were beaten, otherwise we didn’t do anything bad ... "

Denisov, taking French soldiers prisoner, sends them on receipt, regretting to shoot them on the spot. Dolokhov even laughs at this scrupulousness of his. At the same time, both Denisov and Dolokhov are well aware that if they are captured by the French, there will be no mercy for either one or the other. And the fact that Denisov treated the prisoners nobly will not matter. “But they will catch me and you, with your chivalry, all the same on an aspen,” Dolokhov tells him.

Some come to the partisans for romance, since Petya Rostov came to the war, representing everything that happens in the form of a game. But most often, people participating in the partisan movement make a conscious choice, realizing that in such difficult and dangerous historical periods, each person must make every effort to defeat the enemy.

The Russian people, combining warmth, humility towards loved ones, simplicity and modesty, at the same time is full of a rebellious spirit, bold, rebellious and spontaneous, which does not allow you to calmly watch how the conquerors walk on their native land.

findings

In the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy, talking about the events, presents them not as a historian, but as a participant in these events, from the inside. Showing all the ordinary nature of essentially heroic phenomena, the author tells us not just about the war of 1812, but about the people who led Russia to victory in this war. He tells the reader about ordinary people, with their usual sorrows, joys and worries about how they look. The fact that, despite the war, people fall in love and suffer from betrayal, live and enjoy life.

Someone uses the war for their own purposes in order to advance in the service, like Boris Drubetskoy, someone simply follows the orders of his superiors, trying not to think about the consequences of following these orders, as Nikolai Rostov begins to do over time.

But there are special people, those who go to war at the behest of the soul, out of patriotism, these are partisans, almost invisible, but at the same time irreplaceable heroes of the war. I want to finish the essay on the topic “Guerrilla warfare in the novel “War and Peace” with a quote from the novel: “The French, retreating in 1812, although they should have defended themselves separately, according to tactics, huddle together, because the spirit of the army has fallen so that only the mass holds the army together. The Russians, on the contrary, in terms of tactics should have attacked en masse, but in reality they are fragmented, because the spirit is raised so that individuals beat without the order of the French and do not need coercion in order to expose themselves to labor and danger.

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