The message about the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Establishment of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum

Malinovsky, Vasily Fedorovich

PLANS TO CREATE

Much attention was paid to the placement and the external routine of the new educational institution, the issues of the form of lyceum students were discussed by the emperor himself However, the teaching plan was not thought out, the composition of professors was random, most of them did not meet the requirements of a good gymnasium in their training and pedagogical experience. higher educational institution The future of the lyceum students was not clearly defined.According to the original plan, the younger brothers of Alexander I, Nikolai and Mihile, were also to be brought up in the Lyceum. This idea probably belonged to Speransky, who, like many progressive people of those years, was how the characters of the great dukes evolved, on whom the fate of millions of people could depend in the future Growing up Nikolai and Mikhail Pavlovich got used to the belief in the infinity and divine origin of their power and to the deep conviction that the art of government is in the "Feldwebel science" In 1816 a man distant about tons of liberal ideas, but an honest warrior and patriot, General PP Konovnitsyn, whom Alexander I entrusted in 1815 with monitoring his brothers during their stay in the army, apparently, it was not by chance that he considered it necessary to give the grand dukes a written instruction "If the time comes to command you try to improve the situation of everyone by units of the troops, do not demand the impossible from the people. Bring them the necessary and necessary peace beforehand, and then demand the exact and strict performance of the true service. The cry and threats are just annoying, but they will not bring you any benefit. "

In the Lyceum, the grand dukes were to be brought up in the circle of their peers, in isolation from the court. Here they would be instilled with ideas more appropriate to their future position than "shouts, threats" and the demand "from people of the impossible", the inclinations to which they began to show very early If this plan had come true, Pushkin and Nicholas I would have turned out to be schoolmates (Nikolai Pavlovich was only three years older than Pushkin). In accordance with the same tone, the rest of the lyceum students were destined for a high state career.

These intentions, apparently, caused the opposition of Empress Maria Feodorovna The general offensive of reaction before the war of 1812, expressed, in particular, in the fall of Speransky, led to the fact that the original plans were abandoned, as a result of which Nicholas I came to the throne in 1825 monstrously unprepared ...

FROM THE LETTER OF LYCEEAN A. ILLICHESKY

As for our Lyceum, I assure you, you cannot be better: we study only 7 hours a day, and then with changes; which continue for an hour; we never sit in places; who wants to study, who wants to walk; the lessons, to tell the truth, are not very great; in idle time we walk, but now summer begins: the snow has dried up, the grass is showing, and we are from morning till evening in the garden, which is better than all the summer ones in St. Petersburg. By being humble, by studying diligently, there is nothing to be afraid of. Moreover, our parents visit us quite often, and the less often the meeting, the more pleasant it is. I'll tell you the news: we were now allowed to compose, and we began periods; as a result of which I am sending you two of my fables and I wish you to like them.

ORDER OF THE DAY AND FORM OF CLOTHING

Teaching young men to ride horseback began in 1816, and the first teacher in this subject was the colonel of the Life Hussar Regiment A.V. Krekshin. Classes were held three times a week in shifts, without outside spectators and certainly with a tutor. The horses were regimental and were under the supervision of a breeder (instructor in horse dressage and riding).

Swimming lessons began in the summer of 1817 and were conducted by specially appointed two or three sailors. The place for exercise was a large bath in the royal garden. After swimming, medical control was carried out. Reasonable combination of mental and physical activity beneficially influenced the development of lyceum students.

The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was a closed university, and its pupils were at full boarding school. Leaving the Lyceum during the school year was prohibited. All lyceum students were subject to a strict daily routine, which was overseen by the principal, staff overseers, and teachers.

At 6 o'clock in the morning, a general rise was announced, then the pupils went to morning prayer, after which they repeated the tasks of their teachers. From 8 to 9 a lesson was held in the classroom, and from 10 to 11 - breakfast and a walk in the park. From 11 to 12 o'clock in the Lyceum, a second lesson in classes was envisaged, and from 13 o'clock - lunch and a short break.

At 14 o'clock, the lyceum students began classes in calligraphy and drawing, from 15 to 17 o'clock lessons were held in the classroom. After that there was a short rest, afternoon tea, a walk, games and gymnastic exercises... From 20 o'clock the students went to dinner, then there was a walk in the park and repeating lessons. After the evening prayer, at 22 o'clock, all the pupils went to bed. A well-thought-out daily routine contributed to the accelerated development of lyceum students, who by the age of 16-18 became physically strong, hardened, hardworking, morally healthy people.

A distinctive feature of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was a uniform form of clothing. The uniform of the Lyceum consisted of a single-breasted caftan of dark blue cloth with a standing collar of red cloth and the same cuffs, with gold and silver embroidery. The buttons were smooth, gilded, and the lining was blue. The camisole and underwear are made of white cloth.

The director of the Lyceum has full sewing on the collar, cuffs and flaps. For other ranks, sewing on a collar and cuffs or on one collar was supposed to be in accordance with the position, starting from the 9th grade. Pupils wore two buttonholes on each side of the collar: younger age embroidered in silver, and the older one - in gold.

REASONS FOR ESTABLISHING A NOBLE BOARD AT THE TSARSKOE LYCEUM

During the admission of pupils to the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, a different level of knowledge of pupils admitted to one class was revealed. To solve this problem, the idea arose to create a special preparatory educational institution at the Lyceum, which would help students acquire the knowledge necessary for studying at the Lyceum, and thus would constantly provide the Lyceum with "excellent pupils". In addition, the appearance of another educational institution would provide the Russian nobility with a new means of raising and educating children.

In July 1812, the Minister of Public Education, Count A.K. Razumovsky presented to Emperor Alexander I a report on the establishment in Tsarskoye Selo of the Noble Boarding School of the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. The following year, two houses were purchased for the boarding house ("... at the corner of Volkonskaya and Kadetskaya streets through the village of Gumalassary to Pavlovsk there are two stone three-story houses, each with 18 windows in the facade, connected by a stone two-story link or gallery .. . "). The building for the Pension was created from five separate houses by V.P. Stasov. in 1814-1820 […] The opening of the new educational institution took place on January 27, 1814.

Where is our rose
My friends?
The rose has withered
Child of the Dawn.
Do not say:
So youth withers!
Do not say:
Here is the joy of life!
Tell the flower:
Sorry, sorry!
And on the lily
Show us.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin wrote these lines while studying at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, when students were asked to compose a poem about a rose as an exam. The assignment was quite difficult and caused some difficulty. But the future poet brilliantly coped with it, instantly composing and voicing it in front of the class.

The guide took us through the corridors and classes of the lyceum, telling how young Sasha, a Frenchman, as his friends called him, surprised everyone with his talent. And I wanted to understand what was special about this educational institution that so many famous, truly talented people came out of its walls, who were patriots of their Fatherland. What atmosphere reigned in the classroom, what was the “lyceum spirit” about which its graduates later recalled so much? More than once I visited the museum of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum and enjoyed its views, which were restored and preserved for us, descendants. I admired the views of the park, which is located in the immediate vicinity of the lyceum. And every time she discovered something new for herself.

A bit of history

The Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum is located in the wing of the Catherine Palace in Pushkin. Consists of four floors:

• On the first floor there were rooms for the lyceum employees, as well as an economic block.
• The second floor housed a canteen, a pharmacy, a hospital, a conference room, and an office.
• On the third floor there are rooms for physical exercises, a recreation room, classrooms, a reading room with periodicals, a library. She was in the arch connecting the lyceum and the palace.
• The fourth floor was reserved for pupils' rooms.

Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was founded on October 19, 1811. In the same year, its grand opening took place. The Lyceum was founded by Emperor Alexander I. The famous statesman XIX century M. M. Speransky. Children of the upper nobility close to the emperor were supposed to study here. They are future diplomats and senior civil servants. It was planned that the younger brothers of Emperor Alexander I would also study at the Lyceum. Students were selected by competition, and someone from influential people had to vouch for them.

Opening

The grand opening of the Lyceum took place in the assembly hall on the third floor. The opening was attended by Emperor Alexander I with his family, famous political and cultural figures of that time. Just imagine how many people have visited this building famous people! 30 boys were enrolled in the first year. Six years of study at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was equated to study at the university. Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum is a place where future writers, poets and composers received knowledge, revealed their sparkling talents. Still very young youths, under the guidance of experienced teachers, learned science courses, studied languages, studied domestic and foreign literature and history.

Study and life

Studying at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was fundamentally different from the teaching methodology in schools of that time. Here, young boys were treated with respect, communicated with them on an equal footing. Teachers addressed their students as adults - exclusively on "you". Even some of the students addressed each other as "you".

Physical punishment was prohibited in the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. The poet in his memoirs often describes the famous "lyceum spirit" that reigned at that time. There were no topics that were forbidden for discussion. The teachers tried to discern and develop the talent of each student, carefully nurture and develop it.

The Lyceum was intended not only for teaching, but also for year-round residence... Students of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum were forbidden to leave its limits throughout their studies. The family could visit the student at a strictly allotted time. Studying proccess was strictly regulated. Every day of the lyceum student's study was subject to a clear schedule:

• 6:00 - rise and morning prayer;
• 7:00 - 9:00 - classes;
• 9:00 - 10:00 - tea and a walk;
• 10:00 –12: 00 - classes;
• 12:00 - 13:00 - walk
• 13:00 - lunch;
• 14:00 - 15:00 - calligraphy, drawing;
• 15:00 - 17:00 - classes;
• 17:00 - tea, repetition of lessons, walk;
• 20:30 - dinner, reading, games;
• 22:00 - prayer and bedtime.

Boys were also taught horse riding, dancing, fencing, swimming. Each lyceum student had his own room, which had everything he needed to live: a bed, a wash-table, a chest of drawers, a desk, a mirror, a candle and tongs for removing carbon deposits. There was a number plate on the door of each room.

For example, the room of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was at number 14. And the room of his neighbor and close friend Ivan Ivanovich Pushchin was at number 13. The two rooms were separated by a partition that did not reach the ceiling, so that the boys could communicate with each other through the wall.

Graduates

It's no secret that the most brilliant was the first graduation of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, which took place in 1817. Its famous graduates came out of the gates of the Lyceum:

1. A.P. Bakunin,
2. S. F. Broglio,
3. V.D. Volkhovsky,
4. A. M. Gorchakov,
5. P.F. Grevenitz,
6. K. K. Danzas,
7. A. A. Delvig,
8. S. S. Esakov,
9. A. D. Illichevsky,
10. S. D. Komovskiy,
11. A. A. Kornilov,
12. N. A. Korsakov,
13. M. A. Korf,
14. K. D. Kostensky,
15. V.K.Küchelbecker,
16. S. G.,
17. I. V. Malinovsky,
18. A. I. Martynov,
19. D. N. Maslov,
20. F. F. Matyushkin,
21. P. N. Myasoedov,
22. I. I. Pushchin,
23. N. G. Rzhevsky,
24. P.F.Savrasov,
25. F. H. Steven,
26. A. D. Tyrkov,
27. P. M. Yudin,
28. M. L. Yakovlev,
29. A.S.

He graduated from the Lyceum with the rank of collegiate secretary and was supposed to go to serve in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, but instead the poet devoted himself entirely to creativity.

The fate of the Lyceum

The further fate of the Lyceum has undergone changes. The charter was revised towards stricter discipline. The reason for this was the events of December 1825 (the Decembrist Uprising).

In 1843, by order of Emperor Nicholas I, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum moved to Kamennoostrovsky 21. The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was renamed to Aleksandrovsky. He continued to be a closed educational institution. Here they received a legal education. The last graduation took place in 1917, and then the educational institution was closed.

In 1974, the Memorial Lyceum Museum was opened in the building of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum in Pushkin. Its grand opening was timed to coincide with the 150th anniversary of the birth of Alexander Pushkin. Using manuscripts and archival documents, the museum staff tried to restore to the smallest detail the atmosphere in which the first graduation of the Lyceum lived. The library of the museum contains books that have survived from that time.

Museum address and opening hours

You can visit the museum at the address: Pushkin, st. Sadovaya, 2 from 10.30 to 18.00.

Day off at the museum: Tuesday.

Cleaning day: last Friday of the month.

Ticket price

• for adult visitors: 200 rubles;

• for pensioners: 100 rubles;

• for persons under the age of 16 - free of charge;

• for students and pupils from 16 years old: 100 rubles.

You can visit the museum for free on the following days:

• International Museum Day - May 18;
• Pushkin Day of Russia - June 6;
• Lyceum Anniversary Day - October 19.

How to get there

• Electric trains follow to Pushkin, departing from the Vitebsk railway station (located at the Pushkinskaya metro station) and from the station. m. Kupchino. You need to get to the station Detskoe Selo. The fare will be about 30 rubles one way. Travel time is about 30 minutes. The interval between trains is 15-20 minutes. From the railway station in Pushkin and to the Catherine Palace follow a minibus and bus # 382. You can walk to the museum. It doesn't take long, about 30 minutes.
• You can get there by shuttle bus from the station. m. Moskovskaya (No. 342, 347, 299, 287, 545 or by bus No. 187,155). Transport departs from the House of Soviets. Travel time will take no more than an hour. In my opinion, this is the most convenient and comfortable way to get to the museum. You will be able to admire the city and the avenues while you are being driven.
• From st. m. Kupchino, in addition to electric trains, there are fixed-route taxis that await you at the exit from the metro in the direction of Vitebskiy prospect (№№ 342, 347, 286, 287, 545). The fare for a minibus or bus will be just over 30 rubles.

I hope my review was helpful to you!

I wish you the most pleasant emotions from visiting the museum.

If you come to Pushkin (Tsarskoe Selo) with a desire to visit the Catherine Palace and Park, choose 40 minutes to visit the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum Museum. Most likely, you will not buy tickets to the Catherine Palace for the near future, since there are a great many who want to visit the imperial chambers, and you will have time to visit the educational institution praised by Pushkin.

Tsarskoye Selo Museum-Lyceum is located 30 meters from the ticket office of the palace, in a four-story wing.

At the entrance there is information about the cost of tickets:

adult ticket - 150 rubles;

a ticket for schoolchildren - 70 rubles;

ticket for students - 90 rubles;

ticket for pensioners - 50 rubles.

Photographing in the museum - 200 rubles. (In the museum, you can take pictures without using a flash for free).

The museum is open from 10-30 to 17-00. Closed on Tuesday.
The last Friday of the month is a cleaning day.

The museum is allowed in groups. Therefore, approach the porch near the entrance to the Lyceum and wait for at least 15 people to gather. You will then be escorted to the ticket office to buy tickets. Literally a few minutes later, in the hall where the monument to the young Pushkin is located, a guide approaches and the excursion begins.

You will be told about the creation of the lyceum in 1811, about the first 30 pupils, among whom was the 14-year-old Pushkin.

Children from noble families, under the patronage of famous Russian figures, were taken to the Lyceum at the age of 12 to 14 years. It is interesting that the first pupils learned that they would be in the educational institution for six years without a break only in the evening on the day of admission, after the evening dessert. Imagine the reaction of very young children to this news.

Although all the students were nobles, the Lyceum had Spartan living conditions. The rooms were kept at a temperature of 14-17 (!) Degrees. The children got up every morning at six in the morning. Within an hour, there was a morning toilet, getting dressed, praying, and repeating yesterday's lessons.

The first two hours of classes began at seven in the morning. Then breakfast ("tea with a white roll") and a short walk. Two hours of lessons, a walk and a repetition of lessons. Three course lunch at half past one day.

Afternoon 3 hours of classroom lessons. In the evening, walk again and exercise and dinner at half past nine.

The young pupils studied for at least seven hours every day.

The study lasted from August 1 to July 1. Lyceum students also spent a month of vacations in Tsarskoe Selo.

In the Lyceum it was established that at each lesson the most successful students sat closest to the teacher. Young Pushkin could boast of the first desk in the lessons of Russian and French literature.

Also, Alexander Sergeevich, thanks to his innate activity, succeeded in swimming, fencing, horse riding, ice skating.

Despite the difficult program, the students managed to publish their own newspaper, where they wrote their epigrams, poems, stories by hand and drew harmless caricatures of their friends.

Many pupils used one free hour from nine to ten in the evening for reading and studying. foreign languages... The remarkable library was located in the archway to the imperial palace.

In the lyceum, in the classroom, they taught French, German and Latin... There were days when it was possible to speak only in the language specified by the teachers.

Pupils were given marks according to the European system. The best mark - 1, unsatisfactory - 4. It is interesting that if the student "did not show any interest in the subject", he was given "0" and was not forced to learn the subject through force. Once Alexander Pushkin received a "0" in algebra, but the teacher just waved his hand: "Go better write your poems."

Students of the Lyceum together with all their souls worried about the fate of the fatherland in 1812. Under the arch connecting the Catherine Palace and the Lyceum wing, grenadier regiments marched into the war. According to the recollections of the lyceum students themselves, they cried, ran after, baptized the leaving soldiers and officers.

In 1815, the first public examination was held, which was attended by Derzhavin. Pushkin's poem "Recollection of Tsarskoe Selo" awakened the slumbering Derzhavin. Pushkin himself saw the reaction to his verse, became agitated, ran away, hid. On that day, Derzhavin's request to bring the young poet to him for an embrace was not fulfilled. Subsequently, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was blessed by Gavrila Romanovich as his successor and successor to Russian poetry.

Each course at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum came up with a motto at the general meeting, which he carried through all the years of study. The motto of the Pushkin course "For the common good" is still considered the best in the history of the Lyceum until 1918.

In the curriculum, a lot of time was devoted to describing the life of the great people of the past. The teachers believed that a living historical example should motivate young men to want to become better. Corporal punishment was prohibited in the lyceum - this was directly written in the charter. From the first days the lyceum students were equal in spite of titles, merits of ancestors and religion (in the first edition there were half of Orthodox Christians, the rest were Catholics and Lutherans). You couldn't shout at the serfs who took care of the students.

Perhaps all this influenced the fact that all the graduates of the first issue of the Imperial Lyceum glorified Russia. Of the most known to us: Major General Vladimir Dmitrievich Volkhovsky, Chancellor of the Russian Empire Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov, Decembrist Ivan Ivanovich Pushchin.

Room number fourteen, in which he lived for 2060 days, studied, composed Pushkin, looks like a closet. Small size, two walls do not reach the ceiling, a bed, a desk and a table for washing.

Thanks to the restorers who recreated the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum for the 150th anniversary of the Great Russian poet. Thanks to the guides for a fascinating story about the Lyceum and its first graduates with quotations from the poems of Alexander Sergeevich.

... Wherever fate throws us,

and happiness wherever it takes

We are all the same: the whole world is a foreign land for us;

Fatherland to us Tsarskoe Selo.

Pushkin had three real friends in the Lyceum: I. V. Malinovsky (1796-1873),
I. I. Pushchin (1798-1858) and Baron A. A. Delvig (1798-1831).
In each of these dissimilar youths, the poet found some kind of addition to his multifaceted personality. Pushkin, dying, said: “Why aren't Pushchin and Malinovsky around me? It would be easier for me to die. "

Ivan Malinovsky was the eldest son of the first director of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum Vasily Fedorovich Malinovsky (1765-1814). He received his primary education at the St. Petersburg provincial gymnasium.
In 1811 he entered the Lyceum. Malinovsky was a lively and cheerful youth. Hot-tempered, cocky, he was very hot. His comrades gave him the nickname “Cossack.” He tried to tame his ardor, often leading him to mistakes, which he confessed with repentance. Pushkin was very fond of Malinovsky.

In the poem "Feasting Students", written in 1814, the poet turns to Malinovsky, a "sincere friend", in his words one can hear the joy of communicating with the merry fellow and mischievous Ivan Malinovsky:

And you are a rake,
Born on pranks,
Remote grip, thug
Soul buddy ...

On February 9, 1812, the family of Ivan Malinovsky suffered a heavy grief. Mother Sofya Andreevna died. The first heavy blow two years later was followed by the second: on March 23, 1814, his father, the director of the Lyceum V.F. Malinovsky. At the same time, it was also the grief of the Lyceum, which was brought into strict order thanks to the works of the deceased director.
This death was also a grief for the first-year students, who, being adopted into his family after the holidays from the Lyceum were prohibited, lost in it not only the director of the Lyceum, but also their father, who adopted them as their children.

Behind the coffin with the eldest son of the deceased, Lyceum student Ivan Malinovsky, was Pushkin, for whom Malinovsky was now closer to all other friends and friends.
From the family memoirs of the daughter of Ivan Vasilyevich Malinovsky, Sofia Ivanovna Shtakenshneider, it is known that "already at the cemetery (at the burial there were five pupils of the Lyceum. - Auth.), When the coffin was lowered into the grave for eternal rest, Pushkin was the first to approach his friend Ivan Malinovsky. to console him in his grief, and here, in front of their father's still unfulfilled grave, they kind of swore in eternal friendship. "
In the draft version of the poem "October 19, 1825" Pushkin recalls his lyceum friend and regrets that Malinovsky did not come to visit the disgraced poet in Mikhailovskoye with Pushchin.

Well I didn't meet you right there with him,
You, our Cossack, both ardent and not spiteful,
Why are you also my tombstone
Did you not illuminate with your presence?
We remembered how Bacchus was brought
Silent sacrifice for the first time
How we first fell in love with all three
Confidants, comrades leprosy ...

Having received a certificate of graduation from the Lyceum, Ivan Malinovsky entered the Finnish Life Guards regiment. In the campaigns of the Guards Corps, Ivan Malinovsky became friends with the future Decembrist AE Rosen.

The events of 1825 indirectly touched Malinovsky, although he did not take any part in the conspiracy. When misfortune struck the family of the Decembrist Andrei Evgenievich Rosen, who was sentenced to ten years in prison in Chita, Malinovsky was in St. Petersburg. He fussed and consoled his sister Anna Vasilievna, who had recently married Baron Rosen and had a small child. During this period, Malinovsky rushed around St. Petersburg, trying to help those in trouble. He did everything he could.
On March 26, 1825, Ivan Malinovsky retired with the rank of colonel.

In 1834, Ivan Malinovsky married the sister of his lyceum comrade I.I. Pushchin, Maria Ivanovna (1795 - 1844). In this marriage, they gave birth to two daughters.

The death of Pushkin shocked Malinovsky. This can be seen from the correspondence between Pushchin and Malinovsky. Neither time nor distance blotted out youthful friendship from Malinovsky's memory.
After the death of his wife in 1845, Ivan Malinovsky married V.D. Volkhovsky
(Captain of the Guards General Staff, Major General, Lyceum student of the first graduation) Ekaterina Fedoseevna Zinkevich. In this marriage, two daughters and a son were born.

In 1844 I.V. Malinovsky wrote a brochure "On the Life of Major General Volkhovsky", which was published in Kharkov.

Ivan Malinovsky was elected leader of the district nobility for many years.
He died on February 10, 1873 from pneumonia.
He was buried in the cemetery in Kamenka not far from V.D. Volkhovsky.

Sources:

Ariadna Vladimirovna Tyrkova-Williams "Pushkin's Life".
Websites
Valeria Bobyleva, Marat Gainullin "Heartfelt Friend"
http://www.moles.ee/99/Mar/15/6-1.html