Digitalis large-flowered flower formula. Properties and uses of foxglove. Whole leaves or pieces

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Rice. 6.1. foxglove purple

foxglove leaves- folia digitalis

(N. Red) - digitalis purpurea l.

Sem. Norichnikovye- scrophulariaceae

Other names: thimblegrass Large-flowered foxglove - digitalis grandiflora mill.

Foxglove purple - biennial in culture, perennial in nature herbaceous plant height from 50 to 120 cm (Fig. 6.1).

Properties and uses of foxglove

Unlike trees, which require years to mature and bear seeds, herbaceous angiosperms live, reproduce, and die in short life cycles. This allows them to quickly seed new ground and perhaps allow them to develop faster than their competitors, advantages that may have contributed to their diversity.

While this so-called herbal habit may have given them an edge over slow growing woody plants, the “trump card of the angiosperms” was the flower. In simple words, the flower is the reproductive mechanism of the angiosperm. Most flowers are both male and female. Reproduction begins when a flower releases pollen, microscopic packets of genetic material, into the air. Ultimately, these grains are wrapped around another stigma of the flower, the tiny pollen receptor. In most cases, the stigma sits on top of a stem-like structure called a stylus that protrudes from the center of the flower.

Develops in the first year only a rosette of large basal leaves of an oblong-ovate shape, with a blunt apex and a long winged petiole, a small-shaped margin and reticulate venation (clearly visible from the underside).

For the second year stems silvery from pubescence are formed with alternate leaves and a brush of large thimble-shaped flowers.

Granular pollen, softened by moisture, releases proteins that chemically distinguish whether or not genetically compatible new installation. If so, the pollen grain germinates and develops a tube down the style and into the ovary and into the ovum where fertilization takes place and the seeds begin to grow.

Pollen casting to the wind is a breeding method. Although wind-based pollination is sufficient for many plant species, direct delivery by insects is much more efficient. Insects undoubtedly began visiting and pollinating angiosperms as soon as new plants appeared on Earth about 130 million years ago. But it will be another 30 or 40 million years before flowering plants capture the attention of insect pollinators, glowing with luxurious petals.

Leaves. The lower stem leaves are long-petioled, ovate; medium - short-leaved; upper - sessile, ovate-lanceolate.

Rice. 6.2. foxglove large-flowered

flower corolla purple, white inside with purple spots in the throat, looks like a thimble.

"Petals didn't evolve until 90-100 million years ago," said Else Marie Friis, head of paleobotany at the Swedish Museum of Natural History on the outskirts of Stockholm. Even then they were very, very small. A brooding woman with short brown hair and intense eyes, Fries oversees what many experts believe is the most comprehensive collection of angiosperm fossils ever collected in one place. The fragile flowers escaped destruction, oddly enough, thanks to the intense heat of long-standing forest fires that baked them into charcoal.

Inflorescence- a dense one-sided multi-flowered brush.

Fetus- bilocular multi-seeded boll.

blooms in June-July, the seeds ripen in July-August.

Large-flowered foxglove is a perennial herbaceous plant 40-120 cm tall.

Is different from digitalis purple lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, bare, green on both sides with an unevenly serrated edge, as well as light yellow flowers (Fig. 6.2).

Friis showed me the 80 millionth fossil flower, not exceeding the period at the end of this sentence. Coated in pure gold for maximum resolution under an electron microscope, I hardly had a flower. "Many researchers have missed these small, simple flowers," she said, "because you can't understand their diversity without a microscope."

Variants of plant names and foxglove legends

So we squinted through her powerful loupe and took a figurative walk through the Cretaceous world of tiny and varied angiosperms. Repeatedly or hundreds of times, Fries' petrified flowers resemble wrinkled bulbs or radishes. Many kept their tiny petals pinched, hiding the fruit inside. Others open wide at full maturity. Dense clusters of pollen grains cling to each other in gnarled lumps.

blooms in June - July, the fruits ripen in July - August. Both plants are poisonous.

Spreading

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Naturally grows in the forests of Western, Central and Northern Europe. Cultivated in many countries of the world; in Russia - in the North Caucasus, culture is possible in Ukraine and Moldova. Domestic varieties are significantly inferior to the best foreign ones in terms of the number of cardenolides.

Sometime between 70 and 100 million years ago, the number of flowering plant species on Earth exploded, an event botanists call the "great radiation." The spark that ignited this explosion, Fries said, was a petal. The petals created a lot more variety. It's now a common concept, Fries said. In their new garb, the once forgotten angiosperms have become prominent in the landscape, luring pollinating insects like never before. Playback literally skyrocketed.

The interaction between insects and flowering plants shaped the development of both groups, a process called coevolution. Over time, flowers have evolved with lingering colors, enticing scents, and specialized petals that provide landing sites for their insect pollinators. At the top of the insect benefit package is nectar, liquid nourishing flowers are a type of trade commodity in exchange for pollen dispersal. The ancestors of bees, butterflies, and wasps grew dependent on nectar, and thus became pollen carriers, casually carrying grains attached to tiny hairs on their bodies.

It grows in the mountains in the Middle and Southern Urals, in the Carpathians, in the North Caucasus, less often in the uplands in middle lane the European part of Russia (Valdai, the Volga Upland, etc.). Grows in deciduous and mixed forests open areas, among bushes, along roads. Resources are poorly explored, and raw materials are currently wild plants almost never prepared. Included in the regional Red Books.

These insects were able to collect and deliver pollen each time they visited new flowers, increasing the chances of fertilization. Insects have become the only indispensable species that helps transport flowering plants to all corners of the Earth. Dinosaurs, the greatest movers and shakers the world has ever known, were bulldozing through ancient forests, unwittingly clearing the ground for angiosperms. earth through their digestive tracts.

By the time the first flowering plant appeared, the plant-eating dinosaurs had been around for a million centuries, all the while living on a diet of ferns. coniferous trees and other primary vegetation. Dinosaurs survived for another 65 million years, and some scientists believe there was enough time for the large reptiles to adapt to a new diet that included angiosperms.

Medicinal raw materials

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External signs

Whole Raw Material

Rice. 6.3. foxglove leaves:
A - n. purple: 1 - basal leaf; 2 - stem leaf; B - n. woolly.

Whole leaves or their pieces.

Johnson discovered many fossils between 60 and 70 million years old from sites in the Rocky Mountains. From them, he deduces that hadrosaurs or dinosaurs, duck ducks, lived on big leaves angiosperms that evolved in the warm climate change immediately prior to the onset of the Cretaceous. There, no doubt, dinosaurs ate these things.

Infusion of foxglove leaves

Early angiosperms were small growers, which suited some dinosaurs better than others. Brachiosaurs had long necks like giraffes, so they were ill-equipped to take in new vegetation, says Richard Cifelli, a paleontologist at the University of Oklahoma. "On the other hand, ceratopsians and duck-dated dinosaurs were real mowers." Behind these mowers, the angiosperms adapted to the freshly cut earth and continued to spread.

At digitalis purple - oblong-ovoid or ovate-lanceolate, the edge is unevenly crenate. Basal leaves with long winged petioles, stem leaves with short petioles or without petioles (Fig. 6.3, A). The leaves are brittle, wrinkled, strongly pubescent on the underside, with a characteristic dense network of strongly protruding small veins. The length of the leaves is 10-30 cm or more, the width is up to 11 cm. The color of the leaves is dark green above, grayish green below.

Dinosaurs suddenly disappeared about 65 million years ago, and another group of animals took their place - the mammals, which benefited greatly from the variety of angiosperm fruits, including grains, nuts and many vegetables. flowering plants, in turn, took advantage of the dispersal of seeds by mammals.

Dosage forms, method of administration and doses of preparations of foxglove grandiflora

"It was two kingdoms that did the handshake," says David Dilcher, a paleobotanist at the Florida Museum of Natural History. "I will feed you and you will take my genetic material from some distance." Eventually humans evolved and the two kingdoms made another handshake. Through Agriculture angiosperms met our need for food. We, in turn, took certain species such as corn and rice and gave them unprecedented success by cultivating them in vast fields, deliberately pollinating them, consuming them with pleasure.

At foxglove grandiflora leaves are lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, with a blunt-pointed apex, with an unevenly sharp-edged edge with sparse teeth; basal and lower stem leaves, gradually tapering towards the base into a short winged petiole or without a petiole. Venation is angina. Length up to 30 cm, width up to 6 cm. Color green on both sides.
Smell weak. Taste not defined (!). Poisonous !

Almost every non-food food we eat begins as a flowering plant, and the meat, milk, and eggs we consume come from livestock fed on flowering plants. Even the cotton we wear is angiosperm. Aesthetically, too, angiosperms endure and enrich our lives. We appreciate them only for their beauty, their smells, their communication in a vase, a pot, on Valentine's Day. Some flowers speak an ancient language where words don't answer. For these more dazzling players - orchids, roses, lilies - the world is getting smaller, crossing jet flowers every day in the cargo holds of commercial transport aircraft.

crushed raw material.

leaf pieces various shapes passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm. Color greyish green. The smell is weak. Taste is not defined.

Powder grayish green, passing through a 0.16 mm sieve. Smell weak. Taste not defined.

Microscopy

A - epidermis of the upper side;
B - the epidermis of the lower side;
B - hairs: 1 - capitate hairs; 2 - simple hairs; 3 - the place of attachment of a simple hair.

When examining a leaf from the surface, epidermal cells with sinuous walls are visible. Stomata predominate on the underside of the leaf, surrounded by 3-7 parotid cells (anomocytic type). The hairs are simple and capitate.

"We're trying to get flowers anywhere in the world within 24 hours when they're down," said Jan Lanning, senior consultant for the Dutch Floriculture Council, the world tourniquet for decorative flowers. "Business is really globalized."

He leaned forward with a ready answer. People have been fascinated by flowers since we existed. People are attracted to living beings. Smell, sight, beauty are combined in a flower. He smiled at the arrangement of fragrant lilies on the table. Every Monday the florist delivers fresh flowers to this office.

Pharmacological properties of foxglove large-flowered

They moved me to my barefoot youth at the edge of my father's garden on a damp summer evening, alive with fireflies and the murmur of cicadas. Did Van Gogh raise the flower to an art form, or did he make a Van Gogh carnation to immortalize himself with oils and brushstrokes? flowering plants conquered more than just land.

Purple foxglove simple hairs numerous, especially on underside of leaf, 2-8-celled, with slightly warty cuticle and thin walls; individual hair cells often collapsing. Capitate hairs of two types: quite common - with a two-celled head on a short unicellular stalk and relatively rare - with a unicellular spherical or oval head on a long multicellular stalk (Fig. 6.4).

They have sent roots deep into our minds and hearts. We know that we pass through their world like a museum, because they were here long before we arrived and can stay long after we have left. One of their special characteristics is a brushed tongue with which they take nectar from flowers. However, nectar is only one of their products. Most honeyeaters also eat insects, and some eat more insects than nectar.

Mobile or sedentary and sometimes territorial

Many bees also feed on pollen, berries, and sugary plant exudates, as well as sugary plant secretions. Many bees are highly mobile and look for seasonal sources of nectar. Because gardeners tend to grow plants with large and long-lasting flower displays, urban areas can provide ample food for honeybees. However, more often than not, large orderlies dominate the gardens. This is likely because gardens often do not have enough dense shrub to provide cover for smaller species.

In foxglove large-flowered simple hairs are very large, rarely found on the underside of the leaf along the large veins. Capitate hairs with a two-celled (sometimes one-celled) head on a short one-celled (occasionally two-celled) stalk.

Powder. When examining the powder, fragments of the epidermis with sinuous walls are visible; fragments of parenchyma cells and spiral vessels; numerous simple hairs and their fragments; capitate hairs are less common.

Members of the honey member family are not the only bird species that feed on nectar. It consists of the following parts: pedicel or flower axis; floral verticals with cyclic arrangement. The cyclic arrangement of flower vertices is a character that well defines the most developed cyclic arrangement of angiosperms.

They are found in peach blossom, tobacco or tobacco, rose bush, lily and other flowers. It is said that such flowers are covered with mold. When the stem is absent, the flower sits, as on some palm trees, black pepper or black pepper. In general, the stalk has a texture and organization that approximates that of the leaf petiole.

Procurement and storage of raw materials

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blank. On plantations, the rosette leaves of the first year are cut off in July - August, and after 1-1.5 months they make a second, sometimes third collection. Stem leaves from plants of the second year of life are cut off by hand. Raw materials are recommended to be collected in the flowering phase, on a sunny day, since glycosides accumulate more intensively in the light. When cultivating foxglove as an annual crop, the leaves are cut 2-3 times during the summer without petioles (they make it difficult to dry, and biologically active substances do not contain).

Security measures. On biennial plantations, when harvesting raw materials, they protect root system from damage.

Drying. The raw materials should be dried quickly, the collected leaves are delivered in an open container to the place of drying immediately. The raw materials are dried in dryers with artificial heating at a temperature of 55-60 °C.

Standardization. GF XI, no. 2, art. 14. Digitalis purple is used in the form of whole and crushed raw materials, as well as powder, n. grandiflora is used only in the form of whole raw materials.

Storage. All raw materials must be well packaged. Dense packaging contributes to better preservation of biologically active substances. Whole raw materials are stored in a dry, dark room. Powder - in ampoules or tightly closed vials. Isolated pure glycosides are stored according to list A, other drugs and medicinal raw materials - according to list B. The biological activity of raw materials is monitored annually.

steroidal saponins (digitonin, etc.),
flavonoids,
choline and other compounds.

Leaves foxglove grandiflora contain cardiotonic glycosides, the main of which are digilanides A, B, C (see "Foxglove leaves"). In addition, steroidal saponins and flavonoids have been found.

Numerical indicators

Whole raw material. Biological activity of 1 g of raw materials should be 50-66 ICE or 10.3-12.6 KED; leaf moisture n. purple no more than 13% (n. large-flowered - 12%); total ash no more than 18% (n. large-flowered - 7%); darkened or yellowed leaves no more than 1%; other parts of the plant (stems, flowers and fruits) no more than 1% (n. large-flowered - 2%); crushed leaves passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 2 mm, not more than 2%; organic impurities not more than 0.5% (for N. large-flowered - 1%); mineral admixture is not more than 0.5% (for n. large-flowered - 1%).

Crushed raw materials. Biological activity of 1 g of raw materials should be 50-66 ICE or 10.3-12.6 KED; humidity not more than 13%; total ash not more than 18%; darkened or yellowed leaves no more than 1%; other parts of the plant (pieces of stems, fruits, flowers) no more than 1%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm, not more than 5%; particles passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 0.5 mm, not more than 10%; organic impurities not more than 0.5%; mineral impurity not more than 0.5%.

Powder. Biological activity of 1 g of powder should be 50-66 ICE or 10.3-12.6 KED; humidity not more than 10%; total ash not more than 18%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes of 0.16 mm, not more than 2%.

Properties and uses of foxglove

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Pharmacotherapeutic group. Cardiotonic agent (cardiac glycosides).

Pharmacological properties of foxglove

Purple foxglove has a multifaceted effect on the body (vessels, vagus nerve, kidneys, intestines, central nervous system), but the main object of its action is the heart.

cardiac glycosides

increase systole,
lengthen the diastole
reduce the excitability of the conduction system of the heart.

According to modern ideas the physicochemical mechanism of action of cardiac (cardiotonic) glycosides is

changes in the activity of Na-, K-dependent ATPase,
an increase in the intracellular content of sodium ions,
an increase in the entry of calcium ions into the cells, which are directly involved in the contractile act.

In addition, under the influence of cardiac glycosides in the blood plasma, the amount of ionized calcium increases.

Digitalis purpurea glycosides are lipophilic cardiotonic glycosides, they are strongly bound to blood proteins, so they penetration into the myocardium is slow. At internal application digitoxin cardiotropic effect develops only after 2-3 hours and lasts 2-3 weeks. Plant glycosides, when taken orally, gradually accumulate in the body and have a high degree cumulation.

Digitonin and other digitalis saponins possess

locally irritating and
hemolytic properties.
They increase the solubility and absorption of cardiac glycosides.

The use of foxglove

Purple foxglove preparations are used at

circulatory insufficiency II and III stages of various origins,
as well as in the tachysystolic form of atrial fibrillation, which usually accompanies and exacerbates circulatory failure.

With an overdose of digitalis preparations phenomena of intoxication are observed, expressed in

bradycardia,
sleep disturbance,
increased shortness of breath,
appearance discomfort in the region of the heart.

Medicines

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Water infusion from foxglove leaves (prepared in a pharmacy). Cardiotonic.
Powdered foxglove leaves (powder; tablets). Cardiotonic.
Digitoxin (Kardigin, Christodigin), tablets of 0.0001 g; candles of 0.00015 g. Glycoside obtained from the leaves of foxglove purple and n. large-flowered. Cardiotonic.
Cordigit (tablets of 0.0008 g; candles of 0.0012 g). The purified extract from the leaves of foxglove purpurea contains the amount of glycosides. Cardiotonic.

All digitalis preparations should not be re-dispensed on a prescription that is not signed by a doctor, as they have cumulative properties (they can accumulate in the body with prolonged use).

Large-flowered foxglove is a perennial herbaceous plant with a horizontal rhizome and an upright stem reaching 1 m in height. The leaves are alternate, large, oblong-elliptical, with a pointed apex, unevenly serrate along the edge, more or less pubescent with hairs. Flowers, one at a time, on drooping pedicels, form a one-sided multi-flowered raceme at the top of the stem; corolla tubular-campanulate, large, up to 4-5 cm, pale yellow, inside with reddish-brown spots; stamens 4. The fruit is a two-celled capsule 10-12 mm long, pubescent with glandular hairs.
Blooms in June - July.
It occurs infrequently, in forests and shrubs, and is confined to the following types of forests: pine forests with oak undergrowth, spruce and subori forests with broad-leaved undergrowth, spruce-hornbeam fern oak forests; less commonly, birch forests with bracken, as well as gray alder forests with hazel, are derived from oak forests. In shrub thickets, it chooses pine-oak undergrowth and undersized oak forest with hazel.
Preparations are possible in limited quantities, since foxglove does not form any large thickets.

The use of foxglove in medicine

For medicinal purposes, foxglove leaves - Folia Digitalis are used. Collect rosette leaves of the first year of plant development and stem leaves during flowering in subsequent years. Raw materials are dried quickly in dryers at a temperature not exceeding 50-60 ° C or in the open air in the sun, laying out in a thin layer.
Finished raw materials should contain no more than 13% moisture; total ash no more than 7; darkened and yellowed leaves no more than 1; crushed parts of the leaves passing through a sieve with holes of 2 mm, no more than 2; stems, fruits and other parts of foxglove no more than 1; organic impurities not more than 0.5, mineral not more than 0.5%.
This type of foxglove is approved for use on a par with cultivated purple foxglove - Digitalis purpurea L. At present, the need for raw materials is almost completely covered by cultivated digitalis, and the collection of raw materials from wild-growing large-flowered foxglove is rare.
Digitalis large-flowered leaves contain cardiac glycosides - digitoxin, gitalin, bigitalin. Digitalis leaves are powerful and therefore require precise dosage; Exceeding the dose can cause toxicosis up to cardiac arrest.
In medical practice, digitalis preparations (leaf powder, infusion, tincture, tablets) are used for chronic heart failure, valvular heart disease, and other cardiac disorders. The therapeutic effect is manifested in the first phase and is expressed in an increase in the contractile function of the heart muscle, a slowdown in the heart rate, an increase in the filling of the heart with blood (more complete diastole); this increases the amount of blood ejected per minute. Digitalis preparations have a cumulative effect (accumulation of the drug). Therefore, treatment with digitalis is carried out under the supervision of a physician, who during the course of treatment reduces the dose in order to avoid toxic action.
The toxic effect is manifested in the second phase, first by an even greater slowdown in cardiac activity, and then by an increase and decrease in the blood supply to the heart, and rhythm disturbance. Particularly severe phenomena occur in the third phase - there is a decrease in the blood filling of the heart, acceleration and rhythm disturbance, complete blockade, atrial flutter, cardiac arrest. In case of toxic effects, potassium salts (6-8 g per day) should be used to increase diastole. After 2-3 days, the daily dose is reduced to 2-3 g. When an arrhythmia occurs, it is necessary to reduce the dose of the drug by half or temporarily stop its use, prescribe injections of camphor oil. In case of poisoning with cardiac glycosides, unithiol has an antitoxic effect. Unitiol (5%) is administered 5.0 times a day intramuscularly for 1-10 days against the background of ongoing therapy with cardiac glycosides and the introduction of potassium preparations.
Rp.: Solutionis Kalii chlorati 10%-200.0
D.S. 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day
Rp.: Pulveris foliorum Digitalis 0.1 Diuretini 0.5 M. f. pulv. D.t. d. n 12
S. 1 powder then 1/2 powder 3 times a day