Nikolai Sklifosovsky: what was the famous doctor like. Nikolay vasilievich sklifosovsky

"A people respecting the memory of their outstanding ancestors deserves the right to look to the future."
N.V. Sklifosovsky

The famous Russian doctor Nikolai Vasilievich Sklifosovsky was born on April 6, 1836 in the family of an impoverished nobleman. The Sklifosovskys lived on a farm located in the Kherson province, not far from the city of Dubossary. Nikolai was the ninth child of his parents, and in total there were twelve children in the family. Father, Vasily Pavlovich, served in the Dubossary quarantine office as an ordinary clerk. He received little, the money Sklifosovsky earned was barely enough for food. It was a difficult time. In 1830, a typhus epidemic broke out suddenly, followed by an outbreak of cholera. According to the statistics of those years, out of 200 children born, about a hundred died before even one year.

Despite the workload of important assignments related to measures to eliminate diseases, Nikolai's father managed to pay enough attention to his children. In particular, Vasily Pavlovich himself taught them to read and write, but he had no hopes of giving the children any worthwhile education. Every year the financial situation of the Sklifosovsky family worsened, and, in the end, at the family council it was decided to send the younger children to an orphanage. So young Kolya ended up in the Odessa orphanage. From an early age, he had a chance to experience the bitter feelings of loneliness and homelessness, from which he very soon began to find salvation in his studies. He was especially interested in natural sciences, foreign and ancient languages, history and literature. The teaching became for the boy not only an outlet, but also a goal - to conquer an unkind fate, to overcome difficult everyday circumstances and his unenviable position.

Nikolay graduated from high school among best students... A silver medal and an excellent certificate gave him certain privileges when entering the university. It is worth adding that by that time the young man, who had grown up on his father's stories about his work during the cholera epidemic, already knew exactly what he wanted to do in the future - to treat people. Full of aspirations and hopes, Nikolai went to the First See in order to enter the medical faculty of Moscow University. Sklifosovsky passed almost all the entrance exams in theoretical subjects with "excellent" (only physics and zoology he passed with "good"). Management educational institution was simply fascinated by the hard work of the new student, and soon after the start of training, an order appeared to transfer the pupil of the Odessa order of Sklifosovsky Nikolai to state support.

At that time, true enthusiasts of their craft worked at the university, among whom stood out: Fedor Inozemtsev, who was one of the first to use ether anesthesia, and the outstanding physiologist Vasily Basov, who taught a course in theoretical surgery. It was these two beacons of medical science that had a decisive influence on the choice of a medical profile by Nikolai Vasilievich, as well as his passion for topographic anatomy and surgery. In addition, the young student independently studied the works of the founder of Russian military field surgery Nikolai Pirogov. Subsequently, referring to the merits of Nikolai Ivanovich, Sklifosovsky will say: "The principles introduced by Pirogov into science will remain an eternal contribution and will not be erased from its tablets until the last sound of colorful Russian speech stops ...".

In material terms, while studying at the university, Nikolai Vasilyevich was still in a dire situation, being completely dependent on the Odessa order. The officials of the order managed to expel his wretched scholarship with a huge delay. A curious case, in 1859, when Sklifosovsky, brilliantly graduating from the university, was going to leave for Odessa to his place future work, the Odessa order delayed, according to tradition, his last scholarship. In this regard, Nikolai Vasilyevich had to borrow money for travel from university teachers.

In 1859, a twenty-three-year-old boy got a job in the surgical department of one of the city hospitals in Odessa as an ordinary resident. Nevertheless, this modest position allowed Sklifosovsky to gain the material independence and professional independence he had long desired. Nikolai Vasilyevich worked in the city hospital for ten years, during which he gained experience. During these years, he studied in detail anatomy, devoted a lot of time to autopsy. Lack of ventilation and poor equipment in the sectional room did not bother him. For the study of the structure of the human body, Sklifosovsky sat up to complete exhaustion, once he was even found lying near a corpse in a deep swoon.

Nikolai Vasilyevich's career went without difficulty, but the regalia for the young doctor were not important - in the first place he always had a constant surgical practice. At twenty-seven years old (in 1863) he successfully defended his doctoral dissertation at Kharkov University and went on a business trip abroad for two years to "improve". For a couple of years Sklifosovsky managed to visit Germany and France - to practice at the Pathological Institute of Rudolf Virchow, at the clinic of the outstanding nineteenth-century surgeon Bernhardt von Langenbeck, with the surgeon August Nelaton, and also to go to England and Scotland to get acquainted with local medical schools and local medical schools university. While training abroad, Nikolai Vasilyevich met famous Western doctors, and his speeches at European surgical congresses aroused keen interest among colleagues. In the future, Sklifosovsky always closely followed the development of European science and kept in touch with the largest foreign clinics, often visiting them and taking part in international congresses.

After the end of the trip, Sklifosovsky decided to familiarize himself with military field surgery. Having asked permission from the Russian government, Nikolai Vasilyevich went to the Austro-Prussian War. There he actively worked in hospitals and dressing stations, even took part in the largest battle of that campaign - the Battle of Sadov (July 3, 1866), for which he was awarded the Iron Cross.

It should be noted that, despite the successful promotion, the surgeon's family was far from smooth. All his life, defying death and almost always winning this fight, Nikolai Vasilyevich turned out to be completely powerless in the face of personal tragedy. His beloved wife Elizaveta Grigorievna died of typhus when she was barely twenty-four years old. Nikolai Vasilyevich has three children left in his arms - Olga, Nikolai and Konstantin. It seemed to Sklifosovsky in those days that everything was over. He is a promising doctor, unable to save his own wife. Why would he, in this case, need to continue to study, why would he need to hang around in the operating room for days? However, gradually the feeling of powerlessness and guilt began to recede. And soon a new love appeared in the life of Nikolai Vasilyevich. Sofya Alexandrovna worked in their house as a governess, and she knew how to get along well with the children - as soon as she went into their room, she was immediately filled with laughter, joyful cries and noisy fuss. Over time, the young governess managed to become a friend not only to the children of the famous doctor, but also to himself. Friendship turned into love, and after a while they got married. Their marriage turned out to be surprisingly happy and lasting. They had four babies - Alexander, Boris, Vladimir and Tamara. All the children of the doctor got along well with each other. Sofya Aleksandrovna, on the other hand, skillfully managed the household, understood her spouse at a glance and never drew a line between Elizabeth Grigorievna's children and her own.

At the end of the war, the young doctor returned to his native surgical department of the Odessa hospital, but his name had already become known in the medical world, and in the same year, thanks to the recommendation of the famous Pirogov, Nikolai Vasilyevich was invited to the place of the head of the department of surgery at Kiev University. He gladly accepted the honorary position, but did not remain in it for long. A true supporter of Pirogov's methods, Sklifosovsky primarily for the surgeon put the importance and significance of practical education, in particular the experience of military field surgery. In this regard, leaving for a while the department in the city of Kiev, he went to the front line of the Franco-Prussian war, where he learned the wisdom of setting up the work of military hospitals.
In 1871 Sklifosovsky received an invitation from the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy. He moved there and taught at first surgical pathology, simultaneously heading the surgical department of a military hospital, and from 1878 headed the surgical clinic of Baronet Jacob Willie. In addition, in 1876, Nikolai Vasilyevich again went to war, this time to Montenegro, as a consultant in surgery at the Red Cross. The Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), which erupted shortly thereafter, also called him into the active army. On it, the brave doctor had the hardest time. He bandaged wounded soldiers during the crossing of the Danube, worked as a surgeon on Shipka and near Plevna. His wife Sofya Aleksandrovna, who followed her husband, recalled: "After many operations in a row in a hot and stuffy operating room, breathing in iodoform, ether, carbolic acid, Nikolai came to me with a terrible headache ...". The help provided by the surgeon often took place under enemy bullets, the screams and groans of the wounded were muffled by the roar of cannonade, and Nikolai Vasilyevich risked his life no less than the soldiers on the front line. However, for the sake of work, Sklifosovsky could forget about everything. Eyewitnesses told how this seemingly well-groomed and elegant state general was able to stay at the operating table for several days, without sleep or food. In particular, during the counterattacks of the troops of Suleiman Pasha, Sklifosovsky operated for four days in a row without rest and under enemy fire! More than one hundred soldiers injured in battles passed through his hands - according to reports, over 10 thousand Russian soldiers visited his hospitals during that period.

Many participants in the battles survived only thanks to Nikolai Vasilyevich. Having participated in four wars, Sklifosovsky gained vast experience in treating the wounded and organizing medical support. A thorough analysis of fractures and gunshot wounds made it possible for the doctor to propose a number of important therapeutic and organizational measures, and the disinfection of the operating site and instruments introduced by him significantly reduced mortality. Like Pirogov, the most important task requiring a timely and qualified solution, he considered the sorting of the wounded. In the course of sorting, Sklifosovsky suggested own system dividing patients into four categories: non-transportable, subject to plastering, requiring conventional dressing, and lightly wounded, returning to the front in one or two days. In the category of non-transportable, left in the hospital, the doctor classified the wounded with complex gunshot wounds to large joints and with penetrating wounds of the abdomen and chest. In addition, considering the transportation of the wounded on peasant carts on unpaved roads extremely harmful, the doctor set the terms for the evacuation of patients of different categories.

Sklifosovsky rightly believed that the effectiveness of medical support for the army entirely depends on the competence of the leaders of the medical service, the level of their special training and the flexibility of management. Nikolai Vasilyevich considered it unacceptable to concentrate wounded soldiers in one place, since this would inevitably lead to an outbreak of infection and the death of a huge number of people. He advocated the widespread use of tents for the arrangement of the wounded arriving after the battles in the hospitals in huge numbers, and was very sorry that this proposal of Pirogov did not find it due practical application in our army. Sklifosovsky was also the first to suggest the idea of ​​using rail transport to evacuate the wounded. He also came up with the idea of ​​organizing mobile "flying teams" working in places of maximum concentration of the wounded. All the experience gained as a military surgeon Nikolai Vasilyevich later outlined in articles published in the newspaper "Medical Bulletin" and in the Military Medical Journal.

In 1880, Sklifosovsky transferred to the department of the faculty surgical clinic, located in Moscow. In the same year, Nikolai Vasilievich, being a professor, was elected to the post of dean of the medical faculty of Moscow University. In the new place, he successfully worked until 1893 - these years spent in Moscow were the most productive period of his scientific teaching activities... He worked in one of the most interesting eras of surgery - the middle of the nineteenth century was marked by major discoveries: antiseptics and general anesthesia with chloroform and ether appeared. These innovations have revolutionized medical practice. The previous stage in the development of surgery was characterized by a huge number of purulent and putrefactive inflammations, gangrene and wound complications with a gigantic mortality rate (up to eighty percent). And the absence of anesthesia significantly limited the use of surgical interventions - without severe and excruciating pain, only short-term operations could be transferred. The surgeons of those times were true virtuoso technicians, the duration of operations was calculated in minutes, and often in seconds. However, as is often the case, cutting-edge discoveries have not always come easily into daily life... This happened with antiseptics, that is, disinfection with chemicals... Major specialists in Russia and Europe not only did not want to recognize its effectiveness, but even made fun of this method of combating microbes. To introduce the antiseptic method in Russia, an extremely strong prestige was needed both among scientists and professors in Europe, and among Russian doctors and the general public. It is Sklifosovsky who is credited with introducing the principles of antiseptics into the practice of domestic surgeons, and later also asepsis (disinfection with the help of physical means).

In general, the importance of Nikolai Vasilievich in the history of Russian surgery is very great. His exceptional talent, tireless studies in the operating room, section, on the battlefield, in domestic and foreign clinics, in libraries eventually bore fruit. Nikolai Vasilievich brilliantly mastered the operative technique, many diseases that most doctors of those years could not cope with, he transferred to the category of curable ones, and even outstanding surgeons noted with reverence what Sklifosovsky had "golden hands". A number of unique operations performed by him for the first time have become classic in world surgery. Surgical treatment of abdominal wall hernias, cerebral hernias, jaw and tongue cancer, cancer of the stomach, esophagus, larynx, goiter, surgical removal of ovaries, bladder stones, surgical treatment of gallbladder diseases. Even in the pre-antiseptic time, he was able to successfully carry out such serious operations as the removal of the ovary, which was not done by many of the largest clinics in Europe. Nikolai Vasilyevich devoted a lot of effort to the development of methods of operations on bones, blood vessels, urogenital organs, joints, organs of the chest and abdominal cavities, the treatment of congenital defects, for example, clefts of the hard palate, and deformities of the limbs. For the first time, he performed a free graft replacement for a congenital defect of the vertebral arches. And his osteoplastic surgery to connect bone fragments with defects of long bones and pseudoarthrosis has forever entered all Russian and foreign textbooks under the name "Russian Castle" or "Sklifosovsky Castle". Also, an outstanding Russian doctor became a pioneer of operations in maxillofacial surgery, especially with significant facial defects. He was the first to use local anesthesia with a solution of cocaine, made an apparatus for maintaining anesthesia, and with its help performed a rare operation - truncation of halves of the upper jaw.

Sklifosovsky paid special attention to operations performed on various organs of the abdominal cavity. To eliminate the negative effects of irritations arising during an operation on the abdominal organs, Nikolai Vasilyevich developed a number of practical recommendations, which have retained their importance at the present time. Among them, the first are measures to prevent the development of toxemia (blood poisoning with bacterial toxins) and on the temperature regime of the operating room. The merit of Nikolai Vasilievich was also the appearance in surgical practice (since 1898) of X-ray studies. And the legendary doctor became the "father" of Russian dentistry and the founder of scientific dentistry - the surgeon was an excellent diagnostician, theorist and "operator" of the new science. He meticulously described all his research and operations on paper. Sklifosovsky - author 114 scientific works, reflecting the innovative ideas and personal experience of an outstanding physician and have become a valuable contribution to the treasury of world science.

The organizational measures proposed by the outstanding physician are also interesting. Sklifosovsky developed his own methods of care, in which the main role was played: maintaining the morale of patients and organizing feeding. Before him, in many clinics, especially for the poor, they rarely operated on, limiting themselves to amputations, and the opening of abscesses and leaks. The chambers looked like real gas chambers. Nikolai Vasilyevich was one of the first to start putting things in order in medical institutions. Perhaps the only surgeon of that time after Pirogov, he consistently introduced antiseptics into practice, introduced hot processing of medical linen, dressings and instruments in a device with heated air specially invented by him. Sklifosovsky also ordered before the operation to carefully process the hands of the surgeon and his assistants, use surgical instruments with nickel-plated and smooth surfaces and change them during the operation, use gauze, cotton wool, irrigators (devices for washing cavities and wounds). He prescribed dressings only to doctors, and to burn dirty dressings immediately. The doctor's attitude to patients is also interesting - Nikolai Vasilievich had the ability to instantly win over the patient to himself, to cause him a feeling of endless trust and faith in medicine. Sklifosovsky did not tolerate any liberties or rudeness in relation to patients and a strict business atmosphere always reigned in his clinics.

The discoveries made in the field of surgery required a reorganization of the teaching of medical education. Rich experience allowed Nikolai Vasilyevich to find shortcomings in training young cadres and build his lectures accordingly, choosing the most instructive examples from practice. In addition to reading the theory, Sklifosovsky paid much attention to practical exercises with students, held in operating rooms, dressing rooms, at the beds of patients. He strove to personally show both the technique of complex operations and the performance of simple surgical procedures. The students admired his masterful techniques for operating in hard-to-reach areas. During the operation, he always recommended that students remember two rules: "The first is to cut only what you see or feel quite clearly, and the second is to do any section based on the knowledge of anatomy." Teaching students the rules of caring for patients, Nikolai Vasilyevich always emphasized the importance of preserving the patient's psyche from unnecessary worries. At the end of such training, students were prepared for independent medical practice. During the period of Sklifosovsky's work in Moscow, the number of doctors graduated significantly increased, and many outstanding practical and scientific figures in the field of surgery graduated from those who graduated from the residency - Yakovlev, Spizharny, Dobrotvorsky, Sarychev and many others.

Nikolai Vasilyevich himself, with his dedication and dedication, won not only All-Russian glory. He was known and loved all over the world: for his honesty, for objectivity in scientific work, for his modesty and intelligence. Under no circumstances did Sklifosovsky cheat on his gentlemanly rules, no one saw him flushed or lost his temper. At the same time, it is known that he was an addictive and emotional person. Even the first operation, carried out, as was customary at that time, without chloroform anesthesia, had such a powerful effect on the young student of Sklifosovsky that he lost consciousness. Nikolai Vasilyevich's interests were also quite extensive - he adored music, literature, painting. His wife, Sofya Aleksandrovna, by the way, was a laureate of the international music competition of the Vienna Conservatory, and his daughter Olga studied with Nikolai Rubinstein. The Sklifosovskys were often visited by the artist Vasily Vereshchagin, the lawyer Anatoly Koni and the composer Pyotr Tchaikovsky. The great doctor was friends with Sergei Botkin, stayed up until late at night with the composer and at the same time professor of chemistry Alexander Borodin, met with Alexei Tolstoy. In the summer, Nikolai Vasilyevich went to rest at his estate in Poltava. It stood on the banks of the Vorskla River, and every day, regardless of the weather, Sklifosovsky went swimming. He swam, by the way, all year round both in St. Petersburg and in Moscow. In winter, an ice-hole was made for him, and every morning the doctor dipped into the ice-cold water.

While resting on his estate, Nikolai Vasilyevich did not know how to live the life of a vacationer, while away the days over a cup of tea in conversations with neighbors. Every day, Sklifosovsky received patients at his home, traveled around the farms and distributed medicines, took delivery. Often ( amazing fact!) even paid for sick people. Writing a prescription for a poor man, giving him money for potions and pills was the norm for the legendary doctor. Residents from the surrounding villages, who had never dreamed of a paramedic before, came in droves towards him. Sklifosovsky performed operations of varying degrees of complexity in the Poltava Zemsky Hospital.

In 1893, Nikolai Vasilyevich returned to St. Petersburg and took the place of director of the Clinical Elepinsky Institute for Advanced Medical Studies, at the same time heading the surgical department there. By the way, having received a new appointment, Sklifosovsky hesitated for a long time with the move - a huge school of students and assistants remained in Moscow. But, no matter how difficult it was for him, the famous doctor decided to head the institute, in which it was not to teach students the basics of medicine, but to train doctors and doctors of the highest qualifications who come here from all over Russia. Nikolai Vasilievich set to work with ardor. For seven years of managing the Institute, Sklifosovsky built new buildings and electrified them, rebuilt operating rooms in accordance with the latest requirements of aseptic surgery, knocked out funds not only for construction, but also for an increase in salaries and staff, installed the first X-ray room in our country, almost twice doubled the institution's government subsidies. The Institute turned into an institution that the whole of Europe could be proud of. It is not surprising that on the day of the twenty-fifth anniversary of his professorship, among the hundreds of telegrams received by Nikolai Vasilyevich, one of Lausanne said: "You are the head of an institution that other peoples of Europe envy." And in another message it was said: "From the chilled hand of the famous Pirogov, you raised the banner of the teacher of surgery and carry it high in front of numerous associates and students."

As a true scientist, Nikolai Vasilyevich attached great importance to the exchange of observations and experience among surgeons. He was the founder of the Society of Russian Physicians, the founder and chairman of the first and sixth congresses of surgeons in the country, organizer, chairman and participant of the Pirogov congresses. Also Nikolai Vasilievich was an honorary member of twenty different societies of doctors in Russia and was an ardent supporter of women's education. Thanks to his participation, at the Medical-Surgical Academy, women's courses for midwives were opened, where women could receive higher medical education. Sklifosovsky's enormous talent as a public figure and organizer manifested itself in the preparation and conduct of the Twelfth International Congress of Surgeons, which took place in Moscow in August 1897 and attracted a large number of participants. On the eve of the opening of the congress, the grand opening of the monument to Nikolai Pirogov, the first who strengthened the position of domestic surgery as an independent discipline, took place. This monument appeared only thanks to the energy and initiative of Nikolai Vasilyevich, who personally obtained the "highest permission" for the installation of the monument and was built with private donations collected by him, and not with state funds. By the way, in Russia it was the first monument to the great doctor. In the presence of major medical workers from all over Europe, Sklifosovsky said at the opening of the monument: “The gathering of Russian land is now over, and the time of childhood, cultural borrowing and imitation is over. We entered a rut independent life... We have our own science, our own literature and art, in all fields of culture we have become active and independent. ... The people who had their own Pirogov have the right to be proud, since a whole era of medical science is associated with this name. "

Nikolai Vasilievich, who was elected president of the congress, was well aware of the enormous scientific and political significance of the international congress of doctors, who had gathered for the first time in Russia. This meeting demonstrated to the entire scientific world the significance and power of Russian science. Foreign doctors were able to see with their own eyes the achievements of our medicine. The myth of their alleged superiority over Russian doctors was finally dispelled. Being a true patriot, Nikolai Vasilyevich staunchly defended at the congress the rights of our doctors, whose merits were often forgotten. In particular, he managed to defend the priority of the authorship of doctor Vladimirov over the German surgeon Mikulich in inventing a new method of osteoplastic surgery on the foot, which was initially performed only under the name of a foreigner. The feeling of admiration experienced by the participants in organizing and conducting the congress can be seen from thank you speech German scientist Rudolf Virchow, who addressed Sklifosovsky on behalf of the congress: “We have found a president here, whose authority is recognized by representatives of all areas of medical science, a person who knows all the requirements of medical practice and has a spirit of brotherhood and a sense of love for humanity ... Finally, we are here met young, smart and strong, prepared for the progress of the future, the hope of this valiant and great nation. "

In 1901, Sklifosovsky, due to his age (he was sixty-sixth year old), retired and moved to his Yakovtsy estate in the Poltava province, where he lived the last years of his life. The doctor divided his leisure time between activities in the garden (he adored gardening) and the study of new books on medicine and surgical journals "Chronicle of Russian Surgeons" and "Surgical Chronicle" - the editor and founder of which he was, spending large sums of his personal funds on their publication. Several apoplectic strokes put an end to the life of an outstanding doctor - on December 13, 1904, at one o'clock in the morning, he was gone. Sklifosovsky was buried in a place memorable for the whole of Russia, where the Battle of Poltava took place. At the same time, another congress of Russian surgeons was held in Moscow. The news of the death of Nikolai Vasilyevich darkened his discovery. “Died, no doubt, one of the most outstanding doctors of our Fatherland, whose name is in second place after the famous Pirogov,” - said at the congress.
Unfortunately, the life of the great doctor's family turned out to be tragic. Nikolai Vasilyevich often tormented himself with reproaches that he saw little of his growing children. He often called them his earthly immortality. However, his son Boris died in infancy, Konstantin did not live to see the age of seventeen due to kidney tuberculosis, Nicholas was killed on Japanese war shortly after the death of his father, Vladimir died in his student years, and Alexander disappeared during Civil war... The youngest daughter Tamara and the elderly widow Sofya Alexandrovna were brutally killed by bandits in 1919 in their own home... Of all the children of the great surgeon, only the eldest daughter Olga survived to old age. She married a famous doctor and student of Sklifosovsky - Mikhail Yakovlev.

For services to the Fatherland in 1923, the Soviet government assigned the name of Sklifosovsky to the Moscow Institute of Emergency Medicine, based on the basis of one of the oldest metropolitan hospitals - Sheremetevskaya. Within its walls, assistance was provided to the wounded during the Patriotic War of 1812, the Russo-Turkish War, the Sevastopol Campaign, the Russo-Japanese War and during the days of the workers' uprising in December 1905. The Institute is considered the successor to the development of Sklifosovsky's postulates in the field of military field surgery and in the training of surgeons wide profile. The principles of organizing assistance to the wounded, laid down by Pirogov and Sklifosovsky, were in demand during the Great Patriotic War and were implemented in practice by the staff of the institute.

In the seventies of the last century, a monument was erected on the grave of Nikolai Vasilyevich Sklifosovsky, on which the inscription was carved in Russian and Latin: "Shining to others, I burn myself."

Based on materials from the book by V.V. Kovanov "Nikolai Vasilievich Sklifosovsky" and the site http://nplit.ru.

Nikolai Sklifosovsky was born on April 6, 1836 in the village of Dzerzhinskoye, Moldova. The surname of Sklifosovsky's paternal grandfather is Sklifos. The surname was changed by his father, having accepted the anointing of the Russian Orthodox Church in the city of Dubossary, where the infant Nikolai Sklifosovsky, the future famous doctor, was baptized at birth.

Sklifosovsky received his secondary education in the second Odessa gymnasium, from which he graduated with a silver medal. In 1859, he graduated from the course of the medical faculty of Moscow University and, at such a young age, took over the head of the surgical department of the Odessa city hospital.

He received his Doctor of Medicine degree in Kharkov in 1863 for his thesis "On a blood peri-uterine tumor". Three years later, he began working in Germany at the Pathological Institute of Professor Virchow and the surgical clinic of Professor Langenbeck. Further, he ended up in the Prussian army, where he worked at dressing posts and in a military hospital. Then he worked in France at Clomart and at the Nelaton clinic, in England, at Simpson.

Sklifosovsky's name became famous in the medical world. In 1870, on the recommendation of Pirogov, Sklifosovsky received an invitation to take the department of surgery at Kiev University. But he did not stay here for long.

Soon he again went to the theater of the Franco-Prussian War, and upon his return, in 1871, he was called up to the department of surgical pathology at the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg, where he first teaches surgical pathology and heads the surgical department at a clinical military hospital, and then takes over the surgical clinic of the Baronet de Villiers. Having published a number of works, he quickly became a popular professor - surgeon.

In 1876, Nikolai Vasilyevich again went to war, this time to Montenegro, as a consultant in surgery at the Red Cross. The Russo - Turkish War, which then flared up in 1877, conscripts him into the active army. Sklifosovsky bandages the first wounded while crossing the Danube, works as a surgeon in the Russian army near Plevna and on Shipka.

Reports indicate that about ten thousand wounded passed through his infirmaries during that period. The doctor and sisters, among whom was his wife Sofya Alexandrovna, supported his strength by occasionally pouring several sips of wine into his mouth.

Never, under any circumstances, Nikolai Vasilyevich did not betray his noble rules of communication, no one saw him hot-tempered, lost his temper. At the same time, the scientist was a very emotional and addicted person. For example, the first operation, as usually carried out in those years without chloroform anesthesia, made such a strong impression on the young student Nikolai Sklifosovsky that he fainted. Later, he was the first in the world to use local anesthesia.

After returning to St. Petersburg, he was appointed director of the Elepinsky Clinical Institute for Advanced Medical Studies and the head of one of the surgical departments of this institute. He remained here until 1902, teaching practical surgery to doctors who flocked here for courses from all over Russia. Then, due to illness, he retired and after a while left for his estate, in the Poltava province.

Last years he lived in his estate Yakovtsy. The great scientist Nikolai Vasilievich Sklifosovsky died on December 13, 1904 at one in the morning. They buried him in a place memorable for Russia, where the Battle of Poltava once took place.

Memory of Nikolai Sklifosovsky

The N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine in Moscow was named after him in 1923.

Monument in Poltava (a granite bust on a pedestal, installed on May 25, 1979 in a park on the territory of the regional clinical hospital).

In 1961, a commemorative postage stamp was issued in the USSR in honor of the 125th anniversary of N.V. Sklifosovsky.

In 2006, a postage stamp dedicated to Sklifosovsky was issued in Moldova.

On the initiative of the state administration of the Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika and with the support of the Pridnestrovian public organizations in the city of Dubossary, since 2015, a fundraiser has been organized for the installation of a monument to N.V. Sklifosovsky for his anniversary.

Monument on Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street, erected in honor of 260 years of Sechenov University

Family of Nikolai Sklifosovsky

Brother Trofim Vasilievich Sklifosovsky is a collegiate assessor, a vowel of the Odessa City Council.
Brother Vasily Vasilyevich Sklifosovsky - railway worker, the first head of the Minsk station.

Wife - Sophia Aleksandrovna Sklifosovskaya, Lutheran; being paralyzed, she was brutally killed in the Yakovtsy estate in October 1919 by the Makhnovists from Bibik's detachment.

Daughter - Tamara Nikolaevna (married Terskaya), killed in the Yakovtsy estate in 1919 together with her mother. Tamara left two daughters - Nadezhda and Olga, who went abroad with their father. Olga settled in Switzerland and even once came to Poltava to sell her grandfather's works.
Son Boris - died in infancy.
Son Konstantin - died at the age of 17 from kidney tuberculosis.
Son Nikolai - killed in the Russo-Japanese War.
Son Alexander - disappeared in the civil war.
Son Vladimir - possibly committed suicide. Obviously, the reason was the fact that in a secret terrorist circle, where he joined due to his naivety and youth, he was instructed to kill the governor of Poltava. The governor was a friend of the Sklifosovsky family. The young man could not kill a man who had been to their house several times, and chose to die himself.
Daughter Olga Nikolaevna Sklifosovskaya-Yakovleva (1865-1960) - was buried in Moscow at the cemetery of the Donskoy Monastery, her husband was buried nearby - Yakovlev Mikhail Pavlovich (1855-1930), surgeon and assistant to N.V. Sklifosovsky, lived in Moscow on Arbat, ( did not emigrate from Russia).
Daughter Maria.

Saint Petersburg State University

Faculty of Medicine

Abstract for the course in the history of medicine on the topic:

"Nikolay Vasilievich Sklifosovsky"

The work was carried out by a 1st year student Natalia Shcheglova

Introduction

Main part

1. short biography

• Childhood
• Education
• The main stages of the life of N.V. Sklifosovsky

1. The discoveries of N.V. Sklifosovsky
2. The main works of N.V. Sklifosovsky

• Teaching locations
• Teaching methodology N.V. Sklifosovsky
• Treatment of the sick
• Attitude towards students
• The students of N.V. Sklifosovsky

1. Participation in hostilities as a military field surgeon
2. The personality of N.V. Sklifosovsky
3. Social activities of N.V. Sklifosovsky
4. Participation in the perpetuation of N.I. Pirogov

Conclusion

Literature

Illustration sheet

Introduction

Nikolai Vasilievich Sklifosovsky is one of the most famous, skillful and active doctors and scientists in Russia. His whole life was devoted to medicine, the discoveries made by Nikolai Vasilievich moved her forward, and the operations performed by Sklifosovsky with amazing skill saved a large number of lives. I consider him an example of a true doctor - a person dedicated to his work, fearless, courageous in search of new ways of treatment, sensitive in relations with patients and students. It is no coincidence that the Research Institute of Ambulance in Moscow bears his name - saving lives and health, discovering new methods of performing operations carried out by this research institute were also the goal for Nikolai Vasilyevich, whose life serves as proof of the existence of the best human qualities - dedication, devotion and compassion so I chose this person's life and work as my research topic.

short biography

Childhood

N.V. Sklifosovsky was born on March 25, 1836 on a farm near Duborossy, Kherson province, into a poor noble family. According to the statistics of that time, it is known that out of 178 children born, 100 died before the age of one year. It was at such a difficult time that N.V. was born. Sklifosovsky. The family had 12 children, Nikolai was the ninth child. Father could hardly make ends meet. We lived, literally, from hand to mouth. But honesty, conscientiousness, the fulfillment of one's duty was inherent in everyone in the family. In 1830, during an outbreak of cholera and typhus, my father carried out important assignments related to measures to eliminate them. But at the same time he paid attention to his family and children. They were drawn to knowledge. Father himself taught them to read, introduced them to reading, but he had no idea of ​​giving children an education, especially higher education. At the outpost, among the military servants during the epidemic, there were also Russian doctors, who drew attention to the inquisitive Nikolai. The need forced the parents to send some of their children to an orphanage in the city of Odessa, where Nikolai was also brought up. His mother's stories about his father's work during the cholera epidemic instilled in him a love of medicine. The young man's dream was to enter the medical faculty.

Education

Received secondary education at the 2nd Odessa gymnasium, graduated with a silver medal.

In 1854 N.V. Sklifosovsky entered Moscow University "on state support".

The discoveries of N.V. Sklifosovsky, operations first performed by Sklifosovsky

One of the first Nikolai Vasilievich began to produce laparotomy, ovariotomy- these operations marked the beginning of the development of "abdominal" surgery.

Of particular interest is Sklifosovsky's statement about the harmful effects of cooling the exposed surface of the peritoneum and rough manipulations during surgery. According to him, cooling causes a reflex on the vasomotor nerves of the abdominal cavity, which leads to cooling of the limbs and the entire surface of the body, as well as blue mucous membranes and a weak threadlike pulse, which can cause death of the patient. Sklifosovsky pointed out that operations with opening the abdominal cavity should be carried out in rooms with an air temperature of at least 16-17 degrees, and the surgeon should handle the patient's tissues carefully and avoid injury.

Sklifosovsky was among the first surgeons to perform a gastrostomy on March 8, 1879. In the articles published on this issue, Sklifosovsky examines in detail the indications and contraindications for this operation, and also dwells on the details of the operation: the difficulty of finding the stomach, the imposition of a double suture, the operation in 1 step.

During Sklifosovsky's activities in Russia, liver and biliary tract surgery... He was among the first to operate on the gallbladder.

In the article "Ideal cholecystomy", published in the newspaper "Doctor" for 1890, N.V. Sklifosovsky describes in detail the indications and contraindications for surgical interventions for diseases of the gallbladder and ducts.

Sklifosovsky imposed anastomosis between the gallbladder and the small intestine, proving the possibility of bile entering the intestines, bypassing the excretory bile duct.

In 1885 I.K. Spizharny at a meeting of the Pirogov Surgical Society reported a case when the echinococcal bladder of the liver opened into the bronchi of the right lung. In this case, Sklifosovsky first carried out transpleural approach to the tumor with rib resection and ensured, after opening, wide drainage of the bladder.

Sklifosovsky has a great merit in the development of bladder surgery techniques... Suprapubic excision of the bladder, first performed by Franco in 1560, was considered too dangerous a way to perform surgery. Sklifosovsky proved the advantage of this method over others, described in detail the course of the operation and the suture technique. Suprapubic opening of the bladder with subsequent suture according to the method of N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine, for a long time remained the main type of surgery for stones and tumors of the bladder.

One of Sklifosovsky's works describes 4 cases of tongue removal in total cancer... At that time, surgeons did not perform such an operation, fearing severe bleeding and difficulties in approaching the root of the tongue. Nikolai Vasilievich developed a new surgical approach to the root of the tongue with preliminary ligation of arteries in the Pirogov triangle on both sides, which makes the operation bloodless. He also pays attention to the technique of removing the tongue - dissection of the lining of the neck, subperiosteal separation of the muscles of the floor of the mouth, etc.

Sklifosovsky among the first operations (1874) performed the operation of excision of the goiter, which marked the beginning of the development of surgery thyroid gland.

Sklifosovsky developed and proposed specially designed apparatus allowing maintain anesthesia during the whole operation - upper jaw resection with cancer.

Operating on the upper jaw with congenital cleft palate, Sklifosovsky was the first to use local anesthesia with cocaine solution.

An outstanding innovation of N.V. Sklifosovsky is the proposed by him method of bone surgery for false joints(this method entered the literature under the name "Russian castle" or "Sklifosovsky castle"). To keep the ends of the femur in direct contact with the fracture site, a median cut of both ends of the bone is made, then at the end of the first cut, a second cut is made in the transverse direction; the sawn halves are removed, and the surfaces at the ends come into contact with each other. They are fixed with 1-2 metal seams.

The works of N.V. Sklifosovsky

Peru N.V. Sklifosovsky owns more than 110 scientific works devoted to the most diverse sections of surgery:

a) gynecology (which at that time was the department of surgery and was just beginning to practically dissociate itself from it); N. V. Sklifosovsky devoted his dissertation and a number of works to this section;

b) new methods of operations, first used in Russia(goiter operations, gastrostomy, cholecystostomy, bladder suture, cerebral hernia resection);

v) bone and osteoplastic surgery: resection of joints, jaw, operations for false joints;

G) military field surgery.

A short list of works by N.V. Sklifosovsky:

1. « O circulatory tumor". Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine, Odessa, 1863; Science articles:
2. « On the question of Pirogov osteoplastic removal of the lower leg»," Military Medical Journal ", 1877, May;
3. « On the wound of the peritoneum ", ibid, July;
4. « From observations during the Slavic war of 1867-1877. ", Ibid., November;
5. « Thyreotomia with neoplasms in the laryngeal cavity», Ibid, 1879, March;
6. « Dissection of the tumor of the uterus, both ovaries»," Medical Bulletin ", 1869;
7. « Transport machine in the wagon for transporting the wounded. Transportation of the wounded from the battlefield. Our hospital case in the war", In the same place, 1877;
8. « Gastrostomy with narrowing of the esophagus ", ibid., 1878;
9. "Excision of the tongue after preliminary ligation of the lingual arteries", "Doctor", 1880;
10. « Is excision of the abdominal (pressum abdominale) possible in humans? The use of iodoform in surgery ", ibid., 1882;
11. « Suture of the bladder at suprapubic section ", ibid., 1887;
12. « Excision of a liver tumor», Ibid, 1890;
13. « Hernia of the meninges. Removal of a hernia sac by excision"," Chronicles of the Surgical Society in Moscow "

N.V. Sklifosovsky in the implementation of advanced methods and methods of treatment into practice

Sklifosovsky was among the first to use antiseptics, and then asepsis, and he hotly promoted antiseptics in scientific societies and at congresses.

Nikolai Vasilievich contributed to the spread and popularization of gastric resection.

Teaching activities

Teaching locations: Kiev University, Medical and Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg

Method of teaching: Nikolai Vasilievich, more than anyone else, saw the existing gaps in the teaching of practical disciplines and tried to fill them with personalshowing the technique of not only complex operations, but also the performance of simple surgical procedures... Students admired his skillful techniques when examining patients or performing highly complex operations in hard-to-reach areas.

Treatment of the sick: he knew how to win over patients, causing them a sense of boundless trust and faith in medicine. He, modest and demanding of himself, always sensitive and responsive, knew how to cultivate these qualities in his students. He did not like rudeness or liberties in relation to the patient. A strictly businesslike atmosphere reigned in the clinic. He did not humiliate anyone, did not bully, always treated with exquisite courtesy, emphasizing his respect for a person, regardless of his position.

Relations with students: Nikolai Vasilyevich devoted his free time to practical work with students. For example, on days free from lectures, or on Sundays, he made rounds of patients with students. At the same time, the curators present on the tour were obliged to report on their patients. Sklifosovsky emphasized the superiority of Russian students who, during their studies, mastered the skills of communicating with patients, over foreign students who were encountered in patients only at lectures.

The Sklifosovsky clinic was a favorite place for students: they could independently bandage their patient, assist in operations, and carry out night shifts.

Sklifosovsky's students: from those who graduated from the residency at the clinic of Nikolai Vasilyevich, many scientific and practical figures in the field of surgery came out: Spizharny, Sarychev, Yakovlev, Dobrotvorsky, Chuprov, Sakharov, Vilga, Rezvyakov, Kormilov, Yanovsky, Krasintsev and others.

Participation of Nikolai Vasilyevich in hostilities as a military field surgeon

N.V. Sklifosovsky participated in 4 major wars in Europe as an ordinary surgeon and hospital consultant.

Sklifosovsky took part in hostilities since 1866 (Austro-Prussian War). As a young physician, he joined the active army to study military field surgery. The result of his stay in this war was an article published in the "Medical Bulletin" for 1867 - "A note on observations during the last German war of 1866".

In 1876, Nikolai Vasilyevich was appointed a consultant in surgery to one of the Red Cross infirmaries in Montenegro, where he stayed for 4 months. He presented his memoirs in a work published in the Military Medical Journal for 1876 under the title From Observations during the Slavic War of 1876. Sklifosovsky's observations of the course of gunshot wounds to the abdominal and thoracic organs are of great interest. An important fact noted by Sklifosovsky is that not all gunshot injuries to the chest are life-threatening. He notes that such injuries are dangerous in cases of bone fragmentation and the penetration of fragments into the bullet canal, since fragments of the ribs forcefully penetrate into the lung tissue, destroy it and cause the development of suppuration - empyema. The presence of outflowing blood in the pleural cavity complicates the course of the wound process and accelerates the formation of inflammatory phenomena. Pyothorax Sklifosovsky describes as follows: “Immediately after the wound of the chest, hemoptysis is found right through, and a picture of blood effusion into the chest cavity occurs. A few days later, a feverish state is shown and a picture of a purulent accumulation in the chest develops. " He points out that the appearance of pus in the chest is associated with the nature of the gunshot wound and the complications that lead to the development of infection.

Sklifosovsky attached great importance to the creation of peace for the wounded for a favorable outcome of chest wounds.

The rich knowledge of Nikolai Vasilyevich and the experience he acquired found wide application in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877. The strict hygienic regime developed in the clinic, Sklifosovsky tried to transfer to the organization of hospital business in the war; as a result, the number of patients with infection in Nikolai Vasilyevich's departments was significantly less than in other departments. After the end of the campaign, Sklifosovsky appeared in print with a number of interesting works: “ In hospitals and dressing posts during the Turkish War», « Our hospital case in the war», « Transportation of the wounded and sick by rail», « Tarantass machine in the wagon for transporting the wounded».

N.V. Sklifosovsky and S.P. Botkin were ardent supporters of the approach of medical care to the wounded, which was reflected in the activities of forward and main dressing points.

The personality of N.V. Sklifosovsky

NV Sklifosovsky left a glorious memory of himself as a prominent teacher with a high culture and erudition, educator of youth, an ardent patriot of his homeland. The clinic he headed was a wonderful school for students, scientists and many thousands of doctors who flocked here for improvement from all over Russia.

N.V. Sklifosovsky was a real patriot. He zealously defended the interests of the Russian people in the struggle for the prosperity of Russian science. For example, thanks to the intervention of Sklifosovsky, it was possible to establish the priority of the Russian doctor Vladimirov over the German Mikulich in inventing a new method of osteoplastic surgery on the foot.

Excellently educated, fluent in several languages, possessing great self-control and self-control, he was an empathetic and sympathetic doctor.

During hostilities, he infected everyone around him with unparalleled diligence, instilled courage and fortitude in them, made them meekly endure all the burdens and hardships of frontline life. Eyewitnesses tell how this outwardly elegant and well-groomed state general in an impeccably clean tunic was able to stay for several days without food and without sleep, being continuously at the operating table, in the dressing room or in the sorting rooms of the head hospital.

Nikolai Vasilievich enjoyed great respect and love not only among doctors, but also among wide circles of the Russian intelligentsia. This popularity was a consequence of his high merits as a clinician-surgeon, scientist, lecturer and public figure.

Some considered Sklifosovsky a proud and inaccessible person. In fact, a very gentle and warm-hearted person was hiding under the external severity.

N.V. Sklifosovsky was an advanced Russian scientist who put scientific and public interests above personal ones.

Social activity

NV Sklifosovsky was the editor of the first special scientific surgical journals of that time in Moscow: "Surgical Chronicle" and "Chronicle of Russian Surgeons". On the publication of these magazines, he spent significant sums of his own funds. Congresses, meetings of scientific societies and journals have greatly contributed to the development of surgical thought and the education of surgeons. N.V. Sklifosovsky's great talent as an organizer and public figure manifested itself during the preparation and holding of the XII International Congress of Physicians (August 7, 1897, Moscow), N.V. Sklifosovsky was elected its president. He was aware of the enormous scientific, political significance of the International Congress of Physicians, which first met in Russia. This congress demonstrated to the entire scientific world the strength and significance of Russian science. Foreign doctors were able to see with their own eyes the achievements of Russian medicine. The myth of their alleged superiority over the Russians was dispelled.

Nikolai Vasilievich put a lot of work into organizing and building a new clinical campus on Devichye Pole in Moscow.

N.V. Sklifosovsky was an ardent supporter of female education in Russia. Thanks to the participation of Nikolai Vasilyevich at the Medical-Surgical Academy, "Special women's courses for the education of scientists midwives" were opened, where women could receive a higher medical education.

Nikolai Vasilievich's participation in perpetuating the glory of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov

On the eve of the opening of the International Congress, the grand opening of the monument to Pirogov took place. This monument was erected thanks to the initiative and energy of N. V. Sklifosovsky, who personally achieved the "highest permission" for the installation of the monument, and was erected with collected private donations, and not at public expense. Concerning Pirogov's merits, N. V. Sklifosovsky said: "The principles introduced into science by Pirogov will remain an eternal contribution and cannot be erased from its tablets as long as European science exists, until the last sound of rich Russian speech stops in this place .. . ". This was the first monument to a scientist in Russia.

Sklifosovsky spoke in the press in defense of Pirogov's osteoplastic operation, which was met with unfriendly foreign surgeons.

Research Institute named after N.V. Sklifosovsky

Institute of Emergency Medicine. N.V. Sklifosovsky was founded in 1923 on the basis of one of the oldest Moscow hospitals, opened in 1810 by Count N.P. Sheremetev as a Hospitable House. Research Institute of Emergency Medicine named after V.I. N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine is a large multidisciplinary scientific and practical center for emergency medical care, emergency surgery, resuscitation, concomitant and burn injury, urgent cardiology and acute poisoning. In total, more than 40 scientific departments have been formed at the institute, more than half of them are clinical, which correspond to the profile of the most common urgent pathologies. The large scientific and practical potential of the staff, modern equipment allows us to successfully develop new and improve existing methods of diagnostics and treatment of emergency conditions, which makes it possible to treat patients with the most severe and complicated acute surgical diseases and injuries, to advise and transfer patients from others. hospitals to the institute for treatment. Every year, the Institute receives qualified assistance, on average, 52,000 patients from different regions RF, 22,000 patients are hospitalized. In addition, mobile teams of specialists in neurosurgery, endoscopy and endotoxicosis provide advice and specialized assistance to hospitals in Moscow.

The institute employs 820 researchers and doctors, including 2 academicians and 2 corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 37 professors, 78 doctors and 167 candidates of medical sciences. The institute has 922 inpatient beds, of which 114 are intensive care beds. More than 20,000 different operations are carried out on the basis of its branches throughout the year. 25,000 patients receive emergency outpatient care. There are one-, two-, and five-bed rooms with all conveniences.

At the Research Institute of Emergency Medicine named after V.I. N.V. Sklifosovsky for the last 10 years, the educational and clinical department has been successfully functioning, in which up to 200 clinical residents are trained annually in the following specialties: ambulance; anesthesiology and resuscitation; cardiology; clinical and laboratory diagnostics; neurosurgery; pathological anatomy; psychiatry; obstetrics and gynecology; radiology; endoscopy; toxicology; thoracic surgery; traumatology and orthopedics; ultrasound diagnostics; physiotherapy; functional diagnostics; surgery; radiology; cardiovascular surgery. Postgraduate and doctoral studies have been opened in the following specialties: cardiology; traumatology and orthopedics; surgery; neurosurgery; anesthesiology and resuscitation; cardiovascular surgery.

The editorial and publishing department prepares for publication and publishes the works of the institute.

The Institute, in addition, has a rich scientific and medical library.

The Department of External Scientific Relations coordinates scientific research outside the institute, within the framework of the activities of the Interdepartmental Scientific Council for Ambulance of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and the Problem Commission for Emergency Surgery of the Interdepartmental Scientific Council for Surgery of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, as well as searches and processes scientific information, and conducts work in the field of the history of medicine.

Over the past 10 years, about 235 case studies have been carried out to improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment. 62 monographs, about 4100 scientific articles and other publications were published, including 86 collections of works. The staff of the Institute also wrote a large number of chapters and sections in books published by other institutions. 43 patents and certificates for inventions were received, 32 rationalization proposals were accepted for use. 140 dissertations were defended, including 25 doctoral dissertations. The implementation of the results of scientific research into practice has a positive effect on the improvement of medical work.

The growth in the level of scientific research led in 2001 to the creation at the Institute of the Dissertation Council for the defense of doctoral dissertations in the field of surgery, anesthesiology and resuscitation, traumatology and neurosurgery.

To improve the professional level of doctors, more than 100 scientific and practical conferences and seminars were held, more than 130 information and methodological documents were published.

An important role in solving scientific and practical problems and in coordinating scientific research on the territory of the Russian Federation is played by the Problem Commissions of the Scientific Council for Emergency Medical Care in the field of concomitant trauma, cardiology and clinical toxicology and the Problem Commission for Emergency Surgery. Research results are analyzed in the Department of External Scientific Relations. This significantly accelerates the introduction of advanced achievements in medical science.

Conclusion

Nikolai Vasilievich lived a wonderful life. As a real doctor, he was a moral example for those around him - without attention to his desires and needs, he was ready to fulfill his duty at any time of the day. As a real scientist, he was not afraid of anything, or rather, he was looking for ways to eliminate undesirable consequences. His brilliant mind was busy all his life with solving problems of scientific and practical medicine, teaching students and creating better conditions for the life of society. Nikolai Vasilyevich was a real, true patriot who glorified his homeland and people. A fearless, strict scientist, attentive, understanding doctor - Nikolai Vasilyevich was a man we are proud of and whose memory we honor today. http://nplit.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000054/st006.shtml http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CC%EE%F1%EA%EE%E2%F1%EA% E8% E9_% E3% EE% F0% EE% E4% F1% EA% EE% E9_% ED% E0% F3% F7% ED% EE-% E8% F1% F1% EB% E5% E4% EE% E2 % E0% F2% E5% EB% FC% F1% EA% E8% E9_% E8% ED% F1% F2% E8% F2% F3% F2_% F1% EA% EE% F0% EE% E9_% EF% EE % EC% EE% F9% E8_% E8% EC% E5% ED% E8_% CD ._% C2 ._% D1% EA% EB% E8% F4% EE% F1% EE% E2% F1% EA% EE % E3% EE

In 1897, the Russian public celebrated the anniversary of the great surgeon - Pirogov. On the eve of the international congress of surgeons, organized by another great surgeon, Nikolai Vasilievich Sklifosovsky, it solemnly fell white bedspread from the monument to the scientist. It was built with voluntary donations. After Nikolai Vasilievich, having achieved an audience with Nicholas II, convinced the last Russian emperor that a monument to Pirogov could not be erected in any way, because "what he made for medicine will go down in history forever", and the monument to him in Moscow is only "a small tribute to Russia To the Doctor and the Man. " Sklifosovsky addressed the people who had gathered at the unveiling of the monument, and this speech in all its fair meaning should be recognized as referring to Nikolai Vasilyevich himself: “The principles introduced into science by Pirogov will remain an eternal contribution and cannot be erased from its tablets, as long as European science exists, until the last sound of rich Russian speech stops at this place ... ".

He was born on April 6, 1836 on the territory of modern Moldova in the family of a poor nobleman, on a farm near the village of Dubossary, Kherson province. Father, Vasily Pavlovich Sklifosovsky, held a minor position as a clerk in the Dubossary quarantine office. The family had twelve children, the ninth was Nikolai. There was a catastrophic lack of money. The family lived literally from hand to mouth. Due to the prevailing family despair and so that his son would not die of hunger, Nicholas was sent to the Odessa home for orphans.

What the boy, sent to the Odessa home for orphans, experienced, except for "bitter homelessness and loneliness", is not described in detail anywhere, but it is said that he began to seek salvation at a very young age and found it in persistent teaching. The future surgeon was especially interested in natural sciences, ancient and foreign languages, literature, history. In his teaching, he saw not only salvation, but also the goal - to overcome the unenviable destiny of an orphan, to cope with difficult everyday circumstances. Only he himself, with his perseverance and early awakened talent, is able to defeat fate's gross treachery.

He continued to win her at the Odessa gymnasium, graduating from it as one of the best students. Received a silver medal and an excellent certificate. Both awards helped him to enter Moscow University on the basis given in the resolution of the University Council: "the alumnus of the Odessa order of public charity, Nikolai Sklifosovsky, should be placed on state maintenance." Full of hopes and aspirations, he came to Moscow and successfully passed all exams in all theoretical disciplines.

He never fainted at any other surgical operation (there were thousands of them in his life), which the documents fully confirm. Unless he could lose consciousness, for days almost continuously operating under enemy fire during several bloody wars of the nineteenth century. So it was on the Austro-Prussian front, and during the counterattacks of the army of Suleiman Pasha, when the Russian-Turkish war of 1876 thundered.

During heavy shooting, Nikolai Vasilyevich operated without rest for four days in a row. About 10 thousand of the wounded passed through his cloth hospitals. The force was supported by a field doctor and nurses. Among them was the wife of Sklifosovsky, Sophia Alexandrovna. A brave woman and not afraid of bullets, between operations she poured into his mouth a few sips of some good wine, the brand of which could not be established, and this is not very important.
But back to the student years of the future great surgeon and scientist. The biographer cites the following facts: "Sklifosovsky became a student of the outstanding surgeon F.I. Inozemtsev, the eternal rival of Pirogov, who took away from the great surgeon hope for the department of surgery at Moscow University. In a material sense, Nikolai was still in a difficult position dependent on the Odessa order. his student years, he lived on a meager scholarship, which the Odessa order often sent him late.Even in 1859, when Sklifosovsky, having brilliantly graduated from the medical faculty of the university (among the few first-year students he received the right to take the exam for the degree of doctor of medicine), got ready to go to Odessa to his place of work, the Odessa order, as usual, delayed his last scholarship in the amount of 14 rubles. He had to ask the university administration for money for travel. "

In 1859, 23 years old, he got a job as a resident of the surgical department of the Odessa city hospital. In 1863, at Kharkov University, he defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic "On a blood peri-uterine tumor". In 1865, for the first time in Russia, he began to perform gynecological operations. In 1866, to improve his skills and expand his knowledge, he went on an overseas business trip for two years. Practiced with the most famous specialists in Austria, Germany, France, Scotland. In 1870, on the recommendation of Pirogov, Sklifosovsky received an invitation to take the department of surgery at Kiev University. Since 1878, he took over the surgical clinic of the Baronet Villiers. In the same years, he published a number of works, of which almost all became classics, including the "Brief Guide to Surgery", one of the first guidelines of this kind in Russia. He became the person whose image he dreamed, probably, in childhood, when cholera raged in Dubossary and his father stood in the cholera cordon. Maybe then he first thought that he should become a doctor in order to save people from terrible diseases and nightmarish misfortunes. He must devote his whole life to this.

The best traditions of the Russian intelligentsia are now forgotten, but have always been supported in its great and bright apartment with a grand piano, two fireplaces, comfortable armchairs and picturesque canvases on which the world looked much better than it really was. The apartment was located in a tall building on Tverskoy Boulevard. The surgeon's wife, Sofya Alexandrovna, an intelligent and hospitable woman, spoke several foreign languages, was able to maintain conversations about very difficult things. Among the guests were such people whose greatness is undeniable: the composer P.I. Tchaikovsky, artist V.V. Vereshchagin, famous lawyer A.F. Horses, writer and doctor A.P. Chekhov. And so fate decreed that Anton Pavlovich, as a student, studied surgery at the faculty surgical clinic, the director of which was N.V. Sklifosovsky. He, with the firm hand of the dean, signed the certificate of approval of Chekhov in the rank of district doctor. In addition to medical practice and pedagogical activity, the artistic interests of the famous surgeon are broad and versatile: he loved painting, literature, and music. The biographer clarifies about Sofya Alexandrovna: “She was the governess of Nikolai Vasilyevich’s three children from his first wife. , regardless of which side they fought on and what religion they professed. Her musical abilities allowed her to become a laureate of the international music competition of the Vienna Conservatory ". Daughter Olga studied music with Nikolai Rubinstein. The great doctor was friends with S.P. Botkin, stayed up until late at night with the professor of chemistry and composer A.P. Borodin, with A.K. Tolstoy discussed his new literary works"Such is, as they say now," informal communication. "It was probably difficult to imagine it even in the second half of the 19th century, if Nikolai Vasilyevich, according to the testimony of people who knew him well," ever betrayed his noble gentlemanly rules communication ".

In 1893 he returned to St. Petersburg, having parted with Moscow with deep regret: "I love Moscow, and it is not easy for me to break all the threads connecting my existence with Moscow University ...". Now he is the director of the Elepinsky Clinical Institute for Advanced Medical Studies and the head of one of the surgical departments of this institute. Until 1902, he taught practical surgery to doctors who flocked here for courses from all over Russia.

Nikolai Vasilyevich died of an apoplectic stroke on his estate near Poltava at one o'clock in the morning on November 30, 1904. On the grave, since 1971, there is a black marble slab, on the slab the inscription: "Shining to others, I burn myself", the motto of selfless healers, first proposed by the Dutch physician of the 17th century Nicholas van Tulpen.

Sklifosovsky had many great merits, forever inscribed in the history of Russian and world science: "Honored Professor, Director of the Imperial Clinical Institute grand duchess Elena Pavlovna in St. Petersburg, author of works on military field surgery of the abdominal cavity and military sanitary affairs, participant in four wars, the main popularizer of antiseptics and asepsis, pioneer of a number of medical innovations, publisher of the journals "Russian Surgical Archive" and "Chronicle of Russian Surgery" ... But one merit of him is the main one, in our opinion. As an outstanding physician, he was able, like no one else, to win over the patients, evoking in them a sense of boundless trust and faith in medicine.

"In short, Sklifosovsky!" - a catch phrase that calls on the interlocutor to be brief and clearly state the essence of the matter is familiar to almost everyone. For the first time it was pronounced by the people's favorite - actor Yuri Vladimirovich Nikulin in the film "Prisoner of the Caucasus" and immediately became megapopular.

However, in fact, this phrase has nothing to do with the true activities of the famous surgeon - Nikolai Vasilievich Sklifosovsky.

A bit of history ...

Initially, fate was not favorable to little Kolya: he was born into the family of a poor nobleman on March 25, 1836 and was the ninth child of 12 children. And the place of his birth was a farm near the city of Dubossary (now the territory of the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic).

Due to the difficult financial situation in the family, the parents early sent several children to an orphanage, including Nikolai. Therefore, the future great scientist from an early age knew the bitter feeling of loneliness, getting rid of which he sought in clever books.

He soon realized that teaching is not only a salvation from difficult everyday circumstances, but also an opportunity to overcome an unkind fate. It was then that he decided to devote his life to medicine.
The difficult path to victory ...

The future famous surgeon acquired secondary education at the Odessa gymnasium, from which he graduated with a silver medal. Thanks to her, he received benefits and entered Moscow University, having studied there on "government support".

At the university, Nikolai became a favorite student of the great surgeon F.I. Inozemtsev, who, as a mentor, helped him decide on the choice of specialization - surgery. It was this moment that is considered a turning point in the fate of Sklifosovsky, although his financial situation was still unenviable.

The future famous surgeon graduated from the university in 1859, after which he got a job as an intern in the surgical department of the Odessa city hospital, where he worked for 10 years.

During this time, Nikolai Vasilyevich not only solved his material problems, but gained tremendous experience, thanks to which in 1863 he defended his doctoral dissertation "On a blood peri-uterine tumor" at Kharkov University.

From that moment on, Sklifosovsky's life changed dramatically: it was filled with trips and practical activities abroad, participation in military campaigns, new discoveries in the field of medicine, teaching activities and much more.
Chronology of events

Nikolai Vasilievich spent two years from 1866-1868 abroad. During this time, he got acquainted with the directions of the leading surgical schools in Europe (England, Germany and France). Then, with the permission of the Prussian government, he took part in the Austro-Prussian war. There he actively worked in hospitals and dressing points, for which he was awarded the "Iron Cross".

After an overseas business trip, Sklifosovsky, thanks to the patronage of Pirogov, received an offer to head the surgical department of Kiev University, at the head of which he was in 1870-1971.

At the end of 1871, he was called upon to become the head of the Department of Surgical Pathology at the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy.

In 1876-1877, he again took part in hostilities, but this time in Montenegro, as a consultant for the Red Cross on surgery.

In 1878, Nikolai Vasilyevich became the head of the surgical clinic of the Baronet Vile (the physician of the three emperors of Russia).

In 1880, Sklifosovsky was elected dean of the medical faculty of Moscow University, in this position he successfully worked until 1893. In those years, on his initiative, a town was built on Devichye Pole, in which he gathered the leading surgeons of that time.

From 1893 to 1902, the scientist headed Clinical Institute improvement of doctors, opened on his initiative, because he was deeply convinced that doctors need post-university education.

At the end of 1902, due to illness, Nikolai Vasilyevich retired and left for his estate "Yakovtsy" near Poltava.

Discoveries and contributions to the development of medicine

It was not for nothing that Sklifosovsky's life was full of rich events, he was a truly outstanding person, and with his "light hand" colossal changes took place in almost all branches of Russian medicine.

1. General and "abdominal" surgery

Nikolai Vasilievich developed new techniques for performing abdominal surgeries.

He proved that during such interventions the temperature in the room should be at least + 17C. Otherwise, the work of the vasomotor nerves is disrupted, which leads to the development of all kinds of complications or even the death of the patient.

Gave the world new way operations on incorrectly fused bones with the formation of "false joints", called the "Sklifosovsky castle".

He proved the need to create peace and favorable conditions for transporting wounded soldiers to speed up their recovery.

2. The introduction of antiseptics

Perhaps the greatest merit of Nikolai Vasilyevich: before him, NI Pirogov, E. Bergman, K. K. Reyer tried to do it, but to no avail.

He offered the world a method of hot processing of surgical instruments and linen, having achieved almost complete absence of postoperative complications.

Now it is difficult to imagine that then doctors considered it harmful to sterilize surgical instruments and process the operating field.