Every person must educate himself: Essay on Literature. I am myself! "Each person must educate himself"

According to Bazarov - the character of Turgenev's work "Fathers and Sons", people should educate themselves, and as good example brings himself. Such a statement touches upon an extremely complex area of relationships between people, namely the topic of education. How and for how long should educational process? As a result of such questions, plural disputes: everyone has their own opinion on this matter. What was Bazarov talking about, talking about educating himself, “like me”?

“Educating yourself” means developing your own own system worldview, striving for an ideal that everyone defines for himself. This contributes to the formation of a bright personality with different features from other individuals.

It is such a person who is endowed with the power to bring something new into this world.

Self-education, in the understanding of the romantic and, at the same time, the nihilist Bazarov, is the absence of any authorities and faith solely in the facts, which were confirmed by the events they see. A person engaged in self-education in the Bazarov way does not take into account the existence of other ideas and values, while being extremely one-sided. On this occasion, Pavel Petrovich expressed the correct opinion that if you deny something even before you have become acquainted with it, then this means an attempt to hide your own ignorance.

Bazarov talks about the need for self-determination, but at the same time he is engaged in teaching and instructing Arkady, considering his own worldview to be the only true one.

His phrase in the story sounds: “like me, for example,” that is, he is considered to be a role model. How did Bazarov educate himself? It's not hard to imagine. The times of the Decembrists have passed, and there is still a lot of time until 1917, but young people oppose the existing order and everything connected with the system of that time. Bazarov, not to strive to be a "lost, wasted power", and begins to study the natural sciences - the only thing that is not a denial of his worldview. He is a materialist and a skeptic in the fullest sense. given word. Bazarov also denied universal human values.

Updated: 2016-11-17

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(According to the works of I.S. Turgenev and N. G. Chernyshevsky)

The period covering the end of the fifties - the beginning of the sixties of the last century, marked by the rise of revolutionary activity (the first Russian revolutionary situation), was called by historians Raznochinsk. Indeed, the main face of the social life of post-reform Russia was a democrat-raznochinets, who differed from his predecessors-nobles not only in origin, but also in behavior, ideas, etc.

The philosophical and social position of the main part of the youth of the sixties was nihilism. The first image of a nihilist in literature was given by Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev in his novel “Fathers and Sons”, which reflected the main ideological conflict of the era - the conflict between the views of the local nobility and the young raznochinsk generation, professing democratic aspirations and actively bringing new views to society.

So nihilism. What are its main features? Firstly, the denial of all and all kinds of authorities, the original, primitive materialism, extreme empiricism. Bazarov defines what a nihilist is like this: “A nihilist is a person who does not bow to any authority, who does not accept a single principle on faith, no matter how respect this principle is surrounded.” Such a position inevitably led to a denial of the existing order (or rather, it followed from it), but did not provide any positive program. Among other features of nihilism, we note the reduction of feelings to nervous activity, general attachment to the natural sciences (Bazarov, a graduate of the Medical and Surgical Academy, “does not believe in principles, but believes in frogs”), the denial of art, materialistic views, etc. Bazarov is a typical nihilist, and the idea of self-education follows from the very essence of nihilism: the denial of authorities, reliance on experience is, in fact, self-education, so in this sense Bazarov “educates himself”: since he lives, focusing only on himself and on his experience, then in process of any choice (and a person constantly chooses something: for example, to put or not to put a comma - my choice in d present) he performs an act of self-education. But it is impossible to talk about self-education in the full sense of the word in relation to Bazarov: he has no goal, he is not satisfied with the existing, but there is no ideal - there is nowhere to strive (negation alone cannot lead to the ideal). His existence is ultimately aimless, he must commit Main Choice(choice of ideal, choice of path) or die.

As the main method of education, one of necessary conditions development, self-education is put forward in the program work of the sixties - in the novel “What is to be done?”. This is not a nihilistic novel, this is a work written by a practical revolutionary, calling for neither struggle, it carries a clear positive position. The novel "What to do?" was written by Chernyshevsky in Alekseevsky ravelin and is the embodiment of the feat of man and citizen.

The "new people" - Lopukhov and Kirsanov - also "educate themselves", but the theory of self-education was given by Chernyshevsky in the chapter "A Special Person". The image of Rakhmetov is based on the idea of self-education. Having set a goal for himself, he methodically and consistently goes towards it, subjecting himself to the most severe trials (and sometimes tortures), if it seems to him that this is necessary to achieve the ideal. In the chapter “A Special Person” there are very important words about Rakhmetov: “When he saw that he had acquired a systematic way of thinking in the spirit, the principles of which he found just, he ...” (etc.). That is we are talking no longer about a nihilist (these are the very principles over which Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich argued), but about a person of democratic convictions who has a positive program, and this is not accidental. It is in relation to such a person, a revolutionary, that the idea of self-education is revealed to the end, because only conscious movement and purposefulness create “education of oneself” in the true sense of the word.

Rakhmetov's self-education, therefore, is qualitatively different from Bazarov's self-education: for Bazarov it is intuitive, for Rakhmetov it turns into a purposeful construction of his own personality down to the smallest detail.

The images of people like Rakhmetov do not leave us indifferent even today. It is about such people that Nekrasov's poems were written: Mother Nature If you hadn't sometimes sent such people to the world, The field of life would have died out ...

And understanding the role of self-education in the formation of such bright personalities allows us to get a little closer to perfection.

Man must learn to obey himself and obey his decisions.

CICERO So, you have decided to engage in self-education! What is its essence and what are its tasks?

Self-education is a conscious, systematic work on oneself, it is aimed at the formation of such personality traits that meet the requirements of society and personal development.

Before embarking on this difficult work, it is necessary to analyze the traits of your character, to think about which ones you need to change, what new qualities to cultivate in yourself. And only then can you set practical goals for self-improvement.

And there is the first obstacle, the first obstacle - laziness. No wonder they say: "Laziness is the mother of all vices." Resist the temptation to take a break from working on yourself, reschedule what was planned for another day, do not compromise with yourself. Let your "NECESSARY" turn into "I WANT", "I WANT" - into "I CAN", and "I CAN" - into BUSINESS. If you want a certain behavior to become a habit, practice that behavior day in and day out, systematically.

One of constituent parts self-education - self-hypnosis, i.e. suggestion to oneself of certain thoughts and states associated with them. People encounter self-hypnosis of various strengths and depths at every step: suppression of fear of obstacles, overcoming feelings of insecurity, struggle with extraneous desires that interfere with work - all this is, to varying degrees, the result of autosuggestion. The mechanism of self-hypnosis is simple: "I feel good", "I am cheerful", "I am calm", etc. In self-hypnosis, the main role belongs to the word as a means of influencing the state of the organism.

Words and phrases of self-hypnosis must be mentally pronounced in the first person and always in affirmative form, commanding tone. Moreover, the negative particle "not" in verbal formulas is excluded.

With self-hypnosis, one cannot pronounce long monologues, but at the same time, each phrase in different variations must be repeated several times. Phrases should be short, they should be pronounced slowly, with full concentration of attention on the subject of suggestion. During the pronunciation of each phrase of self-hypnosis, one must clearly imagine, figuratively see what is being suggested. No need to rush: after each phrase of self-hypnosis, you need to vividly imagine, figuratively see what is being suggested. There should be a pause after each phrase.

Only by observing these rules, by systematically training, you will be able to master the skill of psychological self-regulation and, through self-suggestion, form the desired results in yourself.

I will give a formula for self-hypnosis of self-discipline and self-confidence, for example, before a serious, responsible event. The night before, before going to bed, and also in the morning, after waking up, do the following self-hypnosis: "... I am calm ... I am completely calm ... I am ready for this day ... I am ready for this event ... All the main moments are thought out... I am collected and attentive... I am able to focus on any issue... I am well prepared for this event... I believe in my strength... I believe in my abilities... Everything is fine... I'm calm..."

The principle is the same: do no harm Self-hypnosis can be different: unconscious (passive) and conscious (active), useful and harmful. There are known facts when self-hypnosis chained a person to a hospital bed for a long time, made him disabled, and sometimes drove him to the grave. And vice versa, in a number of cases, self-hypnosis helped the healing, the recovery of a person.

The mode of breathing also has a serious effect. Rhythmic, calm full breathing lowers the excitability not only of the respiratory center, but also of some other centers, for example, the emotional one. between breath and emotional state of a person there is both direct and feedback.

For example, during unrest and strong emotional experiences, breath holding occurs: it becomes intermittent, and vice versa, even breathing is characteristic of a person in a calm state. And vice versa - the rhythm and depth of breathing can cause certain emotional states.

To calm down, remove disturbing excitement, establish even and deep breathing. Remember to pause between inhalation and exhalation. This will relieve excitement or significantly weaken it, help you focus.

Remember the laws of Rhythm!

All earthly processes proceed in a certain rhythm. So, for example, the lunar month, or the interval between full moons, is 29.53 days. Day and night, high and low tides alternate in a certain rhythm. Biological processes are also characterized by rhythm - the repetition of a particular phenomenon at certain intervals. The human body has adapted to the rhythmic changes in the environment and developed its own biological rhythm corresponding to these changes. In his work, both daily and seasonal, annual rhythms are observed. A certain rhythm differs in the manifestation of physical, emotional, intellectual activity of a person.

Knowledge of this regularity is of great practical importance. Let me remind you that according to the existing opinion, positive and negative half-periods are distinguished in each cycle. Days of transition from positive to negative half-cycle and back are called zero or critical days. At this time, the activity of the main functions of the body is significantly reduced, which means that the working capacity of a person also decreases. Sometimes the critical days of all three cycles (physical, intellectual, emotional activity of a person) or two of them coincide. It is on these days that people are most vulnerable and predisposed to diseases, less efficient.

One and a half hour cyclical changes in the activity of the functioning of the body were also found. This cycle lasts 90-100 minutes whether you are sleeping or working. And in each cycle, you can still highlight the rise and fall in the intensity of functions. There are also daily biological rhythms. During the day, there are not only a cyclic change of sleep and wakefulness, but also periods of increased emotional excitability, mood swings, as well as cyclic physiological changes, on which, for example, a person’s susceptibility to drugs depends at different times of the day.

There is also a weekly cycle of changes in the activity of the vital functions of the body. During the weekly cycle, performance changes noticeably, not only physical, but also mental.

Usually on Monday it is the lowest (it is no coincidence that they say: “Monday is a hard day”, then it gradually increases, and on Friday and Saturday we observe a decline in working capacity. This means that the body needs rest.

So, all processes in the body proceed rhythmically. Rhythm is a kind of counter of the time of life and activity of the organism - its biological clock. You don't need to count these "clocks", you need to use them for the purpose of psychological self-regulation.

Take care of your inner regime The biological rhythm is most clearly manifested in the change in the processes of sleep and wakefulness. If a person is used to falling asleep at a strictly defined time, then regardless of the location at this time, he will be sleepy. But if, by an effort of will, he systematically forces himself to work at this time, instead of sleeping, then his biological rhythm of life may be disturbed.

Over time, it will become more and more difficult to fall asleep, then irritability will appear, fatigue will increase, and eventually illness may develop. If we consider the physical and mental activity of a person depending on the daily rhythm, we can see a number of patterns.

First, from two to five in the morning and between 13 and 14 in the afternoon, a person is physically and intellectually weakest. These data are confirmed by many experiments.

It has been established that twice a day a person's heart muscle performance decreases: about thirteen hours and twenty-one hours. Therefore, it is not recommended to do a lot of physical work at this time. Between two and four o'clock in the morning, a person's activity of memory and attention decreases. At the same time, muscle strength decreases at this time. By 18 o'clock our body temperature is maximum, and between one in the morning and five - the lowest.

Human biological rhythms have been developed over millions of years and are one of the forms of adaptation to the conditions of existence. Therefore, all sorts of "artificial failures", violations of habitual rhythms very often lead to overwork and the emergence of excessive stress on the body's systems, and sometimes to illness.

This is especially noticeable in violation of the daily rhythm of sleep and wakefulness.

At night, a person rests and accumulates energy reserves for the next day. As soon as he woke up, the biological rhythm “starts”.

There is a simple rule: do not eat a lot at night - by the evening the activity of the stomach is minimal, and at night it is almost zero. And in the morning, not only the stomach works well, but also the head. So important decision taken in the morning.

The biological rhythm of sleep and wakefulness is most subject to our will and is more dependent on social causes. Sleep saves a person from exhaustion. A person can live longer without food than without sleep. Sleep (rest) is especially necessary for the central nervous system.

And in conclusion, we would like to say that after reading this article, you will not immediately become attentive, collected, calm and decisive. In order to learn how to manage your psyche, you need time, simplicity and systematic training. And we would like this article to help you seriously engage in self-education and teach you to control yourself - to concentrate your desires and actions.

We wish you success in self-improvement!

Vladimir Kulganov, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Petr Yunatskevich, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences (Military Space Engineering Academy named after A.F. Mozhaisky, Lidia Kosolapova, Ekaterina Zaitseva (students of VPU N 8)

I am myself! "Each person must educate himself"

Man must learn to obey himself and obey his decisions.

CICERO So, you have decided to engage in self-education! What is its essence and what are its tasks?

Self-education is a conscious, systematic work on oneself, it is aimed at the formation of such personality traits that meet the requirements of society and personal development.

One of the components of self-education is self-hypnosis, i.e. suggestion to oneself of certain thoughts and states associated with them. People encounter self-hypnosis of various strengths and depths at every step: suppression of fear of obstacles, overcoming feelings of insecurity, struggle with extraneous desires that interfere with work - all this is, to varying degrees, the result of autosuggestion. The mechanism of self-hypnosis is simple: "I feel good", "I am cheerful", "I am calm", etc. In self-hypnosis, the main role belongs to the word as a means of influencing the state of the organism.

Words and phrases of self-hypnosis must be mentally pronounced in the first person and always in an affirmative form, in an imperative tone. Moreover, the negative particle "not" in verbal formulas is excluded.

Only by observing these rules, by systematically training, you will be able to master the skill of psychological self-regulation and, through self-suggestion, form the desired results in yourself.

I will give a formula for self-hypnosis of self-discipline and self-confidence, for example, before a serious, responsible event. The night before, before going to bed, and also in the morning, after waking up, do the following self-hypnosis: "I am calm. I am completely calm. I am ready for this day. I am ready for this event. All the main points are thought out. I am collected and attentive. I am capable focus on any issue. I am well prepared for this event. I believe in my strength. I believe in my abilities. Everything is fine. I am calm."

The principle is the same: do no harm. Self-hypnosis is different: unconscious (passive) and conscious (active), useful and harmful. There are known facts when self-hypnosis chained a person to a hospital bed for a long time, made him disabled, and sometimes drove him to the grave. And vice versa, in a number of cases, self-hypnosis helped the healing, the recovery of a person.

The mode of breathing also has a serious effect. Rhythmic, calm full breathing lowers the excitability not only of the respiratory center, but also of some other centers, for example, the emotional one. Between breathing and the emotional state of a person there is both a direct and feedback relationship.

Remember the laws of Rhythm!

There is also a weekly cycle of changes in the activity of the vital functions of the body. During the weekly cycle, performance changes noticeably, not only physical, but also mental.

Usually on Monday it is the lowest (it is no coincidence that they say: "Monday is a hard day"), then it gradually increases, and on Friday and Saturday we observe a decline in working capacity. This means that the body needs rest.

Save your internal regime. The biological rhythm is most clearly manifested in the change in the processes of sleep and wakefulness. If a person is used to falling asleep at a strictly defined time, then regardless of the location at this time, he will be sleepy. But if, by an effort of will, he systematically forces himself to work at this time, instead of sleeping, then his biological rhythm of life may be disturbed.

First, from two to five in the morning and between 13 and 14 in the afternoon, a person is physically and intellectually weakest. These data are confirmed by many experiments.

It has been established that the performance of the heart muscles decreases twice a day in a person: about 13 hours and 21 hours. Therefore, it is not recommended to do a lot of physical work at this time.

Between two and four o'clock in the morning, a person's activity of memory and attention decreases. At the same time, muscle strength decreases at this time. By 18 o'clock our body temperature is maximum, and between one in the morning and five - the lowest.

This is especially noticeable in violation of the daily rhythm of sleep and wakefulness.

At night, a person rests and accumulates energy reserves for the next day. As soon as he woke up, the biological rhythm “starts”.

We wish you success in self-improvement!

Of course, a person can educate himself. I was 12 years old when I felt an urgent need to develop willpower - my laziness annoyed me very much. Moreover, a person should engage in self-education, asking for help from God.

It is easier to imagine yourself the way you want to see yourself. This will serve as a purpose. Think about what can be done now. Predict how to behave in certain situations. This good foundation for further education. Change some settings in the brain that prevent you from seeing yourself with better side that limit the perception of the world.

When a person says that he is the way he is and will not change, this is not from a great mind. Throughout life, a person educates himself, re-educates, changes, gets rid of bad habits, educates new qualities in himself.

Anyone can educate themselves and make themselves stronger. To do this, you need to set a goal. And not just set, but you need to strive for it. And we must also understand that from the beginning we set small goals and each time we must raise the bar.

Maybe. Dya needs it herself purpose(a vision of how he wants to see himself), faith to your strength and will. Without these three qualities, you won't get far.

Maybe I know such people. But for self-education there must be a strong motivation and will. You can develop self-discipline, a desire for healthy lifestyle life, force yourself to learn foreign language, change the figure, go to fitness, but this should have a goal: for a loved one, for a career, for children. True, there are very strong-willed people who, even when left alone and without motivation, begin to do something useful, accustom themselves to order and discipline, do everything on time, etc. But it’s so difficult for me, for example. When the child was small, when I had to spin, I broke myself and inspired and forced me to do what was necessary. Now I can’t. But if a goal, a motive suddenly appears, then it will work out.

Of course, a person can be a rational being. At first, we were raised by mothers, fathers, grandmothers, grandfathers, kindergarten teachers, teachers or those who replaced them (guardians, nannies, tutors, and so on). But a person always strives for something more. With self-knowledge comes education. Experience and years do their job! We educate ourselves for long and long years, and when we see imperfection in ourselves, we begin to educate the people around us! Remember the grannies on the benches, the neighbors are just people in minibuses.

Maybe. I didn’t like being too shy, so I remade myself. True, at first I overdid it a little and turned from a shy girl into an impudent one)) I had to master modesty again. So, I can say with confidence that a person is what he wants to be.

Of course, a person can educate himself - but for this he will need willpower, first of all, willpower in his own mind - to overcome and remove laziness, laziness of actions, laziness to abandon his plan - this is the only way to start all your undertakings and achieve success. As they say, the one who walks will master the road.

Any person, if he sets himself an appropriate goal, can fully educate himself, change his life in any direction ....

It doesn't take much to do this...

3) be able to listen and be able to hear.

4) correctly determine the circle of communication and the circle of reading.

Of course, we are talking about a person who already has some own opinion about this troubled world. For a person at 14, 17 years old, it will be a little more difficult to do this. Since the opinion about certain events has not yet been confirmed by any own life experience. Personal judgment is not yet firm, very often young people cannot separate the wheat from the chaff....

But if a young man chooses the right literature for self-improvement, and if he is lucky and he finds a smart mentor, then he can correctly understand the intricacies of this not very nice world ...

Well, somewhere...

I hope I made my point clear...