Techniques for working with phraseological units that contribute to the development of speech and enrichment of the vocabulary of younger students. Phraseologisms Run at full speed sentence

At full speed ... Spelling dictionary-reference

at full speed- to run at full speed to rush at full speed to rush at full speed to jump ... Dictionary of Russian Idioms

See soon ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. in full swing dialect, number of synonyms: 31 ... Synonym dictionary

Leaning with all forces (feet) on the ground, so that, breathing hard at the speed of running, run forward Cf. They fly the shortest way Home at full speed. A.S. Pushkin. Eug. Onegin. 3, 4. Cf. He rushes at full speed. Krylov. Horse and Rider. See in full ... ... Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary

at full speed- In full support / r (rush, rush, fly, etc.) Very quickly, swiftly (about riding horses) Riders at full speed rushed to the forest ... Dictionary of many expressions

At full speed: leaning with all your strength (with your feet, embracing the ground, so that you breathe hard at the speed of God, run forward). Wed They are on the road and the shortest Home flying at full speed. A.S. Pushkin. Eug. Onggin. 3, 4. Cf. He rushes at full speed. Krylov. ... ... Michelson's Big Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)

at full speed- in the entire opo / r (very quickly) ... Spelling difficult adverbs

1. Spread. Very fast. FSRYa, 297; BMS 1998, 422; Mokienko 1986, 48; ЗС 1996, 496.2. Psk. Very much; intensely. SPP 2001, 58 ... A large dictionary of Russian sayings

at full speed- in all support ... Russian spelling dictionary

at full speed- (rush) ... Spelling dictionary of the Russian language

Books

• Green zone, Alenikov V.M .. It was a sultry July day, in its summer haze the outlines of the rat were very vague, it was more likely to be guessed than seen, and from all this there was a feeling of something ghostly, ...
• Excursion into the darkness, Anatoly Losev. `This will be an excursion for all excursions! - with a sinking heart think six inseparable friends who came with the class on vacation to Moscow. - Just think, together with representatives ...

Sections: Primary School

The developmental education system encourages the teacher to constantly search for new methods and materials for working with students. Much attention is paid to the development of students' speech, their mastery of the lexical richness of their native language.

Mastering the Russian language is impossible without mastering its pictorial and expressive means. In the formation of the imagery of speech in the process of mastering the native language, the importance of which is emphasized by teachers and psychologists, it is the work with phraseological units that can play a huge role.

Phraseologisms according to the expression of V.G. Belinsky make up the folk physiology of the language, its original means and original, native wealth. A feature of phraseological meaning is the presence of connotation: a phraseological unit not only names a particular object, action, quality, but also gives them an additional characteristic. The concept of connotative includes emotional, expressive and evaluative components. Emotionality is understood as "the ability of a lexical or phraseological unit to express the speaker's emotional attitude to the subject of the message." Expressiveness - "expressiveness, the impact that some linguistic units have on the sensitive sphere of a person." Evaluation is understood as "the ability of a lexical and phraseological unit to express a positive or negative attitude of the speaker to the subject of the message." Connotation allows writers to use them as a vivid, precise, well-aimed means of characterizing heroes. Artists often enhance words with the expressiveness of phraseological units, using various methods of semantic and structural transformation.

KD Ushinsky paid great attention to the phraseological material. He considered it necessary to introduce phraseological units into school textbooks, starting with the "Alphabet", so that "the child looked at objects ... with the keen eye of the people and expressed in his apt word."

Huge opportunities for the mental, speech, emotional development of the student are fraught with work with phraseological units. Giving a clear interpretation of the phraseological unit, and then, through linguistic or logical reasoning, explaining its meaning, the teacher includes the student in active mental activity, forcing him to think about the meaning of words and expressions, wondering why we say so, and thereby increases the level of his thinking ability. For example, the explanation of the meaning of the phraseological phrase “to soar in the clouds” should begin with the definition of the meaning of the outdated word soar, which meant the same thing as to dwell, ie. “Live, be”. From here it is easy to understand what the clouds have to do with it. Wandering in the clouds is like “living on the clouds”, breaking away from the earth, from everything that surrounds you, therefore this expression means “to dream, forgetting about everything that surrounds you” . By drawing children to school life, you can show how dangerous it is to soar in the clouds in class.

The explanation of many phraseological units is based on an appeal to the polysemy of a word. For example, we say: "He has a head on his shoulders - he will solve this problem." Or "This guy with a head - he will make the right decision." Why do they only talk about an intelligent person like that, because everyone has a head? Students answer this question after finding out the meaning of the word head. With the help of short contexts suggested by the teacher, such as phrases: shake your head, curly head, smart head, clear head, students determine the direct and figurative meanings of the word head. Then the teacher focuses the children’s attention on the figurative meaning “mind, consciousness”, which allows them to lead them to understand the meaning of these phraseological units.

In Russian folk tales, students encounter exaggerated phraseological expressions that intuitively, guessing from the context, understand. It is clear that to go by leaps and bounds means "very quickly", and to be far away or to live in a far-off kingdom is "very far away."

However, understanding the true meaning of these expressions as the source of the figurative meaning is possible only when the teacher includes them in lexical work.

So, the meaning of the word "seven miles" is clarified on the basis of an analysis of its composition seven + miles. Naturally, only fairy-tale heroes can move with such steps, and even then only those who have boots - runners. From a fairy tale, this hyperbole entered our language, having received a figurative meaning. And figuratively these expressions are used in speech when it is necessary to emphasize the great distance of anything.

Working with such phraseological units turns students directly to the language, arousing interest in it, without which the task of developing speech cannot be solved.

In the Russian language there are many phraseological expressions that have a structure of comparison and begin with the union as - as the wind blew away, the speed of disappearance of someone is compared with the speed of the wind, like two drops of water - the similarity of someone is compared with the absolute sameness of two drops of water, like water in his mouth was typed - someone's silence is compared to the forced silence of a man who has taken water in his mouth, as if he fell through the earth - no one saw him leave, but he was not, disappeared. The explanation of these expressions relies on the logical source of the comparison. In addition, they are, as they say, "visible" for children, one has only to offer or imagine a real situation: will you sit quietly on pins and needles, for example, on a hedgehog. Hence the expression to sit on pins and needles, i.e. "Be in a state of great anxiety."

Cognition of the phraseology of the native language is not only a way of enriching the vocabulary of students, the formation of imagery of speech, but also a means of expanding their horizons, accumulating extra-linguistic information. For example, the humorous name of a tall man, "verst Kolomenskaya", is associated with a historical fact from the time of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Verst is an ancient measure of length that was used before the introduction of the metric system. The poles, installed at a distance of a mile from each other, were called milestones and served as indications of the distance traveled. A verst for foot and horse is a considerable segment of the way, from comparison with a verst arose such a characterizing name for a tall man. And the Kolomenskaya verst was called because the first verst poles were installed on the road from Moscow to the village of Kolomenskoye, the Tsar's summer residence.

Phraseologism can tell about the customs of Russia in pagan times. For example, after a rain on Thursday, i.e. never or no one knows when. It is advisable to include this phraseological unit in a speech situation that is close to students: “And when will Anton begin to study with us?”. "After the rain on Thursday!". How can rain affect Anton, especially on Thursday? On Anton, of course, nothing, but for the harvest may be. And our ancestors believed that if you pray to the harsh god Perun for rain, and on Thursday, then he will send rain, and there will be a good harvest. Rain does not always happen or does not happen at all. Therefore, an expression was born, which contains doubt about the possibility of the desired event.

Why is a kind, honest, ingenuous person called a “wide open soul”? This expression is associated with the old folk beliefs that the human soul is located in the dimple on the front of the neck, where the collar is fastened. If the collar is unbuttoned, then it will open, the neck is visible, and the soul is open to people. And the soul is always kind, it is not by chance that we call an evil, cruel person soulless.

Information about the origin of certain expressions enriches children with a variety of knowledge.

Getting acquainted with the etymology of the phraseological unit, "naked as a falcon", students learn that in ancient times people used battering tools in war, which were huge logs studded with iron. They then, suspended on chains, and broke through the fortress walls and gates of enemy villages. Now such a weapon is called a battering ram, and in the old days - a falcon. It is with this - that falcon, really "naked", and the poor, the poor man is compared.

The inclusion of such phraseological units in lexical work in the lessons of the Russian language and reading will allow not only to solve language problems, but also to educate the curiosity of children. Annex 1.

The appeal to phraseological units, born in the language on the basis of human observation of animals, contributes to the development of observation in the child.

For example, keep your ears on top, i.e. “Be on the alert, on the alert”. If you observe the dog, you can easily notice how his ears tense, when she is alert for any reason, her ears, as it were, rise above the top of her head.

Working with phraseological units of a moral plan, containing a personality characteristic, is useful for educational purposes. The phraseological unit “princess and a pea” is instructive, which characterizes a person who is incapable of enduring inconvenience, accustomed to complete well-being. Students will easily remember the tale of H.H. Andersen and understand the ironic comparison of such a person with a princess.

The comprehension of the phraseology of the native language by students can occur as the phraseological units are found in the texts of textbooks and fiction. In this case, the teacher, explaining the meaning of the phraseological unit and its origin, focuses the students' attention both on the emotional coloring and on the stylistic function. The teacher helps the student to see the originality and expressiveness of the language of a work of art. This is how a real reader is formed, able to appreciate the artistic value of a work, and able to enjoy reading.

The phraseological units already mastered by students can be used in creative tasks: make up a sentence or a short story, draw a portrait of a friend using the proposed phraseological units (not a cowardly ten, do not let go, do not hang your nose, stand uphill).

Exercises aimed at repetition and consolidation of students' knowledge about the meaning of phraseological units.

1. Divide the phraseological units into two groups. What groups are they?

Rolling up your sleeves, in the sweat of your face, do not lift a finger, fold your arms, do not hit your finger on your finger, tirelessly.

2. How many groups can the phraseological units be divided into?

Breaking your head, and that's the end, at full speed, it's in the bag, remember what your name was.

3. Write down next to each phraseological unit the phraseological unit opposite to it in meaning.

For three nine lands, hang your head, with a gulkin nose, lose your temper, even a dime a dozen, pull yourself together, perk up, just a stone's throw.

Exercise aimed at the formation of the imagery of speech of primary schoolchildren.

Read the sentences. Which of the sentences, in your opinion, is more expressive, figurative?

I don't remember anything, everything flew out of my head. I don't remember anything, I forgot everything.

Acquaintance with phraseological units can occur not only in the lessons of the Russian language and reading. For example, phraseological units related to the concept of units of measurement can be given a few minutes in a mathematics lesson: as an arshin swallowed, two inches from a pot, an oblique fathom in the shoulders, by leaps and bounds. A large number of phraseological units associated with nature and animals can fit into the lessons of the world around us: walking with a gogol, a bear stepped on the ear, where crayfish hibernate like water off a duck's back. In the lessons of the surrounding world, students can learn that the expression at full speed originally characterized only the running of the horse, when the horse rushes at a gallop, it rests (makes support) on the front and hind legs at the same time. And then they began to talk about the fast running of any animal and person. Therefore, we can say: "The cyclists were racing at full speed." In the same way, the expression “rush to all the shoulder blades”, when running fast, the horse puts his legs far forward, while the shoulder blades stand out clearly. Students will be able to supplement the synonymous series built on the Russian language lesson with two more phraseological units: run fast - rush at full speed - rush with all the spirit - rush at full speed - rush at all shoulder blades.

The interdisciplinary connection carried out in this way increases the interest of students both in the lessons of the Russian language and reading, and in all lessons.

74. Read an excerpt from Fbqs Mickey's Diary. What did you find funny?

The question torments me. Why did Zinin's dad say that his "eyes were on his forehead"? They didn't get anywhere, I saw it myself. Why is he talking nonsense? I crept over to the closet, sat down in front of the mirror, and rolled my eyes upward as hard as I could. Nonsense! The forehead is up, and the eyes are in place.

(S. Black)

Remember! In the Russian language there are stable combinations of words - phraseological units... Explaining their meaning, we mean the meaning of the whole phrase as a whole, and not of individual words.

Expression eyes on the forehead climbed used in colloquial speech when a person is very surprised by what is happening or experiences severe pain or fear.

Page for the curious

On the phraseological unit "at full speed"

Expression at full speed originally meant a special horse run - a gallop, when the horse gallops, leaning simultaneously on both front, then on both hind legs.

Now phraseological unit at full speed has the meaning "very quickly" and is used with verbs run, gallop, rush, rush... The phraseological units have the same meaning. with all your might, with all your shoulder blades.

75. Read it. Explain the meaning of the highlighted combinations of words (phraseological units).

1. The guys listened to the fairy tale holding breath, being afraid to miss even one word. 2. The rain is still pouring out of the bucket... 3. Pretty beat thumbs up, it's time to get to work! 4. And went Ivanushka wherever your eyes are looking... 5. Sitting in the lesson, you can not count the crow... 6. Katya has always loved poke your nose in all matters. 7. We walked up the hill at a snail's pace... 8. Himself made porridge, do it yourself.

• Write out the highlighted combinations of words from the sentences (separated by commas). Which of them is opposite in meaning to the phrase in full spirit?
• In which dictionary can you find out the meaning of phraseological units?

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76. Read the phraseological units.

Like a chicken with a paw, you can't spill water by rolling up your sleeves.

• Express your opinion: which of these phraseological units can be used to sign these figures?
• Compose sentences or a story based on one of the figures, using the appropriate phraseological unit.