Tale about German prepositions. Prepositions in German (translation of German prepositions)
Prepositions in German have the same purpose as in Russian. They help unite words or phrases into a single semantic unit, that is, into a sentence. Prepositions in German are usually placed before the object to which they are directly related.
Classification
The use of prepositions in relation to cases
It is interesting that for some prepositions one of the existing cases is necessarily constant. The second one can be found only in some cases. It's better to show everything good example. Let's say this sentence: Trotz dem Schneefall (Dativ) wollte Mark mit dem Auto in die Berge fahren. It translates as follows: "Despite the snowfall, Mark wanted to go by car to the mountains." This sentence clearly shows the use of the dative case. And this, I must say, is quite rare in German, or rather, in colloquial speech. What can be said about other cases? for example, used in rare cases control of the preposition des (“in”), in sentences where this occurs, des comes after the noun.
Nominativ and Akkusativ
There are also such prepositions with which it is not necessary to use objects in any strictly defined case. To be more specific, these are als and wie. The nouns that come after these prepositions are declined in the same way as the members of the sentence that correspond to them. This can be seen in the following example: Mario kannte ihren Schwester als Schüler (this is Nominativ). This sentence is translated as follows: “Mario knew her sister as a schoolgirl.” In another way, using Akkusativ, the phrase can be constructed as follows: Mario kannte ihren schwester als Schüler. It translates almost the same: "Mario knew her sister, even when she was a schoolgirl." Both examples are directly related to each other. Only in the first case, the subject is correlated with the noun after als” (respectively, it is Nominativ that must be used), but in the second, Akkusativ is used, since there is an addition. In general, the prepositions of control in German are not difficult, the main thing here is to learn the purpose of the cases and the translation of the words themselves.
Universal application of prepositions
This is a rather interesting topic, and you should also know it in order to be able to correctly express your thoughts. If you want, for example, to say: “I'm going to Germany,” then it would be correct to use nach here. This preposition indicates a direction, and in this case the sentence would look like this: Ich fahre nach Deutschland. By the way, nach is used in relation to countries that do not have. These are neuter states, such as Russia, Italy, Germany, France, etc. This preposition is also used if you need to answer the question of what time it is now . For example: zwanzig Minuten nach fünf (twenty past five). Only in this case the preposition is translated as “after” (if literally). I would also like to pay special attention to the frequently encountered Für. Usually used in relation to someone. Für dich, Für mich, Für alle da (for you, for me, for everyone), etc. That is, it indicates the purpose, purpose, addressee. But often this preposition is used as a substitute for the meaning "for someone." For example: Sie hat schon für mich bezahlt (she already paid for me).
What are the suggestions
Finally, I would like to list all the existing prepositions in the German language. The table in which they are most often presented is not very large, and remembering everything is much easier than it seems. People who study this language memorize them by comparison. An - translates as "above" or "on", depending on the use of the case. Auf locates a person, object, or even phenomenon: Alles was auf der Bühnepassiert, ist Wahnsinn (translation: “Everything that happens on the stage is madness”). Hinter is a translation of our preposition “for”, and the German in is the absolute analogue of the same word in English. That is, it is translated as “in”: Ich bin jetzt in der Kneipe (translation: “I am in the pub now”). There are also prepositions über (through, over) and vor (before, before, before).
As a matter of fact, these and the previously listed prepositions are the most used and frequently encountered in the German language. This topic is not as difficult as, for example, the use of verbs. Prepositions in German have the same meaning and translation as in Russian, and this determines the relative ease of mastering them. And if you practice using them, then very soon the result will be visible, and the person will no longer hesitate to competently build a sentence.
German prepositions (prev.), as well as Russian ones, and prev. in other languages, refer to the official parts of speech. Despite this, it is from before. depends on which case (pad.) of the noun to use.
There are several classifications of German prepositions, for example, according to the meaning (, time, reason, etc.) or according to the cases with which they are used. This is the approach we recommend.
All prev. can be divided into several groups:
- always requiring Dative (Dat.) falling;
- requiring an accusative fall.;
- those that can be used with both Dat. and Accusative;
- those that, as a rule, are used with Genitive (Gen.) falling;
Prepositions with the Dative case
We suggest teaching them with the help of a small rhyme:
Mit, nach, aus, zu von, bei
Just give Dativ.
These prev., regardless of their value, always require Dates. fall:
Ich komme aus der Ukraine (place).
Aus diesem Grund muss ich leider auf den Deutschkurs verzichten (reason).
Ich fahre morgen mit dem Zug nach Berlin (instrument).
Ich bin seit 10 Jahren mit Karl befreundet (jointness).
Beim Spielen sieht er sehr konzentriert aus (time).
Bei der Schule gibt es einen schönen Spielplatz (place).
This also includes pre. seit and gegenüber, entgegen, entsprechend and less commonly used fern, getreu, mitsamt, nahe, zuliebe.
Previous nach, gegenüber, entsprechend, getreu and entgegen can come after a noun:
Meiner Meinung nach ist Aishwarya Rai die schönste Schauspielerin der Welt.
Unser Haus steht dem Krankenhaus gegenüber.
Seinen Gewohnheiten getreu hat er sich zum Vorstellungsgespräch verspätet.
Meinem Rat entgegen studiert sie Philosophie.
Er hat sich dem Maskenball entsprechend verkleidet.
Prepositions with accusative case
To this group before. relate: gegen, für, durch, wider, um, ohne, bis, je, kontra (contra), betreffend, via. At the same time, it doesn’t matter what meaning they have in the sentence, but they always require the Accusative Fall next to them ..
Die Demonstranten protestieren gegen die Atomkernenergie.
Aus Zorn schlug er mit der Bein gegen die Wand.
Er hat sein Auto gegen 3000 € verkauft.
Ich bin gestern gegen 10 Uhr aufgestanden.
Previous betreffend can also be in postposition:
Diese Frage betreffend habe ich nichts Neues zu sagen.
Prepositions with accusative and dative cases
This group includes primarily places: an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen. Date pad. is used to express a place (the question is where?), and the Accusative is used to express the direction (the question is where?).
Die Brille liegt auf dem Tisch. - Wo liegt die Brille? — Dative
Ich habe meine Brille auf den Tisch gelegt. – Wohin habe ich meine Brille gelegt? - Accusative.
Ich war gestern nicht in der Schule. – wo war ich nothing? – Dative.
Ich gehe heute nicht in die Schule. – wohin gehen ich nicht? – Accusative.
Previous an, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen can also be used with adverbs of time. In this case, they are used from Date. fall:
Unter der Woche habe ich keine Zeit für die Hausarbeit. — Wann? – Dative.
Im Sommer ist es sehr schön in der Krim.
Ich habe ihn vor drei Jahren kennengelernt.
With two pads. used before. entlang. However, it always has a spatial meaning (along, parallel to the street, river, terrace, etc.). Pad. the noun in this case depends on the position of the previous one itself: if it precedes the noun, then it requires Date. pad., if it stands after it - Accusative:
Entlang dem Fluss gibt es einen Fahrradweg. — Dative
Den Fluss entlang gibt es einen Fahrradweg. - Accusative.
Prepositions with Genitive
This is the most numerous and the most “problematic” group, since a change in the language norm is currently taking place, and the previous ones, which until recently required Genus next to them. pad., can be used with the Dative.
So, with Rod. pad. used before: außerhalb, innerhalb, während, abseits, jenseits, diesseits, inmitten, oberhalb, unterhalb, unweit, angesichts, anlässlich, aufgrund, bezüglich, dank, hinsichtlich, infolge, mangels, trotz, um…willen, wegen, zwecks, laut, anhand, anstatt, laut, mithilfe, mittels.
The whole problem in studying these pre. is that they can also be used with Dat. (usually with nouns in plural, which do not have an article or adjective, since the Genitive form is pad. in this case is not clear). These same pre. can be used together with the previous von and Dative case:
Während dieser Woche (pronoun indicates Gen. case)
Während 10 Tagen (ending n in a noun indicates Dat. fall.).
Mithilfe meiner Eltern (the pronoun indicates the Rod. fall.).
Mithilfe von Peters Eltern (we can't determine the noun from the noun, so we use von + Dativ).
Innerhalb eines Jahres (Gen. case is indicated by the article and the ending of the noun)
Innerhalb 2 Monaten/ von 2 Monaten(In Gen. case, it would have to be innerhalb 2 Monate, but this form does not contain markers that clearly express the Genitive case, so 2 variants of the D. case are used).
Trotz unserer Unterstützung verlor die Mannschaft das Spiel (Gen. dep. expresses a pronoun).
Trotz Beweisen wurde Verdächtige freigesprochen (in Rod. Pad., trotz Beweise would be correct, but due to lack of markers, Date. Pad. is used).
Studying the German prev., It is necessary to dwell on the following aspect. Some pre. always merge with the definite article:
Ich sitze am Tisch.
Ich gehe ins Theatre.
Beim Putzen höre ich immer Musik.
Exception! If the noun with which the prev is used is attached subordinate clause, then prev. do not merge with the article:
Ich sitze an dem Tisch, den mein Opa selbst gemacht hat.
Ich gehe in das Theatre, in dem mein Freund heute Hamlet spielt.
Exercises for German prepositions
In the country of German grammar there was one city called "German Prepositions". It is not difficult to guess that they lived there - prepositions. The inhabitants were different there… They were called: an, in, auf, bis, ohne, von, zu, trotz, gegen, nach, wegen, seit, hinter, während… You can’t remember them all at once. But you will get to know them as the story progresses.
Chapter 1: German prepositions and important corporations in their city
In the country of German pretexts, there were three large corporations - on which residents worked. These corporations were called: Dativ, Genetiv, Akkusativ.
Genetiv was considered the most prestigious. Although there were rumors - that she had lost her position and no one uses the forms produced there. But it's all gossip!
The prepositions working there were proud of the fact that they had little work - but the importance was not diminished. Well, what work of art or official document does without pretexts that work on the Genitive? There are no such things! They even considered themselves almost nobles, and said that they came from royal families. They did not like it when they were used in conversations, they only liked written German.
These prepositions, for example, occupied a special place in the corporation, since they worked only for the genitive:
abseits - aside, angesichts - in view, anhand - with help, anlässlich - on the occasion, anstelle - instead, aufgrund - because of, außerhalb - outside / outside, bezüglich - relatively / regarding, diesseits - on the other side, halber - for the sake of / because of, hinsichtlich - regarding, infolge - as a result, innerhalb - within, jenseits - on the other side, kraft - by virtue / by right, längs - along, mithilfe - with the help, oberhalb - over / over / over, um…willen – for the sake of, ungeachtet – besides/regardless of, unterhalb – under/below, zugunsten – in favor, zuungunsten – not in favor.
YES!!! WHAT IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IS AN ADVERB OR A WHOLE PHRASE - IN GERMAN CAN ONLY BE A PREPOSITION.
The following prepositions were considered genetic - officially, but sometimes worked on a dative. Mostly in colloquial speech.
abzüglich - minus, ausschließlich - except, binnen - inside / in / during, dank - thanks, einschließlich - inclusive, exklusive - excluding, inklusive - including, laut - according to, mangels, mittels -, (an) statt - instead of , trotz - in spite of, während - during, wegen - because of, zuzüglich - counting.
Look, it's the same work, but the genitive works in writing, and the dative works in conversation.
Wir sind Wegen des Sturms abgefahren.
Wir sind wegen dem Sturm abgefahren.
Translation: We left because of the storm.
It can be said that these prepositions were cunning and in colloquial speech they added to themselves the form of the article, shamelessly taken in the corporation called Dative. So that no one decides that the great Genitive Corporation is doing such a dirty job as “participating in colloquial speech”.
German prepositions that work in the corporation "Akkuzativ"
In Accusative, these prepositions worked in the sweat of their brows: bis, um, fur, durch, ohne, gegen.
fur - for
Sie demonstrieren fur den Frieden. “They are for peace.
durch - through, by, on
Sie wanderten stundenlang durch den bayrischen Wald. They spent hours walking through the Bavarian forest.
Ohne
Einen Kaffee ohne Zucker und Sahne, bitte. – Coffee without sugar and cream, please.
um - around, in (when indicating time)
Die Katze ist um das Haus geschlichen.— The cat was sneaking around the house.
gegen - against, on, in relation to, about (about time)
Ich bin gegen diese Reise. I am against this trip.
Er ist unfreundlich gegen mich. He is unfriendly towards me.
bis - up to
Wir fahren nur bis Hamburg. We only go as far as Hamburg.
German prepositions working in the Dative Corporation
The following prepositions worked in the Dative Corporation: Außer, ab, bei, seit, mit, nach, gegenüber, aus, von, zu.
mit - with
Alexander spielt mit der Katze. Alexander is playing with a cat.
nach - after, in, after
Ich fahre nach Italian. - I'm going to Italy.
aus - from, with
Sie nimmt Geld aus der Kasse. She takes money from the cash register.
zu - to, on, before, by
Wir fahren zu Oma und Opa. We are going to visit grandma and grandpa.
von - from, from, from
Er kommt müde von der Arbeit. He comes tired from work.
bei - at (someone), during, at, near (local proximity), at
Bei schlechtem Wetter fallt die Wanderung aus.– If the weather is bad, the trip will be cancelled.
seit - from (any time to the present)
Seit einem Monat ist er kaum zu Hause. He has rarely been at home for the last month.
außer - except
Alle außer Tina waren in der Ausstellung. Everyone except Tina was at the exhibition.
gegenüber - opposite
Gegenüber dem Kaufhaus ist eine Eisdiele. – Opposite the shopping center there is an ice cream parlor.
German prepositions working in two shifts
There were also such pretexts - which had to work very hard to feed their families. They worked day and night, both in Dative and in Accusative. Such a difficult fate they had.
Here they are, the poor ones: An, auf, hinter, neben, in, über, unter, vor, zwischen!
An - at, on
Siegehen an den Strand. - They go to the beach.
Sie spielen an dem Strand.- They are playing on the beach.
in - in
Ich gehe in das Haus.- I'm going home.
Ich wohne in dem Haus. - I live at home.
neben - about
Stell den Stuhl neben mich.- Put a chair next to me.
Der Stuhl steht neben mir. The chair is next to me.
vor - before
Ich fahre vor das Haus. - I'm driving in front of the house.
Es steht vor dem Haus. He is standing in front of the house.
Accusative prepositions went to work, answering the question where? And the dative required them to answer the question - where? It's not difficult, is it?
special pretext
And one of the pretexts was a jack-of-all-trades, a great hard worker - both the genitive, and the dative, and the accusative needed him. This preposition is entlang.
With the dative (less often with the genitive), the preposition works by standing in front of the noun: Entlang dem Weg (des Weges) stehen schöne Wochenendhäuser. There are beautiful country houses along the road.
It works with the accusative by becoming after the noun: Der Weg führt den Bach entlang. - The path runs along the stream.
Family prepositions
Prepositions even started families - and with whom? Mostly with articles and they even had babies: new prepositions!
And here's what they ended up with...
An + dem = am
bei + dem = beim
In + dem = im
von + dem = vom
zu + dem = zum
zu + der = zur
an + das = ans
durch + das = durchs
fur + das = furs
in + das = ins
um + das = ums
vor + dem = vorm
And some prepositions fled forever from the country of German prepositions and married - who would you think: and on verbs - look what it was like. And on nouns, and even on adjectives. Or in adverbs, producing such prepositional adverbs: dabei, davon, hiermit, wozu, etc. Everyone has their own destiny...
P.S. This was just an introductory article about prepositions, more details coming soon...
Prepositions refer to the service parts of speech, the task of which is to link words in a sentence by controlling these words. Prepositions can have a variety of meanings, which can, in particular, have a temporal and spatial coloring. Based on this, such prepositions designate time and place and, connecting with controlled words, answer the questions “when? – wann?”, “Where? – wo?”, “Where? — wohin?”, “Where from? – woher? and others.
Prepositions of place and time in German represent two large groups along with the third, which includes prepositions whose semantics contain abstract connections.
Prepositions of place in German
|
Preposition Management |
Where? — Wohin? |
Where? — Wo? |
Where? — Woher? |
|
Akkusative (accusativecase -Akk.) |
before - bis, through, through - durch, against - gegen, around, around - um | along — an … entlang, around, around - um, um … herum |
|
|
Dative (dativecase– D.) |
(in direction) to — nach, (in the direction) to - zu | from — ab, near, at, at, near, - bei, against gegenü
ber(can be before and after the controlled word), from - von … aus |
from - aus, from — von |
|
Genitiv (genitive case -G.) |
outside, outside ausserhalb, inside, in — innerhalb | ||
|
Prepositions with different administration |
on, at (vertical surface), about — an, on (horizontal surface) — auf, behind, behind, behind - hinter, along - entlang(can be before and after the controlled word), inside, in - in, next to, near, near - neben, above, above - ü ber, below, under - unter, in front, in front - vor, between - zwischen | ||
Prepositions with different controls can be distinguished by asking questions to the corresponding phrases: to the question “where? – wo? will answer the dative (Dativ), and the question “where? - wohin? – accusative (Akkusativ) case. For example:
- Du must richtig andeinemTisch sitzen! You must sit properly at your table! (Here the circumstance answers the question "where? - wo?", and, accordingly, Dativ is used).
- Setz dich an den Tisch und iss dein Abendbrot in Ruhe! “Sit down at the table and eat your dinner in peace!” (In this case, the circumstance answers the question "where? - wohin?", and, accordingly, Akkusativ is used).
The preposition "opposite - gegenüber" always comes after the pronoun, and when used with a noun, it can either precede it or follow it. For example:
- Gegenüber unserem Buro hat man eine moderne Schwimmhalle gebaut. = Unserem Buro gegenüber hat man eine moderne Schwimmhalle gebaut. – A modern swimming pool was built in front of our office.
- Ihm gegenüber ist ein schöner Wald. Opposite it is a beautiful forest.
The preposition "along - entlang" is quite special: perhaps this is the only German preposition that has not double, but triple control (Genitiv - Dativ - Akkusativ), for example:
- Sie ging schnell den Fluss entlang(Ack.). She walked quickly along the river bank.
- Diese Eisenbahn geht entlang dem Tunnel(D.). - This railway was laid along the tunnel.
- Diese Eisenbahn geht entlang des Tunnels(G.). - This railway was laid along the tunnel.
Prepositions of place in German, using which you can answer the question “where? -wohin?»
| Preposition of place + management | |
| before -bis (Akkusative) | In the meaning of this preposition lies the achievement of the final destination ("how far? - bis wohin?"). If the word that this final point denotes is used with an article, then another preposition indicating the case is added to "bis", for example:
|
| through -durch (Akkusativ) | The meaning of this preposition is to advance through something (“through what? - wodurch?”). For example:
|
| along– entlang (Genitiv, Dativ, Akkusativ) | This preposition conveys movement parallel to something and generally corresponds to the verb "to follow - folgen". In Genitiv, this preposition comes before the controlled word, and in Dativ and Akkusativ, after the word to which it refers, for example:
|
| against, with, on, about -gegen (Accusative) | This preposition conveys a movement that ends with some kind of contact with something (“with what? to what? etc. -wogegen?”), For example:
|
| around -um(Akkusative) | This preposition conveys a circular motion, in other words, a movement around something (“around what? - worum?”). For example:
|
| in -nach | When using this preposition, an indication is given of a change in location (“where? - wohin?”). The names of countries, continents, parts of the world and cities are used without the article, and when indicating the direction, adverbs are used. For example:
|
| to -zu | This preposition is used when changing the location of people, to indicate a goal, a place and its data. Nouns are used with articles. For example:
|
| to, on -an
(Accusative) |
This preposition is used when it comes to trips to all kinds of water bodies and to moving / finding something directly to any vertical surface, for example:
|
| on the -auf (Akkusative) | This preposition is used to indicate public institutions and events, regions and islands where someone is going. For example:
|
| in -in (Accusative) | This preposition is used to indicate regular visits to some places or a trip for a long time to any buildings, organizations, institutions, trips to regions, countries (with articles) to the mountains, as well as to indicate moving to a closed room or to any street. For example:
|
Prepositions of place in German, using which you can answer the question “where? -wo?»
| Preposition of place + management |
Meaning and features of use |
| along– an… entlang (Dativ) | The meaning of this preposition is an indication of the location of something or someone along something. For example:
|
| around– um, um… herum (Akkusativ) | This preposition contains an indication of something that is or happens around something, for example:
|
| from, from -ab (dative) | This preposition contains an indication of the starting point, for example:
|
| at, at, at, on -bei
(Dative) |
This preposition is used when it is necessary to indicate the location of a person or object near something, for some people, for work in a company. For example:
|
| against -gegnüber (Dativ) | This preposition can be placed before or after the name. When used with pronouns, it always comes after them. For example:
|
| With, from, from— von… aus (Dativ) | This preposition answers the question where? – von wo aus? and points to the beginning, starting point. For example:
|
| outside, beyond, beyond, beyondausserhalb (Dative) | This preposition indicates that something is outside a closed space. For example:
|
| within, within, withininnerhalb (Dative | This preposition indicates that something is in a closed space or within any framework. For example:
|
| at, near, at, on -an (Dative) | This preposition is used when we are talking about staying on all kinds of water bodies or when indicating being near a vertical surface. For example:
|
| on the -auf (Dative) | This preposition is used to indicate a location in public institutions, at events, in regions and on islands. For example:
|
| in -in (dative) | This preposition is used to indicate a regular or long-term stay in any places, buildings, organizations, institutions, regions, countries (with articles) in the mountains, as well as to indicate being indoors or on a street. For example:
|
Prepositions of place in German, using which you can answer the question where from? -woher?
| Preposition of place + management |
Meaning and features of use |
| from -aus | This preposition is used in such cases when the question “where? – wo? can be answered using the preposition "in". This preposition denotes origin or movement from a place. For example:
|
| from -von | This preposition is used in such cases when the question “where? – wo? can be answered using the preposition "an, bei, auf, zu". This preposition indicates the starting spatial point of any movement. For example:
This preposition can be used to replace "aus" in cases where the speaker wants to emphasize not the place, but the starting point, for example:
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