Social ecology. Social Ecology Subject

Social ecology - Scientific discipline, considering the relationship between society with geographic, social and cultural media, i.e. with a medium surrounding man. Communities of people in connection with their environment have a dominant social organization (levels from elementary social groups to humanity as a whole). The history of the emergence of society has long been studied by anthropologists and social sociologists.
The main goal of social ecology is to optimize the coexistence of a person and the environment on a systematic basis. A person, acting in this case as a society, making the subject of social ecology, large contingents of people decaying for individual groups depending on their social status, the genus of classes, age. Each of the groups, in turn, specific relationships are related to the environment within housing, places of recreation, garden plot, and so on.
Social ecology is the science of adapting subjects to processes in natural and artificial environments. Object of social ecology: subjective reality of subjects of different levels. Subject of social ecology: adaptation of subjects to processes in natural and artificial environments.
The purpose of social ecology as science is to create the theory of the evolution of the relationship between humans and nature, logic and methodology for converting the natural environment. Social ecology is designed to understand and help overcome the gap between man and nature, between humanitarian and natural scientific knowledge.
Social ecology identifies the patterns of the relationship between nature and society, which are just as fundamental as the patterns of physical.

But the complexity of the subject of the research, which includes three qualitatively different subsystems - non-fat and wildlife and human society, and the short time of the existence of this discipline lead to the fact that social ecology, at least at present, mainly empirical science, and it formulated by it Patterns are extremely aphoristic statements.
The concept of the law is interpreted by a majority of methodologies in the sense of unambiguous causal relationships. A wider interpretation of the concept of law as a diversity limitations gives cybernetics, and it is more suitable for social ecology that detects the fundamental limitations of human activity. The main of the laws can be formulated like this: the conversion of nature must comply with its adaptive capabilities.
One way to formulate socio-environmental patterns is the transfer of them from sociology and ecology. For example, as the basic law of social environment, the law of compliance of the productive forces and production relations of the state of the natural environment, which is a modification of one of the laws of political economy.
The fulfillment of the tasks of social ecology is subordinate to two directions: theoretical (fundamental) and applied. Theoretical social environment is aimed at studying the patterns of interaction between human society with the environment on the development of the general theory of their balanced interaction. The problem of identifying the coevolution patterns of modern industrial society and the nature of them is coming to the fore in this context.

Definition, thing, goal and tasks social ecology. Social ecology - Scientific discipline that considers the ratio of society with geographical social and cultural media, i.e. with a medium surrounding man.

Definition, thing, goal and tasks social ecology. Social ecology - Scientific discipline, considering the ratio of society with geographic, social ... More details.

Definition, thing, goal and tasks social ecology.
Theoretical function social ecology It has purpose First of all, the development of basic conceptual paradigms (examples) explaining the nature environmental development of society, man and ...

If there is a problem. If the application does not start on your phone - use this form. Thing forecasting goal and tasks Forecasting, mains definitions.

No less significant comparison of each other definitions social ecology and ecology
It is easy to see that a similar interpretation subject ecology man actual
Maintenance tasks social ecology Based on this may be defined...

social ecology
The organization of the environmental management system includes: Formation environmental politicians; definition goals, tasks, priorities of ecopolytics; Developing ...

2. Definition prevalence, symptoms and degree of manifestations of violations of speech.
Data solution tasks determines The course of speech therapy.

Enough download cheat sheets social ecology - And no exam is not afraid of you!
Ecological Audit is a systematic documented verification process of objectively obtained and evaluated audit data for definitions Compliance ...

Water resources are the stocks of water internal and territorial seas, lakes, rivers, reservoirs, Thing, target, tasks and the system of indicators of natural resources statistics.

Systemic analysis is designed to solve complex bad-solved tasks
it definition can be considered systemic definition subject area.
purpose System analysis - to find out these interactions, their potential and "send them to the person's service."

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Ecology Social - branch of science, exploring the relationship between human communities and the surrounding geographic-spatial, social and cultural environment, direct and side effects of production activities for the composition and environmental properties, environmental impact of anthropogenic, especially urbanized, landscapes, other environmental factors on The physical and mental health of the person and the genuofund of human populations, etc. Already in the 19th century, the American scientist D. P. Marsh, analyzing the diverse forms of destroying by a man of natural equilibrium, formulated the nature of nature conservation. French geographers of the 20th century (P. Vidal de la Blesz, J. Brun, 3. Martorne) developed the concept of a human geography, the subject of which is the study of a group of phenomena taking place on the planet and involved in human activity. In the works of representatives of the Dutch and French Geographic School of the 20th century (L. Fevr, M. Sorz), constructive geography, developed by Soviet scientists A. A. Grigoriev, I. P. Gerasimov, analyzes the impact of man on the geographical landscape, the embodiment of its activities in social space.

The development of geochemistry and biogeochemistry revealed the transformation of human production activities into a mighty geochemical factor, which served as the basis for the allocation of a new geological era - anthropogenic (Russian geologist A. P. Pavlov) or Psychozoic (American scientist Ch. Shukhurt). The teachings of V. I. Vernadsky about the biosphere and the noosphere is associated with a new look at the geological consequences of social activities of mankind.

A number of aspects of social ecology are also studied in historical geography exploring the relationship between ethnic groups and the natural environment. The formation of social ecology is associated with the activities of the Chicago school. The subject and status of social ecology are the object of discussion: it is determined either as a systemic understanding of the environment, or as a science on social mechanisms for the relationship of human society with the environment, or as a science that makes the emphasis on a person as a biological form (Homo Sapiens). Social ecology has significantly changed scientific thinking, having developed new theoretical approaches and methodological orientations from representatives of various sciences, contributing to the formation of new environmental thinking. Social ecology analyzes the natural environment as a differentiated system, the various components of which are located in dynamic equilibrium, considers the Earth's biosphere as an ecological niche of mankind, connecting the environment and human activity into a single system "Nature - Society", reveals the impact of a person to equilibrium natural ecosystems, sets the question On the management and rationalization of the relationship between human and nature. Environmental thinking is expressed in various advanced technology and production options. Some of them are associated with the moods of ecological pessimism and apartments (from Franz. Alarme - anxiety), with the revival of the reactionary romantic concepts of Roussersky, from the point of view of which the root cause of the environmental crisis itself is in itself scientific and technical progress, with the emergence of the doctrine "Organic Growth "," Sustainable state ", etc., considering it necessary to drastically restrict either generally suspend technical and economic development. In other embodiments, as opposed to this pessimistic assessment of the future mankind and the prospects of environmental management, projects of radical restructuring of technology, to get rid of it from miscalculations that led to environmental pollution (Alternative science and technology program, model of closed production cycles), creating new technical means and technological processes ( transport, energy, etc.), acceptable from an ecological point of view. The principles of social ecology find their expression and in the environmental economy, which takes into account costs not only for the development of nature, but also on the protection and restoration of the ecospheres, emphasizes the importance of criteria not only of profitability and productivity, but also the environmental substantiation of technical innovations, environmental control over planning Industry and environmental management. The environmental approach led to the exhaustion within the social ecology of the ecology of culture, in which ways to preserve and restore various elements of the cultural environment created by humanity throughout its history (architectural monuments, landscapes, etc.), and the eco-logic of science, in which is analyzed Geographical location of research centers, personnel, disproportions in a regional and nationwide network of research institutes, media, financing in the structure of scientific communities.

The development of social ecology has served as a powerful impulse of extending new values \u200b\u200bto humanity - conservation of ecosystems, relations to Earth as a unique ecosystem, causing and careful attitude towards the living, coevolution of nature and humanity, etc. The trends towards the environmental reorientation of ethics are found in various ethical concepts: The teachings of A. Swituer on a reverent attitude to life, ethics of the nature of the American ecologist O. Leopold, Space Ethics K. E. Tsiolkovsky, ethics of love for life developed by the Soviet biologist D. P. Filatov, and others.

The problems of social ecology are assumed to relate to the most acute and urgent, among the global problems of co-priority, on the solution of which the possibilities of the survival of both humanity itself and all living on Earth are dependent. A prerequisite for their decision is to recognize the priority of universal value, as the basis for wide international cooperation of various social, political, national, class and other forces in overcoming those environmental hazards, which are fraught with arms racing, uncontrolled scientific and technical progress, many anthropogenic effects on habitat. man.

At the same time, the problems of social ecology in specific forms are expressed in various natural and geographical and socio-economic parameters of the regions of the planet, at the level of specific ecosystems. Accounting for limited sustainability and ability to self-healing natural ecosystems, as well as their cultural value, is becoming an increasingly important factor in the design and implementation of human and society production activities. It is often forces it to refuse previously adopted programs for the development of the productive forces and the use of natural resources.

In general, the historically developing human activity in modern conditions acquires a new dimension - it cannot be considered truly reasonable, meaningful and appropriate if ignores the requirements and imperatives dictated by the environment.

A. P. Ogurtsov, B. G. Yudin

New philosophical encyclopedia. In four volumes. / In-t philosophy RAS. Scientifies. Tip: VS Stepin, A.A. Huseynov, G.Yu. Semigin. M., Thought, 2010, t.IV, p. 423-424.

Literature:

Marsh D. P. Man and Nature, Per. from English St. Petersburg, 1866; Dorst J. Before dying nature, per. With Franz. M., 1908; WATT K. Ecology and management of natural resources, per. from English M., 1971; Erenderd D. Nature and People, Per. from English M., 1973; The interaction of nature and society. Philosophical, geographical, environmental aspects of the problem. Sat Art. M., 1973; Man and environment of his habitat. - "VF", 1973, No. 1-4; Commoner B. Circling circle, lane. from English L., 1974; He is Profit technology, per. from English M., 1970; Ward B., Dubo R. Earth Only one, per. from English M., 1975; Budyka M. I. Glo-balloral ecology. M., 1977; Dynamic equilibrium of man and nature. Minsk, 1977; ODUM G., Odu E. Energy Base Checky and Nature, Per. from English M., 1978; Moiseev N. N., Alexandrov V. V., Tarkoa. M. man and biosphere. M., 1985; Problems of human ecology. M., 1986; ODUM Y. Ecology, per. from English, vol. 1-2. M "1986; Gorelov A. A. Social ecology. M., 1998; Park R. E. Human Communities. THE CITY AND HUMAN ECOLOGY. Glencoe, 1952; Perspectives en Ecologie Humaine. P., 1972; Ehrlich P. R., Ehrlch A. H., Holdrenj. P. Human Ecology: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS. S. F., 1973; LEXIKON DER UMWELTETHIK. GOTT.- DUSSELDORF, 1985.

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Ministry of EducationRussia

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

"RUSSIANSTATEHUMANITARIANUniversity »(RGU)

Institute of Economics, Management and Law

MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT

Essay by ecology

Social ecology

2nd courses

full-time learning

Potkin Tatyana Nikolaevna

Moscow 2012.

Introduction

1. Social ecology, its subject

1.1 Social Ecology Definitions

1.2 Subject study

1.3 The problem of developing a single understanding to the approach to understanding the subject of social ecology

1.4 Principles of Social Ecology

2. Stages of the development of social ecology

2.1 First stage

2.2 Second Stage

2.3 Third Stage

3. Environmental education

3.1 The essence of environmental education

3.2 Three components of Environmental Education

3.3 Main Directions Environmental Education

4. Technical process as a source of social and environmental problems

4.1 Conflict technology and ecology

4.2 Socio-environmental problems of modernity

4.3 Environmental content of the HTR

Conclusion

List of source and literature

Introduction

In the 60--70, it became obvious that the circle of problems of modern ecology was unusually expanded that it was no longer on the framework of traditional biological science - ecology, which for the first time mentioned in 1868. German biologist E. Geckel in the book "Natural The history of origin. " It would not fit at least because environmental tensions begins in the field of technology. Consequently, the technology and technical sciences are directly related to the environmental problem. But the socio-economic start is an even wider position that allows large-scale and comprehensively outlining the true circle of interests and problems of modern ecology.

The priority name was another - social ecology. This term introduced into the scientific turnover by Soviet philosophers was gained quite widespread, both in the USSR - Russia and in the West. Under it is understood as an interdisciplinary complex of management of the environment, the principles of organizing human activity, taking into account objective environmental laws.

The concept of social ecology is closely closed with the essence of the exercise of V. I. Vernadsky and T. De Sharden about the noosphere - the sphere of intelligence - the highest stage of the development of the biosphere associated with the emergence and formation of civilized humanity in it. It is the inseparableness of the latter from the biosphere, according to Vernadsky, to the main goal in building a noosphere. The task is to preserve the type of biosphere, in which a person arose and can exist as a view.

So, the question of the term "social ecology" is more or less clear. However, its content and structure continue to argue. It is clear that social ecology should imagine the relevant parts of the natural, public and technical sciences. According to this principle, a scheme of A. Bachinsky - Ecologist from Lviv was built.

Communication geography with ecology is traditional and diverse. In 20--30x, American geographers called the geography of human ecology, in the 30s the famous German geographer K. Troll introduced the term "geoecology" and already at 60--70s, he was widely distributed in the West. Finally, in the 70s, Academician V. B. Sochova wrote about the "human ecology as a key concept in geography." The term "geoecology" can be explained as follows: geographers deal with the structure and interaction of two main systems: an ecological (combining person and the environment) and the spatial (binding one area with another through a complex amount of streams). The synthesis of these two approaches is the essence of geoecology. Any global problem cannot be solved without its preliminary "regionalization", without a detailed consideration of the becoming and regional situation, finding specific ways to solve it in this place and in these conditions (natural, economic, social). It is not by chance that the first global models (D. Medos and others) were criticized precisely for the "total" globality, for the lack of "regionalization". However, another approach is possible to maximize generalization, the identification of universal and the most pressing problems of ecology - the Global. The inextricable relationship of such approaches is emphasized by the well-known slogan, widely used in the modern world - "think globally, to act locally."

1. Social ecology, its subject, Principles and problems

1 .1 Definitionssocialecology

Social ecology (or socioecology) is a complex of scientific disciplines, considering the relationship in the Society - Natural Environment system and developing the scientific basis to optimize the human life environment. The terminology in this area was not fully established. From the point of view of some scientists, social ecology must study the relationship between the Company with geographic, social and cultural media; According to the position of others, this is the section of human ecology, considering the relationship between social groups of society with nature, etc. At the same time, socioecology includes human ecology, in others - Socioecology itself is part of human ecology. Nevertheless, social ecology is a scientific direction recognized worldwide. Such status in the science system, it has achieved due to the elimination of biological determinism when determining its subject. This was facilitated by a change in understanding that ecology is not only natural, but also humanitarian science.

Social ecology analyzes the attitude of a person in the humanistic horizon inherent in it in terms of its compliance with the historical needs of human development, in the perspective of cultural justification and prospects, through the theoretical comprehension of the world in its general definitions, which express the measure of the historical unity of man and nature. Any scientist considers the main concepts of the problem of interaction between society and nature through the prism of their science. The conceptual-categorical apparatus of socioecology is formed, develops and improved. This process is diverse and covers all sides of socioecology not only in objective, but also on the subjective plan, reflecting scientific creativity peculiarly and affecting the evolution of scientific interests and searches for both individual scientists and entire groups.

1 .2 Thingstudiessocialecology

The subject of studying social ecology is to identify the patterns of development of this system, value-ideological, sociocultural, legal and other prerequisites and conditions for its sustainable development. That is, the subject of social ecology is the relationship in the Society-Man-Natural Environment Society.

In this system, all elements and subsystems are homogeneous, and the relations between them determine its immutability and structure. The object of social ecology is the Society-Nature Society.

1 .3 Problemdevelopmentunitedapproachtounderstandsubjectsocialecology

One of the most important problems facing the researchers at the present stage of the formation of social ecology is the development of a single approach to understanding its subject. Despite the obvious progress achieved in the study of various aspects of human relations, society and nature, as well as a significant number of publications on social and environmental issues, which appeared in the past two to three decades in our country and abroad, on the issue of What exactly studies this branch of scientific knowledge is still different opinions.

In the school handbook "Ecology" A.P. Oshmararina and V.I. Oshmarina is given two options for the definition of social ecology: in a narrow sense, under it, the science "On the interaction of human society with the environment", and in broad science "On the interaction of a separate person and human society with natural, social and cultural media". It is clear that the speech in each of the presented cases of interpretation is about various sciences applying for the right to be called a "social environment". No less significant comparison of the definitions of social ecology and human ecology. According to the same source, the latter is defined as: "1) Science on the interaction of human society with nature; 2) the ecology of the human person; 3) Ecology of human populations, including the doctrine of ethnic groups. " Almost complete identity of the definition of social ecology, understood by "in a narrow sense", and the first version of the interpretation of human ecology is noticed.

The desire for the actual identification of these two sectors of scientific knowledge is indeed characteristic of foreign science, but it is quite often exposed to the criticism of domestic scientists. S. N. Solmin, in particular, indicating the feasibility of breeding social ecology and human ecology, limits the subject of the last consideration of the socio-hygienic and medical and genetic aspects of human relations, society and nature. With a similar interpretation of the object of human ecology, Solidarna V.A. Bukuzalov, L.V. Bogdanova and some other researchers, but categorically disagree N.A. Agadzhanyan, V.P. Treaschairs and N.F. Reimers, in the opinion of which, this discipline covers a significantly wider range of issues of the interaction of the anthrophosystem (considered at all levels of its organization from an individual to humanity as a whole) with the biosphere, as well as with the internal biosocial organization of human society. It is easy to note that such an interpretation of the human ecology object actually equates it to social ecology, understood in a broad sense. This situation is largely due to the fact that there is currently a stable tendency to bring the approximation of these two disciplines, when the interpenetration of objects of two sciences and their mutual enrichment is observed due to the sharing of empirical material accumulated in each of them, as well as methods and technologies of socio-ecological and anthropoecological studies.

Today, an increasing number of researchers tend to expand the interpretation of the subject of social ecology. So, according to D.Zh. Markovich, the subject of studying the modern social ecology, understood by him as private sociology, are specific connections between man and their habitat. The main tasks of social ecology on the basis of this can be determined as follows: studying the effect of habitat as a totality of natural and public factors per person, as well as the influence of a person on the environment, perceived as a framework of human life.

A somewhat different, but not contradictory, the interpretation of the subject of social ecology gives T.A. Akimova and V.V. Huskin. From their point of view, social ecology as part of a person's ecology is a complex of scientific sectors that study the connection of public structures (starting from the family and other small public groups), as well as the connection of a person with a natural and social medium of their habitat. Such an approach seems to us more correct, for it does not limit the subject of social ecology by the framework of sociology or any other individual humanitarian discipline, and it emphasizes its interdisciplinary.

Some researchers in determining the subject of social ecology are inclined to emphasize the role that this young science is designed to play in harmonizing the relationship between humanity with their habitat. According to E. V. Giirova, social ecology should be studied, first of all, the laws of society and nature, under which he understands the laws of self-regulation of the biosphere, implemented by a person in his vital activity.

1 .4 Principlessocialecology

· Humanity, like any population, cannot grow infinitely.

· Society in its development should take into account the measure of biosphere phenomena.

· Sustainable development of society depends on the timeliness of the transition to alternative resources and technologies.

· Any conversion company's activities should be based on an environmental forecast.

· Mastering nature should not reduce the diversity of the biosphere and worsen the quality of people's life.

· Sustainable development of civilization depends on the moral qualities of people.

· Everyone is responsible for their actions before the future.

· We must think globally, act locally.

· Unity of nature obliges humanity to cooperate.

2. Stages of the development of social ecology

2 .1 First stage

The demographic explosion and scientific and technical revolution led to a colossal increase in the consumption of natural resources. Thus, in the world, 3.5 billion tons of oil and 4.5 billion tons of stone and brown coal are produced annually. Under such pace of consumption, the exhaustion of many natural resources in the near future became apparent. At the same time, the waste of giant industries began to more and more pollute the environment, destroying the health of the population. In all industrialized countries, cancer, chronic light and cardiovascular diseases received great distribution. The first to the alarm of scientists.

The point of reference of modern social ecology can be called released in 1961 the book R. Karson "Silent Spring", dedicated to the negative environmental consequences of the use of DDT. Background writing this work is very indicative. The transition to the cultivation of monocultures requested the use of pesticides to combat so-called pests of agriculture. The order received by chemists was performed and a potent preparation with the desired properties is synthesized. The author of the invention, the Swiss scholar Müller in 1947 received the Nobel Prize, but after a very short time it became clear that DDT strikes not only harmful views, but, having the ability to accumulate in lively fabrics, destructively acts on all living things, including the human body. Freely moving into large spaces and with difficulty decomposing the drug was found even in the liver of Antarctica Penguins. From the book R. Carson began the stage of accumulation of data on the negative environmental consequences of the HTR, which showed that the environmental crisis is held on our planet.

The first stage of social ecology can be called empirical, as the collection of empirical data obtained by observation prevailed. This direction of environmental studies has subsequently led to global monitoring, i.e. Observing and collecting data on the environmental situation on the whole of our planet.

Since 1968, the Italian economist of Aurelio Pecheci has become annually to collect large professionals from different countries to discuss the issues of future civilization in Rome. These meetings received the name of the Roman Club. In the first reports, the Roman Club were successfully applied to the study of the development of society global processes imitation mathematical methods developed by Professor Massachusetts Institute of Technology Jeide Forrester. Forrester used research methods created and used in natural and technical sciences, to study evolution processes, both in nature and in society leaving on a global scale. On this basis, the concept of global dynamics was built. For the first time, the social forecast was taken into account the components that could be called environmental: the final nature of mineral resources and the limited possibilities of natural complexes to absorb and neutralize waste of human production activities.

If the previous predictions that took into account only traditional trends (production growth, consumption growth and population growth) were optimistic, then the accounting of environmental parameters immediately translated the global forecast for the pessimistic version, showing the inevitability of the downward line of the Company by the end of the first third of the XXI century due to The ability to exhaust mineral resources and excessive pollution of the natural environment. So for the first time in science, the problem of the possible end of civilization was not in the distant future, which was repeatedly prevented by various prophets, and for a very specific period of time and at quite specific and even prosaic reasons. There was a need for such a knowledge of knowledge that thoroughly investigated the discovered problem and found out the way to prevent the upcoming catastrophe.

2 .2 Secondthisp

In 1972, the book "Growth Limits" was published, prepared by the group by D. Mededez, created the first so-called "models of the world", which marked the beginning of the second model stage of social ecology. The special success of the book "Limits of growth" is defined as a futurological orientation of it and sensational conclusions, there, and the fact that for the first time the material concerning the most different parties to human activity was assembled into a formal model and studied using a computer. In the "world models", five major trends in world development are the rapid growth of the population, the accelerated rates of industrial growth, the widespread dissemination of the insufficient food zone, the exhaustion of irrepustible resources and environmental pollution - were considered in relation to each other. The authors of the "growth limits" proposed a cardinal decision to overcome the threat of an ecological catastrophe - to stabilize the population of the planet and at the same time investing capital at a constant level. Such a state of "global equilibrium", according to the medical group, does not mean stagnation, because human activity that does not require much expensive expensive resources and does not lead to degradation of the environment (science, art, education, sport) may indeed progress. Supporters of "global equilibrium" do not take into account, however, the fact that the growing technical power of a person, which increases its ability to withstand natural disasters (earthquakes, eruptions of volcanoes, sharp climate change, etc.), with which he is not able to cope with It is stimulated by the production objectives at least at the present time.

The assumption that the government of all countries can be forced or persuade maintaining the population at a constant level is clearly unrealistic, and hence, among other things, the impossibility of making a proposal to stabilize industrial and agricultural production. You can talk about the limits of growth in certain directions, but not about absolute limits. The task is to predict the hazards of growth in any directions and the choice of ways of flexible reorientation of development for it is possible to fully implement the goals.

2 . 3 The third stage

After the international conference on the problems of the planet, the Earth in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, which was attended by chapter 179 of states and on which the world community was first developed a coordinated development strategy, we can talk about the beginning of the third global-political stage of social ecology.

3. Environmental education

3 .1 Essenceenvironmental Education

Environmental education is a purposeful effect on the person at all stages of its life with the help of a deployed system of means and methods, which intends to form an environmental consciousness, environmental culture, environmental behavior, environmental responsibility. The need to educate certain installations of behavior in relation to nature has arisen in humanity at the most long-standing stages of its development.

One of the most important tasks of environmental education is the formation of environment users, each citizen and in society as a whole, resistant installations for rational environmental management, the ability to see the decision of certain problems, the environmental consequences of interference in natural processes, a sense of responsibility to the current and future generations for the influence of their own actions On the ability of nature to be a human existence.

Environmental education is a continuous process of studying, education, self-education, accumulation of experience and personal development, aimed at the formation of value orientations, behavioral standards and special knowledge, regarding the preservation of the environment and environmental management implemented in environmentally sound activities. It is very important for understanding the specifics of environmental education is the thesis that it should not speak only by a prohibition system for those or other actions. In addition to calls that nature should love and protect, it is necessary to learn to literate and professionally integrated environmental management.

3 .2 Threecompoundenvironmental Education

With a more detailed consideration in the process of environmental education, it is possible to distinguish three relatively independent, both the methods and the objectives of the components of: environmental education, environmental education and actually ecological education. They are certain stages in the process of continuous environmental education in a wide sense.

Environmental educational is the first degree in environmental education. It is intended to form the first, elementary knowledge about the peculiarities of the relationship between society and nature, the environmental suitability for the habitat of a person, about the influence of human production activities on the world around.

Environmental education is a psychological and pedagogical process of influence on a person whose goal is to form the theoretical level of environmental consciousness, which in a systematized form displays a variety of parties to the unity of the world, the patterns of the dialectical unity of society and nature, certain knowledge and practical skills of rational environmental management.

The purpose of environmental education is to arm a person with knowledge in the field of natural, technical and social sciences, on the features of the interaction of society and nature, develop the ability to understand and evaluate specific actions and situations.

The highest level is the environmental education - the psychological and pedagogical process, the purpose of which is the formation of an individual not only scientific knowledge, but also certain beliefs, moral principles, which determine its life position and behavior in the field of environmental protection and the rational use of natural resources, environmental culture Individual citizens and the whole society, in general, in the process of environmental education, a certain system of environmental values \u200b\u200bis being formed, which will determine the leaning human attitude to nature, will encourage it to solve the problem of the global environmental crisis. It first, it provides for not only the transfer of knowledge, but also the formation of beliefs, readiness of the person, to concrete actions, and secondly, includes knowledge and ability to exercise a rational environmental use next to nature.

The specificity of environmental education is to develop an ideological attitude towards a complex, holistic system "Nature Society", the attitude of the personality to which is impossible without effective, direct and mediated participation in its operation. The complex nature of environmental education floates from the specifics of the object of displaying environmental consciousness at the level of both public and personal, its functioning.

The basic principle of environmental education is the principle of material unity of the world, which organically includes the problem of social environmental education into the system of formation of scientific worldview. Among others, it is also possible to allocate the principles of complexity, continuity, patriotism, combinations of personal and common interests.

3 .3 Maintenancedirectionsenvironmentaleducation

In the system of environmental education, these main directions can be distinguished:

1. Political. Its important methodological principle is the provision on the compliance of relations dominating in society and the relatives of nature in it, which floates social ecology from the basic law. This direction contributes to the formation of environmental consciousness and environmental culture and scientific approach to the assessment of both specific environmental issues in various socio-political systems and the nature of these systems themselves.

2. Naturally scientific. It is based on a scientific understanding of the inextricable unity of society and nature. The society is inextricably linked with nature, both its origin and existence. In social terms, society is associated with nature by production, without which it cannot exist. Nature creates potential conditions to satisfy the person of his material and spiritual needs. These needs are implemented only by expedient activities. In the process of production, a person creates its own streams of substance and energy, which disorganized existing in nature and are ground the cycles of the energy and metabolism of the exchange by billions of years. Thus, there is a violation of the mechanisms of self-reproduction of the main qualitative parameters of the biosphere, those objective conditions that ensure the existence of a person as a biological creature. These violations are generated by the limited knowledge of the laws of nature development, inability to take into account all possible consequences of human activity.

3. Legal. Environmental knowledge, processing and action, should be closely combined with the active participation of the individual in compliance with them and the environmental norms of environmental legislation themselves, in which public interests should be reflected. The state as the main mechanism of regulation and coordination of the common interests of individual and society in their relations with nature has an exceptional right not only to create environmental legislation, but also forced actions regarding individuals or their groups aimed at complying with these laws.

This direction is closely related to the formation of environmental responsibility, and not only legal, but also moral.

4. Moral aesthetic. The modern environmental situation requires a new moral orientation from humanity in relations with nature, revising certain norms of human behavior in the surrounding natural environment. In societies that are located on the industrial stage of development, morality orients natural resources on the predatory operation of natural resources, to ensure the needs of members of society, not believable with the environmental consequences of production activities. When moving to the industrial stage of development, when a qualitative leap in the productive forces occurs, the formation of an ecological imperative, which should be the norm of moral regulation of specific methods of developing nature, is one of the most urgent requirements.

5. WORLD. Environmental education cannot be effective, without forming an appropriate basis for the foundation of the worldview. In order for the individual to actually take part in eliminating the threat of an environmental crisis, so that it becomes its internal need, its ability to give scientifically based answers to the question of the essence of the world, nature, man, about the purpose of the nature of the world, nature and the conversion of the surrounding natural Peace, the meaning of human being.

The main goal of environmental education is the formation of an environmental culture, which should include an ecological imperative, a system of environmental values \u200b\u200band environmental responsibility.

4. Technical process as a source of socio-environmental problems

4 .1 Conflicttechnologiesandecology

If our ancestors limited their activities only to the adaptation to nature and the assignment of its finished products, they would never have come out of the animal state in which they were initially found. Only in confrontation between nature, in constant struggle with it and the transformation, respectively, its needs and goals could be formed by the essence of the animal to man. The person was not generated by nature alone, as is often alleged. The beginning of a person could only give such a not quite natural form of activity as work, the main feature of which is the manufacture of some objects (products) with the help of other objects (guns). It was the work that became the basis of human evolution.

Labor activity, giving a person with the enormous advantages in the struggle for survival in front of the rest of the animals, at the same time put it before the danger of becoming with the time of force capable of destroying the natural environment of his own life.

It would be wrong to think that environmental crises provoked by the activities of a person became possible only with the appearance of complex techniques and strong demographic growth. One of the most severe environmental crises took place at the beginning of Neolithic. Having learned quite well to hunt animals, first of all the major, people with their actions led to the disappearance of many of them, including mammoths. As a result, the food resources of the set of human communities have sharply reduced, and this, in turn, led to mass extinction. According to various calculations, the population decreased by 8-10 times. It was a colossal ecological crisis that has grown into a socio-ecological catastrophe. The exit from it was found on the ways of transition to agriculture, and then to livestock, to a tremendous lifestyle. Thus, the ecological niche of the existence and development of mankind has significantly expanded, which the agrarian and craft revolution contributed to the decisive extent, which led to the emergence of qualitatively new tools of labor, which allowed many times to increase the impact of a person on the environment. It turned out to be completed by the era of the "animal life" of man, he began "actively and purposefully interfere in natural processes, rebuild natural biogeochemical cycles."

The pollution of nature has acquired significant sizes and intensity only during the period of industrialization and urbanization, which led to significant civilizational changes and the mismatch of economic and environmental development. This mismatch has acquired dramatic scales since the 50s. Our century, when fast and so far, the unthinkable development of productive forces caused such changes in nature, which lead to the destruction of biological prerequisites of human and society's life. The person created technology, denying the forms of life in nature. The use of these technologies leads to an increase in entropy, denial of life. The conflict between technology and the environment has its own source in a person itself, which is both a natural being, and a technological development carrier.

4 .2 Social and environmentalproblemsmodern

The environmental problems of modernity in their scale can be conditionally divided into local, regional and global and demand for their decisions of unequal funds and various across scientific developments. An example of a local environmental problem is a plant that is dropping its promotions, harmful to people's health without cleaning into the river. This is a violation of the law. Nature Organs or the public should be fined to finish such a factory and under the threat of closing to force it to build treatment facilities. In this particular science is not required.

An example of regional environmental problems can be the Kuzbass - almost closed in the mountains of a basin, filled with gas coke ovens and smokes of the metallurgical giant, or drying up the Aral Sea with a sharp deterioration of the environmental situation on all its periphery, or high soil radioactivity in areas adjacent to Chernobyl.

To solve such problems, scientific research is already needed. In the first case, the development of rational absorption methods of flue and gas aerosols, in the second - accurate hydrological studies to develop recommendations to increase the drain in the Aral Sea, in the third - clarifying the impact on the health of the population of the long exposure to weak radiation doses and the development of soil deactivation methods.

However, anthropogenic impact on nature has reached such a scale that there were problems of a global nature, which no one could suspect several decades ago. The atmosphere pollution occurs in a rapid pace. While the main fuel combustion is the main means of obtaining energy, so every year the consumption of oxygen increases, and carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, as well as a huge amount of soot, dust and harmful aerosols are incurred.

The sharp warming of the climate began in the second half of the twentieth century is a reliable fact. The average temperature of the surface layer of the air compared to 1956-1957, when the first international geophysical year was conducted, increased by 0.7 ° C. There is no warming equator, but the closer to the poles, the more noticeable. It reaches 2 ° C. In the North Pole, the watershed water warmed at 1 ° C and ice cover began to lifted the bottom4. Some scientists believe that warming is the result of burning the huge mass of organic fuel and isolation into the atmosphere of large amounts of carbon dioxide, which is greenhouse, i.e. It makes it difficult to return heat from the surface of the earth. Others, referring to climate change in historical time, consider the anthropogenic climate warming factor with insignificant and bind this phenomenon with the amplification of solar activity.

No less difficult is the ecological problem of the ozone layer. The depletion of the ozone layer is a much more dangerous reality for all living on Earth than the fall of some super-brook meteorite. Ozone does not allow dangerous outer radiation to the surface of the Earth. If it were not ozone, these rays would destroy everything alive. Studies of the reasons for the depletion of the ozone layer of the planet did not give the final responses to all questions. The rapid growth of the industry, accompanied by the global pollution of the natural environment, was sulled sharply set the problem of raw materials. Of all the types of resources in the first place for an increase in the needs for it and the increase in the deficit is fresh water. 71% of the entire surface of the planet is occupied by water, but fresh water is only 2% of the total, and almost 80% of fresh water are in the ice cover of the Earth. In most industrial areas, there is not enough water, and its deficit is growing every year. In the future, it is anxious and with another natural resource, which was previously inexhaustible - atmosphere oxygen. When burning photosynthesis products of past epochs - combustible fossils, the binding to free oxygen in the compound.

4 .3 Environmentalcontentscientific and technical Revolution

The basis of the interaction of the natural environment and human society in the process of manufacturing material goods is the increase in indirectness in human production towards nature. Step by step, the person places among themselves and the nature first transformed with its energy substance (tools of labor), then transformed with the equipment of labor and accumulated energy (steam machines, electrical installations, etc.) and, finally, recently between The third major mediation link arises by man and nature - transformed with electronic computing information information. Thus, the development of civilization is ensured by a continuous expansion of the scope of material production, which covers the tools first, then energy and, finally, recently, information.

With the first place of mediation (making tools of labor), a jump from the world of animals to the social world is connected, with the second (the use of power plants) - a jump in the highest form of a class and antagonistic society, with the third (creating and use of information devices) is due to the proceedability of the transition to society A new state in the intermediary relationship, since for the first time the possibility of a sharp increase in the free time of people for their full and harmonious development appears. In addition, the scientific and technical revolution necessitates a qualitatively new attitude towards nature, as those contradictions between society and nature are exacerbated to the extreme degree, which previously existed in implicit form.

At the same time, restriction began to affect the energy sources of labor, which remained natural. There was a contradiction between new (artificial) means of treating a substance and old (natural) energy sources. The search for methods for resolving the resulting contradiction led to the discovery and use of artificial energy sources. But the very decision of the energy problem spawned a new contradiction between artificial methods of treating the substance and the production of energy, on the one hand, and natural (using the nervous system) by processing information - on the other. The search for methods for removing this restriction was activated, and the problem was solved with the invention of countable solving machines. Now, finally, all three natural factor (substance, energy, information) turned out to be covered by artificial means of their use by man. Thus, all natural restrictions were discontinued for the development of production, inherently inherent in this process.

Conclusion

Social ecology studies the structure, features and trends in the functioning of special kind of objects, objects of the so-called "second nature", i.e. objects artificially created by a human object interacting with the environment. It is the existence of the "second nature" in the overwhelming majority of cases generates environmental problems arising at the junction of environmental and social systems. These, socioecological problems in their essence and act as an object of a socioecological study.

Social ecology as science has its own specific tasks and functions. Its main tasks are: a study of the relationship between human communities and the surrounding geographically-spatial, social and cultural environment, a direct and side effect of production activities for the composition and properties of the environment. Social ecology considers the Biosphere of the Earth as an ecological niche of mankind, associating the environment and human activity into a single system "Nature - Society", reveals the impact of a person to the equilibrium of natural ecosystems, studies issues of management and rationalization of human and nature relationships. The task of social ecology as science is also to offer such effective ways to exposure to the environment, which would not only prevent catastrophic consequences, but also allowed to significantly improve the biological and social conditions for the development of a person and all living on Earth.

Studying the causes of human habitat degradation and measures for its protection and improvement, social ecology should contribute to the expansion of the field of human freedom due to the creation of more humane relations both to nature and other people.

List of sources and literature

1. BANBA, V.R. Social Ecology: Textbook / V.R. BANBA - M.: Higher School, 2004. - 310 p.

2. Gorelov Anatoly Alekseevich. Social ecology / A. A. Gorelov. - M.: Mosk. Lyceum, 2005. - 406 p.

3. Mafeev, V.I. Social Ecology: Tutorial for universities / V.I. Malofeev - M.: Dashkov and K, 2004.- 260 p.

4. Markov, Yu.G. Social ecology. Interaction of society and nature: Tutorial / Yu.G. Markov - Novosibirsk: Siberian University Publishing House, 2004.- 544 p.

5. Sitarov, V.A. Social Ecology: Study Guide for Student Higher. Ped. studies. establishments // V.A.Sitarov, V.V. Pustovytov. - M.: Academy, 2000. - 280 p.

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Topic: Item, Tasks, History of Social Ecology

Plan

1. Concepts "Social Ecology"

1.1. The object, tasks of ecology.

2. Formation of social ecology as science

2.1. Evolution of man and ecology

3. Place of social ecology in the system of sciences

4. Social Ecology Methods

Social ecology is a scientific discipline that considers the relationship in the Society-Nature system, which studies the interaction and relationship between human society with the natural environment (Nikolai Reimers).

But this definition does not reflect the specifics of this science. Social ecology is currently being formed as a private independent science with a specific subject of research, namely:

the composition and features of the interests of social layers and groups operating natural resources;

perception of various social layers and groups of environmental problems and measures to regulate environmental management;

accounting and use in the practice of environmental measures of the features and interests of social layers and groups

Thus, social ecology is the science of the interests of social groups in the field of environmental management.

Tasks of social ecology

The purpose of social ecology is to create the theory of the evolution of the relationship between human and nature, logic and methodology for converting the natural environment. Social ecology is designed to understand and help overcome the gap between man and nature, between humanitarian and natural scientific knowledge.

Social ecology as a science should establish scientific laws, certificates of objectively existing necessary and significant relationships between phenomena, the signs of which are general, the constancy and possibility of their foresight, it is necessary to thus formulate the basic laws of the interaction of elements in the Society - Nature system to allowed to establish a model of optimal interaction of items in this system.

Installation of social environmental laws should first indicate those of them that proceeded from the understanding of society as an environmental subsystem. First of all, these are laws that in the thirties were formulated by Bauer and Vernadsky.

First Law It suggests that the geochemical energy of living matter in the biosphere (including humanity as the highest manifestation of living matter, endowed with the mind) tends to the maximum expression.

Second Law It contains a statement that during evolution there are those types of living beings that increase their biogenic geochemical energy to their livelihoods.

Social ecology identifies the patterns of the relationship between nature and society, which are equally fundamental, as well and patterns are physical. But the complexity of the subject of the research, which includes three qualitatively different subsystems - non-fat and wildlife and human society, and the short time of the existence of this discipline lead to the fact that social ecology, at least at present, mainly empirical science, and it formulated by it Patterns are extremely general aphoristic statements (such as "laws" of Commemor).

Law 1. Everything is connected with everything. This law postulates the unity of the world, he tells us about the need to look and study the natural origins of events and phenomena, the occurrence of their chains, the stability and variability of these connections, the appearance of breaks and new links in them, stimulates to study these breaks to heal, as well as predict the course of events .

Law 2. Everything must go somewhere. It is easy to see that this is essentially simply rephrased by the well-known conservation laws. In the most primitive form, this formula can be interpreted as follows: Matter does not disappear. The law should be distributed to the information and the spiritual. This law aims us to study the environmental trajectories of the movement of nature elements.

Law 3. Nature knows better. Any major human intervention in natural systems is harmful to her. This law seems to separate a person from nature. Its essence is that everything that has been created before man and without a person is a product of long trial and errors, the result of a complex process based on factors such as abundance, ingenuity, indifference to individuals with a comprehensive desire for unity. In its formation and development, nature has developed a principle: what is going, then it is understood. In nature, the essence of this principle is that not a single substance cannot be synthesized if there is no means to destroy it. This is based on the entire cyclic mechanism. The person in its activity does not always provide for this.

Law 4. Nothing is given in vain. In other words, you have to pay for everything. Essentially, this is the second law of thermodynamics, talking about the presence in the nature of fundamental asymmetry, i.e., unidirectionalities of all spontaneous processes occurring in it. In the interaction of thermodynamic systems with the environment, there are only two ways to transmit energy: heat and operation. The law suggests that in order to increase its internal energy, natural systems create the most favorable conditions - they are "duties" do not take. All the work produced without loss can go to heat and replenish the internal energy of the system. But, if we do the opposite, that is, we want to work at the expense of the internal energy of the system, i.e., through the warmth, we must pay. All the warmth turn into work is impossible. Any heat machine (technical device or natural mechanism) has a refrigerator, which, as a tax inspector, collects duty. Thus, the law states that you can not live for free.Even the most common analysis of this truth shows that we live in debt, as we pay less than the real value of the goods. But, as you know, the growth of debt leads to bankruptcy.

The concept of the law is interpreted by a majority of methodologies in the sense of unambiguous causal relationships. A wider interpretation of the concept of law as a diversity limitations gives cybernetics, and it is more suitable for social ecology that detects the fundamental limitations of human activity. It would be ridiculous to put forward as a gravitational imperative that a person should not jump from a high height, because death in this case waits inevitably. But the adaptive capabilities of the biosphere, allowing to compensate for the violation of environmental patterns to achieve a certain threshold, make environmental imperatives necessary. The main one can be formulated as follows: the conversion of nature must comply with its adaptation capabilities.

One way to formulate socio-environmental patterns is the transfer of them from sociology and ecology. For example, as the basic law of social environment, the law of compliance of the productive forces and production relations of the state of the natural environment, which is a modification of one of the laws of political economy. The patterns of social ecology proposed on the basis of the study of ecosystems, we will consider after familiarization with the environment.

Formation of social ecology as science

In order to better present the subject of social ecology, it should be considered the process of its occurrence and design as an independent sector of scientific knowledge. In fact, the emergence and subsequent development of social ecology were a natural consequence of the increasing interest of representatives of various humanitarian disciplines ¾ of sociology, economic science, political science, psychology, etc., ¾ to the problems of human interaction and the environment.

The appearance of Temin "Social Ecology" is obliged to American researchers, representatives of the Chicago School of Social Psychologists ¾ R. Parkand E. Berjesu,for the first time, the authors used him in its work for the first time in 1921 in 1921. The authors used him as a synonym for the concept of "human ecology". The concept of "social ecology" was intended to emphasize that this context is not about biological, but about the social phenomenon, which, however, is biological characteristics.

In our country, by the end of the 70s, conditions also developed for the allocation of social and environmental issues into an independent direction of interdisciplinary research. A significant contribution to the development of domestic social ecology has been made , and etc.

and in a broad ¾ science "On the interaction of a separate person and human society with natural, social and cultural media." It is clear that the speech in each of the presented cases of interpretation is about various sciences applying for the right to be called a "social environment". No less significant comparison of the definitions of social ecology and human ecology. According to the same source, the latter is defined as: "1) Science on the interaction of human society with nature; 2) the ecology of the human person; 3) Ecology of human populations, including the doctrine of ethnic groups. " Almost complete identity of the definition of social ecology, understood by "in a narrow sense", and the first version of the interpretation of human ecology is noticed. The desire for the actual identification of these two sectors of scientific knowledge is indeed characteristic of foreign science, but it is quite often exposed to the criticism of domestic scientists. In particular, indicating the feasibility of breeding social ecology and human ecology, limits the subject of the last consideration of the socio-hygienic and medical and genetic aspects of human relations, society and nature. With a similar interpretation of the ecology of a person with a solidarity, and some other researchers, but categorically disagree, and, in the opinion of which, this discipline covers a significantly wider range of anthroposystem issues (considered at all levels of its organization ¾ from individual to humanity as a whole) with biosphere, as well as with the internal biosocial organization of human society. It is easy to note that such an interpretation of the human ecology object actually equates it to social ecology, understood in a broad sense. This situation is largely due to the fact that there is currently a stable tendency to bring the approximation of these two disciplines, when the interpenetration of objects of two sciences and their mutual enrichment is observed due to the sharing of empirical material accumulated in each of them, as well as methods and technologies of socio-ecological and anthropoecological studies.

Today, an increasing number of researchers tend to expand the interpretation of the subject of social ecology. So, according to, the subject of studying the modern social ecology, understood by him as private sociology, are specific links between man and their habitat.The main tasks of social ecology on the basis of this can be determined as follows: studying the effect of habitat as a totality of natural and public factors per person, as well as the influence of a person on the environment, perceived as a framework of human life.

A somewhat different, but not contradictory, the interpretation of the subject of social ecology gives and. From their point of view, social ecology as part of the human ecology is a complex of scientific sectors studying the relationship of public structures (starting from the family and other small public groups), as well as the connection of a person with a natural and social environment of their habitat.Such an approach seems to us more correct, for it does not limit the subject of social ecology by the framework of sociology or any other individual humanitarian discipline, and it emphasizes its interdisciplinary.

Some researchers in determining the subject of social ecology are inclined to emphasize the role that this young science is designed to play in harmonizing the relationship between humanity with their habitat. According to, social ecology should first of all the laws of society and the nature, under which he understands the laws of self-regulation of the biosphere, implemented by a person in his vital activity.

The history of the emergence and development of environmental representations of people is rooted in deep antiquity. Knowledge of the environment and the nature of relationships with it have gained practical significance at the dawn of the human type.

The process of becoming a labor and public organization of primitive people, the development of their mental and collective activities created the basis for awareness not only the very fact of its existence, but also for an increasing understanding of the dependence of this existence, both from the conditions within its public organization and external natural conditions. The experience of our distant ancestors is constantly enriched and passed from generation to generation, helping a person in his daily struggle for life.

Approximately 750. thousand years agopeople themselves learned to breed the fire, equip primitive dwellings, mastered ways to protect against weather and enemies. Thanks to these knowledge, the person was able to significantly expand the areas of his habitat.

Beginning with 8th millennium BC e.in Front Asia, various methods of processing Earth and growing crops begin to practice. In the countries of Central Europe, this kind of agrarian revolution occurred in 6 ¾ 2nd millennia BC e.As a result, a large number of people moved to a settled lifestyle, in which there was an urgent need for deeper climate observations, in the ability to predict the change of the seasons and weather changes. By the same time, the discovery of the dependence of weather phenomena from astronomical cycles.

Special interest Thinkers of ancient Greece and Rome Show the origin and development of life on Earth, as well as to identify bonds of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world. So, ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician and astronomer Anaxagor (500.¾428 BC er) He put forward one of the first theories of the origin of the world famous at that time and inhabiting his living beings.

Ancient Greek philosopher and doctor EmPedocl (approx. 487¾ ok. 424s. BC er) More attention paid a description of the process of the emergence and subsequent development of earthly life.

Aristotle (384 ¾322 BC er) Created the first of the known animal classifications, and also laid the foundations of descriptive and comparative anatomy. Defending the idea of \u200b\u200bthe unity of nature, he argued that all the more advanced species of animals and plants occurred from less perfect, and those, in turn, lead their pedigree from the most primitive organisms arising from once by self-religion. The complication of the organisms of Aristotle considered the consequence of their inner aspiration for self-improvement.

One of the main problems that occupied the minds of ancient thinkers was the problem of the relationship between nature and man. The study of various aspects of their interaction amounted to the subject of the scientific interests of the ancient Greek researchers of Herodotus, Hippocrat, Plato, Eratosthene, and others.

Peru of the German philosopher and thewoman Alberta Bolshesttsky (Albert Great)(1206280) belongs to several natural science treatises. The writings "On Alchemistry" and "On Metal and Minerals" contain statements about the dependence of the climate from the geographical latitude of the place and its position above sea level, as well as about the relationship between the inclination of the sun's rays and the heating of the soil.

English philosopher and naturalist Roger Bacon(1214294) argued that all organic bodies represent various combinations of the same elements and liquids, of which the bodies are inorganic.

The occurrence of the Renaissance is inextricably linked with the name of the famous Italian painter, sculptor, architect, scientist and engineer Leonardo Da Vinci(1452¾1519). He considered the main task of science. The establishment of patterns of nature phenomena, based on the principle of their causal, the necessary communication.

End XV ¾ beginning of the XVI century. The right of the era of great geographical discoveries is called. In 1492, the Italian navigator Christopher Columbus discovered America. In 1498, Portuguese Vasco da Gama He reized Africa and by sea reached India. In 1516 (17?) G. Portuguese travelers first reached China by sea. And in 1521, Spanish navigators led by Fernian Magellan Made the first world journey. Having reopening southern America, they reached East Asia, after which they returned to Spain. These travels were an important stage in expanding the knowledge of Earth.

Jordan Bruno(1548¾1600) made a significant contribution to the development of Copernicus, as well as in the exemption from shortcomings and limitedness.

The offensive of a fundamentally new stage in the development of science is traditionally associated with the name of the philosopher and logic Francis Becona(156121626), which has developed inductive and experimental methods of scientific research. The main goal of science he proclaimed an increase in the human power over nature.

At the end of the XVI century. Dutch inventor Zakhariya Jansen(lived and the XVI century) created the first microscope, which allows to obtain images of small objects, enlarged using glass lenses. English naturalist Robert Guk(1635¾1703) The microscope has significantly improved (its device gave a 40-fold increase), with which the plant cells first observed, and also investigated the structure of some minerals.

French naturalist Georges Buffon(1707888), author of 36-languid "natural history", expressed his thoughts on the unity of the animal and plant world, about their vital activity, distribution and communication with the habitat, defended the idea of \u200b\u200bthe variability of species under the influence of environmental conditions.

Major event XVIII century. The appearance of the evolutionary concept of the French natural scientist Jean Batista Lamarcka(174421829), according to which the main reason for the development of organisms from lower forms to the highest is the inherent desire to improve the organization, as well as the influence of various external conditions on them.

A special role in the formation of ecology was played by the works of the English naturalist Charles Darwin(180921882), which created the theory of origin of species by natural selection.

In 1866, a German zoologist-evolutionist Ernst Geckel(1834¾1919) In its work, the "general morphology of organisms" proposed the whole range of issues related to the problem of the struggle for the existence and influence on the living beings of a complex of physical and biotic conditions, to name the term "ecology".

Evolution of man and ecology

Long before the individual directions of environmental research found independence, there was an obvious trend towards the gradual consolidation of environmental learning objects. If initially, single individuals, their groups, specific biological species, etc. were initially as such, then over time they were complemented by large natural complexes, such as "biocenosis", the concept of which was formulated by a German zoologist and hydrobiologist

K. Mebiusback in 1877 (the new term was called upon to signify the totality of plants, animals and microorganisms inhabiting relatively homogeneous living space). Shortly before that, in 1875, Austrian geologist E. Zyussfor the notation of the "film of life" on the surface of the Earth, the concept of "biosphere" was proposed. Significantly expanded and concretized this concept Russian, the Soviet scientist in his book "Biosphere", which saw the light in 1926 in 1935. English botany A. Tensleyintroduced the concept of "ecological system" (ecosystem). And in 1940, the term "biogeocenosis" was introduced by the Soviet Botany and Geographer, which he proposed to signify the elementary unit of the biosphere. Naturally, the study of such large-scale comprehensive entities required the unification of the research efforts of representatives of various "special" ecology, which, in turn, would be almost impossible without coordinating their scientific categorical apparatus, as well as without developing general approaches to the organization of the research process itself. Actually, it is precisely this necessity and is obliged to apply ecology as a single science, which integrates developing previously independently from each other private substantive ecology. The result of their reunification was the formation of "big ecology" (according to expression) or macroecology (software and), including the following main sections today in its structure:

General ecology;

Human ecology (including social ecology);

Applied ecology.

The structure of each of these sections and the range of problems considered in each of them are shown in Fig. 1. It illustrates the fact that modern ecology is a complex science, a decisive extremely wide range of tasks, extremely relevant at the present stage of the development of society. By the Code for the definition of one of the largest modern ecologists of Yujina Oduma, "ecology¾ this is an interdisciplinary area of \u200b\u200bknowledge, science on the device of multi-level systems in nature, society, their relationships. "

Place of social ecology in the science system

Social ecology is a new scientific direction at the junction of sociology, ecology, philosophy, science, technology and other sectors of culture, with each of which it comes into contacts very closely. Schematically, this can be expressed as follows:

Many new names of sciences were proposed, the subject of which is to study the relationship between a person with a natural environment in their integrity: natural displays, noology, noogenics, global ecology, social ecology, human ecology, socio-economic ecology, modern ecology. Big ecology, etc. Currently, you can talk more or less confident about three directions.

First, we are talking about the study of the relationship between the Company with the natural environment at the global level, on the scale of the planet, in other words, the relationship between humanity as a whole with the biosphere of the Earth. The specific scientific basis of research in this area is the teaching of Vernadsky about the biosphere. This direction can be called a global ecology. In 1977, the monograph "Global Ecology" was published. It should be noted that in accordance with his scientific interests, Budyko paid advantage of climate aspects of a global environmental problem, although no less important topics such as the number of resources of our planet, global pollution indicators of natural medium, global chemical element circuits in their interaction, the effect of space on The land, the state of the ozone shield in the atmosphere, the functioning of the Earth as a whole whole, etc. The studies in this direction suggest, of course, intensive international cooperation.

The second direction of research on the relationship between society with the natural environment will be studies from the point of view of human understanding as a social being. The human relationship to the social and natural surround is correlated. "The limited attitude of people to nature causes their limited attitude towards each other" and their limited attitude towards each other is their limited attitude towards nature "(K. Marx, F. Engels. Op., 2nd ed., Vol. 3, p. 29). In order to separate this direction, studying the attitude of various social groups and classes to the natural environment and the structure of their relationship, determined by the attitude towards natural environment, from the global ecology object, can be called its social environment in a narrow sense. In this The case of social ecology, in contrast to global ecology, is closer to the humanitarian sciences than to natural science. The need for such studies is enormous, and they are still held on a very limited scale.

Finally, the third scientific direction can be considered a human ecology. Its subject, which does not coincide with the objects of global ecology and social ecology in a narrow sense, would be a system of relationship with a natural human environment as an individual. This area is closer to medicine than social and global ecology. By definition, "human ecology is a scientific direction, exploring the patterns of interaction, the problems of targeted management of the preservation and development of public health, improving the type of Homo Sapiens. The task of human ecology is to develop predictions of possible changes in human health characteristics (populations) under the influence of changes in the external environment and Development of scientifically based correction standards in the relevant components of life support systems ... Most Western authors also distinguishes the concepts of Social or Human Ecology (Ecology of the Human Society) and Ecology of MAN (human ecology). The first terms indicate the science, considering management issues, forecasting, planning The process of "entry" of the natural environment in the relationship with society as a dependent and manageable subsystem within the Society - Society System. The second term is used for the name of the science that makes the emphasis on the man as "biol an oogic unit "(questions of socioecology. Lviv, 1987. p. 32-33).

"The human ecology includes genetic-anatomo-physiological and medical and biological blocks, missing in social ecology. In the latter, according to historical traditions, it is necessary to include significant sections of sociology and social psychology that are not included in the narrow understanding of the human ecology" (there, with . 195).

Of course, the three marked scientific directions are far from enough. The approach to the natural environment as a whole necessary for the successful solution of the environmental problem, implies the synthesis of knowledge, which is seen in the formation of directions in various existing sciences transient from them to ecology.

Environmental issues are increasingly included in social sciences. The development of social ecology is closely related to the tendencies of sociologicalization and humanization of science (natural science, first of all), as well as the integration of the rapidly differentiating disciplines of the ecological cycle with each other and with other sciences are committed in line with general trends towards the synthesis in the development of modern science.

Practice has a dual impact on scientific understanding of environmental problems. The case here, on the one hand, is that converter activity requires an increase in the theoretical level of research of the system "Man - Natural Environment" and strengthening the prognostic power of these studies. On the other hand, it is the practical human activity that provides direct assistance to scientific research. The knowledge of causal relations in nature can advance as it is transformed. The larger projects for the reconstruction of the natural environment are carried out, the more data penetrates into science on the natural environment, the dendirement of causal relations in the natural environment and the ultimately, the theoretical level of research on the relationship between the Company with the natural environment is becoming theoretical level.

The theoretical potential of sciences studying the natural environment in recent years has grown noticeably, which leads to the fact that "now all the sciences about the Earth are somehow moving away from the descriptions and the simplest quality analysis
Materials of observations to the development of quantitative theories built on the physico-mathematical base "(E. K .. Fedorov. The interaction of society and nature. L., 1972, p. 63).

Formerly, the descriptive science is geography - based on the establishment of closer contact between its individual industries (climatology, geomorphology, soil science, etc.) and the improvement of its methodological arsenal (mathematization, the use of the methodology of physicochemical sciences, etc.) becomes constructive geography, Focusing not only and not so much on the study of the functioning of the geographical medium, regardless of a person, how much to theoretical understanding of the prospects for the transformation of our planet. Similar changes occur in other sciences that study certain moments, aspects, etc. The relationship between the person and the natural environment.

Since social ecology is a new factory discipline that is in the process of rapid development, its subject can only be outlined, but not clearly designate. This is typical for every field of knowledge, social ecology is not exceptions. We will understand the scientific direction under the social environment, uniting what is included in the social environment in a narrow sense, into a global ecology and human ecology. In other words, we will be understood under the social environment, scientific discipline, which studies the relationship between human and nature in their complex. This will be the subject of social ecology, although it may not be completely established.

Methods of social ecology

A more complex situation occurs with the definition of the method of social ecology. Since social ecology is transitional science between natural and humanitarian, in its methodology, it should use methods and natural, and humanitarian sciences, as well as those methodologies that are the unity of a natural science and humanitarian approach (the first is called the political, the second is ideographic).

As for the general scientific methods, the familiarization with the history of social ecology shows that at the first stage, a predominantly observation method (monitoring) was used, the simulation method was published on the second to the fore. Simulation is a way of a long-term and complex vision of the world. In modern understanding it is a universal procedure for comprehending and transforming the world. Generally speaking, every person on the basis of his life experience and knowledge builds certain models of reality. Subsequent experience and knowledge confirm this model or contribute to its change and clarification. The model simply represents an ordered set of assumptions about a complex system. This is an attempt to understand some complicated aspect of an infinitely diverse world by choosing from accumulated ideas and experiences of a set of observations applicable to the problem under consideration.

The authors of the "Growth Limits" describe the methodology of global modeling as follows. At first we made a list of important reassembly between variables and outlined the structure of feedback. Then we met literature and consulted with specialists in many areas related to these studies - demographers, economists, agronomists, food specialists, geologists, ecologists, etc. Our goal at this stage was to find the most common A structure that reflects the basic relationships between five levels. The further development of this basic structure on the basis of other more detailed data can be made after the system itself will be understood in its elementary form. Then we quantify every connection so exactly as possible using global data if they were, and characteristic local data, if global measurements were not produced. Using the computer, we determined the dependence of the simultaneous action of all these ties in time. Then we checked the impact of quantitative changes in our major assumptions to find the most critical determinants of the behavior of the system. There is no one "tight" global model. The model as soon as it occurs is constantly criticized and replenished with data as we begin to understand it better. This model uses the most important dependencies between population, food, investment, depreciation, resources and production products. These dependencies are the same all over the world. Our technique is to make a few assumptions about the connections between the parameters, and then check them on the computer. The model contains dynamic statements only on the physical aspects of human activity. It comes from the assumption that the nature of social variables is the distribution of income, the regulation of the size of the family, the choice between industrial goods, services and food - in the future will continue the same as it was throughout the modern history of world development. Since it is difficult to assume what new forms of human behavior should be expected, we did not try to take into account these changes on the model. The value of our model is determined only by the point on each of the graphs that corresponds to the cessation of growth and the beginning of the catastrophe.

As part of the general method of global modeling, various private techniques were used. Thus, the medical group applied the principles of system dynamics, which suggest that the state of the systems is fully described by a small set of values \u200b\u200bcharacterizing various levels of consideration, and its evolution in time - differential equations of 1-order, containing the speed of change of these values, called streams that depend only From the time of the levels themselves, but not from the speed of their changes. The system speaker is dealt with only with exponential growth and equilibrium condition.

The methodological potential of the theory of hierarchical systems applied by Meskarovich and Pestel is much wider, allowing you to create multi-level models. The "cost - release" method, developed and used in Global Modeling B. Leontiev, involves a study of structural relationships in the economy in conditions when "a set on the form of non-related, in reality interdependent flows of production, distribution, consumption and investment constantly affect each other. , and ultimately, determined by a number of main characteristics of the system "(V. Leontyev. Studies of the structure of the American economy.

The "cost-release" method represents validity in the form of a chessboard (matrix) reflecting the structure of intersectoral streams, a field of production, exchange and consumption. The method itself is already a certain idea of \u200b\u200breality, and thus the selected methodology turns out to be essentially associated with a meaningful aspect.

As a model, you can use the real system. So, agrocenoses can be considered as an experimental model of biocenosis. More generally, all human nature conversion activities are modeling that accelerates the formation of the theory, but it should be treated as a model, considering the risk that this activity entails. In the converter aspect, modeling contributes to optimization, i.e., the choice of the best ways to convert natural environment /

"The childhood of mankind ended when the mother-Nature went and cleaned over us. There was a period of maturity. Now we need to clean it yourself, but or rather learn how to live so as not to sift. From now on, the entire fullness of responsibility for the preservation of life on Earth falls on us "(Oldak, 1979).

Currently, humanity is experiencing hardly the most critical moment in the history of its existence. The modern society is in a deep crisis, although this will not say if it is limited to some external manifestations. We see that the economy of developed countries continues to grow, even if not such a turbulent pace, as it was quite recently. Accordingly, the production of mineral mining continues to increase, which is stimulated by the growth of consumer demand. It is most noticeable again in developed countries. At the same time, social contrasts in the modern world between economically developed and developing states are becoming increasingly pronounced and in some cases reach a 60-fold gap in the magnitude of the income of the population of these countries.

Fast Industrialization and Urbanization, a sharp increase in the population of the planet, intensive chemicalization of agriculture, other types of anthropogenic pressure on nature have significantly violated the cycle of substances and natural energy processes in the biosphere, damaged the mechanisms of its self-healing. This threatened the health and life of modern and future generations of people and in general the further existence of civilization.

Analyzing the current situation, many specialists come to the conclusion that at present, humanity threaten two fatal hazards:

1) the relatively fast death in the global rocket and nuclear war

2) Slow extinction due to deterioration of the quality of the living environment, which is caused by the destruction of the biosphere due to irrational economic activities.

The second danger, apparently, is more real and more revealing, as it is not enough for its prevention, one of the diplomatic efforts. We need to revise all traditional principles of environmental management and a root restructuring of the whole economic mechanism in most countries of the world.

Therefore, speaking of a modern situation, everyone should understand that the modern crisis has covered not only the economy and nature. In the crisis, it is, first of all, the person himself with his centuries in the existing way of thoughts, needs, habits, way of life and behavior. The crisis position of a person is that all his lifestyle is opposed to nature. You can get out of this crisis only if a person is transformed into a creature, friendly with nature, understanding it and knowing how to agree with it. But for this, people must learn to live in harmony with each other and take care of future generations. Every person must learn everything, wherever he had to work and whatever the tasks should have to decide.

So, in the context of the progressive destruction of the Earth's biosphere to resolve the contradictions between society and nature, it is necessary to transform human activity on new principles. These principles provide for the achievement of a reasonable compromise between the social and economic needs of society and the possibilities of the biosphere to satisfy them without a threat to their normal functioning. Thus, it is time to critical revision of all directions of human activity, as well as areas of knowledge and spiritual culture, which form a human worldview.

Humanity is now holding an exam for genuine rationality. It can withstand this exam, only if you fulfill the requirements that makes him a biosphere. These requirements are:

1) biosphere preparation based on knowledge and use of the laws of preserving the biosphere;

2) moderation in the consumption of natural resources, overcoming the waste of the consumer structure of society;

3) mutual tolerance and peaceful peoples of the planet in relations with each other;

4) Following with common, environmentally thoughtful and consciously delivered to the global goals of social development.

All these requirements imply the movement of humanity to a single global integrity based on the joint formation and maintenance of a new planetary shell, which Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky called the Noosphere.

The scientific basis of such activities should be a new branch of knowledge - social ecology.

Fortunately, textbooks and textbooks for both general ecology and social ecology currently there are quite a lot, and they are all worthy that they carefully studied (Akimov, Khaskin, 1998; Baklanov, 2001; Voronkov, 1999; Girus , 1998; Gorelov, 2000; Dorst, 1968; results and prospects ..., 1986; Kartashev, 1998; Kotlyakov, 1997; Krasilov, 1992; Lee, 1995; Losev, Proveskin, 1998; Liafeev, 2002; Minakova, 2000; Our future ..., 1989; natural and resource potential ..., 1998; environmental management ..., 1997; Rakhilin, 1989; Reimers, 1994; Romanov et al., 2001; Saint-Mark, 1977; Sitarov, Empty, 2000; Sokolov et al., 1997 ; Urusov, 2000; Urusov et al., 2002; Christform, 1999; Evolution ..., 1999; Ecological essays ..., 1988, etc.). At the same time, it is important to reflect the existing socio-environmental problems in the light of regional features, traditions and development prospects. In this regard, in this teaching aids, much attention is paid to the actual material reflecting the modern socio-environmental problems of the Far East of Russia.

Currently, in many aspects of the modern environmental situation, active scientific discussions are conducted, and for a number of issues, uniform views have not yet been developed on the problem and ways to solve it. In describing such problems, we sought to bring different points of view. The future will show who is right. Our main goal was to show students that social ecology is not an abstract academic scientific discipline, but an extensive area of \u200b\u200binteraction of various ideologies, cultures, styles of life; This is not only a global area of \u200b\u200bknowledge, but also a vital field of activity. Show the need, the attractiveness and promise of this activity was one of the tasks of the authors of this tutorial.

Subject of social ecology, environmental problems, an environmental view of the world

Social ecology is the science of harmonization of interactions between society and nature. The subject of social ecology is a noosphere, that is, the system of socio-acting relations, which is formed and functions as a result of conscious human activity. In other words, the subject of social ecology is the processes of formation and functioning of the nosphere.

The problems associated with the interaction of society and the environment of its habitat were called environmental problems. Initially, the ecology was a section of biology (the term introduced Ernst Geckel in 1866). Environmental biologists are studying the relationship between animals, plants and entire communities with their habitat. The environmental view of the world is such a ranking of values \u200b\u200band priorities of human activity, when the most important is to preserve the habitat favorable environment.

For social ecology, the term "ecology" means a special point of view, a special worldview, a special system of values \u200b\u200band priorities of human activity, focused on the harmonization of the relationship between society and nature. In other sciences "Ecology" means something else: in biology - the section of biological research on the relationship between organisms and media, in philosophy - the most common patterns of human interaction, society and the universe, in geography - structure and functioning of natural complexes and natural-economic systems. Social ecology is also called human ecology or modern ecology. In recent years, the scientific direction has been actively developing, the name "globalism", developing models of the managed, scientific and spiritually organized world in order to preserve the Earth civilization.

The prehistory of social ecology begins with the emergence of a person on earth. Anniversary of the New Science consider the English theologian Tomas Malthus. He one of the first pointed out that there are natural borders of economic growth, and demanded to limit the growth of the population: "The law in question consists in a constant desire characteristic of all living beings to multiply faster than it is allowed at their disposal. food "(Maltus, 1868, p. 96); "... to improve the position of the poor it is necessary to reduce the relative number of births" (Maltus, 1868, p. 378). This idea is not Nova. In the "ideal republic" of Plato, the number of families should be governed by the government. Aristotle went on and offered to determine the number of children for each family.

Another predecessor of social ecology is a geographical school in sociology: the adherents of this scientific school indicated that the mental features of people, the way of their life is directly dependent on the natural conditions of the locality. Recall, another Sh. Montesquences argued that "climate power is the first power in the world." Our compatriot L.I. Mechnikov indicated that global civilizations developed in the basins of the Great Rivers, on the shores of the seas and oceans. K. Marx believed that moderate climate is most suitable for the development of capitalism. K. Marx and F. Engels developed the concept of the unity of man and nature, the main idea of \u200b\u200bwhich was: to know the laws of nature and apply them correctly.

Social ecology was officially recognized at the state level in the first quarter of the twentieth century. In 1922, H. Burrow appealed to the American Geographer Association with the presidential address, which was called "Geography as a human ecology." The main idea of \u200b\u200bthis appeal: closer to the environment to man. Worldwide Fame received the Chicago School of Ecology of Human: the study of human mutual relations as a holistic organism with its holistic environment. Then, the ecology and sociology for the first time came into close cooperation. Environmental techniques began to be used to analyze the social system.

Worldwide recognition and the first stages of the development of social ecology

The worldwide recognition of social ecology as an independent science refer to the 60s of the twentieth century. One of the most vivid events of those years - publication in 1962 Books R. Carson "Silence Spring" on the environmental consequences of the use of a DDT pesticide. The Swiss chemist Muller synthesized DDT and in 1947 received the Nobel Prize for this. Later it turned out that DDT accumulates in lively fabrics and destructively acts on all living things, including the human body. Thanks to air and water transfer, this substance has spread throughout the planet and was found even in the liver of Antarctica Penguins.

Like any other scientific discipline, social ecology has developed gradually. Three main stages of development of this science can be distinguished.

The initial stage is an empirical associated with the accumulation of diverse data on the negative environmental consequences of the scientific and technical revolution. The result of this direction of environmental studies was the formation of a network of global environmental monitoring of all components of the biosphere.

The second stage is "Model". In 1972, the book of D. Meduse and other "Growth Limits" was published. She had a huge success. For the first time, data on different sides of human activity were included in the mathematical model and were investigated using comp. For the first time at the global level, a complex dynamic model of interaction between society and nature was investigated.

The criticism of the "growth limits" was comprehensive and thorough. The results of criticism can be reduced to two provisions:

1) modeling on computer socio-economic systems at the global and regional levels promising;

2) "Models of the World" of the medical station is still far from adequate to reality.

Currently there is a significant variety of global models: a model of the medical station - lace from loops of direct and inverse relations, Mesaovic and Pestera model - this is a pyramid, dissected into a lot of relatively independent parts, model Ya. Tinbergen - "Tree" of organic growth, model V. Leontiev - also "tree".

The beginning of the third - global-political - stage of social ecology is 1992, when an international environmental conference and development in Rio de Janeiro took place. Chapters 179 of States adopted a coherent strategy based on the concept of sustainable development.

The main directions of development of social ecology

To date, three main directions have been separated in social ecology.

The first direction is the study of the relationship between the Company with the natural environment at the global level - global ecology. The scientific foundations of this area laid down V.I. Vernadsky in the fundamental labor "Biosphere", published in 1928. In 1977, M.I. monograph Budyko "Global Ecology", but there are mainly considered climate aspects. Not received due lights such topics such as resources, global pollution, global cyphans of chemical elements, the effect of space, the functioning of the Earth as a whole whole, etc.

The second direction is the study of relations with the natural environment of various groups of the population and society as a whole in terms of understanding a person as a social being. The relationship of man to the social and natural surrounding is interrelated. K. Marx and F. Engels pointed out that the limited attitude of people to nature causes their limited attitude towards each other, and their limited attitude towards each other is their limited attitude towards nature. This is social ecology in the narrow sense of the word.

Third direction - human ecology. Its subject is a system of relationship with a natural human environment as a biological creature. The main problem is targeted managing the preservation and development of human health, the population, human improvement as a biological species. Here and forecasts for health changes under the influence of habitat changes, and the development of standards in life support systems.

Western researchers also distinguish the ecology of human society - social ecology (Social Ecology) and human ecology (Human Ecology). Social ecology considers the impact on society as a dependent and manageable subsystem of the Society - Society system. Human ecology - focuses on a person itself as a biological unit.

Natural sciences, such as biology, chemistry, physics, geology, etc., are studying nature, using a natural science (nomological) approach. The Company studies humanitarian sciences - sociology, demography, ethics, economics, etc. - and use the humanitarian (ideographic) approach. Social ecology as interdisciplinary science is based on three types of methods: 1) of natural science, 2) humanitarian sciences and 3) systemic studies that unite natural science and humanitarian research.

An important place in the methodology of social ecology is the methodology of global modeling.

The main stages of global modeling are reduced to the following:

1) a list of causing bonds between variables is drawn up and the structure of feedback is planned;

2) after studying the literature and consultations of demographers, economists, environmentalists, geologists, etc. The overall structure reflects the basic links between the levels.

After the global model is generally created, you have to work with this model, which includes the following steps: 1) Quantitative evaluation of each communication - global data are used, and there is no global data, then characterized local data is used; 2) Using computers, the effect of the simultaneous action of all these ties in time is determined; 3) the number of changes in the main assumptions is checked to find the most critical determinants of the system behavior.

The global model uses the most important dependencies between population, food, capital investments, resources and production. The model contains dynamic statements about the physical aspects of human activity. It contains assumptions that the nature of social variables (income distribution, family size regulation, etc.) will not change.

The main task is to understand the system in its elementary form. Only after this model can be improved based on other, more detailed data. The model, after it occurs, is usually constantly criticized and replenished with data.

The value of the global model is that it allows you to show a point on the schedule where the growth is expected to stop and most likely the beginning of a global catastrophe. To date, various private methods of global modeling method have been developed. For example, the medical group uses the principle of system speakers. The peculiarity of this technique is that: 1) the state of the system is fully described by a small set of values; 2) the evolution of the time system is described by differential equations of the 1st order. It should be borne in mind that the system dynamics is dealt with only with the expotential growth and equilibrium state.

The methodological potential of the theory of hierarchical systems applied by Mearsovich and Pestel is much wider than that of the medical group. There is an opportunity to create multi-level systems.

The "cost-release" method of Vasily Leontiev is a matrix reflecting the structure of intersectoral flows, production, exchange and consumption. Leontyev himself explored the structural relationships in the economy in conditions when "a set of non-interdependent flow-dependent production flows, distribution, consumption and investments constantly influence each other and, ultimately, determined by a number of main characteristics of the system" (Leontyev, 1958 , p. 8).

As a model, you can use the real system. So, for example, agrovenosis is an experimental model of biocenosis.

All activities for the transformation of nature are modeling that accelerates the formation of the theory. Since the organization of production needs to take into account the risk, the simulation makes it possible to calculate the likelihood and seriousness of the risk. Thus, modeling contributes to optimization, i.e. The choice of the best ways to convert the natural environment.

The purpose of social ecology is to create the theory of the evolution of the relationship between human and nature, logic and methodology for converting the natural environment.

Social ecology identifies the patterns of relations between nature and society, it is designed to understand and help overcome the gap between humanitarian and natural scientific knowledge.

Laws of social ecology are the same fundamental as the laws of physics. However, the subject of social ecology is very complicated: three qualitatively various subsystems are non-fat nature, wildlife, human society. Currently, social ecology is predominantly empirical science, and its laws often look as extremely common aphoristic statements ("laws" of Commemor *).

The concept of the law is interpreted by a majority of methodologies in the sense of unambiguous causal relationships. In cybernetics adopted a wider interpretation: the law is a limitation of diversity. It is such a interpretation more approaches social ecology.

Social ecology reveals fundamental limitations of human activity. The adaptation capabilities of the biosphere are not limitless. Hence the "ecological imperative": human activity in no way should exceed the adaptive capabilities of the biosphere.

As the main law of social ecology, the law of compliance of the productive forces and production relations of the state of the natural environment is recognized.