Gable roof truss system plan. Device and step-by-step installation of the rafter system

To install a gable roof yourself, you only need average skills in performing carpentry work and understanding the technology of its manufacture. All this is easy to figure out. It is also necessary to involve an intelligent assistant in the process, because many operations cannot be performed by one person. Therefore, many people, without a doubt, take up this work and successfully cope with it.

DIY gable roof device

The construction of a country house is associated with considerable costs. Therefore, many people are looking for options to reduce the cost of this process through the use of modern materials and technologies. At present, frame buildings with gable roofs have become very popular. This is largely due to the fact that even a person with minimal knowledge of the construction business with appropriate preliminary preparation is capable of performing such a structure.

The gable roof is formed by triangular trusses, interconnected by a longitudinal upper beam (ridge girder) and lathing

However, the construction of a roof is a crucial moment that requires serious attention. You need to calculate:

correct angle of inclination;
the length of the rafters;
the distance between them;
ways of connecting various parts to each other.

Without experience in the production of such work, you should not undertake complex structures, but you can easily build a small house with a simple gable roof with your own hands.

Design features of gable roofs

Such a roof consists of two inclined planes located at a certain angle. Gables are arranged along the end walls, which are a vertical continuation of the walls. In shape, they are isosceles or arbitrary triangles if the slopes are arranged at different angles to the horizontal. In the case of a gable sloping roof, the gables are trapezoidal.

When constructing a roof, a rafter system is created, which is a supporting element of the roofing pie. The rafter system can be made in the form of hanging rafters, if there are no capital partitions inside the building box. If they are available, a floor frame is arranged when the span rests on three or more points.

Depending on the configuration of the building, a gable roof can be erected according to different schemes

How to make a gable roof yourself

Depending on the design of the rafter system, its main elements may be different, but the main details are present in all options:

Rafters are the main supporting element of the structure, on which roofing material is mounted through the crate.
The ridge girder - also called the backbone, unites all the rafter legs into a single whole, evenly distributes the load on the Mauerlat.
Rack - used in decking structures as an additional support on the internal capital partition.
Lezhen - a horizontal bar on which the racks rest, serves to evenly distribute the loads on the Mauerlat.
Mauerlat - a support bar between the walls and the upper structure of the building, intended for fastening the rafters.
Sheathing - flooring made of a board 25 millimeters thick for fixing the topcoat.

Regardless of the type of rafter system, there are always several basic elements in it.

Roof design

In the process of designing a rafter system, it is necessary to optimally place all the elements of the frame in order to ensure an even load of the roof over its entire area. The main types of load are:

Snowy - occurs under the action of a layer of snow lingering on the roof. At high rates for the construction region, the angle of inclination of the roof is increased so that the snow falls off it as it accumulates.
Wind - associated with the force of the wind. It is higher in open ventilated places. A means of countering wind loads is to reduce the angle of inclination of the roof.

Thus, it is necessary to find the optimal combination of these indicators with the simultaneous impact of wind and snow. The unit load data for the construction region can be found on the Internet.

Gable roofs with simplicity of design give the house an elegant and festive look.

Photo gallery: projects of houses with gable roofs

The gable roof allows you to arrange a small attic room on the second floor The angle of inclination of the gable roof is selected based on the intensity of the winds and the average snow load in the construction area Despite the simplicity of the structure, the gable roof can be the central element of the overall design of the building.

Calculation of the parameters of a gable roof

Determination of the main characteristics of the roof is necessary already at the stage of foundation design to calculate the effect of the total weight of the building on the supporting foundation.

Area calculation

With a symmetrical gable roof, it is enough to determine the area of \u200b\u200bone slope and double the result.

The height of the roof depends on the selected slope angle. Usually it is in the range of 30-45 degrees. In the first case, the height will be half the distance from the ridge projection to the Mauerlat axis. Using the Pythagorean theorem and carrying out calculations, we find that the length of the slope for a 10x9 m structure will be 5.05 meters. The area of \u200b\u200bthe ramp is defined as 5.05 x 10 \u003d 50.5 square meters. And the total roof area will be 50.5 x 2 \u003d 101 m 2.

In cases where a gable roof has a non-equilibrium roof, that is, the axis of the ridge is offset from the axis of the building, the area of \u200b\u200beach slope is calculated separately using the same technique and the results are summed up.

However, this calculation does not take into account the area of \u200b\u200bthe roof overhangs. Usually they are 0.5-0.6 meters. For one slope, the overhang area will be 0.5 x 5.05 x 2 + 0.5 x 10 \u003d 4.1 + 5 \u003d 9.1 m 2.

The total roof area will be 101 + 9.1 x 2 \u003d 119.2 m 2.

Most of the rafter calculations are done according to the Pythagorean theorem, reducing the structure to a set of rigid figures - triangles

Calculation of the rafter section

The size of the rafter section depends on several factors:

the magnitude of the load on them;
the type of materials used for the rafters: log, timber - homogeneous or glued;
rafter leg length;
wood species;
the distance between the axes of the rafter legs.

All these parameters have long been calculated, and to determine the cross-section of the rafter legs, you can use the data below.

Table: cross-section size of rafters

With an increase in the step of installing the rafters, the load on each of them increases, which leads to the need to increase the section.

Common sizes of the main parts of the rafter system:

Determination of the angle of inclination

The angle of inclination of the roof slope is determined by the requirements of its topcoat:

One of the reasons for the decrease in the angle of inclination is the desire to make the attic or attic space as large as possible. This intention is also the reason for the installation of a sloping roof.

Calculation of the distance between the rafters

This parameter depends on the type of topcoat, or rather, its weight. For the heaviest material, the distance should be as small as 80 centimeters. In the case of a soft roof with a low weight, the distance can be increased up to 150 centimeters. The calculation of the number of rafters and transfers is done as follows:

The length of the building (10 meters) must be divided by the distance between the rafters, presumably 120 centimeters: 1000/120 \u003d 8.3 (pieces). Add 1 to the result obtained, it turns out 9.3.
Since the number of rafters cannot be fractional, the result is rounded to the nearest integer - 9.
The distance between the rafters is finally set: 1000/9 \u003d 111 centimeters.

With this distance, all the rafters will be equidistant, and the load from the roof will be evenly distributed.

The length of the rafters is calculated according to the Pythagorean theorem, as already shown above.

Installing a gable roof with your own hands

The installation of the truss system begins with the installation of the Mauerlat.

Mounting the carrier on the wall

Mauerlat is made of high strength wood - oak, larch, etc. In the absence of such materials, pine can be used.

The beam is of a standard length - 4 or 6 meters. Therefore, the connection of several parts along the length is inevitable. It is made with sawing down the connected ends of the "half-tree", for example, for a bar with a section of 150x150 millimeters, a sample of 75x150 with a length of 300 mm is made. The ends overlap. Fastening is done with two or four screws M12 or M14 with large diameter washers. By the same principle, the bars are connected at the corners. The finished structure is a regular rectangle that is installed on the upper plane of the wall along the perimeter.

Two beams are spliced \u200b\u200bby sampling wood on each of them. Then they are bolted together

The Mauerlat installation technology provides for its placement strictly along the axis of the wall or with an offset to either side. In this case, you cannot place the support bar closer than 5 centimeters from the edge. To increase the service life, the Mauerlat should be installed with waterproofing on the wall surface. Most often, roofing material is used for this.

Methods for attaching the Mauerlat to the wall

Installation on anchor bolts. Ideal for monolithic walls. The threaded rods are embedded in the wall when it is cast.
Wood dowels. They are hammered through the drilled hole. With this fixation, additional metal fasteners are used.
Forged staples. They are used with pre-installed wood embedded parts.
Hairpin or fittings. The pins are walled up in the process of laying the wall and are removed through the support bar along the drilled holes. The diameter of the fasteners should be 12-14 millimeters, the protrusion above the surface of the timber - 10-14 centimeters.
Steel wire. A plait of two or four wire strands is installed when laying the wall 2–3 rows before its end. The Mauerlat is tightened using a crowbar. It is often used as an additional attachment to the support bar.
When installing a reinforcing belt, fastening on studs or anchor bolts is also used.

The mounting locations should be approximately halfway between the rafter legs.

Video: installing a Mauerlat on an armopoyas

Photo gallery: ways of attaching the Mauerlat on the wall

The studs are walled up into the wall during pouring, then the Mauerlat is put on them and fixed with bolts The wire is also installed at the stage of laying the wall The Mauerlat can be fastened with wire ties passed through the holes in the timber Wooden plugs are inserted into the gaps between the wall blocks, in which they are then reinforced staples

Types of truss systems and their installation

The choice of truss structure is determined by the building configuration. If there are no internal capital partitions, a hanging rafter system is constructed.

In the presence of capital partitions, it is necessary to use a flat installation scheme.

Production of rafter pairs

This is the name of a pair of rafter legs connected to an arch with the installation of a spacer in the form of a tightening for a hinged system or a crossbar for a floor system.

Installation of rafter pairs is done in three ways:

The assembly is done at the top after installing the translations. They are used for flooring made of planks nailed down.
The formation of rafter pairs is carried out on the ground in the immediate vicinity of the house. Only workpieces are assembled, which are a rigid triangular structure. The products are lifted when the rafter pairs are ready for the entire system. For this, it is possible to use lifting devices in the form of a manual or drive winch, which presents certain inconveniences and additional costs. On the other hand, assembly on the ground is much easier and more accurate.
Assembly of the roof directly at the installation site is carried out in detail.

In any case, the rafter legs are mounted according to the template, which is the first truss. For a higher assembly accuracy, it is advisable to fix the details of the next pair to the previous one with clamps.

When assembling truss systems on the ground, all structures are made according to a template, which is the first manufactured truss. This makes editing more accurate.

Procedure for installing the rafter system

Prefabricated roof elements are installed in the following sequence:

First of all, you need to install the front rafter pairs and fix them with temporary fasteners. The most important point is verticality, which is checked with a plumb line. This installation procedure is possible when all the rafter pairs are at the top.
Frontal truss structures are installed first
A construction cord must be pulled between opposite frontal structures in order to control the coincidence of the supporting surfaces of subsequent rafter pairs.
Next, the trusses are installed in turn, one on each side. Each arch is carefully installed in its place, its location in space is verified in all planes, and then standard connections are mounted with the previous rafter pair.
Intermediate trusses are mounted one on each side and connected by standard jumpers with previously installed structures
After installing the last arch in the middle of the roof, you need to establish all the connections for the project and attach the ridge beam.
It is recommended to join parts using metal plates - flat and in the form of corners. The most loaded nodes are best connected with bolts, the rest with self-tapping screws. Nails are used only for initial fixation during installation.
The rafter legs are attached to each other and to the Mauerlat using metal corners

Fastening parts of the rafter system

For a reliable connection of the elements of the roof frame, various auxiliary elements made of galvanized steel with a thickness of up to 1.5 millimeters are used.

The use of additional fasteners ensures a solid assembly of the rafter system

When assembling with the use of additional connectors, labor productivity increases and the strength characteristics of the structure increase.

To connect the elements of the roof of wooden buildings, special fasteners are used. So, the upper joint of the rafters is often connected using a hinge. This is due to the frequent movements of the building, including seasonal ones.

The hinge joint avoids high stresses at the junction of the rafters during seasonal movements of the frame

For the same purpose, sliding mounts are used on houses made of this material.

Reliable sliding connection of the rafters with the Mauerlat relieves this unit from stress during deformation of the structure

Video: quick manufacture of rafters

Before installing the battens, the roof is insulated. For this:

The inner crate is stuffed from the side of the attic or attic.
The vapor barrier film is stretched.
Insulation is laid.
A moisture-proof film or membrane with one-sided permeability is applied.

Thus, in addition to insulation, a ventilation system for the roof space is created. It starts working after installing the cover.

It is more convenient to lay a layer of insulation from the outside on an inner crate with a vapor barrier

Under certain conditions, roof insulation can be done from the inside, it is not so convenient, but you can work safely in any weather conditions. In this case, the formation of the roofing cake is carried out in the reverse order. Each layer of insulation must be reinforced in the openings between the rafters as the flooring progresses.

Creating a wireframe pediment

Before proceeding with the design of the pediment, you need to arrange the crate and lay the finishing roof covering.

When forming the lathing, the type of future roofing is taken into account. It is made from edged boards 25 millimeters thick. The crate is:

Solid - boards are packed at a distance of 2–4 centimeters from one another. It is used when using tiles or soft roofs.
Sparse - the distance between the boards is 15-25 centimeters. Such a crate is arranged under metal tiles, corrugated board, slate and other similar materials.
Rare - the distance between the boards is from 0.6 to 1.2 meters. It is used when the length of the covering sheets is equal to the length of the overhang slope. Such coverage is made only to order.

The lathing should be led out of the gable rafters for the overhang.

On the frontal trusses, a frame is mounted for attaching the front finishing material

Installation of roofing

Before laying the lathing, the roof is insulated and a waterproof layer is laid. Further:

Roof covering is laid. The installation sequence is from bottom to top in order. The straightness of the first row is controlled by the tensioned cord.
The roofing sheets are fastened with self-tapping screws using shock-absorbing pads.

When installing the finishing roofing, you cannot save on fasteners, the protective layer must be strong, capable of withstanding wind and snow loads.

Metal sheets are laid from bottom to top, starting from the corner of the roof

Installation of gables

The lathing of frame gables is made based on the characteristics of the material intended for the front finish. For this, the following products can be used:

After installing the lathing, it is necessary to lay a moisture protection from a polyethylene film 200 microns thick. It can be secured with construction brackets. This work is done outside. The film can be used to sheathe the outer surface with the selected finishing material.

Gables must be insulated with roll or tile insulation. The thickness of the protective layer should be at least 10 cm, and for areas with a cold climate - at least 15 cm. An inner moisture-protective film layer is stretched over the insulation.

On top of it, a crate for the front finishing is stuffed, for which bars 50x50 millimeters in size are used. The entire building is finished simultaneously, after the roof is insulated.

In the process of facing the gable, windows are installed, if they are provided for by the project, and in some cases, doors.

The pediment of a wooden house with a gable roof is most often finished with clapboard

Design of overhangs

Roof overhangs, both pediment and eaves, in addition to a purely decorative function, are intended to protect walls and foundations from water or snow. Their sizes are usually 50-60 centimeters. Overhangs are made with various materials:

planed board, installed end-to-end or overlapped;
grooved lining;
block house lining;
sheet plastic;
profiled or smooth sheet metal;
finished products made of metal or plastic - soffits.

There are several ways to install overhangs:

Along the rafters. In this case, the filing of the space under the roof on the eaves is carried out with fastening directly to the projections of the beams.
The filing on the rafters is done along the lower edge of the rafter leg
On the rafters inside. Planks are attached to the rafter leg, to which the board is hemmed. The lower part of the rafter remains open and the roof opening is closed.
When filing on the rafters from the inside, the rafter beams remain open
In the box. For this method, a plank is installed from the end of the rafter perpendicular to the wall. The second plank is mounted on the wall and attached to the rafter. Sometimes a jib is installed between them. The filing is done to these strips.
For filing with a box, it is necessary to make a frame from mutually perpendicular bars

Ventilation holes must be made along the filing. They can be of any size, but large ones must be covered with a fine mesh of any material. This avoids the penetration of birds and harmful insects into the under-roof space. Soffits are sold with ready-made ventilation grilles.

Ventilation is arranged only on the eaves, it is not needed for the gable ledges.

When decorating with soffits, ventilation holes do not need to be drilled - they are already made at the factory

Video: DIY gable roof device

With the modern abundance of building materials and their quality, you can install a gable roof yourself. The cost savings will be quite significant. But it can turn into losses if you do not carefully think over each step of your construction. I wish you success!

Roofing is one of the most critical stages in building a house. The simplest structures are gable roofs with straight slopes. If it is decided that a gable roof will be built with your own hands, then you must carefully read the step-by-step instructions and video. The functional parameters of the roof also depend on the correct insulation, characteristics and quality of installation of the topcoat.

Preparatory stage

To determine the configuration and size of the roof, it is necessary to take into account the snow and wind loads in the existing climatic conditions - the smaller the angle of inclination, the better the structure withstands the loads. But the small angle of inclination (40 degrees or less) does not allow full use of the attic space.

The shape and structure of the roof are developed in accordance with the design plan of the house: the key points of support of the roof truss system must coincide with the lines and points of the location of the supporting structures of the underlying floor. Thus, it is necessary to take into account the width of the house, the presence of a longitudinal bearing wall in the center. If the attic is not planned to be used as an additional usable area for permanent or seasonal residence, you can make a reliable roof with layered rafters. In this case, the rafters are attached to the ridge girder, which is supported by racks resting on the inner load-bearing wall.

Hanging rafters are the most practical and economical option for light structures. In this case, the rafter legs are connected in pairs with crossbars - horizontal bridges, which provide the necessary rigidity of the structure. The hanging rafter system rests on the side walls of the structure.

If the width of the house exceeds 6 meters, in addition to the crossbars, which act as the basis for the ceiling, girders and racks are installed. The girder is a horizontal beam that acts as an additional support for the rafters that form the roof slope. Installation of the purlin requires the use of racks. The racks, in turn, rest on the beds - a special beam laid along the slope. The beds and racks serve as a frame for the walls of the attic room. Such a layered design allows you to make an attic or a spacious attic for household needs with your own hands.

If the construction of a simple and reliable roof is required, a gable structure with an angle of inclination of 45-50 ° is optimal. Such a rafter system is suitable for installation on residential buildings and buildings for various purposes. When calculating materials, it is necessary to take into account that the rafter system must be light enough to avoid excessive stress on the foundation, but at the same time strong. The section of lumber should be selected based on the dimensions of the truss structure.

Mauerlat installation

Consider step by step a method of building a roof with layered rafters and an attic room with your own hands. At the first stage, the upper strapping - Mauerlat - is installed on the longitudinal walls of the house. The harness absorbs the pressure of the entire roofing system and evenly transfers it to building structures - walls and foundations.

Mauerlat is made of timber (section from 50 × 150 to 150 × 150 mm), treated with special protective agents to protect it from decay and fire.

Mauerlat can be done in various ways:

rolled wire is embedded in the brickwork, by means of which the bar is fixed on the wall (the wire is passed through specially made holes and twisted tightly);
long metal studs with a diameter of 12 mm or more are embedded in the masonry;
a monolithic concrete beam with embedded steel pins is made in the upper part of the wall.

Studs should be spaced no more than 120 mm apart. The height of the protruding end of the fastener should be 20-30 mm higher than the total thickness of the waterproofing and the timber in which holes should be made in advance. The bar is put on the studs and tightly attracted by nuts with wide washers.

Construction of the rafter system

The rafter system, which can be made by hand, consists of a number of elements combined into a single whole. A rafter A-shaped truss is a rigid structure that works "on the spacer". If the roof is being built on a log house, the opposite walls should be reinforced with 100 × 150 mm timber ties at the level of the ceiling beams. This is done so that the walls do not move apart under load.

On the ceiling slabs are laid - additional elements made of timber 150 × 150 mm or more, which serve as a support for the racks and redistribute the point load to the floor surface. Laying the bed with your own hands should be done along the lines of the walls of the future attic space. If the attic is not planned to be used, the bed can be placed directly under the ridge for the installation of support posts. If necessary, you can splicate the timber, but only in places where the joint will lie on the beam. The spike connection is secured with a bracket or a metal plate.

Repeating parts of the rafter system should be made completely identical to each other in order to build an isosceles gable roof, the weight of which will be evenly distributed even under atmospheric stress. For this purpose, templates of identical parts are made by hand.

Planks 50 × 150 mm are laid out on the ceiling of the house, a triangle of the required height is made from two rafter legs and a rack board (its length corresponds to the height of the future roof), connected with a nail. Two or three people raise the structure - the rack is installed on the central axis of the ceiling, the rafters are installed on the Mauerlat.

In the process of preparing the template, you can lengthen the elements by varying the height of the roof and choosing the most suitable option.

Having decided on the dimensions, it is necessary to make curly cuts on the rafters in the places of their contact with the harness. The rafter leg should firmly rest against the Mauerlat. There are a number of fastening methods, you should choose the most convenient and reliable one, preferably using metal pads. The intricacies of the technology can be found in the video. The resulting rafter structure further acts as a template, and the support board helps to control the height of the installed trusses.

Gable

The pediment is an extension of the wall, limited by the roof slopes. If a gable roof is provided, the gables of the house are in the shape of a triangle. When installing the truss structure, first of all, the extreme trusses are installed, which later serve as a frame for the gables. It is necessary to strictly check the verticality of the structures and make sure that they have the same height. In the upper part of the gables, a ridge girder is attached, to which the remaining rafter structures are subsequently mounted.

Usually the gables are sewn up after the roofing work is completed, but this can be done at an earlier stage. Installation of boards 50 × 100 or 50 × 150 mm is carried out in the vertical or horizontal direction. The pediment, which can be built with your own hands, is often supplied with windows.

It is necessary to provide for the warming of the gables.

Roof insulation and roof installation

A crate is stuffed onto the rafter system, the pitch of which is calculated based on the characteristics of the roofing material - its size and rigidity, the method of installation. If the use of flexible materials (bitumen shingles, PVC film, rolled bituminous roofs) is envisaged, it is necessary to make a continuous, even flooring.

It is necessary to treat roof insulation as carefully as possible, since otherwise the heat losses will be very significant. Usually, a gable roof is immediately performed taking into account the use of certain materials for insulation - when building a rafter system with your own hands, the pitch of the rafters is calculated relative to the width of the sheet insulation. This allows you to build a roof with minimal economic costs, since the material for insulation does not have to be cut. In addition, this approach speeds up and simplifies the installation of the insulation and vapor barrier system.

In this high-quality video, you can see in detail how to make a gable roof yourself and make sure that there is nothing complicated about it.

The gable roof rafter system is considered one of the simplest in purely constructive terms. It contains only a few elements, the number of which decreases or increases due to the size of the roof itself. But despite the apparent simplicity, the very process of erecting a gable roof requires knowledge of some nuances that affect the quality of the final result.

Rafter system for a gable roof Source tues.ru

What is a gable roof

From the name it becomes clear that the roof structure is two slopes, rectangular in the plane. More often the slopes are of the same size, but there are so-called asymmetric designs in which the slopes differ in size from each other.

In this case, the slopes are set to each other at a certain angle, which is called an inclination. The line of contact is the ridge beam, which is part of the rafter system. In simple terms, it is called a ridge, and it is the highest point of the roof.

The side planes formed by the slopes are called gables. They are triangular in shape. After the construction of the roof, the sidewalls are revetted with sheet or panel materials: plywood, OSB, even boards, etc.

What is the gable roof truss system

The basis of the constructions of the slopes are rafter legs, they are also rafters. They are made either from lumber (beams, boards), or from a steel profile (corner, channel). In private housing construction, wood is used. It is easier to work with, plus lumber is cheaper.

The device of the gable roof rafter system is not only rafters. In addition to them, there are several more required elements. In the photo below, all the elements of a gable roof are shown. Let's designate them.

Each of the elements of the roof has its own purpose Source lestorg32.ru

Elements of the gable roof truss system

Mauerlat... In fact, this is the beam on which the rafters rest. Its purpose is to evenly distribute the loads from the rafter legs on the walls of the house. If the Mauerlat is not used, the rafters will press on the walls pointwise, that is, large stresses will arise at the installation sites, which will lead to cracking of the walls.

Raftersinstalled at an angle.

Skate, he is a ridge bar or girder. Its task is to form the junction of the rafter legs. A ridge bar is an optional element of a gable roof. There are designs in which it is not installed. But more on that below.

Puffs... They are not always used, but only on hanging rafters or, if the rafter system is installed on a wide house.

Floor beamsthat form the ceiling in the room and the floor in the attic.

One of the floor beams, which is called lie down... It additionally acts as a base for the support posts that support the rafters. Not always used.

Support posts, they are also the grandmas supporting the rafter legs. They are installed only if the span of the house is at least 6 m.

Braces, they are also diagonal supports. They are used only if the support posts cannot provide the overall reliability of the rafter system.

There is one more element that is clearly visible in the photo below. These are the support posts for the ridge run. They are installed if the structure of the rafter system is heavy. That is, the entire structure is assembled under heavy roofing material, for example, under ceramic tiles.

Sliding rafters with support legs under the ridge girder Source seaside-home.ru

You may be interested in this! A warm roof is an important detail when building an energy efficient home. From the article at the following link you can find out.

Types of rafters

The roof rafter system (gable) can be assembled from layered or hanging rafters.

Fortified

They got their name because they rest on the lower ends of the walls of the house, the upper ends on the ridge run. In this case, the rafter elements are subjected to loads that bend them. The construction is reliable, robust, with a high load-bearing capacity.

The photo above just shows the layered rafter system. It is clearly seen that the legs rest in the upper part on the ridge. In this case, there are two types of fastening of the rafters themselves in the upper part:

fastening is made to the ridge:

fastening is made to each other with an emphasis on the ridge (photo above).

Hanging

It is necessary to immediately indicate that this type of rafter system can be used if the distance between the walls of the house does not exceed 12 m. Because the rafters rest on the lower ends against the walls, and the upper ends only between themselves (there is no ridge run in the structure). Hence the low bearing capacity with a large spread.

Hanging roof rafters have one purely constructive drawback - a large supporting load on the walls of the house. To reduce it, tightens are installed between the legs to make a hard triangle. Often the functions of the puffs are performed by load-bearing floor beams.

If necessary, reinforce the hanging rafters, install racks and struts under them.

Hanging rafters of a gable roof Source postila.ru

Installation of the gable roof truss system

Two types of rafter system determine two types of technology for their assembly. Let's consider each separately.

Installation of layered rafters

There is a certain sequence for assembling layered rafters.

Two extreme support posts are installed under the ridge beam. They will not only support the timber, but also be the elements that form the gables of the building. Attach them at the bottom to the Mauerlat. In this case, they are strictly exposed vertically, and the upper ends are in the same horizontal plane. To do this, a strong thread is pulled between the racks, the level is checked for horizontalness. If there are deviations, then one of the supports (low) is raised using wooden supports.

Intermediate support posts are mounted along a horizontally stretched thread with a step of 2-2.5 m. To prevent the beams of the posts from moving, they are propped up with temporary fasteners: props or puffs.

A ridge bar is laid on the racks, which is attached to them.

Produced in pairs installation of gable roof rafters... Installation can be started from either side. Fastening is carried out immediately to the Mauerlat and to the ridge. The main thing is to maintain the distance between the legs, which is determined depending on the weight and bearing capacity of the roofing material. Usually, this parameter is indicated in a house project.

If necessary, intermediate support posts and struts are mounted.

Installation of rafters on a ridge along a stretched thread Source kbumb.ru

Installation of hanging rafters

The technology for installing hanging rafters is different. For this, the entire structure, assembled from two rafters and tightening, is assembled on the ground. That is, roof trusses are prepared in the required quantity, which are then raised to the roof. Sometimes craftsmen assemble roof trusses. Collected one - installed, collect the next.

It should be noted that such farms have a significant mass. It is difficult and dangerous to lift them manually, therefore they use the services of a crane. And this increases the cost of the structure.

Hanging type trusses assembled on the ground Source moydom-irk.ru

The hardest part is setting up the farms. All of them are installed at the installation site with a planned step, where they are temporarily fixed with jibs and props. Then a thread is pulled between the extreme trusses. It must be positioned so that, firstly, it is stretched strictly along the horizon, and secondly, according to the structure, which is higher than the rest.

It remains only to raise the rafter structures, which were below the tensioned level. And the last one is the installation of the lathing, which will fix all the trusses into one rafter system. Please note that at the bottom of the rafters will be fixed to the Mauerlat.

You may be interested in this! When the installation of the rafter system is completed, then the turn of the roofing work comes. From the article at the following link you can find out.

Calculation of rafters

the length of the rafter legs;

installation step;

section of the used lumber.

With the length, everything is simple, for this you have to use the Pythagorean theorem, which is based on the formula: c 2 \u003d a 2 + b 2, where c is the hypotenuse of the triangle (these are the rafters), a and b are legs. The latter are the height of the roof and half the width of the house. All parameters can be easily measured.

The length of the rafters is l 2 + H 2 Source remontik.org

It is more difficult with the installation step, because a lot will depend on the mass of the roofing material and the loads from natural precipitation. The larger both loads, the smaller the installation step. But, as practice shows, this parameter varies from 60 cm to 2 m. The latter indicator is used if corrugated board with large corrugation parameters is used as a roofing material, for example, H75.

As for the cross-section of the rafter legs, here, as in the case of the installation step, loads are taken into account, as well as the length of the legs and the step of their installation. Here the dependence is as follows: the greater the load, step and length, the larger the section.

Video description

In the video, the process of installing the rafter system:

And one moment. The rafters for a gable roof are laid at a certain angle (marked with the letter "a" in the photo). The slope is selected taking into account the choice of roofing material. That is, some coatings cannot be laid on roofs if the angle of inclination is less than required. Here are some ratios:

the minimum angle of inclination of the rafter system for slate is 22 °;

for corrugated board - 12 °;

for metal tiles - 14 °;

soft tiles - 15 °.

The ratio of the slope of the roof to the type of roofing material Source arhplan.ru

On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer turnkey roof design and repair services. You can communicate directly with representatives by visiting the exhibition of houses "Low-rise Country".

Generalization on the topic

Gable roofs are traditional designs. But from the article it becomes clear that there are two rafter systems that form the basis for the construction of roofs. The one that fits the size of the house is chosen. As a selection criterion, the loads that press on them are also taken into account. Therefore, it is important to correctly correlate everything, taking into account the nuances of construction processes.

The roof of the house is one of the main components of the house. It represents the upper structure of the building, without which it is difficult to imagine comfortable living. The main functions of the roof are protection from snow, rain and other precipitation, as well as keeping warm during the cold season and protecting against overheating during the summer months. In our years, there is a wide variety of roofs for every taste and budget. However, the most common and popular at all times are gable roofs, which are versatile, inexpensive and easy to install. We will talk about how to correctly make a gable roof with our own hands in today's article.

The gable roof design is the most common in private construction. As is clear from the name of this type of roof, it is made in the form of two slopes or, more simply, in the form of a triangle. Such roofs are easy and quick to install, they are quite durable and their appearance finds many admirers, since it combines the look of a Russian hut and a modern building. With the necessary knowledge, you can do it yourself using the available tools.

The device of the rafter system of a gable roof

The rafter system of a modern gable roof consists of many elements, each of which evenly redistributes the weight of the structure and correctly transfers it to the walls of the house. The figure below shows the construction of a gable roof of a house with its main nodes and elements of the rafter system.

Let's analyze each of the elements shown in the diagram separately:

The rafter leg is the main part in the construction of the gable roof rafter system, which is an inclined element that is laid through the entire roof. To create it, the most durable beams are selected, since the rafter leg, in addition to the weight of the roofing material and the sheathing, can carry the weight of precipitation in the form of snow;
Mauerlat - the so-called "foundation" of the roof, which is the main support for the entire structure, which distributes the load on the walls. It is a beam or a thick board on which the rafter legs rest and which is a "gasket" between the wall and the roof;
Tightening (tie) - a spacer located at the base of the triangle, which increases strength. The tightening has a double function, since the ceiling is mounted to its lower part;
Runs - ridge runs are attached in the upper part, lateral in the center of the rafter legs The task of the runs is to keep the rafter legs from falling and "folding";
Rack - located in the central area, directly under the ridge. Serves as a support, transfers the load to the tightening;
Lezhen - an additional element on which the rack rests;
Sheathing - boards that are mounted across the rafters. The lathing is designed for laying roofing material on it (in the simplest case) and to provide additional rigidity to the entire rafter system.

This roof scheme is universal for many buildings, but depending on the complexity of the structure, special elements can be added here to give stability and rigidity to the entire rafter system.

Slope angle of the gable roof

The choice of an acceptable angle of inclination of the roof is a significant task, but for many builders it fades into the background, which is not true. The so-called gable structures with straight slopes are considered standard. The optimal angle of inclination of a gable roof is on average 30 ° -45 ° (the angle at the base of an isosceles triangle is taken as a basis).

The choice of the angle of inclination will determine how well the upper part of the house will withstand the following factors:

the pressure of the snowfall;

the weight of an individual object on the roof, such as a person.

The first two points must be taken into account with special care, since a miscalculation in the choice of a roof slope can cost large financial losses and health in the event of a collapse.

Example: the larger the angle, the less the load on the roof from precipitation, however, the threat of wind damage due to the created wind increases (the roof can simply blow off). The noise effect will also increase if metal is chosen as the roofing material.

Roll materials: the number of layers is calculated in advance. The more of them, the lower you can make the roof. Double decking - from 10-15 °;
Typesetting elements: these include tiles (including soft tiles) and slate. The angle of inclination of the rafters is set from 20 °;
Metal tiles: a slope of 14 ° should be adhered to;
Decking: its sheets should be placed at an angle of 12 °;
Ondulin: it is allowed to adhere to the indicator from 6 °.

Thus, when designing a roof and choosing an angle of inclination, it is important to know in advance what kind of roofing material you will cover it with. As you can see, the minimum slope of a gable roof can be 6 °.

Types of truss systems for gable roofs

Most of the rafter systems for gable roofs are divided into two main types - hanging and layered. The first type is the most common. Let's take a closer look at both types.

Hanging gable roof truss system

This type of roofing structures is used exclusively when the walls of the house are at a distance of up to 10 m from each other and there are no supporting ceilings between them. The rafters (legs) are joined only with the side parts of the house in the form of a Mauerlat. The downside of a gable roof with hanging rafters is the possibility of damage due to the bursting load, since in this case there are no stretch marks between the rafters.

Gable roof rafter system

The difference between layered structures is the presence of an additional support in the form of a wall or other support. The roof rafter system is installed with supports that are attached to the intermediate walls. This design allows you to close large spans without compromising the rigidity of the entire rafter system.

Separately, it is worth talking about several more types of gable roofs. By design, a gable roof can be made in the following versions:

symmetrical gable roof;
asymmetrical gable roof;
gable sloping roof.

The differences between these structures are clear from the name. Depending on the project of your house and on the design decisions, the roof can be asymmetrical, that is, it can have different angles of inclination at the base. Such a roof is a little more difficult to install than an ordinary symmetrical roof, which has an isosceles triangle at its base, but it will not be difficult for an experienced craftsman to build such a structure.

A gable sloping roof is also very common. The rafters of such a roof seem to be slightly broken off at the base. Such roofs practically do not retain precipitation and allow you to win in the attic space for.

Often, novice builders, before designing and calculating the purchase of material, have questions about how to find out the length of the rafters of a gable roof. For this, it is important at the design stage to know what the width of the building will be, in order to select the rafters of a standard size, so that they do not have to be spliced, sacrificing their bearing capacity. Along with this, one must not forget about the angle of inclination of the roof. All of these factors will ultimately affect the length calculation.

So, to calculate the length of the rafters of such a roof, you need to divide the triangle formed by the rafter system into two right-angled triangles. Further, knowing the width of the building and the angle of inclination of the roof, you can determine the height of the ridge of the gable roof. Knowing the two legs of a right triangle and using the Pythagorean theorem, you can calculate the hypotenuse of each right triangle, which is the required length of the rafters of our roof.

As a result, to determine the final length, you need to add another 30-50 cm to the resulting value to ensure the overhangs of the roof.

All the calculations carried out to determine the height of the ridge (it is the height of the pediment) and the length of the rafters are clearly shown in the image:

From the foregoing, we can conclude that a gable roof is the cheapest and most versatile type of roof for a private house. There are examples when, using improvised means, people built a gable roof on their own alone. Nevertheless, we advise you to use the help of specialists in such matters, because a well-made roof over your head means comfort and coziness in the house.

Designing the construction of a gable roof of a house

The first and fundamental stage in the construction of a gable roof is its design. We have already said that the load taken by the roof will depend on the choice of the angle of inclination of the roof, and, as a result, the choice of roofing material that can withstand precipitation and loads from these precipitation and wind.

At this stage, drawings of the structure of the future roof are created and all the necessary calculations are carried out. This is necessary, first of all, in order to have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe general appearance of the roof and its dimensions, as well as to take into account all the expected maximum loads.

After the design, you will have the entire package of documents in your hands, which will indicate all the dimensions of the future roof, its area for the purchase of roofing materials, the full range of lumber used in the construction. The presence of a list with the nomenclature of lumber will allow you not to spend extra funds on its purchase, since lumber is the main item of expenses during the construction of a roof.

After all design work has been completed, they proceed directly to construction work. When doing work with your own hands, half of the budget is saved, which could have gone to pay the builders. At the same time, it is important to remember about compliance with all rules and regulations so that the end result meets expectations.

Construction of a gable roof step by step

Installation of a gable roof Mauerlat

The Mauerlat takes all the load from the roof and transfers it to the walls, so a fairly thick and strong beam is chosen as the Mauerlat. The thickness is chosen based on the thickness of the wall on which it rests. As a rule, they tend to choose the thickness of the Mauerlat bar equal to or close to the wall thickness.

It is necessary to lay the Mauerlat flush with the outer part of the wall, firmly connecting them together. To connect the Mauerlat to the wall, even at the stage of wall construction, anchor bolts or wire are laid (poured into the armopoyas). If a wire is used as a fastener, then after laying the timber, it is tightly tied around with this wire and remains firmly fixed in this form. If anchor bolts were walled into the wall, through holes are pre-drilled in the Mauerlat, with which the bar is pushed onto the bolts and tightened from above with nuts with wide washers.

It is also important not to forget to lay a layer of waterproofing material in the form of a gasket between the wall and the Mauerlat. Roofing material or similar materials are usually used as waterproofing. Read more about securing the Mauer in this video.

After the base is prepared, proceed to the assembly of the gable roof rafter system. The installation of rafters can be done in several ways: install the rafters directly on the roof or perform some structural elements on the ground, and then lift them to the installation site using special equipment. It is quite problematic to correctly put the rafters on a gable roof with your own hands without the help of a partner, so it is better to use help so as not to make mistakes and not nullify all efforts.

To make it easier to fasten the beams, it is worth marking the attachment points on each wall and connecting the opposite walls with beams (legs), on which the racks will be installed to support the rafters. A ridge bar is installed on the racks, which is a guide for installing the rafter system. In order to connect the rafters as accurately as possible, so that the entire skeleton of the rafters is the same, use templates. This way you can avoid failures and distortions in the roof.

After installing the ridge beam, they proceed to the most critical part - the installation of the rafters (already fastened together or separately). It is important to constantly monitor the level and evenness of the installation. The rafters are fastened together, as a rule, on nails or with the help of iron brackets. Common schemes for placing rafters on a gable roof and attaching them to each other are shown in the figure below.

After completing the roof frame, it is required to install auxiliary fasteners to improve the rigidity of the roof. For this, struts and middle skates are installed.

We invite you to watch a video that clearly shows the installation of rafters with your own hands for a gable roof.

The lathing of a gable roof in the simplest case is the installation of transverse boards on the rafters for laying roofing material on it. But, as a rule, modern roofing is a more complex pie of different layers.

After installing the lathing, the roof is covered with a layer of waterproofing, the layers of which are mounted with an overlap on top of each other, and the joints are fastened with tape.

The next step is to fix the counter battens - slats fixed at an angle of 90 degrees to the main batten. This is to provide a ventilated gap in the roofing pie to get rid of moisture.

At the final stage of the installation of a gable roof, the roofing is laid, the choice of which, as mentioned at the beginning of the article, depends on several factors, including the financial component

External work on the installation of the roof ends with the arrangement of the gables, if they are not part of the walls. After that, they move on to interior finishing work and, if necessary. We will talk in detail about roof insulation in the following articles.

It is worth noting that building a gable roof with your own hands is not so difficult, the main thing is to make the calculations correctly and follow the instructions step by step so as not to miss important points during installation.

A short video instruction on the construction of a gable roof is presented in the video:

The rafter system is the basis of the roof, the reliability and strength of the roof, its ability to withstand precipitation and wind depend on it. The design of the rafter system is determined by the shape of the roof and the features of the layout of the house, as well as the materials used. The do-it-yourself rafter system is usually made of wood, but other materials can also be used, for example, a metal profile.

Types of rafters and their application

The choice of a rafter system is a crucial step that requires knowledge of the design of each type of roof. Rafters can be:

Roof rafters supported by a ridge girder and a Mauerlat. They are used in the construction of a single-pitched, simple gable roof, as well as one of the elements of a hip and sloping mansard roof.
Sliding rafters are a type of layered rafters used for wooden structures that give high shrinkage. Their difference is the sliding fastening of the rafters to the Mauerlat, which allows you to compensate for wall shrinkage without deforming the roof.
Hanging rafters - a system of rafters tightened with crossbars or ties, usually used in the construction of a simple gable roof, as well as as the upper rafters of a mansard roof. In the hanging rafter system, the ridge girder is absent, and in the upper part the symmetrical rafter legs rest directly on each other.
Oblique rafters, otherwise called angular or diagonal. They are used for making a three-pitched or four-pitched roof, as well as for roofs with complex geometry.

Elements of the rafter system

Any rafters are designed to distribute and transfer the load of the roof to the walls of the house. The main elements on which the rafters rely are:

Mauerlat - a bar fixed on the upper plane of the walls along the perimeter of the entire house;
Legs - support beams laid on internal load-bearing partitions or columns;
Top floor beams;
Racks and supports;
Girders - horizontal support elements laid along the roof axis on the posts.

The roof truss consists of the following elements:

Rafter legs - boards or beams that form the contour of the roof and are laid with a certain pitch;
Puffs or crossbars are horizontal elements that tighten the paired rafter legs together;
Braces - supports set at an angle and supporting the rafter legs;
Fillets - boards fixed at the lower end of the rafters and forming the overhangs of the roof;

Narozhniki are short rafters supported by diagonal rafters in a hip roof.

All these elements in private construction are usually made of wood - timber or coniferous boards, dried naturally. The tree is impregnated with an antiseptic, which makes it possible to extend its service life. The thickness and section of the elements is determined by calculation.

Technology for performing layered rafters

Before starting construction, you need to sketch the roof and calculate its dimensions. The section and pitch of the rafters, as well as the need to install additional supports and struts, are also determined by calculation.
Support elements are laid and exposed: Mauerlat, beds and floor beams, racks, ridge and intermediate runs. These operations are described in detail in the articles on various types of roofs:
A rafter template is made. To do this, take a board with a width corresponding to the estimated length of the rafters, with the same width, but with a smaller thickness - it is lighter and easier to fit exactly in place. The board is applied to the installation site of the extreme rafter with one end to the ridge girder, the other to the Mauerlat.
In the upper part of the template, mark the upper cut. The shape of the cut should be such that the board lies on the ridge girder and at the same time fits snugly against the opposite rafter. The depth of the cut should be no more than 1/3 of the board width.
After sawing out the upper cut, the template is again applied in place and the lower cut is marked - it should rest on the Mauerlat, without leaving large gaps. The end of the template is sawed off at an angle so that the cut is in the vertical plane.
The resulting template is applied at the installation site of all rafter legs, checking whether a fit will be needed in place. If the template fits perfectly (which rarely happens), you can immediately make the required number of rafter legs. If you need to adjust the bottom cut, then only the upper part of each rafter is cut out according to the templates, and the bottom cut is made in place each time.
The rafters are placed with a set calculation step. It usually ranges from 50 to 120 cm and depends on the type of roof covering, namely its severity, and the expected snow load. The heaviest coatings are slate and ceramic tiles, but these are rarely used today. More often, the choice is made in favor of more modern, lightweight and reliable materials: metal tiles, ondulin, soft roofing. For them, the rafter pitch can be chosen about 100 cm without performing complex calculations.
First, the rafters are installed from the side of the gables. The rafter leg is supported on the ridge girder and the Mauerlat and fixed on two 100-150 mm nails at each attachment point. Having installed the rafter pair, they additionally fasten it: in the upper part with the help of metal plates and self-tapping screws on one side and corners with a stiffener on the other, in the lower part - with brackets or also on corners.
After installing the rafters, a twine is pulled between them from both gables of the roof and the remaining rafters are aligned along it. The rafters are attached in the same way.
Install struts, if required by the results of the calculation. The braces are made of the same material as the rafters. Apply a board of suitable length at the desired angle to the rafter and mark the bottom cut. It is important to take into account what the brace will rely on: on the floor beam or on the bed, the shape of the bottom cut depends on this. After performing the lower cut, the brace is placed in place and the cutting line is marked along the rafters. The prepared strut is placed between the beams and the rafters and fixed with metal plates or corners.

Installation of struts on the roof

Technology for making hip diagonal rafters

Since the rafters for the hip roof are installed diagonally, the usual methods of fastening them are not suitable. In addition, the load on the diagonal rafters is much higher than on the layered or hanging ones, so the material for their implementation must have a larger section. You can use a beam with a thickness of 100 mm, but practice shows that it is more convenient to make these rafters from two folded and bonded boards of standard thickness.
The diagonal rafters are supported with the upper end on the racks, with the lower end on the Mauerlat bars converging at right angles. They are marked in place, and their main feature is that the cuts are performed not perpendicular to the plane of the board, but at an angle of 45 degrees. When performing rafters from spliced \u200b\u200bboards, first one side is performed with oblique cuts, then the second, in a mirror image.
The boards are pulled together with screws, nails or studs. The hip rafters are fixed with pads and self-tapping screws.

A video will help you better understand the basic techniques of building a rafter system with your own hands.

When performing any rafter system with your own hands, it is important to carefully secure all nodes and connections and remember that the roof is the main protection of your house from bad weather. Therefore, it is important not only to make a high-quality frame, but also to choose a suitable one, for example, corrugated board, and lay it correctly.