Thin air. What is rarefaction of air? At what altitude does the air become rarefied?

The amount of oxygen and nitrogen decreases sharply with altitude. It's all about the pressure difference between the upper and lower layers of the atmosphere. The upper layers put a lot of pressure on the lower ones, so the latter have much more air and lower pressure. Climbers, when climbing to great heights, experience some difficulties.

It all depends on the height at which the person is located. If it does not exceed 1 km, the difference is almost imperceptible, and there will be no harm to the body. An altitude of 1 to 3 km also cannot harm a healthy person (the body easily compensates for the lack of oxygen). Sick people, especially those who suffer from asthma, should not go on such a dangerous journey.

At an altitude of 5 to 6 km, the body of a healthy person mobilizes all systems and forces them to work in increased mode due to lack of oxygen. A trained person can cope with such a height, which is why various research bases and observatories are often located here. Healthy sleep and proper nutrition help scientists' bodies cope with stressful situations.

Places located at an altitude of 7 km and above are unsuitable for human life. There is so little oxygen here that the blood cannot fully deliver it to all organs. They begin to experience oxygen starvation. A person feels tired, headaches, and their general condition worsens. A person can spend no more than 3 days at an altitude of 8 km and above.

Life in the Highlands

Residents of mountainous areas have much better health and live longer than residents of the plains. What explains this? Oxygen by its nature is a strong oxidizing agent. Any oxidizing agent in the body causes aging to a greater or lesser extent. But a person cannot live either. To improve health, you need a slightly lower oxygen content in the air than on the plains.

The optimal altitude for a comfortable life is about 1500 meters above sea level. The body experiences slight oxygen starvation, which turns on all systems in enhanced mode. Blood circulation and ventilation of the lungs improve, and the level of hemoglobin in the blood increases.

American scientists have noticed that people living in the mountains are characterized by guttural sounds in their speech. At high altitudes, it is much easier to pronounce such sounds, since this requires compressing the air in the throat. This is easiest to do in the highlands, since the air here is thinner than on the plains.

sparse and discharged- Question Which is correct: “sparse” or “discharged?” Sparse and sparse 1) participle of the verb to sparse (to make less frequent, separating one from the other at intervals, to place at a considerable distance from each other; to reduce the density ... Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language

I. General concepts. II. Types of electrical stations for the production of electrical energy. III. Classification of them. IV. Buildings and premises of electric power stations. V. Equipment of electrical stations. VI. Operation of electric power stations. VII. Ship electrical stations. VIII. Carriage and train E. stations. IX... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

A law connecting changes in the volume of a gas at constant temperature with changes in its elasticity. This law, discovered in 1660 physicist Boyle and later, but, independently of him, by Mariotte in France, in its simplicity and certainty... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

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EMPHYSEMA- EMPHYSEMA, emphysema (from the Greek empliy SaO I inflate). This word means stalemate. a condition in which there is either an increased air content in an organ (lung) or an accumulation of air that is unusual for a given tissue. In accordance with this they talk about E.... ...

- (North-East forced labor camp) a structural unit of the system of forced labor camps of the OGPU NKVD of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, which existed on the territory of Dalstroy (North-East of the USSR) as its production division.... ... Wikipedia

CLIMATE THERAPY- CLIMATE THERAPY, climate treatment (see), based on knowledge of experimental climatophysiology. Medicine began to develop only in the mid-19th century, although Hippocrates already attached great importance to the health status of the exposure to the place where the given person lives... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

- (anatomy) see Respiratory organs. L., their diseases: 1) tubercle, consumption, caused by specific bacteria (see), widespread in almost all countries of the globe. Being a contagious disease, consumption is transmitted by inhalation... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

The sun and the celestial bodies orbiting around it are 9 planets, more than 63 satellites, four ring systems of the giant planets, tens of thousands of asteroids, a myriad of meteoroids ranging in size from boulders to dust grains, as well as millions of comets. IN… … Collier's Encyclopedia

The layer of the atmosphere located above 11 km is very rarefied, with a very low atmosphere; The lower layer of the atmosphere is called the troposphere. There are no vertical currents or cloud formation in the north. The study of S. is of practical importance for aviation, ... ... Marine Dictionary

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• Forays into another life. Paradoxical psychology, Konstantin Sevastyanov. The paradox is that a person wants to change his life for the better, but at the same time remain as he is. Is such a person suitable for a better life? There are two liters of milk in a liter jug...

May 29 marks exactly 66 years since the first ascent of the world’s highest mountain, Everest. After many attempts on different expeditions, in 1953, New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Nepalese Sherpa Tenzing Norgay reached the world peak - 8848 meters above sea level.

To date, more than nine thousand people have conquered Everest, while more than 300 died during the ascent. Will a person turn around 150 meters before reaching the summit and go down if another climber becomes ill, and is it possible to climb Everest without oxygen - in our material.

Conquer the peak or save someone else's life

There are more and more people wishing to conquer the highest peak in the world every year. They are not afraid of the cost of climbing, measured in tens of thousands of dollars (the climb permit alone costs $11,000, plus the services of a guide, Sherpas, special clothing and equipment), nor the risk to health and life. At the same time, many go completely unprepared: they are attracted by the romance of the mountains and the blind desire to conquer the peak, but this is the most difficult test of survival. During the 2019 spring season, there are already 10 people on Everest. According to media reports, a total of 20 people died in the Himalayas this spring - this is more than in the entire 2018.

Of course, there is now a lot of commerce in extreme tourism, and climbers with many years of experience also note this. If previously you had to wait for years to climb Everest, now getting permission for the next season is not a problem. Nepal has sold 381 lift licenses this spring alone. Because of this, hours-long queues of tourists formed on the approaches to the top of the mountain, and this at altitudes critical for life. There are situations when oxygen runs out or there are not enough physical resources of the body to stay in such conditions, and people can no longer walk, someone dies. In cases where one of the group members becomes ill, the rest have a question: leave him and continue on the path to achieve the goal for which they have been preparing all their lives, or turn around and go downhill, saving the life of another person?

According to mountaineer Nikolai Totmyanin, who has made more than 200 ascents (of which five ascents to eight-thousanders and 53 ascents to seven-thousanders), in Russian groups on mountain expeditions it is not customary to leave a person who cannot go further. If someone feels bad and there are serious health risks, then the whole group turns around and goes down. This happened more than once in his practice: it happened that he had to turn around the entire expedition 150 meters before the goal (by the way, Nikolai himself climbed to the top of Everest twice without an oxygen cylinder).

There are situations when it is impossible to save a person. But just leaving him and continuing to move, knowing that he could die or spoil his health - this, according to our concepts, is nonsense and is simply unacceptable. Human life is more important than any mountain.

At the same time, Totmyanin notes that things are different on Everest, since commercial groups from different countries are gathered there: “Others, for example, the Japanese, do not have such principles. There, everyone is for himself and realizes the degree of responsibility that he can stay there forever ". Another important point: non-professional climbers have no sense of danger, they do not see it. And, being in an extreme situation, when there is little oxygen, the body is limited in any activity, including mental. “In such a situation, people make inadequate decisions, so it is impossible to entrust a person with the decision about whether to continue moving or not. This should be done by the leader of the group or expedition,” summarizes Totmyanin.

Oxygen starvation

What happens to a person at such a height? Let's imagine that we ourselves decided to conquer the peak. Due to the fact that we get used to high atmospheric pressure, living in a city almost on a plateau (for Moscow this is an average of 156 meters above sea level), when we get into mountainous areas our body experiences stress.

This is because the mountain climate is, first of all, low atmospheric pressure and thinner air than at sea level. Contrary to popular belief, the amount of oxygen in the air does not change with altitude; only its partial pressure (tension) decreases.

That is, when we breathe thin air, oxygen is not absorbed as well as at low altitudes. As a result, the amount of oxygen entering the body decreases - a person experiences oxygen starvation.

That’s why when we come to the mountains, often instead of the joy of clean air filling our lungs, we get headaches, nausea, shortness of breath and severe fatigue even during a short walk.

Oxygen starvation (hypoxia)– a state of oxygen starvation of both the entire organism as a whole and individual organs and tissues, caused by various factors: holding one’s breath, painful conditions, low oxygen content in the atmosphere.

And the higher and faster we rise, the more severe the health consequences can be. At high altitudes there is a risk of developing altitude sickness.

What are the heights:

• up to 1500 meters – low altitudes (even with hard work there are no physiological changes);
• 1500-2500 meters – intermediate (physiological changes are noticeable, blood oxygen saturation is less than 90 percent (normal), the likelihood of altitude sickness is low);
• 2500-3500 meters – high altitudes (altitude sickness develops with rapid ascent);
• 3500-5800 meters – very high altitudes (mountain sickness often develops, blood oxygen saturation is less than 90 percent, significant hypoxemia (decreased oxygen concentration in the blood during exercise);
• over 5800 meters – extreme altitudes (severe hypoxemia at rest, progressive deterioration, despite maximum acclimatization, constant stay at such altitudes is impossible).

Altitude sickness– a painful condition associated with oxygen starvation due to a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the inhaled air. Occurs high in the mountains, starting at approximately 2000 meters and above.

Everest without oxygen

The highest peak in the world is the dream of many climbers. The awareness of the unconquered mass with a height of 8848 meters has excited minds since the beginning of the last century. However, for the first time people reached its summit only in the middle of the twentieth century - on May 29, 1953, the mountain finally conquered the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and the Nepalese Sherpa Tenzing Norgay.

In the summer of 1980, a person overcame another obstacle - the famous Italian climber Reinhold Massner climbed Everest without auxiliary oxygen in special cylinders, which are used on climbs.

Many professional climbers, as well as doctors, pay attention to the difference in the sensations of the two climbers - Norgay and Massner - when they reached the top.

According to the memoirs of Tenzing Norgay, “the sun was shining, and the sky - in my entire life I had never seen a bluer sky! I looked down and recognized places memorable from past expeditions... On all sides around us were the great Himalayas... Never before have I seen such a sight and never I won’t see anything more – wild, beautiful and terrible.”

And here are Messner’s memories of the same peak. “I sink into the snow, heavy as a stone from fatigue... But there is no rest here. I am exhausted and exhausted to the limit... Another half hour - and I’m finished... It’s time to leave. There is no feeling of the greatness of what is happening. I’m too tired for this.”

What caused such a significant difference in the descriptions of the two climbers’ triumphant ascent? The answer is simple - Reinhold Massner, unlike Norgay and Hillary, did not breathe oxygen.

Inhaling at the top of Everest will bring three times less oxygen to the brain than at sea level. This is why most climbers prefer to conquer peaks using oxygen cylinders.

On eight-thousanders (peaks above 8000 meters) there is a so-called death zone - a height at which, due to cold and lack of oxygen, a person cannot stay for a long time.

Many climbers note that doing the simplest things: tying boots, boiling water or getting dressed becomes extremely difficult.

Our brain suffers the most during oxygen starvation. It uses 10 times more oxygen than all other parts of the body combined. Above 7500 meters, a person receives so little oxygen that disruption of blood flow to the brain and brain swelling can occur.

Cerebral edema is a pathological process manifested by excessive accumulation of fluid in the cells of the brain or spinal cord and intercellular space, and an increase in brain volume.

At an altitude of more than 6,000 meters, the brain suffers so much that temporary bouts of insanity can occur. A slow reaction may give way to agitation and even inappropriate behavior.

For example, the most experienced American guide and climber Scott Fischer, most likely having suffered cerebral edema, at an altitude of more than 7000 meters, asked to call him a helicopter for evacuation. Although in normal conditions, any climber, even a not very experienced one, knows perfectly well that helicopters do not fly to such a height. This incident occurred during the infamous 1996 Everest climb, when eight climbers died during a storm on the descent.

This tragedy became widely known due to the large number of climbers who died. The ascent on May 11, 1996 killed 8 people, including two guides. On that day, several commercial expeditions simultaneously climbed to the summit. Participants in such expeditions pay money to guides, and they, in turn, provide maximum safety and everyday comfort to their clients along the route.

Most of the participants in the 1996 climb were not professional climbers and were heavily dependent on bottled auxiliary oxygen. According to various testimonies, 34 people simultaneously went out to storm the summit that day, which significantly delayed the ascent. As a result, the last climber reached the summit after 16:00. The critical ascent time is considered to be 13:00; after this time, guides are required to turn clients back in order to have time to descend while it is still light. 20 years ago, neither of the two guides gave such an order in time.

Due to the late ascent, many participants did not have oxygen left for the descent, during which a powerful hurricane hit the mountain. As a result, after midnight, many climbers were still on the mountainside. Without oxygen and poor visibility, they could not find their way to the camp. Some of them were rescued single-handedly by professional climber Anatoly Boukreev. Eight people died on the mountain due to hypothermia and lack of oxygen.

About mountain air and acclimatization

And yet our body can adapt to very difficult conditions, including high altitudes. In order to be at an altitude of more than 2500-3000 meters without serious consequences, an ordinary person needs from one to four days of acclimatization.

As for altitudes above 5000 meters, it is almost impossible to adapt to them normally, so you can only stay at them for a limited time. The body at such altitudes is not able to rest and recover.

Is it possible to reduce the health risk when staying at height and how to do it? As a rule, all health problems in the mountains begin due to insufficient or improper preparation of the body, namely lack of acclimatization.

Acclimatization is the sum of adaptive and compensatory reactions of the body, as a result of which good general condition is maintained, weight, normal performance and psychological state are maintained.

Many doctors and climbers believe that the best way to adapt to altitude is to gain altitude gradually - make several ascents, reaching higher and higher heights, and then descend and rest as low as possible.

Let's imagine a situation: a traveler who decides to conquer Elbrus, the highest peak in Europe, begins his journey from Moscow at 156 meters above sea level. And in four days it turns out to be 5642 meters.

And although adaptation to altitude is genetically embedded in us, such a careless climber faces several days of rapid heartbeat, insomnia and headaches. But for a climber who sets aside at least a week for the climb, these problems will be reduced to a minimum.

While a resident of the mountainous regions of Kabardino-Balkaria will not have them at all. Highlanders' blood naturally contains more erythrocytes (red blood cells), and their lung capacity is on average two liters larger.

How to protect yourself in the mountains when skiing or hiking

• Gradually gain altitude and avoid sudden changes in altitude;
• If you feel unwell, reduce the time of riding or walking, make more rest stops, drink warm tea;
• Due to high ultraviolet radiation, retinal burns can occur. To avoid this in the mountains you need to use sunglasses and a hat;
• Bananas, chocolate, muesli, cereals and nuts help fight oxygen starvation;
• You should not drink alcoholic drinks at altitude - they increase dehydration of the body and aggravate the lack of oxygen.

Another interesting and, at first glance, obvious fact is that in the mountains a person moves much slower than on the plain. In normal life, we walk at a speed of approximately 5 kilometers per hour. This means that we cover a distance of a kilometer in 12 minutes.

To climb to the top of Elbrus (5642 meters), starting from an altitude of 3800 meters, a healthy acclimatized person will need on average about 12 hours. That is, the speed will drop to 130 meters per hour compared to normal.

Comparing these figures, it is not difficult to understand how seriously altitude affects our body.

The tenth tourist died on Everest this spring

Why is it that the higher you go, the colder it gets?

Even those who have never been to the mountains know another feature of mountain air - the higher it is, the colder it is. Why does this happen, because closer to the sun the air, on the contrary, should warm up more.

The thing is that we feel heat not from the air, it heats up very poorly, but from the surface of the earth. That is, the sun's ray comes from above, through the air and does not heat it.

And the earth or water receives this ray, heats up quickly enough and gives off heat upward to the air. Therefore, the higher we are from the plain, the less heat we receive from the earth.

Inna Lobanova, Natalya Loskutnikova

Mountains attract people with their beauty and grandeur. Ancient, like eternity itself, beautiful, mysterious, bewitching the mind and heart, they do not leave a single person indifferent. Breathtaking views of mountain peaks covered with never-melting snow, forested slopes, and alpine meadows attract everyone who has at least once spent a vacation in the mountains to return.

It has long been noted that people in the mountains live longer than on the plain. Many of them, living to a ripe old age, retain good spirits and clarity of mind. They get sick less and recover faster from illness. Women in the middle mountains retain the ability to bear children much longer than women in the lowlands.

Breathtaking views of the mountains are complemented by the purest air, which is so pleasant to breathe deeply. Mountain air clean and filled with aromas of medicinal herbs and flowers. There is no dust, industrial soot or exhaust gases. You can breathe easily and it seems like you can’t get enough of it.

Mountains attract people not only with their beauty and grandeur, but also with a lasting improvement in well-being, a noticeable increase in performance, and a surge of strength and energy. In the mountains the air pressure is less than in the plains. At an altitude of 4 kilometers the pressure is 460 mmHg, and at an altitude of 6 km - 350 mmHg. As altitude increases, the density of the air decreases, and the amount of oxygen in the inhaled volume decreases accordingly, but paradoxically, this has a positive effect on human health.

Oxygen oxidizes our body, contributes to aging and the occurrence of many diseases. At the same time, life is completely impossible without it. Therefore, if we want to significantly extend life, we need to reduce the flow of oxygen into the body, but not too little and not too much. In the first case, there will be no therapeutic effect, but in the second, you can harm yourself. This golden mean is the mountain air of mid-mountains: 1200 - 1500 meters above sea level, where the oxygen content is approximately 10%.

At present, it has already been clearly established that there is only one factor that prolongs a person’s life in the mountains - this is mountain air, the oxygen content of which is reduced and this has a highly beneficial effect on the body.

Lack of oxygen causes a restructuring in the functioning of various body systems (cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous) and forces reserve forces to turn on. This, as it turns out, is a very effective, inexpensive, and most importantly accessible way to restore and improve health. When the amount of oxygen in the inhaled air decreases, a signal about this is transmitted through special receptors to the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata, and from there goes to the muscles. The work of the chest and lungs increases, the person begins to breathe more often, and accordingly the ventilation of the lungs and the delivery of oxygen to the blood improves. The heart rate increases, which increases blood circulation and oxygen reaches the tissues faster. This is also facilitated by the release of new red blood cells into the blood, and therefore the hemoglobin they contain.

This explains the beneficial effect of mountain air on a person’s vitality. Coming to mountain resorts, many notice that their mood improves and their vitality is activated.

But if you rise higher into the mountains, where the mountain air contains even less oxygen, the body will react to its lack in a completely different way. Hypoxia (lack of oxygen) will already be dangerous, and first of all the nervous system will suffer from it, and if there is not enough oxygen to maintain the functioning of the brain, a person may lose consciousness.

In the mountains, solar radiation is much stronger. This is due to the high transparency of the air, since its density and the content of dust and water vapor decrease with altitude. Solar radiation kills many harmful microorganisms that live in the air and decomposes organic matter. But most importantly, solar radiation ionizes mountain air, promoting the formation of ions, including negative ions of oxygen and ozone.

For the normal functioning of our body, both negatively and positively charged ions must be present in the air we breathe, and in a strictly defined ratio. Violation of this balance in any direction has a very adverse effect on our well-being and health. At the same time, negatively charged ions, according to modern scientific data, are necessary for humans just like vitamins in food.

In rural air, the concentration of ions of both charges on a sunny day reaches 800-1000 per 1 cubic cm. In some mountain resorts their concentration rises to several thousand. Therefore, mountain air has a healing effect on most living beings. Many of Russia's long-livers live in mountainous areas. Another effect of thin air is increasing the body’s resistance to the damaging effects of radiation. However, at high altitudes the proportion of ultraviolet radiation increases sharply. The impact of ultraviolet rays on the human body is very great. Possible skin burns. They have a harmful effect on the retina of the eyes, causing severe pain and sometimes temporary blindness. To protect your eyes, you must use glasses with light-protective lenses, and to protect your face, wear a wide-brimmed hat.

Recently, such techniques as orotherapy (treatment with mountain air) or normobaric hypoxic therapy (treatment with rarefied air with a low oxygen content) have become widespread in medicine. It has been precisely established that with the help of mountain air the following diseases can be prevented and treated: occupational diseases associated with damage to the upper respiratory tract, various forms of allergic and immunodeficiency conditions, bronchial asthma, a wide group of diseases of the nervous system, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, diseases cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal diseases, skin diseases. Hypoxytherapy eliminates side effects as a non-drug treatment method.

Don’t rush to throw away the empty bottles that have accumulated after the holidays; you can do one spectacular experiment with them. You will need a container of water. Let's pour some water into the bottle itself. Then place it in the microwave for one and a half to two minutes to bring to a boil. Then we carefully take it out, without lifting the neck up, so that steam does not escape.

Place in a container of water. If you do everything quickly, you can observe the reverse process: steam condensation and filling the bottle with water. At the beginning, nothing worked. The condensation was somehow sluggish and uninteresting. The experimenter changed the heating time and the amount of water from the bottle, and drew colder water, but this did not change the picture.

The critical parameter turned out to be the temperature of the glass of the bottle itself. The more it heats up, the slower the process of steam condensation occurs. Everything was really bad with the small bottle... It all turned out only in the evening...
This is certainly not a vacuum. But the vacuum is quite decent. And most importantly, it is simple and clear to understand.

discussion

Igor Beletsky
+enikeys4ik yes, this happened for the first time, I even put plastic on the bottom of the vase so as not to break it, but it sticks to the neck and prevents water from being absorbed. Not everything is as easy to do as it might seem in the short video.

Peolepol
+mvandreymv the steam in the bottle displaced the air; when the bottle was lowered into the water, it sucked in water due to the formation of condensation (the steam turned into water), and some emptiness was formed. As they said in the video: “nature does not like emptiness. ”

Das
+peolepol As I understand it, it’s not the amount of water in the bottle that is being seen, but a sharp splash, which happened twice in the video. What is this, why does it happen and what is the joke - I also could not understand.

Airaleais
+ker arkad the steam cools evenly in the bottle, and at a certain temperature it begins to condense, drawing in water accelerates the condensation process, water rushes into the container even faster, at a certain moment all the steam simultaneously in all areas drops to the condensation temperature, which is why it sucks in water so sharply.

Kovalev Lev
+ker arkad water vapor replaced the air. When the bottle was lowered upside down into cold water, the steam began to condense, and there was almost no air in the bottle. Thus, the pressure in the bottle drops sharply, and external atmospheric pressure pushes water into the bottle.

maxim tepluk
there was an idea to try to achieve a good vacuum in a sealed vessel through chemical reactions. For example, purge a vessel being evacuated with oxygen, displacing the air from it. Then seal. And the final stage is to convert the oxygen contained in a closed vessel into a solid substance of some oxide, maybe a metal. For example, burn a wire spiral previously placed in a vessel with an electric current.

Petr Timchenko
but drawing water into a bottle is not so interesting; it will be much more interesting to attach a pressure-vacuum meter to the container and detect the “dry” vacuum during external cooling of the container and internal condensation of vapors in the mixture.

Mrdeltik
Hurray, it worked the first time! True, when the zilch happened. I took a bottle of quail vodka, 0.7 l. I poured it so that it wouldn’t spill out while lying down. Heating time is 3 minutes at maximum power.

Mrdeltik
+Igor Beletsky,
I am delighted. I've already scared my wife too. Recently I showed my son how to put an egg in a bottle - he is 7 years old, and I tried to explain the expansion/compressibility of gases. But this effect is much more spectacular (although it is not related to compressibility, but one can be deceitful). I am grateful to you - I have already liked and subscribed.

Ivan Ivanovich
There will be no deep vacuum here, not even close! Mislead people. But people’s interest in such experiments is growing.
This is already good.

Steppeez
well, a water-steam vacuum of such depth is not enough to even ignite a smoldering electric discharge in it. And in this video it is not clear that water (this is not even fine dust of snow crystals) gushes into the volume of the bottle not through a nozzle brought to perfection and without finely dispersed refrigerant spraying in the volume of the bottle, i.e., not the way it works in working conditions chambers of vacuum steam-breathing heat machines.

Pukan Pukanovich

sergey family
if you combine a steam engine with a vacuum engine in one design and power it from a solar concentrator or, even better, from catalytic combustion. I think it will be a very entertaining video.

Dmitry Litovchenko
like! I'm your subscriber! Igor, you and Kreosan are my favorite experimenters! You are the coolest! Courage is your thing! Igor! Huge request! Add at least a little safety instructions to the video! People are not yet immortal and mutilation does not decorate us yet!
Think about the picture: polytraumatology or burn department for subscribers of such channels! This could soon become real!
Real - 1995. Odessa Hospital of Eye Diseases named after. V. P. Filatova, children's burn department! Seven blind boys from 11 to 14 years old, placing their right hand on the shoulder of the person in front! The first one distinguishes shadows and can navigate a little! That's why he's in charge! And in the evening, on a large and beautiful balcony, with a guitar, he sang a song with the words “Dad, what do clouds look like? “His mother sat next to him with a stony face. The boys were from the Donetsk region, children of miners. Curiosity and ignorance forced me to throw an oxygen tank into the fire. And the light went out. And the gentlemen for life will have to be reconsidered.

Safe curiosity - fast progress!
Illiterate curiosity is, at best, a quick death!
It is rightly said: “It is not a fool who is terrible, but a fool with initiative!”

Thank you very much for your understanding and quick response! An accident can happen at any minute. YouTube works around the clock! The author is sleeping, and the children are jumping in a noisy crowd to the next world! Remember this! Please! This is not a joke! I know what I'm talking about! I am a disabled worker! And on the safety pages there are 2.5 liters of my blood!

Petr Timchenko
An example of the operation of Dalton’s law: “the pressure of a mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its constituent components.” Air-water vapor mixture. During condensation, the partial pressure of steam decreases, but the air remains constant. The mixture loses its total pressure and a vacuum occurs. A greater vacuum in the vessel can be achieved by condensing the air itself, and then there will be a real “supervacuum” (within the limits of physics). I didn’t watch the video in order to analyze the situation myself.

Anatoly Parkhomenko
What does this mean when it rains - rarefaction? Or in this case, the steam replaced the air and, falling into the condensate, dragged the liquid with it? The steam has completely displaced the air and the steam pressure is less than the air; the pressure difference squeezes water into the bottle! Cool!

Evgeny E.
As soon as you start heating it, it will immediately boil – i.e. Some of the water from the liquid will quickly turn into steam, the pressures will equalize and the “boiling” will stop until the next increase in temperature.
The explanation is simple - boiling begins when the pressure of saturated vapor becomes equal to external pressure.

Evgeny E.
That is, in the bottle, the vapor and liquid will be in thermodynamic equilibrium - as many molecules from the liquid fly away into the vapor, the same number will fly back. If you increase the temperature, the rate of evaporation will be greater than the rate of condensation.
If the temperature is raised slowly, then bubbles may not be visible, since there is enough surface area to provide the desired evaporation rate. If you increase it quickly, then bubbles will appear - that’s the same “boiling”

ivan88587
no, it’s not the air that doesn’t draw in water, but the air is not steam, it doesn’t condense when cooled and doesn’t create a vacuum. Steam is heavier than air and displaces it in any boiling container and then, if the container is closed, condensing into water, it forms a vacuum.

gustafa111
from this series: take a 200 liter barrel (from a solvent, for example), fill it with water, boil it (you can put steam in there right away, it’s easier) and let it cool (with the lid closed!), It is important not to touch it until it cools down) then we throw a stone at it and it collapses (tearing the fabric of the universe, forming a black hole that will swallow the earth). By the way, it's quite spectacular

Alik litvinov
I also invented different ways to obtain a vacuum, remade a bicycle pump, etc. And then I bought this contraption http: //lavrplus. Prom. Ua/p52544665-vakuumnyj-nasos-2rs. HTML
True, it cost 1200 hryvnia in 2013, and not 2700 as it is now. This pump creates a vacuum sufficient, for example, for experiments on boiling water at a temperature of only 2 - 3 degrees. And if you need a high vacuum, as in a kinescope, you also need a turbomolecular pump, unfortunately, its price is not affordable for a mere mortal, from about 20 thousand hryvnia.
High vacuum became available to people only some 120 - 150 years ago. It’s hard to believe, such a simple and at the same time difficult to achieve substance.

Igor Beletsky
+max frosts because there are no schoolchildren who watch more often and a lot. Post a link to this video on social networks, help me promote the channel and do cooler experiments, it's all in your hands!

Smdfb
Igor, you’ve probably seen a bunch of videos on the Internet about endless energy (like how they take a surge protector and its light bulb is always on). How do you think these pranks are done? All that comes to my mind is only electromagnetic induction. Somewhere nearby there must be a source that creates an alternating electromagnetic field. Is it so?

Igor Beletsky
+den, but of course they won’t show it and haven’t shown it to anyone, because how they heat up a bottle of water quickly without a microwave, you can heat up an iron can, but then you won’t see all the beauty of the process.

Id vlog
Igor, please help me solve the problem. In a socket electromechanical timer https: //youtu. Be/kgf51me3xms the mechanism is driven by a roller magnet rotating in a magnetic field created by a 220 V coil. Is it possible to rewind the coil (and how?) so that it runs on 2 AA batteries. And how to place permanent magnets on iron brackets so that it works only from magnets. The first question is more important. Thank you.

Igor Beletsky
+ it’s time-consuming and difficult to do the right thing, try to do at least something yourself, but while complex experiments are being done, it was necessary to post something so that people don’t forget, is it really difficult to guess for yourself.

Azpuka kusa
+Igor Beletsky (investigator) if you do a fairly complex experiment, then the audience will be more attracted, and accordingly everything will pay off. We are waiting for cool experiments from you

Igor Beletsky
+ azpuka kusa I understand this perfectly well and now I’m preparing two such experiments at once, but it takes a lot of time to bring them to a normal form, I haven’t posted at least one video a week and that’s it – don’t expect the channel to grow.

Igor Beletsky
+hofrin rus yes, this is school physics, but you don’t want to say that you or any of us were shown this at school before, or especially today.

Andrey Rybin
the effect is not explained well enough, i.e. what causes the vacuum in the bottle? As a result of the fact that the water heats up, and the air heats up from contact with it, then expands and is forced out of the bottle?

Petrogor
+Andrey Rybin To understand, you need to pay attention to how water vapor differs from air. Steam, when water boils, displaces all the air from the bottle and there is virtually no air left in the bottle. The bottle contains only water in a gaseous state. When water changes from a gaseous state to a liquid state, a vacuum occurs.

Poluchankin Mikhail
For some reason I didn’t understand how this works, but what if you heat the bottle in oil to 120″ and do the same? It will probably burst. I haven’t woken up yet, but it seems to me that in order for steam to form, you need a hot, dry surface. And in the video you are in a hurry to drain the water, while the bottle is wet, the water rises smoothly, and when it reaches the dry surface, steam is formed.

Aquadevice
Now you can make a piston steam vacuum engine. The efficiency will be much greater than that of a conventional steam locomotive. And if the working fluid is not water, but light-boiling, then you can use the natural temperature difference.

Igor Beletsky
+scwobu if there is such an effect, there will always be a use. For example, the same suction cup (to quickly attach something to a smooth surface), or a primitive pump to quickly pump something out, etc.

Igor vorob
+Igor Beletsky (investigator) no offense, but this is not the first comment you write the preposition “so that” separately, in the form “so that”. I understand illiterate, dropout schoolchildren; they don’t know when to write “so that” and when to write “what” with the subjunctive particle “would”.
But you seem to consider yourself a popularizer of science. You should pay more attention to literacy, eh?
And thanks for the experience, clearly. Only for those who confuse “tsya” - “tsya”, “so that” and “what would” - it would be nice for them to explain the essence of the phenomenon. And as accessible as possible.

Format128
and I
a nuclear power plant costs, for example, a billion. But if every day a couple of million people pay 2 rubles each, then it pays off. What percentage uses solar panels? So you won’t be able to sell them cheaply

trapwalker
you can make an effective vacuum pump for pumping out large volumes of air. It is necessary to insert a thin tube from the steam generator into a durable container; coaxial valves close the steam supply tube and switch the volume of the container to the pumped circuit. After this, the container must be cooled until condensation and the valves must be switched back. The installation can easily be doubled by installing a similar tank with valves in antiphase.

Nikolay Pshonnikov
+trapwalker s https: //ru. Wikipedia. Org/wiki/%d0%9f%d0%b0%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d1%8f_%d0%bc%d0%b0%d1%88%d0%b8%d0 %bd%d0%b0_%d0%9d%d1%8c%d1%8e%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b0

trapwalker
+nikolay pshonnikov my description does not include any piston. A piston, cylinder, sealing rings - this is exactly what is very difficult to obtain at home. But plastic pipes, fittings of any diameter and ball valves are sold very inexpensively in any hardware store and are easy to install without special skills.

Trapwalker
+bang bang. I didn’t understand something, if this is not a question, then. Why? Explain. If the question is... Idk. It's pretty useless. I love generating ideas, this is my hobby, but these ideas don’t go anywhere beyond ideas (for the most part), because this is no longer my hobby (for the most part.

Jwserge
Holy shit
I just made a discovery for myself
THX.

Igor Beletsky
+jwserge I’ve seen videos of aluminum cans and even large barrels collapsing in this way, but I haven’t seen water getting in there yet, so I decided to try it.

Alexei Belousov
I don’t even understand, there is still air there when the neck of the bottle is dipped into water. But where does he go then? Does it dissolve in water? It's not clear in general.

Gluckmaker
18 grams of water in a gaseous state at atmospheric pressure occupies a volume of 22.4 liters
so to fill a half-liter bottle with steam you need about 1/3 cc of water. Therefore, if steam displaces all the air from the bottle and it is immediately sealed, then a decent vacuum will arise there.

Andrey sc
+nradrus no. The maximum pressure that can be achieved in this way is equal to the pressure of saturated water vapor at the temperature of the experiment. Even at zero Celsius it is about 600 pascals, which is a lot for lamps.

ID13
+andrey sem
, it is possible with something that is activated above the boiling point of water at the existing pressure. That is, first, clogging with 100% water vapor and a supply of reagents and a structure (radio lamp, for example), then calcination to activate the chemical substance that absorbs water.