India business card. "calling card" of an Indian woman
“The Art of India” - the Himalayas, the Ganges, the jungle - the country’s nature is colorful and diverse. Art of India. Architecture, sculpture, painting (presentation). India is located on the Hindustan Peninsula in southern Asia. Introduction. Indian culture influenced the development of the entire world culture and science. Architecture. Conclusion. The first mentions of India date back to the 3rd millennium BC. e. Religious doctrine - Buddhism.
"World of India" - Almost? Indian residents have income below the official poverty level. Animal husbandry. Characteristics of INDIA. India is a secular state and any discrimination on religious grounds is punishable by law. Content. Hawa - Mahal. The level of urbanization (urban growth) in India is relatively low (30 – 40%).
“Culture in India” - Book miniature of India. Stupa in Sanchi. Kandarya Mahadeva Temple (interior). Artistic culture of India. Questions and tasks: The updated religion was called HINDUISM. Bodhgaya, XIII century. Sarangi. Brahma formulated the main tasks of the theater: to teach and entertain. Chaitya in Karli. Kandarya Mahadeva Temple.
“Indian culture” - “Maithuna” lovers, X-XIII centuries. Inspired by the work of Behzad and other outstanding Persian painters, the Mughal court artists created a new school of miniatures. Under the Kushans, the Gandhara style, marked by a noticeable influence of antiquity, developed in Buddhist sculpture. The capitals terminating the columns are excellent examples of sculpture.
“Music and Theater of India” - Kathakali Theater - pantomime theater. Theater. Music and theater. Height -16.5m Diameter - 36.5m Spherical dome Palace of the Gods Golden spire 3 umbrellas. Chaitya in Karli - cave temple - diagram. Another type of drum is the ghatam. The sanctuary tower collapsed in the 19th century. What are the official languages in India? Indian Dance Theater.
Business card Country area: 3 million 288 thousand km2 Population: 1 billion 10 million people Capital: Delhi Form of government: republic ATU: federation India is one of the oldest states in the world. In the past it was a colony of Great Britain, after the Second World War it achieved independence.
Economic-geographical position It is separated from China by the mountainous country of the Himalayas. Along the foothills of the Himalayas, the great river Ganges flows through the lowlands. It is considered the sacred river of India. With the discovery of sea routes to India by Europeans, the era of great geographical discoveries began. India passes through the world's maritime trade routes from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean, and is also located halfway between the Middle and Far East.
Population India ranks second in population in the world, after China. Scientists count about 1.6 thousand dialects here. The official language is Hindi (the language of Hindustani, the largest Indian nation) and English. Bilingualism is widespread. The distribution of India's population is uneven.
Population The most densely populated areas are the fertile lowlands, plains in valleys and river deltas, and the sea coast. The level of urbanization (urban growth) in India is relatively low (30 – 40%). Major cities in India: Delhi, Kolkata, Bompey, Chennai. The majority of the population lives in villages (there are more than 600 thousand of them), large and populous. Almost ¼ of Indians live below the official poverty level.
Religion Hindus, Muslims 80% of the population are Hindus, Muslims constitute the largest religious minority - 11%, Sikhs - Buddhists 2.2% - Sikhs, Buddhists only 0.7%, most of whom converted to Buddhism quite recently. India is a secular state and any discrimination on religious grounds is punishable by law.
Economy of India Industry Since independence, India has achieved great success in economic and social development. It successfully carries out industrialization, agrarian reforms, and implements the space program. Indian industry is dominated by metal-intensive production. Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy is developed. India produces machine tools, diesel locomotives, cars; as well as the latest electronic technology, equipment for nuclear power plants and space research.
Industry The chemical industry focuses on the production of mineral fertilizers. Pharmaceuticals are developing. India is the world's chromium exporter. It occupies a leading place in reserves of graphite, beryl, thorium, zirconium, and second place in the world in titanium mining. Light industry is a traditional sector of the Indian economy, especially cotton and jute. The food industry produces goods for both domestic consumption and export. India ranks first in the world in tea exports.
Agriculture of India The leading branch of agriculture in India is crop production. In India they grow: grain crops: rice, wheat, corn, millet. The main industrial crops are cotton, jute, tea, sugar cane, tobacco, oilseeds (peanuts, rapeseed, etc.). Coconut palms, bananas, pineapples, mangoes, citrus fruits, herbs and spices are also grown.
Livestock Livestock farming is the second most important agricultural sector in India, far behind crop production. India ranks first in the world in the number of cattle and one of the last in the consumption of meat products, since the religious views of Hinduism support vegetarianism and prohibit eating beef and killing cows (in ancient India they were a symbol of fertility and prosperity). In coastal areas, fishing is of great importance.
Aviation, road, sea and river transport are also developed. Indian car "Tata Nano" An-32. Indian Air Force Indian warship "Tabar"
Interesting facts: The official Sanskrit name for India is Bharat.India India got its name thanks to the Indus River flowing through its territory. The decimal number system was invented by the Indian scientist Aryabhata. He also invented the number “Zero”. Chess was also invented in India. Until 1896, India was the only source of diamonds in the world. Sciences such as algebra and trigonometry appeared in India. India is the sixth largest country in the world and one of the oldest civilizations (it is more than years old.) The highest cricket ground in the world is in India (Himachal Pradesh). It was built in 1893 and is located at an altitude of 2444 meters above sea level. India has the largest number of post offices in the world. The largest employer in the world is the Indian Railways. The number of its employees is more than a million people! The first university appeared in India 700 BC. More than 60 subjects have been studied by more than students from all continents. Ayurvedic medicine is the earliest school of medicine known to mankind. The use of anesthesia was known in ancient medicine of India. Detailed knowledge of anatomy, embryology, digestion, metabolism, physiology, etiology and genetics has been found in many ancient Indian texts. Although modern India is often shown as one of the poorest countries in the world, in the early 17th century, before the arrival of the British, India was one of the richest countries. When Christopher Columbus discovered America, he was actually looking for a quick route to India, attracted by its wealth.
The history of India's national women's clothing goes back many millennia, almost as long as Indian civilization itself. The Indian sari has absorbed the traditions and customs of this country and has become an integral part of Indian culture. There are many legends about the sari. One of them tells the story of a magical weaver who, while working, dreamed of an ideal woman, and embodied his dreams in a beautiful woman’s clothing, which later became known as a sari. Having passed through the centuries, having stood the test of time, the sari, of course, has undergone some changes: the fabric, colors, patterns have changed, but its femininity and elegant simplicity have remained and remain unchanged, and in this sense, this clothing is unique.
The ancient fashion designers who created this universal clothing did not imagine that it would become a phenomenon in the history of world fashion. Modern designers note in a sari, in addition to such aesthetic qualities as beauty and elegance, it is also practical: it is easy to wash and iron, it does not restrict movement, favorably emphasizes the female silhouette, and at the same time hides figure flaws. Observing from the outside, probably not without the curiosity inherent in women, the endless changes in world fashion trends, Indian women today remain faithful to their national clothing.
What is a sari? A sheet of fabric measuring from 4.5 m to 9 m in length and from 1 m to 1.5 m in width, richly decorated with printed colored patterns or embroidered with silver or gold thread. And today Indian women prefer saris made from natural fabrics - usually cotton or silk, of the best quality, often handmade.
Since ancient times, weaving has been a family craft; professional secrets have been passed down from generation to generation. Weaving is a difficult and labor-intensive craft, so men often do it. The most expensive order is carried out by young men with sensitive fingers; they weave at a certain time of day so that the eyes can see the natural color of the thread. The threads are spun from silkworm cocoons. Then they are boiled, dyed and wound onto bobbins. They are dyed with special dyes, the secret of which is kept secret by each family of weavers. The paints are famous for their durability; they do not fade or fade in the sun.
Each workshop has its own secrets of drawing on fabric. If a woman orders an expensive sari, she can count on something exclusive. This sari is made using a stencil, which is subsequently destroyed. And the possibility of identically dressed women coming face to face is completely excluded! In India, saris are worn by both Indian and Muslim women. Even the poorest woman here has several dozen saris.
It is very important to wear a sari correctly and move beautifully in it, and this is also an art. The piece of fabric called a sari is not stitched or joined anywhere. There are dozens of ways to drape the same saree, making it look different every time. There are “sakacha” and “nivi” saris, that is, sari-pants and sari-skirt. To drape a sari skirt, you need two elements - a blouse and an underskirt. The blouse ("choli") should be quite narrow and short, with or without sleeves. Usually the color of the blouse is matched to the color of the border of the sari or the main color of the fabric. The petticoat should fit snugly around the waist and should be secured without the help of an elastic band, as the elastic may be pulled back by the weight of the sari. It is best to use tape. The petticoat should match the base color of the saree as closely as possible.
The color of the sari conveys information about the occasion for which it was worn. There are saris for joyful and unhappy occasions. A red sari is usually worn for a wedding ceremony or a child's birthday party; this color symbolizes energy and fertility. On religious occasions, sarees with rich golden borders are preferred. The color yellow is associated with religion. White clothes have long belonged to clergy. It was believed that dyeing fabric defiles it. Now the color white accompanies mourning and expresses grief and sadness for the deceased. It is interesting that in ancient times the profession of a merchant was associated with the color green. Peasants, artisans, and weavers wore mostly blue clothes. High castes avoided it, since special indigo fermentation technologies were used to obtain blue shades, which made this paint “impure.” Every self-respecting Indian woman should have a plain sari in her wardrobe to show off her jewelry, although Indian women always wear jewelry, and in considerable quantities, mastering the art of combining them not only with a plain sari.
The sari is closely associated with the traditions and customs of the region in which it is woven. Weaving methods, colors, patterns, source material - using all these features, you can clearly determine in which part of India the fabric was produced. Western India - Rajasthan, Gujarat - is famous for its specially woven cotton saris. They are very bright, with a predominance of animal designs - elephants and peacocks, symbolizing fertility and prosperity. In the north they prefer silk saris in light, delicate shades. Sarees from the east, from Orissa, are characterized by a checkered pattern. No wedding is complete without elegant silk and brocade saris from Benares. Previously, brocade was woven from the finest gold or silver wire. If such matter is burned in a fire, you will get a weighty ingot of precious metal. In Bengal there is a special method of dense silk weaving, and the production of fabric for one sari takes at least 6 months. The border of the wedding sari is three-stripe: two wide stripes are black, with a thin red stripe in the middle. This border is a symbol of the bride, whose parting is marked with red dye during a religious ceremony, indicating farewell to girlhood.
Everything in a sari has its own sacred meaning, every piece of this beautiful fabric has meaning and carries information not only about itself, but also, of course, about the woman who wears it. Just one look at the sari of the woman you meet, and you can determine not only her ethnicity, class, marital status, occupation, but also her mood!
The popularity of traditional Indian women's clothing in the world was promoted not so much by cinema and fashion trends, but, apparently, by the awareness of the unusual combination of beauty, sensuality and the ability to carry information about its owner in a sari - manifestations in a piece of fabric of material culture, in an intricate bright pattern - spiritual significance.
