External water supply networks. How to install outdoor plumbing networks? The range of pipes and auxiliary elements of the water supply and sewerage network used

consists of:

Text part. Explanatory note on external water supply networks, Moscow

Project passport

I.Common data

1. Name of the project: Water supply of construction site No. 26a. Onsite networks. ……

2.Customer: JSC "…."

3. Design stage: Working documentation

4. Construction area: SAO

5. Type of construction: Plumbing D=100mm.

1. Project organization: ….

II.Technical and economic indicators

1. Temporary water supply D=100mm. 114.3 m
2. Estimated cost thousand rubles
3. Construction period.

III. Building solutions

No. p / p	Name	Material	Size (D), mm	Lalong the highway (m)	Lgeom. (m)	In a steel case		Closed laying
						doo, mm	L(m)	doo, mm	L(m)
TEMPORARY WATER PIPE D=100mm (on-site network)
1	Steel pipe D=100mm	steel	108x5.0	108,3	114,3	300	102,0
2	Steel case D=600mm	steel	630x8.0		6,0

EXPLANATORY NOTE

1.General part

This project was developed by order of OJSC “….” in accordance with the technical specifications of MGUP "Mosvodokanal" No. .... from ... g.

1.1 The initial materials for design are:

– geodetic plans M 1:2000;

— geodetic plans M 1:500 of Mosgorgeotrest;

— the route was surveyed by designers in kind.

- SNiP 2.04.02-84 "Water supply to external networks and structures".

- Albums of the institute "Mosinzhproekt", "Kanalstroyproekt

– Engineering and geological surveys were carried out by OJSC Mosinzhproekt, workshop No. 8.

2. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CONSTRUCTION SITE

The temporary water supply of the construction site is carried out in connection with the preparation of priority measures for the development of sites for construction ... ..

Construction address: Site No. 26a is located in the Western Administrative District of Moscow ... ..

On the site there are household temporary buildings (canteen, shower plant), industrial temporary buildings, as well as sites for the storage of building materials and other structures.

The projected temporary networks of water supply, sewerage, drainage and power supply are located on the territory of the construction site.

3. ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE SITE

According to the report on engineering-geological surveys carried out by OJSC “…” (well No. 9 dated November 10, 1972), the following soils will be developed in the construction trench:

Bulk soil: red-brown loam, incl. up to 10% of crushed brick, with interlayers of sand, plastic, 1.4 m thick;

Sand medium size brown, incl. up to 10% gravel, wet, medium density, 1.4m thick;

Sand medium size brown, incl. up to 10% gravel, crushed stone, wet, medium density, 1.2m thick;

Sand medium size brown, incl. up to 10% gravel, wet, medium density, 1.8m thick.

The basis of the designed water supply system is: brown medium-sized sand, incl. up to 10% gravel, gravelly soil, wet, medium density with design resistance not less than Ra=200 kPa.

The level of groundwater is located below the marks of the laying of communications. During construction, groundwater will not be opened.

The results of engineering and geological surveys comply with the requirements of SNIP 2.02.01-83*, SP 11-105-97.

4.Design solutions

For the development of documentation, the construction plan developed by OAO Metrogiprotrans was used as the initial data.

Temporary water supply to the construction site for the period of construction ...., construction site No. 26a, is carried out by the installation of an on-site water supply network D = 100mm. The projected on-site water supply network is connected to the projected off-site water supply system of OAO Mosinzhproekt, D=100mm. The connection of the projected off-site water supply network according to the project of OAO Mosinzhproekt was made to the existing ring city water supply system D=300mm.

The maximum pressure in the city water supply network is -50m water column, the minimum pressure is -45m water column.

All temporary structures are carried out only for the period of work on the preparation of priority measures for the development of sites for construction ... ..

The water supply of the construction site is carried out by temporary on-site and off-site networks with facilities on them.

Offsite plumbing designed to connect the on-site water supply networks of construction site No. 26a to the existing city water supply. The network is made by OJSC “….” D=100mm. The off-site water supply system is designed from the existing HW D=300mm to the water metering unit and is located at the outer boundary of the territory of construction site No. 26a.

Onsite water supply designed to meet household, drinking and industrial needs of construction site No. 26a. The projected water pipeline is located inside the site.

To account for water, a water metering unit with a water flow meter SKB-40 is provided in a heated building with dimensions of 6.0x3.0m on the territory of the construction site. ZRA are installed in the water metering unit in accordance with the technical requirements approved by the Department of Housing and Public Utilities of the Government of Moscow. The water meter assembly is mounted using cast-iron fittings ChShG with an internal cement-sand coating and a galvanized outer surface.

Temporary on-site water supply networks are provided from steel electro-welded pipes D = 108x5mm in accordance with GOST 10704-91 with a total length of 114.3 m. The method of construction is open.

When the projected network V1 D=100mm passes under the road, the network is laid in a steel case D=325x8mm according to GOST 10704-91, 102.0m long. The space between the pipe and the case is packed with M100 cement mortar.

At the exit from the building of the water metering unit, the network is lowered into the ground by a vertical riser D = 100mm, 2.0m high. At the entrance to the building of the shower and canteen, the water supply network rises into the building with a vertical riser D = 100mm, the height of each riser is 2.0m. Vertical sections of the projected network V1 D=100mm, located above the freezing depth, are enclosed in a steel case D=630x8mm, with a total length of 2.00m. The gap between the case with the pipe is filled with expanded clay. At the base of the vertical riser, a reinforced concrete clip is made.

At the entrances to the buildings (pos. 9.10), there are well-free flanged cast-iron gate valves manufactured by Hawle /

In places where the route turns, provide a concrete stop SK2110-88.

In the well VK1, VK2, a cast-iron flanged valve D=100 is provided for the technological needs of the site.

Air is released at the upper points of the water supply network (through water fittings in temporary buildings).

The network is emptied through the VK2 well.

All flange connections are bolted. Bolted connections are provided with a corrosion-resistant thermal diffusion zinc coating (TDZ).

A flange seal made of a 3mm thick rubber gasket is provided.

Base plates UOP-6 are installed under the hatches of the water chambers. Shut-off valves are installed in the chambers, all connecting and fitting parts must be made of cast ductile iron for pressure pipelines TU 1468-001-39535214-2008.

The outer surface of the necks is coated with two layers of bitumen.

After completion of construction and installation works, before putting this section of the water pipeline into operation, it is necessary to perform the following types of work:

1. Telemetric diagnostics of the internal state of the CPP of the laid pipeline;
2. Hydraulic testing of the pipeline should be carried out with a pressure exceeding the working pressure by 1.25 (Fig. = 1.25xPwork).
3. Disinfection of the pipeline is carried out with water using imported sodium hypochlorite in accordance with GOST 11086-76 grade A.
4. Flushing of the pipeline is considered completed after 12-fold water exchange of the washed section. Washing water is taken from the city water supply and discharged into the drainage network. The total discharge volume is Vsbr=12x0.9=10.8m³. At the end of flushing, take water samples to study the amount of residual chlorine.
5. bacteriological analysis.
6. Insertion into the existing city water supply network.

Pipeline testing shall be carried out in accordance with SNiP 3.05.04-85*. The pipeline is tested for strength and tightness hydraulically. Test pressure for strength - 0.8 MPa. The value of the test pressure for tightness is 1.0 MPa.

To measure the volume of water pumped into and out of the pipeline during the test, measuring tanks or cold water meters (water meters) according to GOST 6019-83, certified in the prescribed manner, should be used.

Filling the tested pipeline with water should be carried out with an intensity of not more than 4 - 5 m 3 / h.

When filling the pipeline with water, air must be removed through open taps and valves.

The acceptance hydraulic test of the pressure pipeline may be started after filling it with soil in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 3.02.01-87 and filling it with water for the purpose of water saturation. For steel pipelines, holding for the purpose of water saturation is not performed.

The pipeline passed the preliminary test if there were no breaks in fittings and pipes, there were no violations of the butt joints, and no water leaks were detected. During the preliminary test of the water pipe, a pressure drop for steel pipes is not allowed.

The pressure pipeline is recognized as having passed the preliminary and acceptance hydraulic tests for tightness, if the flow rate of pumped water does not exceed 0.28 l / min per 1 km of steel pipe D = 100 mm.

Drain the rinsing water into the rain sewer.

The volume of water as a result of emptying the designed network is 0.9 m 3 .

Installation and hydraulic testing of pipelines shall be carried out in accordance with SNiP 3.05.04-85.

PPR coordinate with 5 REVS MGUP MVK.

After construction is completed, the water supply system is subject to liquidation: the pipes are packed with cement-sand mortar M100, fittings, well slabs, necks, thrust plates, stairs, hatches are dismantled. The wells are filled with sand.

Working documentation has been developed in accordance with the rules and regulations, instructions, state standards, design assignment and specifications of operating organizations. The composition and content of the project comply with the requirements of SNiP 11-01-95.

Table of volumes of main works (on-site network)
No. p / p		Name of the type of work	Unit rev.		Qty / total weight				Note.
Temporary water supply D=100mm
1		Art. case d=630×8mm	pm/kg		6,0		736,0		case (riser) open laying
2		Pipe Art. D=108x5.0mm GOST 10704-91 nar. protective coating made of extruded polyethylene according to GOST 9.602-89	pm/kg		114,3		1452,0		open laying
3		Art. case d=325×8mm	pm/kg		102,0		6379,0		open laying
4		30h39r	pcs/kg		2		52,0		ZRA apply in accordance with the technical requirements approved by the Department of Housing and Public Utilities of the Government of Moscow
5		Tee pig-iron flange, D=100mm	pcs/kg		2		38,0
6		4450Е2 "Hawle"	pcs/kg		1		71,0
7			pcs/kg		2		18,8
8		Gate valve handwheel 7800 Hawle	pcs/kg		2		4,4
9		4550 Hawle	pcs/kg		1/54,5
10		Welded steel elbow 90° D=100mm	pcs/kg		4		16,0		GOST 17375-2001 Art.20
11		Welded steel elbow 45° D=100mm	pcs/kg		1		2,8
12			pcs/kg		4		4,7		GOST 12820-01
13		Set: bolt (1pc.), nut (1pc.) М16х80, GOST 7798-70	set		32				For pipe D=100mm TDC coated
14		Expanded clay insulation	m 3		1,6
Case
15		Metal for clamps	pcs/kg		27		95,0		SK 2410-94-12 for steel pipe D=100mm
16		Cement mortar M-100	m3		6,4				For pipe D=100mm
Stops
17		Emphasis D100	PC.		2				SK2110-88-0.001 For pipe D=100mm, angle of rotation 15°
18		Stop plate (bet B7.5)	pcs/m3		2		0,04
19			pcs/m3		2		0,02
20		waterproofing pad	pcs/m²		2		0,12
21		Gravel preparation	pcs/m3		2		0,02
22		Emphasis D150	PC.		1				SK2110-88-0.005 For pipe D=100mm, angle of rotation 90°
23		Stop plate (bet B15)	pcs/m3		1		0,06
24		Concrete preparation (B7.5 concrete)	pcs/m3		1		0,02
25		waterproofing pad	pcs/m²		1		0,18
26		Gravel preparation	pcs/m3		1		0,011
Gain node, L =0.8m
27		Monolithic concrete B7.5 for preparation L=0.85	pcs/m 3		3		0,06		TK-01-04-03 for pipes D=100mm
28		Monolithic reinforced concrete B15 on the clip	pcs/m 3		3		0,27
29		Mesh road Ф5,6mm per clip	pcs/m 2		3		3,3
30		Coating with bitumen for two times	pcs/m 2		3		2,9
Socket reinforcement unit (assembly and dismantling)
31		Fittings Ø10 A-I, L=490mm	pcs/kg		4		1,25
32		Nut M10	pcs/kg		8		0,25
33		Steel sheet thickness 10mm	pcs/kg		4		15,5
34		Rubber gasket thickness 3mm	pcs/kg		2		0,5
wells
35			pcs/t		2		5,64		SK 2201-88
36		Floor slab PK-15	pcs/t		2		1,36
37		Ladder L1, L total = 4.2m	kg		103,0
38		Thrust plate UOP-6	pcs/t		2		1,8		Ochakiv Concrete Concrete Plant
39		Hatch cast iron type "T"	pcs/kg		2		240,0		GOST 3634-99
40		Foundation for gate valves 150x150x250 (H):	PC		2
40.1		- concrete B15	m 3		0,01
40.2		- hot-rolled steel equal-shelf angle St.3, size 35x35x5mm	pm/kg		4,4		11,3		GOST 8509-86
Dismantling along the road
41		Cement solution M100 for filling pipes d=100mm	m/m 3		114,3		0,9		backfill
42		The working chamber of the water well VG-15	pcs/t		2		5,64
43		Floor slab PK-15	pcs/t		2		1,36
44		Ladder L1, L total = 4.2m	kg		103,0
45		Thrust plate UOP-6	pcs/t		2		1,8
46		Hatch cast iron type "T"	pcs/kg		2		240,0
47		Flanged cast iron gate valve R=1.6MPa, D=100mm, 30h39r	pcs/kg		2		52,0
48		Tee pig-iron flange D=100mm	pcs/kg		2		38,0
49		Flanged cast iron tee with two wedge gate valves Р=1.6MPa 4450Е2 "Hawle"	pcs/kg		1		71,0
50		Telescopic rod laying depth of the pipeline 2.0-2.5m	pcs/kg		2		18,8
51		Gate valve handwheel 7800 Hawle	pcs/kg		2		4,4
52		Cast iron carpet for two valves 4550 Hawle	pcs/kg		1/54,5
53		Flanged cast iron tee with two wedge gate valves Р=1.6MPa 4450Е2 "Hawle"	pcs/kg		1		71,0
54		Welded steel elbow 90° D=100mm	pcs/kg		3		12,0
55		Flat welded steel flange D=100mm, P=1.6MPa	pcs/kg		4		4,7
56		Backfilling the well with sand	pcs/m 3		2		7,1
Flushing the water supply (installation and dismantling)
57		Fire hose D=75mm	m		150,00
58		Cast iron flange gate valve MZV75, D=75mm	pcs/kg		2		90,00
59		Ball valve through passage 11B27p1, D=50mm	PC		2
Water meter assembly (installation and dismantling)
61	Cast iron flange gate valve D=100mm, PN=1.6MPa, 30h39r			PC.		2		52,0		ZRA apply in accordance with the technical requirements approved by the Department of Housing and Public Utilities of the Government of Moscow
63	Cast iron flanged elbow D=100mm			PC.		2		7,9
64	Check valve d=100mm			PC.		1				TU 1460-035-50254094-2000
65	Transition steel 100x50mm			PC.		2		1,2		GOST 17378-83
66	Welded steel flange D=100mm			PC.		1		1,1		GOST 12820-01
67	Branch pipe pig-iron flange VChShG D=100mm, L=200mm			PC.		1		23,0		To order the Svobodny Sokol factory
68	Branch pipe pig-iron flange VChShG D=100mm, L=150mm			PC.		2		15,6
69	Support brand KNS-VIII			PC		2				Items 16-11
70	Rubber gasket, S=3mm, D=172mm			pcs/kg		10		9		GOST 7339-90
71	Rubber gasket, S=3mm, D=57mm			pcs/kg		2		0,8		GOST 7339-90
72	Bolts galv. М16х80 with nut			PC.		80				GOST 7798-70, GOST 5915-70

Reading 4 min.

Without the presence of water supply and sewerage, it is impossible to create comfortable conditions in the home. Therefore, many owners of private houses who do not have access to centralized communications are forced to equip autonomous systems. External water supply and sewerage networks are designed in accordance with the regulatory documents SP 31.13330.2012 and SP 32.13330.2012, respectively.

Design of sewer networks

General provisions

When designing, the water supply system is developed simultaneously with the water disposal. At the same time, the decisions made should be based on building codes and regulations (SNiP). And the construction itself can be started only after obtaining permits from the regulatory authorities.

Sanitary requirements for the construction of sewerage networks and drains

According to the regulations, external water supply and sewerage in a residential building must be laid at a depth of at least 1.5 m. This will keep the system working at any time of the year and prevent it from freezing.

In addition, to prevent contamination of the water supply by sewage, the sewer pipe should be laid lower. In this case, if the sewer pipe breaks, the suction of sewage into drinking water is excluded. For the same reason, it is strictly forbidden to place both pipes in the same trench.

Estimated sources of water supply

Surface or ground water can be used as a source of water supply. The former include rivers, lakes and other fresh water bodies. Underground sources are wells, Abyssinian or artesian wells. The choice depends solely on the availability of water sources, their availability and the required volumes.

Estimated water flow and free head

A properly designed water supply network should provide sufficient water to all consumers. This indicator depends on the number of inhabitants and the degree of improvement of housing. To calculate the water consumption, the formulas prescribed in the regulatory documents should be used.

To determine the free pressure, a standard is used: at least 10 m of pressure is required for a one-story building, and another 4 m should be added to each subsequent floor.

Groundwater intake facilities

In accordance with the requirements of SNiP, groundwater intake requires a water well, the diameter of which for a pump with a submersible motor is assumed to be equal to the nominal diameter of the pump. And when installing the electric motor on the surface of the earth - 50 mm more than the nominal diameter of the pump.

Depending on the conditions and the installed equipment, the wellhead is located in a ground pavilion or an underground chamber. Electrical equipment and instrumentation are also located here.

Water purification system

To obtain drinking quality water, purification devices should be provided - filtration, clarification and disinfection. There are autonomous water treatment stations on the market that are used for a separate house or cottage.

It is first necessary to analyze the water from the water supply source in order to determine its quality indicators and the required degree of purification.

Engineering equipment of water supply systems

Shut-off valves, fittings, pressure and water flow regulators are installed on the networks of external water supply. A prerequisite is that all fittings must open and close smoothly and have a certificate of conformity. In addition, if necessary, the project may provide for the installation of fire hydrants.

For the normal operation of the entire water supply system, the following equipment is required: water intake, pumps, mixers, filters, disinfection unit. This list depends on the quality of the source water and the adopted scheme for its purification.

Elements of the sewer network

The main elements of the sewerage network include external and internal pipelines, a pumping station, wastewater treatment facilities and a discharge into a reservoir.

All elements perform their specific function and must fit together. Wastewater is treated to an acceptable level that allows it to be discharged into a water body. The larger the reservoir, the less stringent the standards for wastewater treatment, since the effluents in it will be further cleaned naturally.

Stages of installation of external sewerage and water supply networks

Pipes are mounted in pre-dug trenches on a bed of sand and gravel. After installation, the pressure pipeline is checked for strength and tightness using a hydraulic method. The first stage is carried out after backfilling the soil to half the diameter of the pipe with butt joints open for inspection. The second stage is carried out after the pipeline is completely backfilled.

Sewer pipelines are laid with a slope that allows for the gravity flow of effluents. On average for 1 running. m, this value should be 2-3 cm. Insufficient slope can lead to blockages and the need to clean the pipe. For the same reason, any branches of the network must be connected at an obtuse angle.

For maintenance of external water supply and sewerage networks, manholes are provided above the turns, valves or fire hydrants.

If the design of the water supply and sewerage system is difficult, then it is better to entrust it to specialists. As a result, the project will comply with all norms and rules, which will reduce the likelihood of problems during construction and operation.

The water supply network is being laid throughout the city with highways ringed around the main districts, microdistricts and industrial sites (see Fig. 16). The depth of the water pipes is taken equal to the standard freezing depth in the area plus a margin of 0.5 meters. Pipes of small diameter 100-200 mm are mounted from steel with an anti-corrosion coating or from cast iron. Pipes of larger diameter are laid from reinforced concrete.

Buildings on the city water supply:

 manholes with valves and fire hydrants (near buildings), well spacing 100-150 meters;

 pumping stations (regional and local) to compensate for pressure losses in the water supply, and the guaranteed pressure must be maintained within

10 < H < 60 м водяного столба.

Features of water supply for industrial enterprises

Industrial enterprises are supplied with water according to the following schemes:

1) Direct-flow circuit.

2) Scheme with water reuse.

3) Scheme of recycling water supply.

Section 4 Sewerage: external networks and structures

Sewerage is a system of underground pipelines that removes wastewater by gravity outside the territory, with their subsequent purification and discharge into a reservoir. In the conditions of a flat flat relief (as in Omsk), pumping stations and pressure collectors-pipelines are additionally built. The composition of residual contaminants in treated wastewater when discharged into a water body should not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC).

City sewers are usually arranged in two types:

1) K1 + K3, that is united designed for transportation of household (household and fecal) and industrial effluents outside the city to treatment facilities.

2) K2, that is rain(stormwater), whose regional collectors discharge conditionally clean effluents into a reservoir in the city, and if necessary, build additional treatment facilities, mainly mechanical treatment.

Sewerage of cities, towns and industrial sites is arranged in our country according to the requirements of building codes and regulations:

SNiP 2.04.03-85 (as amended). Sewerage. External networks and structures.

Sewerage in this course is considered mainly on the example of the city of Omsk.

Elements of city sewerage

We will consider the elements of the city sewerage scheme using the example of Omsk (Fig. 17).

Elements of city sewerage:

1 yard and intra-quarter sewer networks (not shown on the map-scheme);

2  street collectors (not shown on the map);

3  district collectors with pumping stations;

4  urban (main) collector with pumping stations;

5  siphons with pumping stations;

6  main sewage pumping station;

7  out-of-town pressure pipeline;

8  sewage treatment facilities;

9 - release into the reservoir.

Sewer networks and structures on them

External sewerage networks are designed in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.04.03-85 "Sewerage: external networks and structures".

Sewer networks of the city are arranged according to hierarchical principle: small networks are connected to networks of a larger diameter (collectors). At the same time, when possible, they try to arrange the laying of sewer networks so that the pipes work by gravity, using the terrain. This becomes problematic in conditions of flat, flat terrain, such as in Omsk. Then additional sewer pumping stations are built.

The hierarchy of urban sewer networks is as follows:

 yard and intra-quarter networks with a diameter of  150-200 mm, which are built on the building site within the red lines, that is, without going outside the streets:

 street collectors with a diameter of  250-400 mm, which are built, on the contrary, behind the red building lines, that is, along the territory of the streets (they may have pumping stations);

 district collectors with a diameter of  500-1000 mm, which are built for the sewerage area (they may have pumping stations);

 urban collector with a diameter of  1000-5000 mm, which is built along the city along its lowest part (it has pumping stations).

On sewer networks, manholes are constructed from reinforced concrete rings with a diameter of 1 meter (up to 6 meters deep) and 1.5 meters (up to 6 meters deep). The step of the wells is taken according to SNiP 2.04.03-85. For example, for yard sewer networks with a diameter of  150-200 mm, the step between adjacent wells should be no more than:

 35 meters at  150 mm;

 50 meters at  150 mm.

For the passage of sewage through rivers, siphons are arranged - pipes under the bottom of the reservoir at a depth of at least 0.5 meters to the shelyga (top of the pipe).

On the outskirts of the city, where wastewater flows through the city sewer, there is a main pumping station, which pumps wastewater through a pressurized suburban collector to the sewage treatment plant (see Fig. 17).

An integral part of any housing construction is design, which provides not only for the layout of the premises, but also for the installation of communication systems. Regardless of whether a private house or municipal real estate will be built, the installation of water supply and sewerage is considered a prerequisite for the operation of the building. These systems are placed inside and outside the structure, taking into account the established norms and rules.

General device and purpose

Water supply and sewerage are a single system that combines a number of measures aimed at providing the building with water and draining wastewater. Thanks to a complex of engineering devices and structures, water is supplied to consumers from natural sources, undergoing preliminary purification.

In order for the water supply to be uninterrupted, the communications necessarily provide for the storage of reserves, this allows you to provide water to various economic facilities and settlements. Therefore, the main tasks of the water supply include: obtaining water from the source, controlling its quality according to the requirements of users and direct transportation to sampling points. Such supply, as a rule, is carried out from local or centralized sources and has its own water supply scheme.

The design of communications depends on the choice of water source. For large and industrial facilities, centralized sources are usually chosen, and special tanks are used for local intake. As for the water supply with hot water, it is most often installed in the form of a closed water intake, where heating and subsequent transportation takes place.

For residential premises, the norm of hot water in the water supply system provides for a lower limit of + 60С and an upper limit of + 75С.

Depending on the operational purpose of the building, the following types of water supply are distinguished:

• industrial;
• firefighter;
• negotiable;
• economic and drinking;
• for the supply of hot water.

Fire water supply can be combined with other systems, including industrial and drinking water. As for drinking water supply, it cannot be used with facilities that simultaneously transport water that does not meet sanitary standards. In order for communication systems to cope with their tasks, they are provided with the following facilities:

• water intake stations responsible for the intake of water from a natural source object;
• pumping stations that create the required pressure during transportation and supply water to a given height;
• treatment and purification facilities that improve water quality;
• plumbing systems and conduits;
• reserve and control tanks.

outdoor network

Modern plumbing systems are a complex network, the main component of which is considered to be an external pipeline. He is responsible for the supply of water from wells, reservoirs or storage facilities to the consumer, the central water supply system can be laid both on the surface and underground. The first installation option is the cheapest, characterized by quick installation. In this case, the water supply is mounted on elevated supports and additionally covered with insulation. If, when designing a water supply system, main intersections are provided, then pipe laying is carried out in underground tunnels or trenches.

The external network, as a rule, consists of facilities responsible for cleaning, storing water and various pumping equipment. At the same time, filtration is carried out not only in the fence, but also in the outermost water supply system. Depending on where the water will be used, there are several types of outdoor water supply.

• Technical. It is intended exclusively for production facilities. Often, in order to save money, only partial cleaning is installed in technical water pipes, and the processed resource can be reused.
• Fire department. It is used for fire extinguishing systems. Such a network is additionally supplied with special equipment and hydrants. Usually, fire water supply is made dead-end, which allows it to be combined with household and technical supplies.
• Household. The transported water in such a water supply system is used for drinking and is thoroughly cleaned.

internal system

The water supply also has an internal system, consisting of a network of pipes passing inside the building and leading communications to water intake points. Since the external pipeline can have different pressures, internal water supply is arranged in two ways.

• No booster pumps. The water supply in this case is carried out due to the pressure in the external network, and the water supply includes an inlet, a water meter, pipes, a riser and a supply line. This type of supply is ideal for both a private house and city apartments. It is characterized by simplicity, it does not have any additional devices, except for the pipeline.
• With periodic or permanent deposits. Such a system is chosen when the external network is not provided with the necessary pressure for transporting water, or if it is necessary to supply it to high and remote water intake points. As a rule, water supply with pumps is installed in large buildings with a height of more than 50 m, hotels, holiday homes and industrial facilities.

In order for water to flow to consumers uninterruptedly, in addition to pumping units, the water supply system is supplemented with special tanks in which its supply is stored. The volume of tanks is determined depending on household needs, usually their capacity is calculated for 20% of the daily consumption.

Water tanks are the main components of the internal water supply system and are equipped with special pipes and valves. They are recommended to be placed in a well-lit and ventilated room.

If the project provides for zonal supply, then each site must have individual trunk lines, they are usually laid in the technical floors. Inside the building, the water supply network is made open with divorces. In some cases, hidden installation of pipes is also used, located in the shafts and furrows of the walls. To do this, connections are fixed at the installation sites of the reinforcement, and inspection hatches are fixed.

In addition, internal systems must be laid at a slope of 0.002-0.005, this will ensure the withdrawal of water from the mains to suitable pipes and appliances. If the communications are located at the lower points, then it is desirable to make a descender.

During the installation of the internal water supply, attention must be paid to the installation of stop valves. It is placed on connections to faucets, toilet bowls, flush cisterns and wash basins.

Pipe materials

When installing a water pipe, it is important to pay attention to the choice of material from which the pipes are made, since this will not only affect the cost of their installation, but also the service life. In order for the systems to reliably serve for more than a dozen years, during the purchase of pipes, it must be taken into account that they will be subjected to pressure and the chemical effects of water. Therefore, it is recommended to give preference to a durable and reliable material. To date, several types of pipes can be found on sale.

Copper

Such pipes are widely used in various engineering communications, including water supply. The main advantages of copper pipes include:

• high resistance to pressure;
• low and high temperatures;
• no deformation during heating;
• this material provides the line with durability;
• spectacular appearance.

As for the disadvantages, such systems:

• roads in the installation;
• their installation is laborious and requires special soldering technologies;
• if during operation the copper system leaks, then the damaged area must be completely cut out and replaced with a new one.

As a rule, copper water pipes are used for distilled water, as they tend to combine with toxic elements.

Chlorinated water adversely affects the physical characteristics of copper. Copper systems are also rapidly destroyed by stray current.

metal-plastic

They consist of a thin metal tube, covered on the outside and inside with layers of plastic. The advantages of such water pipes are many:

• they have a small diameter;
• easy to repair;
• easy to install;
• tolerate temperature changes very well.

But when choosing the installation of communications from metal-plastic pipes, it is worth considering that they require regular maintenance, are expensive, are afraid of shock and can collapse under the influence of ultraviolet rays.

Steel

Depending on the coating material, products are divided into galvanized and uncoated. The installation of such a water supply system is carried out using special threaded connections, couplings, tees or welding. Steel systems are characterized by high rigidity, strength and long service life. Despite the positive properties of these pipelines, they are subject to the formation of rust and inorganic deposits inside. In addition, their installation is laborious.

Galvanized

Giving preference to this type of pipes, it is important to carefully seal the joints when installing them. This can be done with linen, pre-impregnated with drying oil or paint. Threads must not be processed with synthetic solutions. The advantage of galvanized pipelines is their affordable price and easy installation, the disadvantage is a short service life.

Plastic

They are a good material for the construction of water pipes, as they:

• durable;
• do not corrode;
• have low thermal conductivity;
• light weight.

Plastic systems can be laid with a hidden method. Installation of pipes is quick and easy, but they cannot be used to supply hot water.

HDPE pipes

They are made from low-pressure polyethylene, so they are durable and are excellent for supplying both industrial and drinking water. Such pipes are popular in modern construction, because they have high elasticity and resistance to freezing. At low temperatures, they do not burst and allow you to transport both cold and hot water. In the system, pipes are connected by welding or soldering, installation is easy, since polyethylene bends well.

PVC

Unlike other types of material, these products are characterized by greater rigidity, due to which they are widely used for laying open and closed water supply lines. Pipes are suitable for transporting not only hot and cold water, but also for heating systems, they have a neat appearance and high strength. Pipes are inexpensive, they are connected by gluing and using fittings. There are no visible flaws in polyvinyl chloride.

Polypropylene

In terms of their technical properties, they are in many ways similar to polyethylene pipes, but they are much cheaper and are connected by welding. In addition, such systems are durable, strong, meet all building standards and requirements, but during their joining, you need to pay attention to the quality of the soldering, otherwise leakage is possible.

Water treatment facilities

The water pipeline provides transportation of water to the consumer from various natural sources, which may contain organic and mineral elements in a dissolved, colloidal or suspended state. In order for the water quality to meet all standards, during the installation of communications, treatment facilities are additionally built. The most common options are small gravity water treatment plants. Most often they can be found in urban water supply systems.

The purpose of external water supply and sewerage networks (abbreviated NVK) is to provide residents and enterprises with water. They are also responsible for the subsequent disposal of waste water resources (liquid household waste, sewage, etc.). External water supply networks are not an integral part of the internal communications of buildings, they are laid outside them, provide access to a water source, a sewer reservoir. In St. Petersburg, the design and subsequent installation, commissioning of the NVK is carried out by North-Western Engineering Center LLC.

In the event that a new building is to be erected, the external water supply and sewerage networks are initially designed together with the internal network. All design work is carried out only in agreement with the state authorities - SUE "Vodokanal" (operating organization). Also, certification of the finished project is carried out by organizations such as the local traffic police, the Office of Gardening and Parks and Rospotrebnadzor.

Design of external plumbing systems

However, water supply and sewerage systems can also be installed in old buildings as part of their repair and reconstruction. If necessary, it is provided, among other things, the removal of NVK outside the zone built up with houses. The company "Engineering Center North-West" carries out all work on the design and installation of external water supply and sewerage, guided by the requirements of the current building codes and regulations (SNiPs). The list of services offered by North-West Engineering Center LLC includes:

1. NVK design works;
2. Their subsequent coordination and certification in the operating organization;
3. Selection and supply of components necessary for the work - equipment, materials, etc.;
4. Works on the actual installation of the NVK system;
5. Subsequent commissioning;
6. Commissioning.

Outdoor water supply networks

The modern water supply system is a complex network, the basis of which is the pipeline. The main task that falls on external water supply networks is the transportation of water from a source (storage, reservoir, well) to the consumer. There are two alternative ways of laying pipes - above ground and underground. The first of them is cheaper, laying works take much less time, earthworks are minimized. The pipeline itself is elevated above the ground on supports, it is necessarily protected from frost by a heat-insulating material. However, if the water pipeline project involves crossing the main, its laying is carried out through an underground trench or tunnel.

The components of the external water supply network are the structure on which the water intake is carried out. It is necessary to equip such components as cleaning products, water storage facilities, pumping equipment. The filtration system is equipped not only with water intake, but also with the external water supply system itself.

Types of outdoor water supply

Depending on the method of using the water transported to the consumer, water supply systems are divided into the following types:

1. Technical - water is intended exclusively for industrial purposes, not suitable for domestic use, drinking. In order to save money, often, technical water supply networks are deliberately adapted for partial purification and reuse of waste water resources.
2. Fireman - the supplied water is used in fire extinguishing systems, supplied with a hydrant or other special equipment. There are options when, in order to save on laying work, the fire system is made dead-end or combined with technical or domestic water supply systems.
3. Household - the supplied water is intended for domestic use, including drinking. In this case, water purification is given paramount attention.

External sewer networks

When equipping external sewerage networks, the system is formed using a standard set of components - wells, pipelines, collectors. In the event that the system being laid is of an autonomous type, it is also supplemented by a septic tank and other treatment facilities.

Depending on the purpose of the external sewer network, only the functions and performance of an individual element or several change. In total, the following types of networks are distinguished:

• Production (K3);
• Stormy (K);
• Household (K1).

At the design stage of the sewer network, such features as soil characteristics (depth of freezing, groundwater), terrain features (relief, other laid communications), intensity of its operation (periodic or round-the-clock mode), estimated load on the system are fully taken into account. Last but not least, the cost of designing and building a network, its reliability and durability are taken into account.

Types of external sewer systems

External sewer networks can be of two types: pressure and gravity. The latter variety is much more common, the flow of waste water to the drain is provided by a certain slope of the pipelines, equipment for creating pressure in the system is not needed.

In a pressurized external sewer system, on the contrary, no slope is created, and equipment for creating pressure is required to be installed.

Regardless of the type of sewer network, North-West Engineering Center LLC can lay it in one of two ways - open and closed. The open method is less laborious, it involves excavation and laying of a pipeline (polyethylene, polypropylene, cast iron) on a special sand preparation in a trench, followed by backfilling with sand (and its layer-by-layer tamping, which prevents pipe displacement) and soil removed from the trench. The main task when laying an external sewerage system in an open way is to observe the slope, join the segments of the pipeline, seal the sections of the entrances to the wells with protective bushings. It may also be necessary to carry out work on the lining of wells. An alternative closed method (performed by the horizontal and inclined drilling method) is used less often, for example, when there are highways, green spaces, roads, etc. on the way.

The device of external sewerage networks

Waste water can enter the external sewer system both through a single (common alloy) and through separate pipelines (sewage, rainwater, etc.). If necessary, pumps called sewage pumping stations (SPS) can be used to create pressure. After that, the waste water is either sent directly to the central sewer, or it is purified through a septic tank and reused (for industrial purposes) or drained into a reservoir.