Moral principles.

The principles of morality play a dominant role in moral consciousness. Expressing the requirements of morality in the most general view, they constitute the essence of moral relations and are the strategy of moral behavior. Moral principles are perceived by moral consciousness as unconditional requirements, adherence to which is strictly mandatory in all life situations. They express the main
requirements relating to the moral essence of a person, the nature of relationships between people, determine the general direction of human activity and underlie private, specific norms of behavior.
Moral principles include such general principles of morality as:

1 .principle of humanism. The essence of the principle of humanism is the recognition of man as the highest value. In the ordinary sense, this principle means love for people, protection of human dignity, people's right to happiness and the possibility of self-realization. It is possible to identify three main meanings of humanism:

Guarantees of basic human rights as a condition for preserving the humane foundations of his existence;

Support for the weak, going beyond the usual ideas of this society about justice;

The formation of social and moral qualities that allow individuals to carry out self-realization on the basis of public values.

2. The principle of altruism. it moral principle, prescribing disinterested actions aimed at the benefit (satisfaction of interests) of other people. The term was introduced into circulation by the French philosopher O. Comte (1798 - 1857) to fix the concept opposite to the concept selfishness. Altruism as a principle, according to Comte, says: "Live for others."

3.The principle of collectivism. This principle is fundamental in bringing people together to achieve common goals and implement joint activities, has a long history and is fundamental to the existence of mankind. The collective seems to be the only way of social organization of people from primitive tribes to modern states. Its essence lies in the conscious desire of people to contribute to the common good. The opposite principle is principle of individualism. The principle of collectivism includes several particular principles:

Unity of purpose and will;

Cooperation and mutual assistance;

Democracy;

Discipline.

4.Principles of justice proposed by the American philosopher John Rawls (1921-2002).

First principle: Every person should have equal rights with respect to fundamental freedoms.

Second principle: social and economic inequalities should be arranged so that:

Benefits for all could reasonably be expected from them;

Access to positions and positions would be open to all.

In other words, everyone should have equal rights in relation to freedoms (freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, etc.) and equal access to schools and universities, positions, jobs, etc. Where equality is not possible (for example, in an economy where there are not enough benefits for everyone), this inequality should be arranged for the benefit of the poor. One possible example of such a redistribution of wealth would be progressive income tax when the rich pay more taxes, and the proceeds go to the social needs of the poor.

5. The principle of mercy. Mercy is a compassionate and active love, expressed in the readiness to help each one in need and spreading to all people, and in the limit - to all living things. The concept of mercy combines two aspects:

Spiritual-emotional (experiencing someone else's pain as your own);

Concrete-practical (rush to real help).

The origins of mercy as a moral principle lie in the apex tribal solidarity, which strictly obliges, at the cost of any sacrifice, to get a relative out of trouble.

Religions such as Buddhism and Christianity were the first to preach mercy.

6. The principle of peacefulness. This principle of morality is based on the recognition of human life as the highest social and moral value and affirms the maintenance and strengthening of peace as an ideal of relations between nations and cities. Peacefulness presupposes respect for the personal and national dignity of individual citizens and entire peoples, the state sovereignty, human rights and the people in the choice of their own life.

Peacefulness contributes to the maintenance of public order, mutual understanding of generations, the development of historical, cultural traditions, the interaction of various social groups, ethnic groups, nations, cultures. Peacefulness is opposed by aggressiveness, belligerence, a tendency to violent means of resolving conflicts, suspicion and distrust in relations between people, nations, socio-political. In the history of morality, peacefulness and aggressiveness are opposed as two main trends.

7. The principle of patriotism. This is a moral principle, in a generalized form expressing a feeling of love for the Motherland, concern for its interests and readiness to protect it from enemies. Patriotism is manifested in pride for the achievements of the native country, in bitterness because of its failures and troubles, in respect for its historical past and in a careful attitude to the people's memory, national national.

The moral meaning of patriotism is determined by the fact that it is one of the forms of subordination of personal and public interests, the unity of man and the Fatherland. Ho пaтpиoтичecкиe чyвcтвa и идeи тoлькo тoгдa нpaвcтвeнно вoзвышaют чeлoвeкa и нapoд, кoгдa coпpяжeны c yвaжeниeм к нapoдaм дpугих cтpaн и нe выpoждaютcя в пcиxoлoгию нaциoнaльнoй иcключитeльнocти и нeдoвepия к "чyжaкaм". Этoт acпeкт в пaтpиoтичecкoм coзнaнии пpиoбpeл ocoбyю aктyaльнocть в пocлeднeе время, кoгдa yгpoзa ядepнoгo caмoyничтoжeния или экoлoгичecкoй кaтacтpoфы пoтpeбoвaлa пepeocмыcлeния патриотизма кaк пpинципa, пoвeлeвaющeгo кaждoмy cпocoбcтвoвaть вклaдy cвoeй cтpaны в coxpaнeниe плaнeты и выживaниe чeлoвeчecтвa.

8. The principle of tolerance. Tolerance means respect, acceptance and a proper understanding of the rich diversity of our world's cultures, our forms of self-expression and ways of expressing human individuality. It is promoted by knowledge, openness, communication and freedom of thought, conscience and belief. Tolerance is a virtue that makes peace possible and promotes the replacement of a culture of war by a culture of peace.

The manifestation of tolerance, which is consonant with respect for human rights, does not mean a tolerant attitude towards social injustice, a rejection of one's own or concession to other people's beliefs. This means that everyone is free to adhere to their beliefs and recognizes the same right for others. This means recognizing that people are inherently different in appearance, position, speech, behavior and values ​​and have the right to live in the world and preserve their individuality. It also means that one person's views cannot be imposed on others.

Morality and law.

Law, like morality, regulates the behavior and attitudes of people. But unlike morality, the implementation of legal norms is controlled by public authorities. If morality is an “internal” regulator of human actions, then law is an “external”, state regulator.

Law is a product of history. Morality (as well as mythology, religion, art) is older than it in its historical age. It has always existed in human society, while law arose when the class stratification of primitive society took place and states began to be created. The socio-cultural norms of a primitive stateless society concerning the division of labor, the distribution of material wealth, mutual protection, initiation, marriage, etc. had the force of custom and were reinforced by mythology. They generally subordinated the individual to the interests of the collective. Measures of public influence were applied to violators of them - from persuasion to coercion.

Both moral and legal norms are social. What they have in common is that both types serve to regulate and evaluate the actions of the individual. It can be classified as different.

Modern society cannot be imagined without ethical norms. Every self-respecting state draws up a set of laws that citizens are required to follow. The moral side in any business is a responsible component that cannot be neglected. In our country, there is the concept of moral damage, when the inconvenience caused to a person is measured in material terms in order to at least partially compensate for his experiences.

Morality- the norms of behavior accepted in society and ideas about this behavior. Morality is also understood as moral values, foundations, orders and prescriptions. If in society someone commits acts that are contrary to the designated norms, then they are called immoral.

The concept of morality is very closely related to ethics. Compliance with ethical ideas requires a high spiritual development. Sometimes social attitudes run counter to the needs of the individual himself, and then a conflict arises. In this case, an individual with his own ideology runs the risk of being misunderstood, lonely among society.

How is morality formed?

morality of man in more depends on himself. Only the individual is responsible for what happens to him. It depends on how ready she is to follow the established orders in society, whether a person will be successful, accepted by others. The development of morality, moral concepts occurs in the parental family. It is those first people with whom the child begins to interact in the early stages of his life that leave a serious imprint on his further fate. So, the formation of morality is significantly influenced by the immediate environment in which a person grows up. If a child grows up in dysfunctional family, then from an early age he has a misconception about how the world works and a distorted perception of himself in society is formed. As an adult, such a person will begin to experience tremendous difficulties in communicating with other people and will feel discontent on their part. In the case of raising a child in a prosperous average family, he begins to absorb the values ​​of his immediate environment, and this process occurs naturally.

Awareness of the need to follow social prescriptions occurs due to the presence in a person of such a concept as conscience. Conscience is formed from early childhood under the influence of society, as well as individual inner feelings.

Functions of morality

Few people really have a question, why do we need morality? This concept consists of many important components and protects the conscience of a person from unwanted actions. For the consequences of his moral choice, the individual is responsible not only to society, but also to himself. There are functions of morality that help it to fulfill its task.

• Evaluation function related to how other people or the person himself determines the actions committed by him. In the case when self-assessment occurs, a person is usually inclined to justify his own actions by some circumstances. It is much more difficult to bring actions to the public court, because society is sometimes inexorable when evaluating others.
• Regulatory function helps to establish norms in society that will become laws designed for universal observance. The rules of behavior in society are assimilated by the individual at a subconscious level. That is why, getting into a place where there are a large number of people, most of us after some time begin to unmistakably follow the unspoken laws adopted in this particular society.
• Controlling function is directly related to testing the extent to which an individual is able to follow the rules established in society. Such control helps to achieve a state of "clear conscience" and social approval. If an individual does not behave appropriately, then he will necessarily receive condemnation from other people as a feedback.
• Integrating function helps to maintain a state of harmony within the person himself. Performing certain actions, a person, one way or another, analyzes his actions, “checks” them for honesty and decency.
• educational function is to enable a person to learn to understand and accept the needs of other people, to take into account their needs, characteristics and desires. If an individual reaches the state of such an inner breadth of consciousness, then it can be said that he is able to take care of others, and not just about himself. Morality is often associated with a sense of duty. A person who has duties to society is disciplined, responsible and decent. Norms, rules and orders educate a person, form her social ideals and aspirations.

moral standards

Are consistent with Christian ideas about good and evil and what a real person should be.

• Prudence is an essential component of any strong person. It implies that an individual has the ability to adequately perceive the surrounding reality, build harmonious connections and relationships, make reasonable decisions, and act constructively in difficult situations.
• Abstinence involves a ban on staring at persons of the opposite sex who are married. The ability to cope with one's desires, impulses is approved by society, unwillingness to follow spiritual canons is condemned.
• Justice always implies that for all the deeds committed on this earth, sooner or later retribution or some kind of response will come. A fair treatment of other people is, first of all, to recognize their value as significant units of human society. Respect, attention to their needs also apply to this item.
• Fortitude is formed due to the ability to endure the blows of fate, to endure the necessary experience for oneself and constructively get out of a crisis state. Perseverance as a moral norm implies the desire to fulfill one's destiny and move forward, despite difficulties. By overcoming obstacles, a person becomes stronger and can later help other people to go through their individual trials.
• industriousness valued in every society. This concept is understood as a person's passion for some business, the realization of his talent or abilities for the benefit of other people. If a person is not ready to share the results of his work, then he cannot be called hardworking. That is, the need for activity should not be connected with personal enrichment, but with serving the consequences of one’s work as best as possible. more of people.
• Humility achieved through long suffering and repentance. The ability to stop in time, not to resort to revenge in a situation where you have been greatly offended, is akin to a real art. But for real strong man has tremendous freedom of choice: he is able to overcome destructive feelings.
• Politeness necessary in the process of human interaction with each other. Thanks to it, it becomes possible to conclude deals and agreements that are beneficial for both parties. Politeness characterizes a person from the best side and helps her constructively move towards a given goal.

moral principles

These principles exist, making significant additions to generally accepted social norms. Their significance and necessity is to contribute to the formation of general formulas and patterns adopted in a given society.

• Talion principle clearly demonstrates the concept of uncivilized countries - "an eye for an eye." That is, if someone has suffered any loss through the fault of another person, this other person is obliged to compensate the first through his own loss. Modern psychological science says that it is necessary to be able to forgive, reconfigure yourself for the positive and look for constructive methods to get out of a conflict situation.
• The principle of morality involves following Christian commandments and observing divine law. An individual does not have the right to harm his neighbor, to deliberately try to cause him any damage based on deceit or theft. The principle of morality most strongly appeals to the conscience of a person, makes him remember his spiritual component. The phrase “Treat your neighbor as you would like him to treat you” is the most vivid manifestation of this principle.
• The principle of the "golden mean" expressed in the ability to see the measure in all matters. This term was first introduced by Aristotle. The desire to avoid extremes and move systematically towards a given goal will certainly lead to success. You cannot use another person as a way to solve your individual problems. In everything you need to feel the measure, to be able to compromise in time.
• Principle of well-being and happiness It is presented in the form of the following postulate: "Act towards your neighbor in such a way as to bring him the greatest good." It doesn’t matter what deed will be done, the main thing is that the benefit from it can serve as best as possible. more of people. This principle of morality presupposes the ability to predict a situation several steps ahead, to foresee possible consequences their actions.
• The principle of justice based on equal treatment among all citizens. It says that each of us must abide by the unspoken rules of dealing with other people and remember that a neighbor who lives with us in the same house has the same rights and freedoms as we do. The principle of justice implies punishment in case of unlawful acts.
• The principle of humanism is the leading among all the above indicated. It assumes that each person has an idea of ​​a condescending attitude towards other people. Humanity is expressed in compassion, in the ability to understand one's neighbor, to be of maximum use to him.

Thus, the importance of morality in human life is of decisive importance. Morality affects all spheres of human interaction: religion, art, law, traditions and customs. Sooner or later, questions arise in the existence of each individual individual: how to live, what principle to follow, what choice to make, and he turns to his own conscience for an answer.

Morality- one of the types of social regulators, a set of special, spiritual rules that regulate a person's behavior, his attitude towards other people, towards himself, as well as towards environment. The content of morality is a set of principles and norms that are able to have a special, spiritual impact on people's actions, serve as a model, an ideal of humane behavior. These include, for example, the principle of humanism (humanity, justice, mercy) or such norms as “do not kill”, “do not steal”, “do not bear false witness”, “keep this promise”, “do not lie”, etc. .

Moral principles- the main element in the system of morality is the basic fundamental ideas about the proper behavior of a person, through which the essence of morality is revealed, on which other elements of the system are based. The most important of them are: humanism, collectivism, individualism, altruism, selfishness, tolerance.

moral standards- specific rules of conduct that determine how a person should behave in relation to society, other people, himself. The imperative-evaluative nature of morality is clearly traced in them.

Moral norms as varieties of social norms, depending on the method of assessment, are divided into two types:

1) requirements - prohibitions (do not lie, do not be lazy; do not be afraid, etc.);

2) requirements - patterns (be brave, strong, responsible, etc.).

7. Functions of morality

1. Regulatory function. Regulates the behavior of people in accordance with the requirements of morality. It implements its regulatory capabilities with the help of norms-guidelines, norms-requirements, norms-prohibitions, norms-frames, restrictions, as well as norms-samples (etiquette).

2. Value Orienting Function. Orients a person in the world of surrounding cultural values. It develops a system of preference for some moral values ​​over others, allows you to identify the most moral assessments and lines of behavior.

3. Cognitive (epistemological) function. It assumes the cognition not of objective characteristics, but of the meaning of phenomena as a result of practical development.

4. educational function. Brings into a certain educational system moral norms, habits, customs, mores, generally recognized patterns of behavior.

5. Evaluation function. Evaluates human development of reality from the standpoint of good and evil. The subject of assessment is actions, attitudes, intentions, motives, moral views and personal qualities.

6. Motivational function. Allows a person to evaluate and, if possible, justify their behavior with the help of moral motivation.

7. Communicative function. It acts as a form of communication, transmission of information about the values ​​of life, moral contacts between people. Provides mutual understanding, communication of people based on the development of common moral values.

Morality Properties

Morality contains antinomic properties, which mean the following:

1. The antinomy of the objective and the subjective.

o a) Moral requirements have an objective meaning regardless of subjective tastes.

o b) Moral requirements reflect a subjective position, necessarily someone's position.

o c) The impersonality of the moral demand. The demand does not come from anyone. The moral law appears as an abstract requirement.

2. Antinomy of the universal and the particular.

o a) On the one hand, morality acts as a specific moral system.

o b) On the other hand, the moral position is formulated in a universal form. The moral law is inherent in universality and uniqueness.

3. Antinomy of practical expediency and moral value.

o a) Morality has a practical meaning (benefit).

o b) Morality does not always contain benefits. Virtue is often punishable.

o c) The disinterestedness of the moral motive. Moral utility is not pragmatic. Morality speaks of what is due.

4. Antinomy of public and private.

o a) Obedience to average social norms.

o b) Separate personality with highly developed moral ideals is in disagreement with society. From the standpoint of morality, it does not act as a representative social environment as a bearer of universal human values.

5. Antinomy of causality and freedom.

o a) Moral behavior has its reasons.

o b) A moral person is ready to go against logic, habit (autonomously, freely). The real cause of individual actions is freedom.

The structure of morality

1. moral consciousness- one of the forms of social consciousness, which, like its other forms, is a reflection of the social life of people. Moral consciousness includes values, norms, ideals. Here morality manifests itself as a striving for perfection. Moral consciousness functions at two levels of regulation in relations between people: emotional-sensual(ordinary consciousness) and rational-theoretical(ethics). Emotional level - a person's mental reaction to an event, attitude, phenomenon. It includes emotions, feelings, mood. Emotional-sensory moral consciousness determines the relationship of a person:

a) to other people (feelings of sympathy or antipathy, trust or distrust, jealousy, hatred, etc.);

b) to oneself (modesty, dignity, vanity, pride, exactingness, etc.);

c) to society as a whole (sense of public duty, patriotism).

2. moral behavior, based on the moral consciousness of the individual, realizing its moral relations, are the result of the formation of the individual and his free choice. Moral practice- includes real morals, actions, moral relations. Actions and actions reflect the moral side human activity. They have a positive or negative orientation and involve moral responsibility.

3. Moral Relations- the central element of the structure of morality, which fixes the properties of any human activity in terms of its moral assessment.

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Moral principles- the main element in the system of morality is the basic fundamental ideas about the proper behavior of a person, through which the essence of morality is revealed and on which other elements of the system are based. The most important of them: humanism, collectivism, individualism, altruism, selfishness, tolerance . Unlike norms, they are selective in nature and are determined by a person independently. They characterize the moral orientation of the individual as a whole.

moral standards- specific rules of conduct that determine how a person should behave in relation to society, other people, himself. The imperative-evaluative nature of morality is clearly traced in them. Moral norms are the simplest forms of moral statements ("do not kill", "do not lie", "do not steal", etc.) that determine a person's behavior in typical, repetitive situations. Often they take the form of moral habits in a person and are observed by him without much thought.

moral values- social attitudes and imperatives, expressed in the form of normative ideas about good and evil, fair and unfair, about the meaning of life and the purpose of a person in terms of their moral significance. They serve as a normative form of moral orientation of a person in the world, offering him specific regulators of actions.

moral ideal- this is a holistic model of moral behavior that people strive for, considering it the most reasonable, useful, beautiful. The moral ideal allows you to evaluate people's behavior and is a guideline for self-improvement.

1. structure of morality.

Moral norms, principles, ideals are manifested in the moral activity of people, which is the result of the interaction of moral consciousness, moral relations and moral behavior. . In their unity and interdependence, they are a way of being morality, embodied in its structure.

Understanding the essence of morality involves an analysis of its structure. From the point of view of content, traditionally (since the ancient era) three main elements are distinguished:

♦ moral consciousness;

♦ moral behavior;

♦ moral relations.

moral consciousness- this is a person's knowledge of the essence of the main categories of ethics, understanding of moral values ​​and the inclusion of some of them in the system of personal beliefs, as well as moral feelings and experiences.

moral relations as one of the types of social relations, they consist in the realization of moral values ​​by a person when communicating with others. They are determined by the level of moral consciousness of the individual.

moral behavior- these are concrete actions of a person, which are an indicator of his moral culture.

Moral consciousness includes two levels: emotional and rational. . Schematically, the structure of moral consciousness can be represented as follows.

Emotional level- mental reaction of a person to an event, attitude, phenomenon. It includes emotions, feelings, mood.

Emotions - special mental states that reflect the immediate evaluative reactions of the individual to situations that are morally significant for a person. A kind of emotion is an affect - a particularly strong short-term experience that is not controlled by consciousness.

The senses - it is the joy and sadness experienced by a person, love and hatred, suffering and compassion, arising from emotions. Passion is a kind of moral feeling. – a strongly expressed feeling leading to the achievement of the goal by any, including immoral, means.

Moods - an emotional state that is characterized by duration, stability and is the background against which feelings are manifested and human activity proceeds. As a kind of mood, depression can be considered - an oppressed, depressed state and stress - a state of special mental tension.

Rational level - the ability of the individual to logical analysis and self-analysis is the result of the purposeful formation of moral consciousness in the process of training, education and self-education. The result is the moral competence of the individual, which includes three main components.

Knowledge principles, norms and categories , included in the system of morality. ethical knowledge - primary, necessary, but insufficient component of moral consciousness.

Understanding the essence of moral norms and principles and the need for their application. To establish moral relations, both the correctness and the similarity of this understanding by different subjects are important.

Adoption moral norms and principles, including them in own system views and beliefs, use as a "guide to action".

Moral Relations- the central element of the structure of morality, which fixes the properties of any human activity in terms of its moral assessment. The most significant in the moral sense are such types of relations as the attitude of a person to society as a whole, to other people, to himself.

The relation of man to society regulated by a number of principles, in particular, the principles of collectivism or individualism. Moreover, various combinations of these principles are possible:

v the merging of collectivism and egoism gives rise to the so-called group egoism, when a person, identifying himself with a certain group (party, class, nation), shares its interests and claims, thoughtlessly justifies all its actions.

v the merging of individualism and egoism, when, satisfying one's own interest, a person guided by the principle of individualism can harm other people, selfishly realizing himself "at their expense."

Relationship to another a person can be subject-subject or subject-object character.

The subjective type of relations is characteristic of humanistic ethics and manifests itself in the dialogue . This approach is based on the principles of altruism and tolerance.

In this section, we will consider, so to speak, the "working tools" of the science of ethics. Since many aspects of ethical concepts have already been considered, it is now necessary to state them in the form of a certain system and give the missing characteristics of those concepts that have not yet received sufficiently clear definitions.

Above, we talked about the priority of moral activity. Now our task is to clarify what is the active side of morality, what are its "functional duties" or, simply speaking, moral functions.

1. regulatory function. The function of moral regulation of relationships between people is the main and decisive one. It covers the sphere of relations that is not regulated by law. and in this sense it complements law. However, such a definition will be incomplete and inaccurate if we do not take into account the fact that all legal norms also affirm justice, also serve the good or benefit of society and citizens, and therefore are unconditionally moral in nature.

The regulatory function is a continuous process of bringing the real behavior of individuals, service teams and state and public institutions in line with the moral norms in force in society. For these purposes, such "instruments" for regulating moral relations, such as moral and ethical principles, public opinion, moral authority, traditions, customs, commandments, habits. At the directly practical level, regulation is carried out through norms (simple norms of morality): norms-benchmarks, norms-requirements, norms-prohibitions, norms-frames, restrictions, as well as norms-samples (etiquette norms). The regulatory function is the base function in the system of functions: all other functions - each in its own way - "serve" it to one degree or another.

2. Evaluative (axiological) function . As mentioned above, any act of morality (behavioral or spiritual) is determined by one or another system of values. Angled subject<морально - аморально» или «иравственно - безнравственно» являются поступки, отношения, намерения, мотивы, моральные возэрения, личностные качества и т.д.

Z. orienting function. Simple norms of morality are "simple" only in theory. In concrete reality, in practice, before making a moral judgment and implementing one or another norm in an act or behavior, one sometimes has to weigh a fairly significant number of circumstances, each of which can prompt us to apply different (sometimes even mutually exclusive) norms. Only a good knowledge of science, ethics, a high level of moral culture, which are the mechanism that can give us an accurate guide, can choose from a multitude of norms the only correct, fair one. It is they who are able to help us develop a system of moral priorities, which is a "compass" that allows us to identify the most moral line of behavior.

4. Motivational function . This function allows you to evaluate actions, ends and means in terms of the motivating intention. Motives or motivations can be moral and immoral, moral and immoral, noble and base, selfish and unselfish, etc.

5. Cognitive (informational) function - is aimed at acquiring ethical knowledge: principles, norms, codes, etc., which are a source of information about social moral concerns and systems of such values, starting points for moral choice in ordinary and extreme situations, in ordinary and conflict situations, which together help to formulate model of moral behavior.

b. educational function. Any system of education is, first of all, a system of moral education (a number of scientists believe that education is only moral education, everything else is just communication). Moral education brings moral norms, habits, customs, rights, generally recognized patterns of behavior into a certain conceptually organized system, translates moral knowledge into moral convictions of the individual, develops the ability to creatively interpret moral knowledge and beliefs in relation to specific situations.

7. communicative function. A special device is installed on ships, planes and other fast moving objects, which, upon receiving the appropriate request, responds with a signal, conditionally called "I am mine." Any system of moral values ​​(including professional ones) has exactly the same ability, and only on the basis of this “signal” is service and any other interaction possible, the acquisition of<чувства локтя», поддержка и взаимовыручка. Конечно, в процессе служебной деятельности осознание сигнала «я свой» и действенная коммуникация на его основе осуществляется не только моральным его компонентом, но тем не менее он играет в этом процессе одну из главных ролей.

8. ideological function. The purpose of this function is to justify the morality of the political and economic goals and interests of a particular class, social stratum, group, social movement, etc. In this sense, it is called upon to morally consolidate a socially heterogeneous society. The morality of the ruling class or social group, as well as their goals and interests, is always presented by ideological means as the goals, interests and morality of the whole society. And while to a certain extent this morality meets the general interests, society perceives this circumstance positively. Otherwise, society consolidates around opposing moral, political and ideological values, where revolutionary morality begins to play a fundamental role, proclaiming the struggle to overthrow the existing political regime as the main moral goal.

9. World outlook function. In this regard, morality is considered as the moral foundations of the individual, the system of moral penalties developed by her, mediating all her political, religious, aesthetic, philosophical and other concerns. The ideological function is very close to the axiological function, with the only difference that in this case it covers the basic, so to speak, initial concepts and ideas of a person about the reality around him.

The most important moral values for a law enforcement officer are: love for the motherland, loyalty to the oath and chosen profession, duty, moral integrity (unity of word and deed, beliefs and deeds), respect for honor and official dignity, justice, legality, incorruptibility and mutual assistance.

If we turn to moral consciousness, then the dominant role is played by moral principles. Expressing the requirements of morality in the most general form, they constitute the essence of moral relations and are the strategy of moral behavior. They differ in comparative stability and are concretized in moral norms. Their stability and viability are determined by the specific conditions of a certain social and professional environment of a particular historical era. Moral principles are perceived by moral consciousness as unconditional requirements, adherence to which is strictly mandatory in all life situations. This is their essential difference from moral norms, deviation from which in certain life situations is not only permissible, but sometimes necessary. Within the framework of the requirements for service in law enforcement agencies, the main principles of morality are: humanism, collectivism, justice, patriotism, conscientious attitude to work, critical self-assessment. Some of them should be considered in more detail.

Principle collectivism . This is one of the most important principles of not only professional, but also universal morality (the opposite principle is individualism). It is the most important essence of the relationship between the individual and society. Generally, all social and the professional interests of individuals are mediated by personal interest, with which they are closely intertwined, and it is usually almost impossible to break this connection. Stating this circumstance, the Scottish economist and philosopher of the 17th century. A. Smith developed the theory of "reasonable egoism", where he tried to find a reasonable balance between the public and private interests of individuals. However, both science and practice have clearly shown that it is impossible to find such a balance once and for all for all situations, and therefore two mutually exclusive, but rather abstract principles were approved in ethics: collectivism and individualism, where it was only about the priority of one or another principle.

As applied to the socio-political realities of our time, the principle of collectivism as a leading principle is inherent in socialist society, and the principle of individualism is inherent in bourgeois society. As for the law enforcement service environment, here the principle of collectivism is clearly strictly necessary for the successful organization of service activities, the only possible one for effective opposition to the criminal world. And although the interests of the members of the service team are always heterogeneous, the effectiveness of the work of the team directly depends on the purposefulness and unity of its actions, and, therefore, first of all, on how the interests of the team are perceived by its members as priority compared to the personal interests of the people who form it. An English proverb says: "If you can't do what you like, let you like what you do." In the most literal sense, this also applies to the combination of personal and service interests: if you cannot reconcile personal interests with service interests, let service interests become your personal interest. Otherwise, you should leave law enforcement and law enforcement.

The principle of collectivism includes several particular principles.

1. Unity of purpose and will. A single goal unites people, organizes and directs their will. The goals of the work of the service team are determined both by the tasks that the management sets for the team, and by the awareness of the need for the requirements of everyday service. And if the first factor is mainly external, strictly imperative in nature, then the second factor is largely determined by the moral and psychological climate of the team and the moral education of its members. 2. Cooperation and mutual assistance. This is one of the most important conditions for the principle of collectivism. This side of collectivism is especially effective in the collectives of law enforcement agencies. “Die yourself, but save your comrade” is not a simple slogan, but the fundamental principle of official interaction in the bodies, which has been repeatedly confirmed in practice. However, this is combined with adherence to principles and has nothing in common with mutual responsibility, protection of unscrupulous workers, loafers, truants. Otherwise, there are grounds to talk about the moral deformation of the collective, about its “disease” and the need for its urgent “treatment”.

3. Democracy. Even in such strictly normatively organized structures as law enforcement agencies, there are many aspects of service that are determined by a collective decision. And the more cohesive and morally conscious one or another team, the more prerequisites arise for the management to delegate power in decision-making to the members of the service team themselves, to move from command-administrative relations to relations of business cooperation based on a common interest and common responsibility for the successful solution of official tasks.

4. Discipline. In a morally mature team, discipline is not a heavy burden, but a recognized necessity. The conscious fulfillment of disciplinary requirements ensures the required performance of official activities, and it is in such a team that any violation of discipline is perceived by its members as a hindrance, as an obstacle to the implementation of common service goals and interests, and it is in such a team that the impact of its members on the “education” of the violator is more effective. the most severe disciplinary sanctions of the management.

principle of humanism. This moral principle in the ordinary sense means humanity, love for people, protection of human dignity, people's right to happiness and a full opportunity for self-development. Humanism is a requirement of the modern era, its leading principle, in particular penetrating all branches of law and defining all moral norms. With regard to law enforcement, humanism underlies the entire system of moral and legal relations between employees and law enforcement agencies and citizens.

The humanism of the content of law enforcement lies in its very essence, which is defined as ensuring social stability, protecting public order in the country, property, rights, freedoms. and legal interests of citizens, enterprises, organizations and institutions from criminal encroachments and other antisocial actions. Requirements of the principle of humanism are not only the essence of professional morality, but also the official duty, which obliges law enforcement officers to respond quickly and in a timely manner to all unworthy acts and, moreover, offenses. Failure to comply with these requirements is condemned both by law and and public opinion. Thus, the humanism of the activities of law enforcement agencies is manifested in the fact that it is aimed at combating evil and protecting the interests of the whole society and each individual separately from violations of law and morality, and thus provides conditions for happiness. and comprehensive development of man as the highest social value.

The humanism of the essence and goals of the activities of law enforcement agencies also determines such an aspect of the service of law enforcement agencies as the prevention of offenses and crimes. Using various means of warning and persuasion, law enforcement officers reveal to the population the humanistic, socially necessary content of the norms of our morality and law, the inadmissibility of immoral, antisocial, and even more so criminal behavior that causes enormous and irreparable damage to society, people and the violator himself, contribute to the awareness of each person of moral and legal responsibility for the immoral and illegal acts committed by him. If the measures of persuasion are insufficient, the state resorts to coercion. However, humanism is also manifested here: on the one hand, the vast majority of citizens turn out to be socially protected, and on the other hand, those citizens who embark on the path of criminal acts and are not able to get off this path on their own stop.

The unity of the principles of justice and legality. The most important principle of professional morality of law enforcement officers is principle justice. Justice is not only a principle of morality. It covers almost all spheres of human activity and human relations, and above all law and politics. As a way of moral regulation, the principle of justice obliges to take into account all aspects of the activities of individuals, i.e. their social status, merits, age and physical capabilities, and to establish a correspondence between the practical activities of individuals and their social (and official) position, between the merits of people and their public recognition, between deeds and rewards, labor and rewards, rights and obligations, crime and punishment, etc. Inconsistency in these relations is perceived as injustice. Employees of bodies with sufficient service experience are well aware that it is not punishment that is perceived by criminals as painful, but injustice (including direct deception as one of its types).

Justice regulates all spheres of social life, but it receives the most visible embodiment in the legal system, since it is precisely it that regulates the most important parts of social life 7 . Law plays a leading role in the suppression of various kinds of violations of justice: criminal enrichment, protectionism, undeserved privilege, etc. The principle of justice provides for the provision of social guarantees: health protection, the right to education, housing, old-age pensions and disability, etc. The correspondence between goals and the means necessary to achieve them is one of the most important manifestations of the principle of justice.

Sanctions provided for by legal acts act as the realization of the goals of law. Their use is always associated with the infringement of the interests of the individual, with the undergoing of certain deprivations, therefore, the principle of justice must be observed especially clearly here. The most important requirements of the principle of justice for sanctions are as follows:

Sanctions should only apply to those who actually broke the law;

Sanctions should ensure the restoration of violated rights after serving the sentence in full;

Between the sanctions that establish the measure of responsibility for various unlawful acts, certain proportions must be observed: more dangerous offenses must be punished more severely;

Courts should be able to impose individual punishment in the light of particular circumstances;

No one should be punished twice for the same offense.

All of the above principles for law enforcement officers are their professional requirement, their legal norm. In practice, these principles are concretized, acquiring in each team, in relation to the characteristics of the service of certain units, a specific character that has an imperative meaning for members of the service team.