Reminder for students.

How to learn to write an essay on social studies.

Essay- this is a kind of essay in which the main role is played not by the reproduction of a fact, but by the image of impressions, reflections of associations. The author's position, attitude should be clearly traced (especially in the main part).

Write down the topic of the essay.

Don't forget what you write social studies essay , so immediately sketch on the draft social science terms, quotes, examples, facts appropriate for this topic.

Define the problem . A problem is a complex practical or theoretical issue that needs to be addressed. Examples of some types of problems corresponding to sections of the course

social studies:

Problem types

Problem examples

1.Philosophical

The meaning of life, moral choice, knowledge of the world, good and evil, the truth of scientific knowledge, the moral dimension of the individual, human needs, and so on.

2. Cultural

Modern culture, the meaning of the culture of the past, the truth of scientific knowledge, the boundlessness of scientific knowledge, the ethics of science, the relationship between science and religion, the essence of religion and its significance, and so on.

3. Economic

Payment of taxes, competition, property, globalization, the role of the state in a market economy, rational consumption, the value of money, the relationship between economics and politics, and so on.

4. Social

Wealth and poverty, demographic, interethnic relations, social stability, the contradictory nature of the modern world, social progress, marginality, social security, and so on.

5. Political

Power, the relationship between power and people, the separation of branches of power, the role of political parties, the essence of democracy, political role, political status, democracy, political participation, and so on.

6. Legal

Rights and justice, justice and law, the relationship between morality and law, the significance of contractual relations in society, the equality of citizens before the law, the needs of law, and so on.

Essay structure.

Identified the problem, i.e. task that needs to be resolved, formulate a thesis - the author's thought on a particular problem. The author's idea is expressed in the form thesis (T). But the thought must be supported by evidence, arguments of a scientific or everyday nature. Therefore, the thesis is followed arguments (A). Arguments are facts, phenomena of social life, events, life situations and life experience, literary situations, scientific evidence, etc. It is better (but not necessary) to give two arguments in favor of one or another thesis, because one may be unconvincing, three arguments may overwhelm (an essay is still a “small genre”!).

Thus, it turns out the ring composition of the essay:

Introduction (B), problem (P), thesis (T), arguments (A), conclusion (B).

6. Essay outline:

I. V

II. P

III. T

A1

A2

IV. V

The logic of the presentation of the material and its structuring contribute paragraph highlighting and redline. Each paragraph - the previous one and the next one - should be linked.

Essay should be "emotionally charged" but at the same time it is important to show the external restraint of the narrative. Expressiveness is achieved through short, simple sentences, varied in intonation and skillful use of the most "modern" of all punctuation marks. - dash. The dash introduces into the sentence a special intonation, so necessary for expressing one's opinion.

Appropriate use of cliches. For instance:

1. For me, this phrase is the key to understanding ...

   This phrase opens up an amazing space for thought.

   I cannot join this statement and I will try to substantiate my position.

   Expressing disagreement with the opinion of the author, we will answer the questions: so what is ...

   I fully agree with the position of the author.

   …has a beneficial effect...

   The problem presented in this statement is relevant and topical for ...

   On the one hand, I agree, because ... On the other hand, no, because ...

   That is why I agree with the author.

   I really like the phrase...

   Let's illustrate this situation with examples.

   Let's consider several approaches.

   Firstly Secondly,..

Essay writing algorithm

1. carefully read all the topics (statements) proposed for writing an essay;

What to avoid when writing an essay.

1. Misunderstanding of the essence of the stated topic.

2. Lack of structure in the presentation.

3. Inability to adhere to the answer to the main question (lengthy distractions from the topic).

4. Use of rhetoric (statements) instead of argumentation (evidence).

5. Careless handling of data, including overgeneralization.

6. Too extensive descriptive part, not supported by analytical material.

7. Statements of other points of view without reference to the authors of these ideas and without expressing one's own position.

8. Repetitions unnecessarily.

Essay writing algorithm.

1. carefully read all the topics (statements) proposed for writing an essay;

2. choose the one that will meet several requirements: a) you are interested; b) you understand the meaning of this statement; c) you have something to say on this topic (you know the terms, you can give examples, you have personal experience, etc.);

3. define the main idea of ​​the statement (what is it about?), To do this, use the paraphrase technique (say the same thing, but in your own words);

4. outline the arguments for and / or against this statement (if you type arguments both for and against the aphorism taken as a topic, your essay may be polemical in nature);

5. for each argument, select examples, facts, situations from life, personal experience, etc.;

6. think about what literary techniques you will use to make the language of your essay more interesting, lively (comparisons, analogies, epithets, etc.);

7. arrange the selected arguments and/or counterarguments in sequence (this will be your conditional plan);

8. come up with an introduction to the reasoning (in it you can write why you chose this statement, immediately determine your position, ask your question to the author of the quote, etc.);

9. state your point of view in the sequence that you have outlined;

10. Formulate the general conclusion of the work and, if necessary, edit it.

Editing involves checking work in the following areas:

structure (check if there is a logical connection between parts of the essay);

sincerity of tone (avoid too emotional, expressive definitions);

unity of style (in the work one should not jump from the scientific style to the journalistic, colloquial and vice versa);

the volume of the essay (the work should be short, reduce everything superfluous);

the attractiveness of the work, its individuality (is there something special in the work).

Topics in the form of statements for writing an essay on five educational lines of social science

Philosophy Essay Topics

1. "A person has freedom of choice, because otherwise advice, exhortations, edifications, rewards and punishments would be meaningless."

F. Aquinas

2. "Nature creates man, but society develops and shapes him."

V. Belinsky

3. "Sometimes, in order to become immortal, you have to pay the price of a lifetime."

F. Nietzsche

4. "But if the inevitability of death is incompatible with true love, then immortality is completely incompatible with the emptiness of our life."

V. Solovyov

5. "Will and desire must not be confused ... I want action that pulls in one direction, while my desire pulls in the other direction, just the opposite."

J. Locke

6. "Those doubts that theory does not resolve, practice will resolve for you."

L. Feuerbach

7. "Be attentive to your thoughts - they are the beginning of actions."

Lao Tzu

8. "The moral law, which a person must freely discover in himself, automatically gives his prescriptions, the same for all people and for all occasions in life."

N. Berdyaev

9. "Science is truth multiplied by doubt."

Valerie

10. "We must not allow anyone to remake historical truth."

N. Pirogov

11. "The beast never comes to such a terrible fall as a man comes to."

I. Berdyaev

12. "Needs grow not so much from urgent need as from capricious desires."

J.-J. Rousseau

13. "All knowledge originates from the mind and proceeds from the senses."

F. Patrici

14. “Man is not a thing, but a living being, which can be understood only in a long process of development. At any moment of his life, he is not yet what he can become and what he may yet become.

E. Fromm

15. "Without society, man would be miserable, lacking motivation to improve."

W. Godwin

16. “They say the world arose out of chaos. We must see to it that he does not end up where he started."

V. Zhemchuzhnikov

17. "Everything was old, everything will happen again."

O. Mandelstam

18. "We don't have time to be ourselves."

A. Camus

19. "People are not born, but become who they are."

C. Helvetia

20. “Freedom comes with responsibility. That's why so many people are afraid of it."

B. Show

21. "Activity is the only way to knowledge."

B. Show

22. "It is much easier to know a person in general than any person in particular."

F. La Rochefoucauld

Essay topics in economics.

1. "Trade has not yet ruined a single nation."

B. Franklin

2. "Business is the art of getting money out of another person's pocket without resorting to violence."

M. Amsterdam

3. "Wealth is not in the possession of treasures, but in the ability to use them."

Napoleon

4. "Money is like manure: if it is not scattered, it will not be of any use."

F. Hayek

5. "Moderation is the wealth of the poor, greed is the poverty of the rich."

P. Sir

6. "Even the most generous person tries to pay cheaper for what is bought daily."

B. Show

7. "It is not the art of acquiring that should be learned, but the art of spending."

J. Droz

8. "Budgeting is the art of distributing disappointment evenly."

M. Stins

9. “Least of all, the economy can create a new person. Economics is about the means, not the ends of life."

N. Berdyaev

10. "Economics is the art of satisfying unlimited needs with limited resources."

L. Peter

11. "If money does not serve you, it will dominate you."

F. Bacon

12. "The main goal of capital is not to get as much money as possible, but to ensure that money leads to a better life."

G. Ford

13. "Dishonest profits lighten a dishonest nature."

Piriander

14. "There are no free breakfasts."

B. Crane

15. "The whole advantage of having money is the ability to use it."

B. Franklin

16. "All commerce is an attempt to foresee the future."

S. Butler

17. "An equal division of fortunes and lands would lead to general poverty."

P. Buast

18. "Taxes are money collected by the authorities from a part of society in the interests of the whole."

S. Johnson

19. "Inflation gives everyone the opportunity to feel like a millionaire."

A. Rogov

Essay Topics in Sociology

1. "Nations are the wealth of mankind, these are its generalized personalities: the smallest of them bears special colors."

A. Solzhenitsyn

2. “With agreement, even small things grow into big ones; with disagreement, even big ones fall apart.”

Sallust

3. "Inequality is as good a law of nature as any other."

I. Sherr

4. “Due to the difference in climates, minds, energies, tastes, age, vision, equality among people is never possible. Inequality must therefore be regarded as an immutable law of nature. But we can make inequality irreplaceable…”

A. Chekhov

5. "Is not unity with dozens a separation from thousands and millions."

L. Tolstoy

6. "Laws owe their power to mores."

C. Helvetia

7. "An ancient custom has the force of law."

V. Maxim

8. "The brighter the individuality manifests itself, the more it strives for unity with everything that exists."

R. Tagore

9. "Alcoholism causes more havoc than three historical scourges combined: famine, plague and war."

W. Gladstone

10. “We make rules for others, exceptions for ourselves.”

Sh. Lemel

11. "Take the place and position that befits you, and everyone will recognize it."

R. Emerson

12. "A nation does not need cruelty to be steadfast."

F. Roosevelt

13. "I'm too proud of my country to be a nationalist."

J. Wolfrom

14. "Agreements prevent conflict."

X. McKay

15. "The family is more sacred than the state."

Pius XI

16. “The nationalism of small peoples is a manifestation of isolation and complacency. The nationalism of the great nations is imperialist expansion.

N. Berdyaev

17. "A society without stratification with real equality of all its members is a myth that has never become a reality in the entire history of mankind."

P. Sorokin

18. "A nation is a collection of people, different in character, tastes and views, but interconnected by strong, deep and comprehensive spiritual ties."

D. Gibran

19. "The greatness of a people is not at all measured by its number, just as the greatness of a man is not measured by his height."

V. Hugo

20. "Youth is happy that it has a future."

N. Gogol

21. "The rich are not harmful because they are rich, but because they make the poor feel their poverty."

V. Klyuchevsky

Political Science Essay Topics

1. "Politics requires great flexibility of mind from the people involved in it: it does not know the unchanging rules given once and for all ...".

V. Klyuchevsky

2. "Politics should be no more and no less than applied history."

V. Klyuchevsky

3. "Good politics is no different from good morality."

G. Mably

4. "The leader must reckon in advance with the possibility of both success and failure."

P. Sir

5. "The true equality of citizens lies in the fact that they are all equally subject to the laws."

J. D'Alembert

6. "There will be no freedom if the judiciary is not separated from the legislative and executive powers."

C. Montesquieu

7. "Big politics is just common sense applied to big things."

Napoleon I

8. "When a tyrant rules, the people are silent, and the laws do not work."

Saadi

9. "Voice-pickers become rulers."

K. Pobedonostsev

10. "Morality without politics is useless, politics without morality is inglorious."

A. Sumarokov

11. "Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely."

J. Acton

12. “Someone will be called a true ruler if he can control himself and will not serve vile desires.”

Izbornik, 1076

13. "There is a minimum level of education and awareness beyond which voting becomes its own caricature."

I. Ilyin

14. "Democracy is a bad form of government, but mankind has not come up with anything better."

W. Churchill

15. "Power, based on a false idea, is doomed to death from its own arbitrariness."

V. Korolenko

16. "Only a strong state provides freedom to its citizens."

J.-J. Rousseau

17. "Democracy is a mechanism to ensure that we are not better governed than we deserve."

B. Show

18. "Man by nature is a political being."

Aristotle

19. "Only a few can make politics, but everyone can judge it."

Pericles

20. “The aim of politics is the common good; the people and the government must obey the law.”

Aristotle

21. "All politics boils down to making life bearable for as many people as possible."

F. Nietzsche

Essay topics on law.

1. "The essence of law is the balance of two moral interests: personal freedom and the common good."

V. Solovyov

2. "We must become slaves to the laws in order to be free."

Cicero

3. “A country deprived of laws and freedom is not a kingdom, but a prison; in it the captives are the peoples.

F. Glinka

4. "The multiplicity of laws does not testify in favor of mores, and the multiplicity of processes does not testify in favor of laws."

P. Buast

5. "When laws and decrees multiply, robberies and robberies grow."

Lao Tzu

6. "Rigidity of laws hinders their observance."

O. Bismarck

7. "The true equality of citizens consists in the fact that they are all equally subject to the laws."

J. D'Alembert

8. "Where cruel law reigns, people dream of lawlessness."

S. Lets

9. "Whoever uses his right does not violate anyone's right."

Principle of Roman law

10. "Laws for all should have the same meaning."

C. Montesquieu

11. "Justice without force is useless, force without justice is despotic."

Latin saying

12. "A conceived, albeit unfulfilled, crime is still a crime."

Seneca

13. "Freedom is the right to do everything that is permitted by law."

C. Montesquieu

14. "Freedom consists in being dependent only on the laws." Voltaire

15. "The extreme observance of the law can be the extreme lawlessness." Terence

16. "The state finds order in law, and law in the state - the power that it asserts."

A. Kenenov

17. "The worst enemy of law is privilege." M. Ebner-Eschenbach

18. "The judge is the speaking law, and the law is the mute judge." Cicero

19. "To be free, you must obey the laws." Ancient aphorism

20. "Not everything that the law allows, conscience allows." Plato

21. "The biggest crime is impunity." B. Show

22. "Your duty is to keep the laws, do not look at the faces of the strong." G. Derzhavin

23. "Make few laws, but make sure they are followed." J. Locke

24. "Obligation without right is slavery, right without duty is anarchy."

Essay writing example.

Essay on the topic of N.A. Berdyaev’s statement: “The beast never comes to such a terrible fall as a person comes to”

I agree with the statement of the Russian existentialist philosopher N. Berdyaev. The meaning of the statement is that a person in some of his vile deeds can be more terrible than a beast. But before I talk about the base man, I would like to talk about the high man. Man is the highest stage of development of the animal world on Earth. Man fundamentally differs from animals in his rationality, thinking, transformative activity. He has high moral qualities, values ​​and ideals. All of the above is the dignity and advantage of a person over animals, and makes a person follow his high destiny in his actions and activities.

But sometimes people do such monstrous deeds that you involuntarily think about how deep a person can fall, how low he can be, barbarically rude and cruel. In order to see how low a man can fall, he can be compared to an animal. Any animal takes care of its offspring. It is ready to protect its cubs from anyone who tries to encroach on their lives. And how many examples can be given to prove that not every person can act in the same way as animals do. Very often on radio and television you can hear how some unreasonable mother abandoned her child, or even sold him for a bottle of vodka, or severely beat him, or even killed him just because he screamed too loudly and thereby irritated " resting mother. I am amazed by the mass examples of how girls and young women have abortions with extraordinary ease, and at the same time they do not even think that they are committing the most serious and unforgivable crime before God - infanticide.

Going for an abortion is becoming as commonplace as going to the dentist to extract a tooth. They try to justify their crime by the difficulties of material life. What animal can get rid of a cub in such a way, referring to the difficulties of existence in a harsh natural environment?

We all know a vivid example of misanthropy from the history of the 18th century. It concerns the landowner Daria Saltykova. “Saltychikha, harboring hatred for her serfs, systematically mocked them, applying the most monstrous tortures to them. In doing so, she tortured more than a hundred people to death. In the end, the authorities stopped turning a blind eye to her atrocities, and she was placed in a monastery, where she spent the rest of her days. And even when she, dying, appeared before God, she did not find the strength to repent for her countless crimes.

You will say that this is a typical example of a mental anomaly, and there are a huge number of such examples. Okay. Then how can you understand the following example. The two businessmen have been friends since childhood. They played in the same yard, studied in the same class, graduated from high school and eventually became successful entrepreneurs. It seemed that their friendship would be eternal. But one day, one of them, having hired a killer, eliminates his partner and takes over a share of his business. What prompted him to such an inhuman act? Greed, self-interest, the desire for unbridled money-grubbing? Oh sure. This behavior, of course, can be explained by such motives. But I would like to say something else. Each person strives for material well-being, wants to become successful and self-sufficient. But any person has the right to choose regarding the means to achieve the goal. A person's choice of means to achieve a goal directly depends on the degree of moral education. It is the moral qualities related to the superconsciousness that distinguish us from animals. To step over the Human in oneself, to step over the moral one means to become like a beast. Having become like a beast, a person loses control and censorship over his own behavior, he loses such qualities as love, friendship, pity, compassion, sympathy, attention.

Deprived of these qualities, he turns into a real beast in the literal sense of the word.

Man is always a mystery. No one knows what he will do at any given moment. He can perform a feat, and maybe a low deed. And the fact that he often shows an animal grin indicates that he is not only a social being, but also a natural one. Throughout his life there is a struggle between the natural and the social. Therefore, the more qualitatively society influences a person in the process of socialization and education, the less space will remain in it for the manifestation of bestial cruelty. And this means that the world will be saved not by beauty, but by education.

Sometimes, in order to become immortal, you have to pay the price of a lifetime.

4. "But if the inevitability of death is incompatible with true love, then immortality is completely incompatible with the emptiness of our life."

V. Solovyov

5. "Will and desire must not be confused ... I want action that pulls in one direction, while my desire pulls in the other direction, just the opposite."

6. "Those doubts that theory does not resolve, practice will resolve for you."

L. Feuerbach

7. "Be attentive to your thoughts - they are the beginning of actions."

Lao Tzu

8. "The moral law, which a person must freely discover in himself, automatically gives his prescriptions, the same for all people and for all occasions in life."

N. Berdyaev

9. "Science is truth multiplied by doubt."

Valerie

10. "We must not allow anyone to remake historical truth."

N. Pirogov

The beast never comes to such a terrible fall as a man comes to.

I. Berdyaev

12. "Needs grow not so much from urgent need as from capricious desires."

J.-J. Rousseau

13. "All knowledge originates from the mind and proceeds from the senses."

F. Patrici

14. “Man is not a thing, but a living being, which can be understood only in a long process of development. At any moment of his life, he is not yet what he can become and what he may yet become.

15. "Without society, man would be miserable, lacking motivation to improve."

W. Godwin

16. “They say the world arose out of chaos. We must see to it that he does not end up where he started."

V. Zhemchuzhnikov

17. "Everything was old, everything will happen again."

O. Mandelstam

18. "We don't have time to be ourselves."

A. Camus

People are not born, but become who they are.”

C. Helvetia

20. “Freedom comes with responsibility. That's why so many people are afraid of it."

B. Show

21. "Activity is the only way to knowledge."

B. Show

22. "It is much easier to know a person in general than any person in particular."

F. La Rochefoucauld

Economics Essay Topics

1. "Trade has not yet ruined a single nation."

B. Franklin

2. "Business is the art of getting money out of another person's pocket without resorting to violence."

M. Amsterdam

3. "Wealth is not in the possession of treasures, but in the ability to use them."

Napoleon

4. "Money is like manure: if it is not scattered, it will not be of any use."

F. Hayek

5. "Moderation is the wealth of the poor, greed is the poverty of the rich."

P. Sir

6. "Even the most generous person tries to pay cheaper for what is bought daily."

B. Show

7. "It is not the art of acquiring that should be learned, but the art of spending."

J. Droz

8. "Budgeting is the art of distributing disappointment evenly."

M. Stins

9. “Least of all, the economy can create a new person. Economics is about the means, not the ends of life."

N. Berdyaev

10. "Economics is the art of satisfying unlimited needs with limited resources."

L. Peter

11. "If money does not serve you, it will dominate you."

F. Bacon

12. "The main goal of capital is not to get as much money as possible, but to ensure that money leads to a better life."

G. Ford

13. "Dishonest profits lighten a dishonest nature."

Piriander

14. "There are no free breakfasts."

B. Crane

15. "The whole advantage of having money is the ability to use it."

B. Franklin

16. "All commerce is an attempt to foresee the future."

S. Butler

17. "An equal division of fortunes and lands would lead to general poverty."

P. Buast

18. "Taxes are money collected by the authorities from a part of society in the interests of the whole."

S. Johnson

19. "Inflation gives everyone the opportunity to feel like a millionaire."

A. Rogov

Essay Topics in Sociology

1. "Nations are the wealth of mankind, these are its generalized personalities: the smallest of them bears special colors."

A. Solzhenitsyn

When there is agreement, even small things grow into big ones; when there is disagreement, even big things fall apart.”

Sallust

3. "Inequality is as good a law of nature as any other."

I. Sherr

Due to differences in climates, minds, energies, tastes, ages, and visions, equality among people is never possible. Inequality must therefore be regarded as an immutable law of nature. But we can make inequality irreplaceable…”

5. "Is not unity with dozens a separation from thousands and millions."

L. Tolstoy

Laws owe their power to morals.

C. Helvetia

7. "An ancient custom has the force of law."

V. Maxim

Let us turn to the views of some thinkers. According to J. Condorcet, the progress of society is directly related to the progress of the human mind. Hegel considered progress not only as a principle of reason, but also as a principle of world events. K. Marx also believed that humanity is moving towards the universal mastery of nature, the development of production and ... man himself.

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Social science essay writing technology

1) Carefully study the statement, understand its content

(disassemble the proposal by composition)

2) Consider in what area this statement is located.

3) Statement of the problem

4) Drawing up a presentation plan:

I . Problem Statement

III . Arguing your position (without "I think")

IV . own position

V. conclusions

Cliche to define your own position:

Analyzing the statement, it can be noted ...

This can be refuted by...

Seems right at first glance...

It is refuted by…

Student essay

"All the progress one can hope for is to make people somewhat less evil." G. Flaubert

In this statement, Flaubert clearly traces the idea of ​​the role of progress for the person himself, or rather, for the development of his humane qualities.

Let us turn to the views of some thinkers. According to J. Condorcet, the progress of society is directly related to the progress of the human mind. Hegel considered progress not only as a principle of reason, but also as a principle of world events. K. Marx also believed that humanity is moving towards the universal mastery of nature, the development of production and ... man himself.

Using the concept of progress and the expression "to make people a little less evil", Flaubert means the fact that as a result of improving human conditions, opportunities for the development of human qualities increase: reason, morality, creative forces.

In this we can agree with the author. Indeed, with the development of society, the possibilities and abilities of a person to experience and realize themselves in a wide variety of activities expand. And the more versatile his activity becomes, the faster the growth of the human in a person takes place.

Razmakhnina N.10-a class.

“Not to be subject to any law means to be deprived of the most saving protection, for the laws must protect usnot only from others, but also from ourselves.”(G. Heine)

Nature has endowed man with one very important instinct: the instinct of self-preservation. Society, on the other hand, puts a person in conditions in which this instinct alone is not enough to survive. That is why man creates laws in order to protect himself and others.

In a flock of animals, there are certain traditions, prohibitions and a kind of hierarchy. Man organizes society according to the same principles as animals, but as a more highly organized being, he creates it on a much higher level. The man himself is a part of society, and therefore must obey its laws.

There are many different positions and opinions on this matter. The author of the statement, G. Heine, adhered to the following position: "Laws are created in order to fulfill them." In his opinion, in order to feel comfortable and safe in society, each person must conscientiously comply with all legal norms established by the state.

It is difficult not to agree with the opinion of Heine. He calls laws "the most salutary defence," and indeed they are. After all, it has long been proven both by theory and practice that people feel more secure in a state governed by the rule of law.

It would be unfair to ignore the second part of this statement. In it, the author says that laws protect us not only from others, but also from ourselves. And here he is absolutely right. It often happens that by our rash actions we bring ourselves more harm. than other people. And it is the law that can restrain us and prevent a fatal mistake.

And yet, laws limit our freedom. But after all, everyone is well aware that there is no absolute freedom, and therefore it is better to obey the law and feel protected than to be independent, but vulnerable.

Kolmakova Daria 10 A class.

"Every change paves the way for other changes."(J. Machiavelli)

Progress and regress. These concepts are directly related to human existence. They are the result of changes in any of the spheres of human activity. For example, if you look into the distant past, you can see how the detached thumb on the hand of a primitive man allowed him to pick up various objects, which later became his first tools.

Arguing on this topic, Machiavelli came to the following conclusion: "Every change paves the way for other changes." That is, by changing something, a person consciously or unconsciously takes a step towards new qualitative changes. Also, these changes can occur independently of the person himself.

Analyzing this statement, one cannot but agree with the opinion of the author. Even if we reason not at the universal level, but at the level of one individual, then in this case we can come to a similar conclusion. For example, a person who is in a depressed state changes his image. This affects his mood, new forces appear, efficiency increases, as a result, career growth occurs. In our daily life, we often encounter this situation. By changing something in ourselves or in the world around us, we pave the way for other changes.

It should be noted that even in the scientific field, this pattern operates. After all, when D. I. Mendeleev developed the periodic system of chemical elements, the properties of chemical elements became more accessible to many scientists. This made it possible to make new discoveries not only in the field of chemistry: now some settlements use electricity from nuclear power plants.

Summing up the work, I would like to say that there is no need to be afraid of change. A person always strives for a better life, but he will achieve his goal only when he can reshape his usual life.

Sidorov Alexey 10-A class

“Needs grow not so much from urgent need,how much from capricious desire."(J.-J. Rousseau)

All human life consists of needs: food, sleep, money, communication. By and large, we live to meet our needs. We go to school - we satisfy our need for education, we meet new people - we satisfy our need for communication, we go to work - we get money. And if we turn back the pages of history and turn to our ancestor - the humanoid ape, we will see that in order to eat, the monkey descends from the branch and picks up a stick, and in order to defend themselves from wild animals, primitive man invents the first weapon.

But the more successfully a person copes with the satisfaction of his primary needs, the more he has other, sometimes even strange needs, without which he can easily do without. “J.-J. Rousseau comes to this conclusion. He says that it is our whims that drive our desires and needs.

It would be foolish to refute his theory, since we find its confirmation not only in words, but also in practice, especially since this issue is more relevant in our time than ever. It's hard to disagree. Indeed, with the development of market relations, social inequality has formed and oligarchs, oil magnates and billionaires appear all over the world. Their needs often shock us. To please their whims, they buy islands, cottages and even people.

But it would be a mistake to think that there are only negative sides to this issue. If you think about it, you can find a positive and very important one: the satisfaction of needs is a kind of engine of progress. For example, a person wanted to travel faster over long distances - an airplane appeared, a person wanted to quickly receive information from all over the world - he invented television, radio and the Internet. There are many such examples, and I would like the needs to become not just human quirks, but carry practical interest and benefit for society.

Khaletskaya Olga 10-A class

“Direct state intervention harms rather thanhelps the market economy.(L. Smith)

Market relations, throughout the history of mankind, have undergone many changes along the way of their formation and development. A person moved from a simple exchange of things to professional trading, and the market became an integral part of his life. It has become a necessary condition for economic and hence social progress.

The key to the successful development of market relations is competition. It affects almost everything: prices, product quality, quantity, etc. But competition can only exist in conditions of free enterprise, that is, without direct state intervention.

Regarding this problem, A. Smith expressed his point of view. He says that the state should not directly intervene in the market economy, since this intervention does more harm than good.

Our country knows from its own bitter experience what such an intervention costs, so it is difficult not to support the author's position. The Russian people, or rather the Soviet generation, are well aware of what a shortage of goods is, what huge queues in stores are, what it is, limited opportunities and unsatisfied needs.

But it would be a mistake to think that the state should not have any influence on the market. It should, but within reason. Skillful state regulation and market mechanism - this is the golden mean, which is the most productive and effective. These are features of a mixed economy. It follows that a mixed type of economic systems is the best option for the development and strengthening of the economic power of the state.

Reshetnikov Maxim 10-A class

"Is it not surprising that people so often fight for religion and so rarely live by its precepts."

G. Lichtenberg

Perhaps religion is the most ancient and still such a necessary invention of man. First, pagan rites and idols, then initiation toto larger religious communities - all this occupies a certain niche in the history of mankind. Moreover, a more significant place in this pantry of events and legends is occupied by conflicts that have grown up on religious grounds. Then the question arises, if religious canons say that a person must live in harmony with himself and others, then how to regard all these wars and armed

Considering this problem, G. Lichtenberg revealed a very interesting paradox: people often fight for religion, but rarely live according to its prescriptions. He is surprised by the ease with which a person connects, closely intertwines such incompatible concepts as war and religion. After all, war is death, hunger, loss, homicide, violence. And certainly these concepts will not be synonymous with the word religion. Well, is it possible in thisagree with the author!

It's no secret that no one has the right to deprive someone of freedom, and even more so of life. And a believing, God-fearing person will never commit such an act, because this is not just a crime, but a terrible sin, butis faith in God and in his teachings sincere, if, hiding behind it, a person goes to murder. And unfortunately, history knows many such examples. Probably the most striking of them is the crusades, whenThe Catholic Church tried by force to convert people to the faith.

Similar disasters have also happened in our state. For example, Nikon's church reforms in XVII century, when those who were called Old Believers suffered.

Today, in the conditions of world integration, religious conflicts are becoming less, but still they occur from time to time. I would like to hope that in the near future such militant elements will come to an agreement, because there is already a lot of evil in this world.

Shaydurov Denis Grade 11

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Task text

Sample Desh Angelina 11-BF-1 Essay work report Essay topic No. 75 “Socrates: I know that I don’t know anything, but everyone else doesn’t even know this” Section of philosophy (revealing the problem of the chosen topic): epistemology (philosophical doctrine about knowledge) - a section of philosophical knowledge, which explores the possibility of human knowledge of the world, as well as human knowledge of himself; the movement of knowledge from ignorance to knowledge is explored; explores the nature of knowledge; the nature of knowledge in itself and in relation to those objects that are reflected in this knowledge is explored. Philosophical problem: the problem of knowledge and ignorance, the problem of limitation, incompleteness and variability of knowledge, the problem of acquiring new knowledge, the problem of achieving wisdom, methods of obtaining knowledge. Relevance of the topic: the chosen topic is quite relevant in our modern world, since in our life we ​​are faced with a huge flow of information that we must comprehend, turning it into knowledge, or, on the contrary, discard it as unnecessary. Basic philosophical concepts: Knowledge is the result of a person’s spiritual assimilation of the world and himself, expressed in language or in another sign form holistic, spiritual and practical knowledge, focused on the comprehension of the absolute meaning of being, the highest knowledge in its value expression. Meaning is the content, meaning, comprehended by the mind. Cognition is a way of spiritual exploration of the world by a person, development of oneself as a spiritual being Truth is a concept of philosophy and culture, denoting the ideal of knowledge and the method of its achievement (justification), establishing the correspondence of knowledge with culture and social practice Dialogue is the social and cultural interaction of a person with a person, through of which understanding occurs Understanding is the process of comprehending or generating the meaning of the Quote: “Nothing has been found,” Pierre said to himself again, “nothing has been invented. We can only know that we know nothing. And this is the highest degree of human wisdom ”(L. Tolstoy“ War and Peace ”“ Whoever thinks that he has comprehended everything knows nothing ”(Lao Tzu)“ To be ignorant of one’s own ignorance is the disease of the ignorant ”(Olcott)“ He is doubly blind who does not see his own blindness; this is the difference between perspicacious diligent people and ignorant sloths "(J. Bruno)" Completeness of knowledge "always means some understanding of the depth of our ignorance" (physicist R. Millikan) “It is quite logical to say that a scientific discovery reduces the area of ​​the unknown. But it is no less logical to assert that it increases at the same time. Through the fault of the discovery itself, it increases. When a person goes uphill, the horizon expands before him, but the lands beyond the horizon become more and more extended” (D. Granin) “Where is the wisdom we lost for the sake of knowledge? Where is the knowledge that we have lost for the sake of information” (Thomas Steuris Eliot) Examples, associations: knowledge and ignorance - association with an island and a vast ocean. Universal knowledge is the ocean, an island in the ocean is the knowledge gained by an individual, ignorance is the coastline of this island. A little about the methods of obtaining knowledge. Dialogue with yourself, with a person. An example of the advantage of dialogue over a dispute: a dispute between an employee who wants to get more and an employer who wants to pay less will be replaced by dialogue. Make the employee's salary dependent on the quantity and quality of his work, give him the opportunity to participate in the distribution of the enterprise's profits, and the conflict will disappear (theoretical and practical relevance of the problem, goals, objectives of the essay, methods for studying the problem, main part Conclusion References: Aristophanes Clouds // http://www.lib.rus/ec/b/137552/read Golubintsev V.O., Dantsev A.A., Lyubchenko V.S. Philosophy for technical universities. Series "Higher education. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix Publishing House", 2004. - 640 pp. Xenophon "Memories of Socrates// http:/ /www.anhrome.ru/kcenoph/Socratic/kn01f.h Plato Pir. Dialogue //http://www.knigonosha.net Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1983. - 320 pp. Philosophical online dictionary http://www.philosophydic.ru/ http://www.newacropol.ru/Alexadria/philosophy/Philosophs/Plato/short_sokrat/ Sample

We remind you that there are time limits on the social studies exam that affect the writing of an essay. Therefore, it is advisable to consider structure your mini-essay, which will allow you to express and argue your own point of view.

1. Understanding the statement clear and distinct. It is not necessary to repeat this statement verbatim. It is important to reveal its main idea in such a way that the context that determines its content and essence becomes obvious.

2. Definition of personal position according to the selected statement: “I agree with this opinion”, “I cannot join this statement”, “In this statement there is something with which I agree (on), and what seems to me controversial”.

3. Main body The essay is a detailed statement of one's own opinion regarding the problem posed. It should be presented here:

Judgments (arguments), definition of key social science concepts that help to reveal the topic;

Evidence, i.e. facts and examples that support judgments, point of view;

Consideration and refutation of counterarguments.

Each thesis must be argued using facts and examples from public life and personal social experience. Arguments are facts, phenomena of social life, events, life situations and life experience, scientific evidence, references to the opinions of scientists, etc. It is better not to overload the work with countless arguments, while of course you need to remember that one argument seems unconvincing.

4. Conclusion, briefly summing up the reflections and reasoning. The conclusion may contain a repetition of the main judgment, opinion; a brief overview of the arguments in defense of the main conclusion.

The most important parts of the work are the introduction and conclusion. The introduction focuses the problems of the essay, raises key questions, points out contradictions, and reveals the social science aspects of the topic. The conclusion should be the most striking thought, summing up, summarizing the reasoning.

What needs to be done when working with an essay?

When completing the proposed task for writing a mini-essay (essay), you must:

1) analyze the statement, clarifying its meaning;

2) identify the key thesis and determine your position in relation to it.

3) determine what theoretical concepts, terms, scientific theories will help to reveal the essence of the thesis and one's own position;

4) formulate the thoughts and ideas that have arisen and formalize them in writing;

5) analyze the content of the written, check the style and literacy, compositional structure, logic and consistency of presentation.

The main approaches to writing an essay can be represented in the following constructor:

Criterion	Phrases to use in an essay
K1 Understanding the meaning of the statement	The meaning of this statement is...
It's good to add confirmation of the relevance of the issue raised
K2 Formulation of own position (with explanation!)	We can only agree with the first part of the statement, after all… On the one hand, we can agree with the author because…
K3 Multidimensional analysis of the statement (1 point)	The statement can be analyzed from different angles ... Let's look at the statement from different angles... This statement is multifaceted: on the one hand ... The statement can be considered in two senses ... In the statement, one can distinguish both direct and figurative meaning ... The statement can be analyzed both in a broad and in a narrow sense ... This statement is ambiguous. It can be interpreted as...
K3 Theoretical level of argumentation (1 point)	Consider the statement from the point of view of economic (political, sociological ...) theory ... Let us turn to the theoretical meaning of the statement ... In economic (...) theory, this statement has its grounds ... This statement has a deep theoretical justification ... To substantiate this statement from a theoretical standpoint…
K3 Empirical level of argumentation: A) reliance on the facts of public life B) reliance on personal experience (1 point)	A) Let us give examples from public life that confirm my idea ... Let's look at examples from history... What do the facts of public life tell us... Numerous examples from public life refute the author's idea ... Numerous examples from our life are confirmed by the author’s thought ... I can confirm my thought with examples from my own life ... My personal experience and the experience of my parents says otherwise ...
It is good to end the essay with a conclusion.