A Kosygin biography. Alexey Kosygin: biography, family life, photo
Some historians and economists argue that this man surpassed the tsarist minister in the effectiveness of the reforms he carried out. He was called a favorite, a gray cardinal, but at the same time the most professional and effective head of the Soviet government.
Many believe that if this man was listened to and allowed to complete the industrial reforms conceived and begun in the mid-1960s, then the USSR could become a truly independent country in 10-20 years, getting rid of the raw materials industries.
Moreover, knowledgeable people say that it was he who created the basis of the economy, on which Russia still stands today. And he also became the record holder for the longest stay at the head of the government of the Soviet Union.
After all, 16 years is a record that no one has broken after him. At the same time, with the secretaries general and this senior official, there were rather tense relations. But he was tolerated for the highest professionalism, not finding a worthy replacement.
Childhood and youth
The brilliant political biography of Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin became possible thanks to the October Revolution. After all, under the tsarist regime, a guy who was born into a family of an ordinary worker would simply not have had other opportunities to get on the imperious Olympus.
Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin was born on the 21st, and according to the old style on February 8, 1904 in St. Petersburg. Information about his childhood is scarce. It is only known that the parents baptized their newborn son according to the Orthodox rite in March of the same year in the church of Sampson the stranger.
At the age of 15, Alexey, at that time a student of the Petrovsky real school, volunteered for the Red Army. The young man was building defensive structures. And after 3 years he returned to Petrograd and graduated from his studies. Having received a diploma from a cooperative technical school, the young specialist went to Siberia to develop an industrial cooperation.
Career
Under the planned economy that existed at that time, industrial cooperation was a kind of oasis, within the boundaries of which entrepreneurship was encouraged. And Alexei Kosygin formed his first ideas as an economist in this “oasis of economic freedoms”. He managed to prove himself well and demonstrate the makings of a promising manager. Therefore, he was sent for further training. The guy was returned back to Leningrad, where he graduated from a textile institute.
In 1935, the career of a young specialist began a rapid upward movement. In 2 years, Aleksey managed to "grow" from the master of the Oktyabrskaya textile factory to its director. But he ran the enterprise for a little over a year: Kosygin's successes in this position were so striking that in 1938 he was appointed chairman of the executive committee of the Leningrad Council of Workers and Peasants.
The speed with which this man moved up the career ladder is incredible: a year later he was appointed to the post of People's Commissar of the Textile Industry of the Soviet Union.
Some skeptics argue that the rapid career advancement of the young "cadre" was due to "an empty bench". Allegedly, the Leninist-Stalinist terror "wiped out" all ambitious specialists, so it was necessary to move young business executives who were deprived of political ambitions.
To some extent, this is true: a distinctive feature of the entire activity of Alexei Kosygin was a complete unwillingness to participate in intrigues and an undercover power struggle. But it is also true that he was a professional of the highest class.
Stalin, who did not trust many of his comrades-in-arms and was afraid to turn his back on them, appreciated the named qualities of Kosygin highly. This young specialist fully met the criteria that, according to Iosif Vissarionovich, an ideal Soviet business executive should have.
The outbreak of the Great Patriotic War turned out to be that "examination period" for the 37-year-old manager, where blundering meant ruining hundreds, if not many thousands, of lives. Alexei Kosygin in June 1941 was appointed by Stalin deputy chairman of the Council for the evacuation of industrial enterprises. The official led a team of inspectors that managed the evacuation of more than 1,500 of the country's strategically important factories to the East. And he did not disappoint.
Therefore, is it any wonder that in the winter of 1942, it was on his shoulders that the most difficult task fell: to supply the besieged Leningrad with food and create a "Road of Life" along Lake Ladoga. Historians, analyzing the actions of the young Kosygin, agree that he did everything he could. And in 1943, Aleksey Nikolayevich already headed the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. This appointment was a testament to the highest confidence in the management.
Stalin, whose praise was awaited in vain by some, openly favored Kosygin. Probably, the high confidence of the Generalissimo turned out to be the reason why the ax of repression only whistled near the head of Alexei Nikolaevich.
When the "Leningrad affair" broke out, as a result of the investigation of which the heads of a whole group of party leaders suspected of separatism and other sins were thrown, Kosygin could well have been among the repressed. After all, the chief "personnel officer" of the CPSU (b) and the secretary of the Central Committee, Alexei Kuznetsov, was related to Alexei Kosygin. He was married to his wife's cousin.
In the spring of 1946, the political biography of Alexei Kosygin continues to develop. Now he is the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Soon he was appointed a candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b).
The phenomenal memory and incredible ability of Alexei Kosygin to quickly multiply multidigit numbers in his mind were legendary. Stalin called him "an adding machine" for this. He was an atypical official. He did not like flattery and avoided feasts. His meetings were always short and “dry”: he quickly distinguished the essence and “did not spread his thoughts along the tree”, not allowing his subordinates to do this.
When Iosif Vissarionovich died, without having had time to accomplish the intended change of elites, Kosygin managed to stay in power. After the death of the generalissimo, the "old guard" began hastily to "root out" the young cadres assigned by Stalin.
Alexei Nikolaevich was also "pushed": although he was removed from the post of deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers and the Ministry of Light Industry was taken away, he was not completely excommunicated from power - he was given a more modest ministerial chair. Now Kosygin was responsible for the production of consumer goods.
He distinguished himself here too, demonstrating a thoughtful approach to the assigned case. Therefore, in the summer of 1953, Aleksey Nikolaevich headed the reorganized Ministry of Food Industry, created by the merger of several previous ministries. And in December of the same year he returned to the post of Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
There were legends about how the minister approached his duties. For example, after the end of the war, Alexei Kosygin quit smoking. But one day he went to take over a new tobacco factory in Georgia. During a conversation with its director, I asked him to light a cigarette. He offered him cigarettes, which he smoked himself - handed him a pack of American production. The minister turned around and left. The factory directors were replaced.
During the reign of Khrushchev, Kosygin was promoted again. In 1960, he became the first deputy chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers. And after the "palace coup" in 1964, Leonid Brezhnev promoted Kosygin to the head of government. At the same time, Brezhnev dislikes an overly experienced manager. And only his lack of ambition and lack of desire to sit up and intrigue become the reason for further career growth.
It is noteworthy that Alexei Kosygin was the only one from the Politburo who voted against the introduction of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, for which the entourage of Leonid Ilyich, and he himself, looked askance at him.
He was a brilliant diplomat who was able to quickly solve various international problems. With his direct participation, the Arab-Israeli conflicts of 1967 and 1973 were resolved. He helped bring about an end to American bombing of Indochina in the early 1970s. But his main victory in the diplomatic field is considered to be the resolution of the most acute Soviet-Chinese conflict. They say that it was thanks to the brilliantly held 4-hour negotiations of Alexei Nikolaevich at the Beijing airport that the Soviet-Chinese war was averted.
Its economic reforms in industry are called more than successful. They are also called "Kosyginsky". The head of the Council of Ministers advocated the expansion of the independence of enterprises and the decentralization of the national economy. Thanks to him, such a concept as gross production has become a thing of the past, which was replaced by the indicator of sold products.
Alexei Kosygin had a hard time. After all, his vision of economic development was significantly at odds with the "Leninist principles" and even smacked of a "bourgeois approach." This is probably why the reforms of the head of the Council of Ministers met with considerable resistance from officials of the old school and were not brought to their logical conclusion. But the main thing that Alexei Nikolayevich was unable to accomplish due to deteriorating health was to make the main line of the budget not the export of crude oil and gas, but the products of their processing.
Not so long ago, an amazing version began to walk around the Internet that Alexei Kosygin is a son. That is, he is the surviving Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich, the heir to the Romanov dynasty. This is supposedly why the childhood of Alexei Kosygin is a complete mystery. Those who believe in this mythical version point to some similarity in children's photos of Alexei Kosygin and Alexei Romanov. But no one heard that a Soviet official suffered from hemophilia.
Personal life
This man was surprisingly unpretentious and modest. And yet - deeply decent. Having vacated his post, the former VIP official left the state dacha a week later and went to his rather modest apartment, taking only personal belongings and books. He never got his own country cottage.
He didn’t make untold riches either, although he could. For example, during his visits to different countries, he was often presented with gifts. If he agreed to take them, he immediately handed them over to the State Depository or a sponsored school. For example, in Arab countries, swords and sabers decorated with diamonds and other precious stones were often presented to a prominent Soviet official. But Kosygin never left a gift for himself.
Alexey Kosygin with his wife and daughter The personal life of Alexei Kosygin is his only wife, Klavdia Andreevna Krivosheina. They say that Stalin himself respected this woman. In his company, she never felt constrained.
In 1968, Alexei Nikolaevich became a widower: his beloved wife died on May 1, when he stood on the podium of the Mausoleum. Klavdia Andreevna herself sent her husband, who spent the night in her room, to Red Square, realizing the importance of his presence at the event.
He never married again. And the attributed romance with turned out to be just idle gossip. Later, in an interview, Kosygin's driver said that his boss took the shirt donated by his deceased wife with him on all business trips as a talisman.
In a happy marriage of Kosygin and Krivosheina, a daughter, Lyudmila, was born, who later became the director of the Library of Foreign Literature and gave her parents two grandchildren, Tatiana and Alexei Gvishiani. Today Aleksey Dzhermenovich Gvishiani is a well-known geoinformatics scientist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences and director of the Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Death
Alexei Kosygin loved sports all his life and tried to do it whenever possible. I loved skiing in winter and kayaking in summer. But after one accident, when the boat capsized and Alexei Nikolaevich was barely rescued, he stopped taking risks.
In 1974 he had a microstroke. This was the first "bell". The heart began to fail after the organism, accustomed to the loads, "freed" from them. And after 5 years, Kosygin was diagnosed with a massive heart attack.
In October, he was relieved of his duties as a member of the Politburo and Chairman of the Council of Ministers. He applied himself, which many of his colleagues did not do, clinging to the chair to the last.
After the second heart attack, it became clear that the man's days were numbered. He died on the morning of December 18, 1980, on the eve of Brezhnev's birthday. In order not to darken the holiday for the secretary general, the funeral was organized only 6 days later, on December 24, 1980. The body of Alexei Nikolaevich was cremated and buried at the Kremlin wall.
There is a version that the Tsar's family was not shot - it was only a performance. In fact, they were hidden. They say that Stalin even met with the Tsar during the war, and he told him the access codes to some accounts in the Swiss bank and that days helped the USSR in the Victory ...
Alexey Nikolaevich Kosygin (1904 - 1980). Twice Hero of Socialist. Labor (1964, 1974). Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru. In 1935 he graduated from the Leningrad Textile Institute.
I will allow myself to comment on some of the respected authors regarding the structure and physiology of the face of the characters under study. I will not dwell on the names, so as not to be distracted, I will note one thing, and the biggest "inconsistency" - a very large nose with an inappropriately narrow face. It feels like a clown put a patch on his nose, but forgot about the nostrils, and the nostrils on such a large nose look very small that in my 50 years I have never seen it. A large nose also implies large wings of the nose with large holes - otherwise, it looks like a piece of meat with holes from an awl. As a photographer, I can authoritatively state that the size and configuration of a person's nose is strictly proportional, and even a large nose is not caricatured, such as
But what did not bother to change, apparently did not consider it necessary, is the shape of the upper lip and the distance from the nose to the fossa on the lip: if you look closely at the little prince
and then on this photothen there are no obvious differences, especially if you take into account the age difference between the images.Summary: we have one and the same person, slightly corrected by plastic surgeons, and even then probably not the best - so, the usual nose pad, without changing the general proportions of the face. Of course, my answer is not the ultimate truth ... especially if you look at one more photo, only Nicholas 2,
and compare with the photo of the Red Army soldier Kosygin ...There is such a concept - a look that cannot be confused, in which a person's strength ... And one more important detail - in the photo of Alexei's family the boy himself with a very light hairstyle, while the prince was always dark ... It's easier to become light from dark - hair may simply burn out in the sun in a boy, but darkening is more problematic.Interesting Facts:
Alexey Nikolaevich Romanov - his photo on the left. Born in 1904 into the family of a Russian autocrat. He received a good secular education in his youth and has already reached the junior military ranks. According to many, many, he was shot in 1918.
Alexey Nikolaevich Kosygin - his photo on the right. According to the documents, he was born in 1904 in the family of a Russian turner. The first mention of biographers is service in the Red Army from the end of 1919 (fifteen years to a person) until 1921. This man's career is amazing:
- At the age of 32, he got a job as a foreman at a textile factory named after. Zhelyabov.
- At the same age, he became the shift supervisor of the factory. Zhelyabov.
- At the age of 33 he became the director of the Oktyabrskaya factory.
- At the age of 34 - head of the industrial and transport department of the Leningrad Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and for one chairman of the Leningrad City Executive Committee.
- At 35 he was a member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In the same year he was appointed to the post of People's Commissar of the Textile Industry of the USSR.
- At the age of 36, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and Chairman of the Council on Consumer Goods under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.
From the memoirs of Evgeny Ivanovich Chazov: ... There was one more feature - intelligence, which distinguished Kosygin, and perhaps even Andropov, from other members of the Politburo ...
Here I think where he got this intelligence: in the family
or in the Red Army? And how can you make such a career without some mysterious reason?
Unknown facts about Tsarist Russia. The story of the historian of the royal family Sergei Ivanovich.
Alexey Nikolaevich Kosygin. Born on February 8 (21), 1904 in St. Petersburg - died on December 18, 1980 in Moscow. Soviet statesman and party leader. Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1964-1980). Twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1964, 1974). Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1946-80).
October 1938 - February 2, 1939: Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Leningrad City Council;
January 2, 1939 - April 17, 1940: People's Commissar of the Textile Industry of the USSR;
August 24, 1953 - February 23, 1954: Minister of Consumer Goods Industry of the USSR;
December 7, 1953 - December 25, 1956: Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR;
March 20, 1959 - May 4, 1960: Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR;
May 4, 1960 - October 15, 1964: First Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers;
Alexey Kosygin was born on February 8 (21 new style) February 1904 in St. Petersburg.
Father - Nikolai Ilyich Kosygin. Mother - Matrona Aleksandrovna Kosygina.
Russian by nationality.
From the end of 1919 to March 1921, Kosygin served in the 7th Army in the 16th and 61st military field construction in the Petrograd-Murmansk sector.
From 1921 to 1924, Kosygin was a student of the All-Russian food courses of the People's Commissariat for Food and studied at the Petrograd cooperative technical school, after which he was sent to Novosibirsk as an instructor of the Novosibirsk Regional Union of Consumer Cooperatives.
In 1924-1926 he worked in Tyumen as an instructor in the city department of the Regional Consumer Cooperation. From 1926 to 1928 he was a member of the board, head of the organizing department of the Lena Union of Consumer Cooperatives in the city of Kirensk (now the Irkutsk Region). There, in 1927, he was accepted as a member of the CPSU (b).
In 1928 he returned to Novosibirsk, where he worked as the head of the planning department of the Siberian Regional Union of Consumer Cooperatives.
After returning to Leningrad in 1930, Kosygin entered the Leningrad Textile Institute, from which he graduated in 1935. From 1936 to 1937 he worked as a foreman, and then as a shift supervisor at the factory. Zhelyabov, and from 1937 to 1938 he was the director of the Oktyabrskaya factory.
In 1938, he was appointed head of the industrial and transport department of the Leningrad Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and in the same year was appointed to the post of chairman of the Leningrad City Executive Committee, which he held until 1939.
On March 21, 1939, at the XVIII Congress, Kosygin was elected a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In the same year he was appointed to the post of People's Commissar of the Textile Industry of the USSR, which he held until 1940. In April 1940 he was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and Chairman of the Council on Consumer Goods under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.
On June 24, 1941, Kosygin was appointed deputy chairman of the Evacuation Council under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. On July 11, by decision of the State Defense Committee, a special group of inspectors headed by Kosygin was created under the Evacuation Council. Under the control of this group, in the second half of 1941, 1,523 enterprises were fully or partially evacuated, including 1,360 large ones.
From January 19 to July 1942, Kosygin, as a GKO commissioner in besieged Leningrad, carried out work to supply the civilian population of the city and troops, and also participated in the work of local Soviet and party bodies and the Military Council of the Leningrad Front. At the same time, Kosygin supervised the evacuation of civilians from the besieged city and participated in the creation of the "Road of Life", namely in the implementation of the decree "On laying a pipeline along the bottom of Lake Ladoga."
On August 23, 1942, Kosygin was appointed authorized by the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR to ensure the procurement of local types of fuel, and on June 23, 1943 - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (from March 15, 1946 - the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR).
In 1945, he was appointed chairman of the Operations Bureau of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, was involved in the work of the Special (Atomic) Committee, at the suggestion of the director of the Radium Institute V.G. Khlopin and the First Secretary of the Leningrad Regional Committee and the City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks A.A. Kuznetsov A. N. Kosygin and an employee of the State Planning Committee N. A. Borisov, in accordance with the decision of the Special Committee, allocated additional space to the Radium Institute.
On March 19, 1946, Kosygin was approved as Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and was relieved of his duties as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR on March 23. In March of the same year, he was elected a candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b).
During the famine of 1946-1947, he directed the provision of food aid to the most affected areas.
From 1946 to 1947 he served as deputy chairman of the Bureau of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. On February 8, 1947, Kosygin was appointed to the post of chairman of the Bureau for Trade and Light Industry under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
In February 1948 he was elected a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). On February 16, he was appointed to the post of Minister of Finance of the USSR. On July 9, he was relieved of his duties as Chairman of the Bureau for Trade and Light Industry under the Council of Ministers, and on December 28 he was approved by the Minister of Light Industry of the USSR, whose post he held until 1953, with the release of the duties of the Minister of Finance of the USSR.
From 1948 to 1953 he was a member of the Bureau of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
On February 7, 1949, he was appointed chairman of the Bureau of Trade under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. On October 16, 1952, he was elected a candidate member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
In 1951, he headed a commission that considered the question of dissolving the FTF of Moscow State University.
According to the version of the historian Sergei Zhelenkov, there was no execution of the Romanovs. All members of the royal family survived the civil war, and Tsarevich Alexei Romanov grew up and became a prominent statesman Alexei Kosygin, who during his successful career served as chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and Ministers of the USSR.
Miraculously saved
The historian Zhelenkov, in his work published in the magazine "President", claims that the Rothschilds, who were leading the Bolsheviks, decided to shoot the Romanovs, but they managed to escape through a secret tunnel in the Ipatiev house. The passage led to the building of the nearest factory, the owner of which dug an underground passage back in 1905. During the demolition of the Ipatievs' house in 1977, the builders discovered an underground passage not specified in the plans of the building. The family's escape was organized by a group of officers of the tsarist General Staff. Stalin, whom Zhelenkov made a relative of the Romanovs, also knew about the operation. According to the historian, a special department was organized on the basis of the 2nd Main Directorate of the KGB to supervise the children of the Romanovs. The Bolsheviks believed that in the future the family could be used for political purposes. A dacha was built near Sukhumi, where Stalin met with his relative Nikolai. The last emperor visited Moscow and died in 1958. Nicholas was buried at the Krasnaya Etna cemetery in Nizhny Novgorod. Tsarina Alexandra died in 1948 and lived in Ukraine. The emperor's daughters also quietly lived in the USSR, and only Alexei made a career.
Tsarevich Kosygin
Left to live in the USSR, the heir to the throne resigned himself to the revolution and decided to serve the Fatherland. Under the cover of the Cheka, he becomes the Red Army soldier Alexei Kosygin, whom, after the end of the war, Stalin begins to promote not along the party line, but on the economic line. In two years, from a foreman at the Oktyabr textile factory, Aleksey Nikolayevich grows up to its director. Two years later, in 1938, Kosygin was head of the executive committee of the Leningrad Soviet, and a year later, People's Commissar of the USSR Textile Industry. Zhelenkov explains such a career rise not only by the talents of the escaped Romanov, but also by the personal patronage of Stalin. During the war, Aleksey Nikolayevich organizes the evacuation of industrial enterprises in Leningrad and is engaged in laying the "Road of Life". According to the recollections of eyewitnesses, Stalin half-jokingly called Kosygin "Tsarevich" in front of everyone. Kosygin did not participate in the party struggle and retained his position under Khrushchev and Brezhnev. He was the only one from the Politburo who did not support the introduction of the Soviet military contingent into Afghanistan, and Kosygin held the post of head of government for 16 years. From 1966 to 1970, Aleksey Nikolaevich developed and implemented a number of reforms, this period was called the "golden eighth five-year plan".
Romanov hostages
Historians Tom Mangold and Anthony Summers published a book dedicated to the fate of the Romanovs. According to their conclusions, after the capture of Yekaterinburg by Kolchak in 1918, he begins an investigation into the circumstances of the death of the Romanovs. A few months later, the investigator Captain Nametkin reported that there had been no execution, the second investigator Sergeev came to the same conclusion. In parallel, the commission of Captain Malinovsky worked, which a year later reported to the third investigator Sokolov that the imperial family had survived, and the evidence of the execution had been rigged. Admiral Kolchak, who had proclaimed himself the Supreme Ruler of Russia, did not need the living Romanovs, and he put pressure on the investigation, which, contrary to the facts, recognized the death of the imperial family. Western writers believe that the German emperor Wilhelm II, agreed with the revolutionaries to export the female part of the Romanov family from Russia. The empress and her daughters could not claim the throne, which means they were not dangerous for Moscow. Nikolai and Alexei remained with the Bolsheviks as hostages. At the same time, Lenin understood that Nikolai would give access to family and government deposits stored in banks in Europe and the United States, which the young Soviet republic needed. The study of Mangold and Summers does not exclude the possibility that Alexei Romanov could recognize Soviet power and, under the patronage of Stalin, reach the very state posts under the name of not Romanov, but Kosygin.
An example of a historical portrait
Lived: 1904-1980
Alexey Kosygin- a prominent statesman and political figure of the USSR. Almost the entire period of Brezhnev's reign L.I. (from 1964-1980) Kosygin was the permanent Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, determining the main directions of the country's policy. He simultaneously held high party posts, being a member of the Presidium, Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (since 1960) and being a Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR since 1946. He was one of the elite of society, many transformations in the country were associated with his name.
The whole life and work of Kosygin A.N. given to the country. He defended Soviet power during the Civil War, built a new workers 'and peasants' state (graduated from the Leningrad Textile Institute, was first appointed a foreman and then director of the Oktyabrskaya factory). Since 1939 - in party work. During the Great Patriotic War, he was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council for Evacuation, since 1943 - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In the post-war years he was engaged in economic and party affairs.
What are the main areas of activity Kosygin A.N. on the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and their results?
The main focus in domestic politics was the further development of the economy, strengthening the economic power of the country. For this purpose, the economy was reformed. The goal is to change the command methods of the economy by methods of economic incentives.
The main directions of the economic reform of 1965
In industry - the restoration of sectoral ministries, the introduction of an indicator of product quality, material incentives, granting some independence to enterprises, freeing them from petty tutelage on the part of the state in matters of sales and planning (part of the enterprise's income could be left at their own disposal.) For the first time, special attention was paid to lightweight industry.
In agriculture - the removal of debts and arrears from collective and state farms, an increase in purchase prices for over-planned products by 50%, the development of the social infrastructure of villages.
The result of this activity there was a significant increase in productivity, the commissioning of new enterprises, an increase in product quality. Over time, however, productivity growth declined, and some collective and state farms were generally unprofitable. The reason is that the reform took place within the framework of the command-administrative system. Over time, dependent sentiments intensified, and there were expectations for help from the state. By the late 1960s, the reform began to decline.
Direction of foreign policy activities Kosygin A.N. was the preservation of peaceful, benevolent relations with countries. To this end, he was opposed to the introduction of Soviet troops into Afghanistan in 1979. During the conflict on Damansky Island, he forbade Soviet troops to occupy this territory. Under him, relations with China improved significantly. Several arms limitation treaties have been signed. He took an active part in the Final Conference on Security in Europe in 1975.
The result of the activity became the country's peaceful policy, which led to the avoidance of serious military conflicts, the strengthening of friendly ties in various fields with developed and developing countries.
Thus, A.N. Kosygin, being the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (he held this post for 16 years, longer than anyone who held this post in the history of Russia), made a significant contribution to the development of the economy (the eighth "golden" five-year plan is the most successful in USSR), for the first time so sharply raised the question of improving the quality of life of Soviet people, paid great attention to light industry; in foreign policy, he pursued a course of mutual understanding and cooperation with countries. Not everything yielded positive results, his ideas were ahead of their time. The name of A.N. Kosygin is among the outstanding figures of the USSR.
Prepared by: Vera Melnikova
