Winter plaster: from old-fashioned methods to modern technologies. Is it possible to plaster walls in winter At what temperature is it impossible to plaster the walls
For those of us who have been building our own home on our own, one of the main problems is winter work. At what temperature can you plaster outside? We will find the answer to this question.
The basic requirements for plastering work are spelled out in SNiP 3.04.01-87 "Insulation and finishing coatings" and SP 82-101-98 "Preparation and use of building solutions", which specifies the permissible temperature for plaster.
The air temperature below + 5 ° С makes it possible to use solutions only with antifreeze additives - chemical hardeners, which enable the plaster to gain its design strength at minus. Chlorine water, potash and ammonia water are recommended as such additives.
Chlorine water
The solution, mixed with chlorine water, can be used up to -25 ° C. The additive is prepared as follows: bleach is added to the water heated to 35 ° C in a proportion of 15 kg / 100 or stirred until the final dissolution. The composition is defended for 1-1.5 hours, poured into a closable container, used as needed. Using chlorine water, they prepare cement and complex plaster solutions, plaster brick, concrete, and wood.
IMPORTANT: it is necessary to work with chlorine compounds in a respirator and a complete set of protective clothing, including rubberized insulated gloves and boots.
Potash
Potash solution is used for cement, cement - clay and cement - lime mortars. The volume of the modifier in the solution is calculated from the temperature of the air environment: above -5 ° C potash add 1% of the volume in dry form; at -5 - 15 ° C, 1.5% is required; if the temperature is lower, add 2% of the modifier.
A mixture of cement, powdered clay and sand is prepared in a ratio of 1: 0.2: 4 to 1: 0.5: 6. The finished composition is sealed with an aqueous solution of potash.
The proportion for the composition of cement and lime is 4: 1 by weight.
The cement mortar is prepared in a ratio of 1: 3. The mixture is produced in an aqueous solution of potash salt at a temperature of ≥ + 5 ° C.
IMPORTANT: The solution is used within an hour, stored in an insulated container. Work in a respirator and a complete set of overalls!
Ammonia water
The additive is produced industrially, in building conditions it is diluted with water to the required concentration, at a temperature of water and modifier not higher than + 5 ° C, in order to prevent ammonia evaporation. The finished solution should have a concentration of 6%, for this, 3, 16 liters of water are added per liter of the factory 25% composition, 15% composition is diluted with 1.5 liters of water.
Ammonia water is used as a modifier with cement and cement-lime plaster.
IMPORTANT: It is forbidden to use ammonia water as a modifier for compositions containing gypsum, clay and pure limestone.
When working on concrete, take a cement mixture of the composition 1: 2 - 1: 4; for brick, slag concrete and wood they work with a cement - lime - sand mixture with a composition of 1: 1: 6 - 1: 1: 9.
To dissolve lime, the temperature of the ammonia water should not be lower than + 5 ° C. Depending on the temperature of the environment, the temperature of the solution is changed: at -15 ° С - solution +2 - + 3 ° С; at -25 ° С solution ≥ + 5 ° С. Plastering with compositions modified with ammonia water, possibly up to -30 ° C.
In addition to these three modifiers for winter work, potassium chloride and sodium chloride are also used, but their use can lead to efflorescence after thawing. The above methods of preparing winter plaster are time-tested, but it is difficult to apply them for small areas of an individual house: the process is busy, it is difficult to comply with the required proportions of solutions.
Modern materials
Agree, with modern technologies we often use ready-made building mixtures: it is easier, faster, more economical. The construction industry is in need of extending the finishing works for the winter.
Ready-made dry building mixtures for sub-zero temperatures is the answer to this request. Foreign and domestic companies produce many plaster compounds for winter, and the list is regularly updated. Companies HENKEL, VETONIT, BERGAUF, TERTA, REMIX in the product line have mixtures for work at temperatures down to -10 ° C. These frost-resistant plasters with different compositions have several positive characteristics:
- Durability (10 years manufacturer's warranty).
- Waterproof.
- Temperature range of use in the range from -50 to + 70 ° C.
- High ripening rate.
- Elasticity.
- Lack of efflorescence.
The negative qualities include the severity of the finishing layer (above the standard), the difficulty in work; a small number of surface designs: as a rule, these are "bark beetles", "fur coat" and two types of pebble plaster with fine and medium grain size. Questions: is it possible to plaster in winter, at what temperature it is possible to plaster on the street - they do not stand with new products.
Wall preparation
What determines the durability of winter plaster? When plastering the facade in winter, high-quality preparation of the facade wall plays a huge role. The base must be thoroughly cleaned of ice, masonry mortar residues and efflorescence, degreased and dried.
You cannot use water for cleaning - in the frost it will freeze and become ice. When laying masonry with filling the joints with mortar (not "wasteland"), notches must be made on the facade. The prepared surface is primed to increase adhesion, and some primer formulations do not require, as there is a note in the material passport.
Plastering work in winter
The temperature range of water for mixing the plaster mixture is from +20 to + 35 ° С. It is forbidden to prepare the solution at temperatures above +15 and below 0. Before preparing the plaster, the mixture is heated to a temperature above zero.
The solutions set quickly, so the plaster composition is prepared from the ready-mixed mixtures as needed, avoiding cooling below +5. The rules for mixing the mixture and working with plaster compositions may vary in accordance with the manufacturer's technology. The rules prescribed in the instructions for the material must be followed strictly if you want to get high-quality coverage.
Summary
To the question: is it possible to plaster the walls in winter, we answer with confidence - it is possible. But work in winter conditions requires additional efforts and financial costs. If we are talking about the construction industry - yes, working with winter mixtures prolongs the construction season, it is especially beneficial in the northern regions with a short period of positive temperatures.
If we are talking about an individual developer in central Russia - yes, in winter it is easier to find a team of builders to complete the turnkey finishing, the cost of work will be slightly lower. But, if you do not have the skills of a builder, and want to do the plaster yourself in the winter, think, might it be better to wait for spring or entrust the work to professionals?
Starting repairs in a house or apartment, one of the obligatory works will be plastering the walls. Often, repairs occur during the winter, so owners need to know at what temperature the walls can be plastered.
You will also need to learn how to properly carry out the work so that the solution does not crack or simply does not fall off. The article will provide all the rules and recommendations for temperature conditions for work and conditions for applying plaster.
Preparation and conditions
The easiest way to finish the walls with plaster in the warm and dry season In summer, the procedure for plastering the walls inside the building is greatly simplified, since the humidity is low, and the temperature allows the solution to dry quickly and not deform.
In winter, you will need to follow certain rules.
Firstly, the humidity in the room being renovated should be no higher than 8%.
Secondly, the temperature of the solution itself must be at least +8 degrees.
When plastering slopes on openings, building corners, you need to know that they are most exposed to cooling, so it is better to carry out work before the beginning of the winter period.
Excessively high room temperatures will lead to improper drying of the mixture and the appearance of defects If there are no windows and doors, then they need to be inserted. After that, insulation work should be carried out. When working in a living room, you need to remove old finishing materials, if necessary, remove some of the old plaster.
Additionally, it should be noted that it is possible to putty the walls in winter if the temperature near the floor is not less than +8 degrees, and near the ceiling is not more than +30 degrees.
If the room is more than 30 degrees, then the solution will dry out quickly and, as a result, dry out. Due to this, the strength of the plaster is lost, it begins to crack and after a while can fall off.
Heating and drying
Gypsum plasters dry for a long time, within 2 weeks Any putty requires thorough drying after application, and different types of building mixtures contain different binders that need to be dried under certain conditions.
A small amount of carbon dioxide is needed to dry and harden lime-based plaster. It is forbidden to dry the solution using the fast method, since the solution will lose its elasticity and give many cracks.
Lime and dries completely within 2 weeks. At this time, the building should be ventilated 2-3 times a day. Drying is carried out not after a separate area has been plastered, but when the work has been carried out in the whole room or along the entire wall.
If the composition contains cement, then such mixtures will dry faster, in just a week. When using materials with cement, there is no need to ventilate the room, since cement needs moisture, which is in the air.
After the layer of putty has dried, the room should have a constant temperature of at least 8 degrees At home, the best heating for drying walls after plastering is stove heating or central heating. If it is not possible to use such heating systems, then it is necessary to make temporary heating of the room.
For these purposes, air heaters and heat guns are used. With such equipment, the solution on the walls will dry out within a week if the room temperature is 25-30 degrees.
After drying, the heating elements can be removed, but make sure that the temperature in the building is at least 8 degrees Celsius. This keeps the walls warm and free from moisture stains. For a detailed process, see this video:
Air heaters can be used as heating devices.
Those who plaster walls in a room where there is no heating, and it is winter outside, you need to add special additives that allow you to apply the solution and maintain its properties even in negative temperatures.
You can familiarize yourself with the additives and their scope of application according to the table:
| Additives | Description | Cooking method | Using |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorine water | Most often used for outdoor use, but you can putty walls and inside the building. Plaster with this additive can be used at -25 degrees. | To make an additive, you need to heat the water to 35 degrees, then put bleach at the rate of 15 kg of the mixture per 100 liters of liquid. The water is stirred until the mixture is completely dissolved in it. Further, it is left for 1.5 hours to infuse. After a while, the additive can be poured into a container and used in the amount that is required. It is forbidden to warm up the composition by more than 35 degrees, otherwise the chlorine will evaporate. | It is prohibited to use non-settled water with chlorine, otherwise the plaster will crack. With the additive, cement-based solutions are created, which are used for application to walls made of brick, concrete, wood. For a high-quality solution, you need to mix 1 part of cement, 1 part of the resulting additive and 6 parts of sand. It is necessary to work with the additive only with a respirator and gloves. After drying, chlorine evaporates and has no effect on humans. |
| Potash | A solution with the addition of potash is used for plastering elements from mesh, reinforcement and other metal parts. Potash will prevent the metal from corroding. The additive is used for cement mortar, possibly with the addition of clay and lime. | For the preparation of plaster, it is allowed to use low grade cement. The volume of potash itself depends on the temperature in the room. If the room temperature is up to -5 degrees, then potash is added in a volume of 1% of the total amount of dry mixtures. If the temperature is lower, then you need to add 1.5% and 2% at a temperature lower than -15. The clay should be initially dried a little, then mixed with sand and cement, then water with potash is added. | A ready-made solution with potash is used for an hour. During application, the mixture must be kept in an insulated container, and the person performing the work must use appropriate protective equipment. |
| Ammonia water | The additive is produced in factories in the form of a ready-made liquid in a sealed container. When diluting, the temperature of the additive and water should not be more than +5 degrees, increasing the temperature, ammonia will evaporate. | To make an ammonia additive, add 3.16 liters of ordinary water per liter of solution (25%). If a different solution (15%) is used, then 1.5 liters of ordinary water are needed per liter. An additive is added to the cement slurry, to which sand and lime can be added. Ammonia cannot be used with gypsum or clay. | The ready-made solution can be applied to very cold walls, it can be up to -30 degrees indoors. It is recommended to carry out work on beacons. |
Knowing what additives are used, you can plaster the walls inside the room even at negative temperatures. The solution will adhere well and not lose its properties. For more information on additives, see this video:
Everything sets quickly, so you need to prepare the solution in the amount that will actually be used for an hour. The mixture itself must be at least +5 degrees.
Having familiarized yourself with the temperature at which the walls can be plastered inside the house, the work will be simplified, and time, labor and effort will not be spent in vain.
Indeed, often from ignorance of the temperature indicators, the plaster begins to crack, various defects appear, or simply falls off in pieces.
"Nature does not have bad weather," I would like to say the same about construction and repair. Today, there are many technologies and tools that will help make repairs at any time of the year, and winter plaster, not an exception. Next, we will consider such issues as: is it possible to plaster the walls in winter? What do you need for this and what rules to adhere to?
First, let's look at general information.
Before starting work, you need to determine the degree of humidity of the surface on which the work will be carried out. According to SNiP (building codes and regulations), the surface moisture content should not exceed 8%. subject to cooling, therefore plaster winterit is heated and insulated, and it is better, of course, to plaster them before the cold weather.
Plastering the walls in winter when it comes to external plastering, it must be performed at a temperature not lower than -5 ° С. If the temperature is still lower, then the plaster is mixed with additives that will help to work calmly in the cold.
Little secrets: a solution with fine slaked lime will also help; heating the walls with hot water is not allowed because, as indicated above, the walls should not be wet, and it will take a very long time for them to dry completely.
Plastering walls in winter requires preparation
All cracks must be drilled, regardless of whether it will pass outside or inside the building. Doors and attics should be tightly closed and insulated. Glaze the window sashes.
I hope you no longer have a question: is it possible to plaster in winter ?, the answer is so clear - "You can", and below you will learn how to do it.
The plaster will dry faster at a temperature of + 4-10 ° C. If the temperature at the ceiling is more than + 30 ° C, then it will begin to dry out and become covered with cracks. Plaster will start to fall off in the spring if it was applied to frozen walls in winter. When thawing, moisture will collect, and this is the enemy for plaster. So that this problem does not take you by surprise, before applying the plaster, remove the fix, and warm the room to the desired temperature.
Heating and drying
Remember the saying "You hurry up, you make people laugh"? so, quick drying is unlikely to lead to the desired result, the plaster just does not easily lose strength and crack. Plaster with the addition of lime is dried for about 10-15 days, and this is provided that the room will be ventilated 2-3 times per hour!
In general, pay attention to the astringent when drying. It is good if there is an opportunity to warm up the room with central or stove heating, well, a temporary one will do too. If the room is large, and, accordingly, the amount of work, then you can resort to water heaters. With the help of them, the plaster will dry in 7 days.
Air heater stops are also a way out. After drying, it is important to monitor the temperature in the room, it should be + 8 ° C. An important detail, if you have resorted to using a heater and there are workers in the room, then carbon monoxide must be removed using a special tube.
Antifreeze additives
Chlorinated water is used here, solutions are dissolved in it. What is great, it is possible to plaster with such solutions even with a temperature of -25 ° C, and even warming up after plastering is not needed. To prepare chlorinated water, you need to dilute about 13 hours of bleach in 100 liters of water heated to + 35 ° C, and place until completely dissolved.
We defend it for about 1-1.5 hours, the sludge is drained into the tank and now it will be useful in preparing the solution. If this procedure is not carried out, then cracks will appear in the plaster, so observe all the nuances.
Now you will have no doubts whether it is possible to plaster in winter, because winter plaster did not bring you any trouble, there have long been ways and secrets that you now know and can apply in practice.
Igor Serba, member of the editorial board, Sobkor of the Internet edition "AtmBud. Construction Bulletin"
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At what temperature can you plaster?
The increased volumes of construction work during the construction of buildings sometimes do not allow completing the construction cycle in warm weather. As a rule, in the summer they manage to build the foundation, erect the building box and install the roof. Developers have a question, at what temperature can be plastering outdoors and indoors. To ensure the quality of the plaster, a number of requirements must be observed. They are associated with the performance of work at a certain temperature and humidity, as well as the use of anti-freeze additives. Let us dwell on these issues in detail.
Wall plastering in the cold season - defining parameters
The quality of plastering measures carried out in winter depends on compliance with special requirements:
- the degree of air cooling in the room and outdoors;
- permissible level of moisture concentration in the air;
- preparation of the treated wall surface;
- application of special conditions for drying or heating;
- the level of heating of the applied cement mixture;
- humidity of the walls to be plastered.
Requirements are changing. It depends on where the plastering is done.
In winter, it is necessary to plaster, observing a number of additional requirements
With a year-round implementation of construction activities, plastering work can be carried out in various conditions:
- inside the construction site. The plaster is applied to the previously prepared inner surface of the main walls and partitions. Finishing works are carried out in heated and cold rooms;
- from the outside of the building. Plastering of the load-bearing walls of the front side of the building in winter is carried out, as a rule, in windy weather, cold and high humidity.
Depending on where the plastering work is carried out, conditions change that guarantee the quality of finishing activities. Let's figure out at what temperature you can plaster the walls inside the building, as well as plaster the facade of the building.
Plastering in an unheated room in winter - working conditions
As a result of finishing activities carried out indoors during the winter, a high level of quality can be achieved.
Determining factors:
- the minimum air temperature in the room is + 8– + 10 ⁰С. Performing work in the cold slows down the hydration of the cement, and can also cause the plaster to crack when the water crystallizes;
Premises requiring plastering are prepared in advance
- the maximum air temperature is not more than 30 ⁰С. The application of plaster with increased air heating causes the formation of cracks, drying out and a loss of its strength;
- the maximum permissible level of relative humidity is not higher than 70%. The concentration of moisture in the air determines the intensity of water evaporation during the hardening of the plaster, as well as ensuring the adhesion of the composition;
- temperature of the plaster composition at the level of + 5– + 8 ⁰С. This is achieved by preparing the plaster mixture in rooms equipped with heating devices, as well as adding hot water when preparing the plaster mixture.
When deciding on the possibility of plastering indoors, it is necessary to control the temperature of the following areas:
- next to the outer walls at a distance of 0.5 m from the base level;
- in the ceiling of the room, where the heated air rises.
Indoor plastering activities can be carried out regardless of the season. It is important to ensure that the necessary conditions are maintained inside the building. Attention should be paid to the preparation of the premises where workers perform plastering.
Expert Opinion: Temperature when you can plaster outside
Outdoor plastering can be carried out without the use of special chemical antifreeze modifiers only up to zero degrees. It is quite difficult to plaster the ceiling in the summer, since at a ceiling temperature above + 30⁰C, the solution becomes fragile and cracks. The ideal temperature for plastering is considered to be + 5… - +… 15⁰С, therefore, if time permits, it is better to carry out work in compliance with the temperature regime.
Dmitry Orlov
The following activities must be performed:
- to seal the cracks around the perimeter of window and door frames;
- insulate and plaster the slopes;
- glaze window openings and install doors;
- ensure a snug fit of frames and door leaves;
- insulate floors between floors;
- block the path of cold air from the attic.
In winter, plastering can be done at an average temperature in rooms near external walls at a height of 50 cm from the floor level at least +8 ° С
If these conditions are met, it is possible to ensure normal hardening of the composition and to heat the room with minimal heat loss.
Heating methods to ensure dry plaster
To maintain the temperature required for drying the internal plaster, various options for heating the air are used:
- central heating;
- oven heating.
Favorable temperature conditions can be created by providing temporary heating using the following equipment:
- heaters;
- air heaters.
Depending on the binder used in the plaster, the drying conditions and the duration of hardening change:
- formulations containing lime and gypsum filler dry for two weeks. Airing the room must be performed several times throughout the day;
- cement mixtures are characterized by an accelerated hardening period and acquire hardness at high humidity for one week.
The use of various methods of heating the premises provides favorable conditions for drying the plaster, which acquires performance characteristics in warm conditions.
The room is not ventilated, because the solution needs humid air
Winter plaster - facade decoration using anti-frost additives
PERFORMANCE OF PLASTERING WORKS IN WINTER
GENERAL INFORMATION. PREPARATION AND DRYING OF ROOMS AND SURFACES
General information. In winter, plastering works are performed in compliance with a number of additional requirements. The moisture content of brick or stone walls to be plastering should not exceed 8%. The degree of humidity is determined by laboratory methods. Those building structures (window and door slopes, niches) that are subject to rapid cooling must be finished before the onset of cold weather. If they are finished after the onset of cold weather, then measures are taken to protect the plaster from premature freezing: the plaster is insulated, warmed up. Preparation, storage, transportation of plaster solutions should be organized in such a way that the solution delivered to the work site at the time of its application has a temperature not lower than + 8 ° C. This can be achieved when the premises, bunkers, mortar lines are insulated and the temperature in the room is not lower
10 ° C. Mortar pipelines located outdoors or in unheated rooms must be insulated. Carrying out external plastering works at an air temperature below -5 ° C is allowed with mortars containing chemical additives, which give the mortars the ability to harden in frost and achieve the required strength. It is also allowed to plaster with mortars with ground quicklime.
Freeze-built stone and brick walls are allowed to be plastered when the masonry has thawed to a depth of at least half the wall thickness from the side of the plaster outline. The use of hot water to accelerate the heating of frozen walls or to remove ice from them is not allowed. Training. The building as a whole or its premises to be plastering is prepared in advance. First of all, gaps between walls, door and window frames are bored and plugs and window slopes are plastered. Inserted window sashes glaze. The doors are closed tightly. Attic and intermediate floors
insulate. According to technical conditions, plastering work is allowed to be performed in winter at a stable average temperature inside the premises near the outer walls at a height of 0.5 m from the floor level not lower than + 8 ° С. To accelerate the drying of the plaster, it is recommended to bring the temperature to 4-10-1b ° C. At the same time, the temperature near the ceiling should be no higher than + 30 ° C. At higher temperatures, the plaster dries out quickly, becomes covered with cracks, and loses strength. In rooms where the temperature is below + 8 ° C, it is forbidden to work, since the plaster dries for a long time and, in addition, applied to frozen walls, in spring it can flake off, since the walls, thawing, release moisture and it breaks the adhesion of the plaster to the wall. Under these conditions, wooden, fiberboard, reed and strawite surfaces are highly saturated with moisture, swell and increase in volume. When dry, they warp and tear the plaster. Before plastering, it is necessary to remove ice from the surfaces and then warm the room well. Heating and drying. Plasters on different binders are dried in different ways. For example, a certain amount of carbon dioxide is required for the normal drying and hardening process of lime plasters. Drying lime plasters in an accelerated way does not give good results: the plaster is fragile and severely cracked. Lime and lime-gypsum plaster is dried on average for 10-15 days, airing the room two to three times per hour. Cement and cement-lime plasters are dried for 6-7 days without ventilating the premises, because moist air is required during their hardening. When drying plaster from a complex solution, it is necessary to focus on the main binder. Frozen wet plaster should be immediately warmed up, peeled off areas removed, repaired and then dried. The best heating when drying a piece ^ Turks is central. If there is no central or stove heating, they arrange a temporary one.
For large amounts of plastering, air heaters are used. With these installations, the plaster is dried for 6-8 days at an air temperature of + 30 ° C. As soon as the plaster dries to the required moisture content (8%), the drying is stopped and the room temperature is maintained at + 8 ° C so that the walls do not cool down and damp spots do not appear on them. For drying large plastered surfaces, calorimeter systems are also used. The unit includes a heater with a firebox, a blower unit with a centrifugal fan that injects hot gases through the air ducts (pipes), a set of pipes and an additional fan that injects air. Air ducts are passed into the building through window or doorways. If there are workers in the room, then only hot air is supplied to the building, and the exhaust carbon monoxide gases are discharged outside. The electric air heater has a cylindrical casing made of sheet steel, in which heating elements are placed on supports. Air is blown into the electric heater by a fan from the electric motor, where it is heated and supplied to the outside. Heat generator TG-150 is designed for use in areas with air temperatures from - 35 ° C. It runs on liquid fuel. The infrared burner is intended for drying plaster in buildings under construction and renovation, provided that air exchange is at least twice an hour, which ensures timely removal of combustion products.
PLASTERING WITH ANTIFREEZE ADDITIVES
Chlorinated water solutions. In unheated rooms, in rooms with partial heating, as well as in the cold, plastering works are performed with solutions with chemical additives.
For external plastering, chlorinated solutions are used (solutions mixed with chlorinated water). Such solutions can be used to plaster surfaces at temperatures up to -25 ° C without further heating the plaster. To prepare chlorinated water, water is poured into a boiler, heated to + 35 ° C, then bleach is put into it (for 100 liters of water, 12-15 hours of bleach). The solution is stirred until the lime is completely dissolved. The resulting chlorinated milk is placed for 1-1.5 hours for settling, after which the chlorinated water sludge is poured into a supply tank and used to prepare a solution. Chlorinated water should not be heated above + 35 ° С, as chlorine will evaporate and the water will lose activity. It is strictly forbidden to use unsettled chlorinated water, because when silt or turbidity gets into the plaster, cracks appear in it.
Chlorinated water can be used to prepare complex or cement mortars, which are used for plastering wooden, brick or concrete surfaces. Other types of solutions should not be prepared with chlorinated water.
The following compositions of chlorinated solutions are recommended - cement: lime paste: sand (1: 1: 6) or cement: a mixture of clay with ground slag: sand (1: 1.5: 6). These compositions of solutions are used for plastering brick, cinder block and wood surfaces. Concrete surfaces are plastered with cement mortars of the composition from 1: 2.5 to 1: 3. The temperature of chlorinated water for preparation of solutions must not be lower than + 10 ° C, the temperature of the materials depends on the outside air temperature (see page 138). The lower the air temperature, the higher the temperature of the solutions should be, and in windy weather it is higher than in calm. The temperature of the plaster mortar, regardless of the outside temperature, must be at least + 5 ° C at the time of application and grouting. Chlorinated solutions are applied manually or mechanically. Each subsequent layer of the solution should lie on the previously thickened layer. After the cover has set, grout is performed. Insufficiently dried common? plasters applied in winter are covered with ice, which reduces their strength. The strength of chlorinated plasters in the cold increases. Chlorinated solutions can be painted with alkali-resistant and light-resistant mineral paints (earth), for example, mummy, ocher, red lead. Workers preparing chlorinated water or mortar and using chlorinated mortar directly on plastering work must receive safety training. To work with these solutions, they are required to wear tarpaulin overalls, a rubberized apron and gloves; you need to put on rubber boots. You can work with chlorinated solutions only in a gas mask or respirator.
Indoor plastering with chlorinated solutions is not allowed. As an exception, it is allowed to plaster the niches under the radiator, provided that the windows are open.
Chlorinated plasters after drying are harmless, since chlorinated solutions completely set on the eighth day, and during this time chlorine evaporates from them. Solutions with the addition of potash. Solutions with the addition of potash do not produce efflorescence, do not cause corrosive destruction of metal, therefore, they can also be used for plastering mesh-reinforced structures. Cement-clay, cement-lime and cement mortars are prepared using an aqueous solution of potash. Colored solutions are prepared using. alkali-resistant pigments. Low-grade Portland cement is used to prepare the solution. The amount of potash is taken depending on the outside temperature. So, for example, at an outside air temperature of up to -5 ° C, potash is taken 1% of the mass of the dry mixture, at an outside air temperature from -5 to -15 ° C - 1.5%, at a temperature below -15 ° C - 2% ... Potash is added to the dry plaster mixture in the form of an aqueous solution. Cement-clay mortars are used in the following compositions: from 1: 0.2: 4 to 1: 0.5: 6 (cement: clay: sand). To prepare the solution, the dried clay is mixed with cement and then sealed with an aqueous solution of potash. The clay can be pre-made into dough and then mixed with cement and sand.
Cement-lime mortars should contain no more than 20% lime by weight of cement. Prepare them in the usual way. Cement slurries should be non-greasy, 1: 3 composition. Potash salt is dissolved in water, in which a solution is prepared from a cement-sand mixture or this water is added to thick solutions. For work, it is recommended to use pre-warmed solutions up to + 5-M0 ° C. The solution should be used within an hour from the moment of its preparation. The solution is stored in an insulated container. Before plastering, the surfaces are cleaned of snow, ice and dirt. Stamps and beacons are arranged from a solution with which I plaster the surfaces. The spray during plastering under low temperature conditions is not applied to the surface, but a creamy solution is prepared and immediately applied to the base in layers 10-12 mm thick. The soil is leveled, scribbled and a cover 7-8 mm thick is applied over its thickened layer. The cover is leveled and rubbed without wetting with water. A worker preparing a solution with the addition of potash should be dressed in the same way as working with a chlorinated solution. Ammonia water solutions. Solutions prepared with ammonia water do not give efflorescence. Ammonia water is obtained from the plant, at workplaces in mortar units it is diluted to the required concentration. The temperature of ammonia and ordinary water for its dilution should not exceed + 5 ° C, since at a higher temperature, ammonia evaporates. If the ammonia water has a 25% concentration, then to obtain ammonia water of 6% concentration, 3.16 liters (3 liters rounded) of ordinary water are added for each liter of it. If ammonia water of 15% concentration is imported, then 1.5 liters of water are added to 1 liter of it. Ammonia water delivered from the factory or diluted at the workplace is stored in a hermetically sealed container, preferably in glass bottles with ground-in stoppers. Cement and cement-lime mortars with sand are mixed with ammonia water; lime, lime-gypsum and cement-clay mortars must not be mixed with ammonia water. When grouting on concrete, it is recommended to use a 1: 2-1: 4 cement mortar (cement: sand); for plastering brick, cinder-concrete and wooden surfaces - cement-lime-sand mortars of compositions 1: 1: 6-1: 1: 9 (cement: lime paste: sand). Lime dough is diluted with ammonia water, the temperature of which should not be lower than + 5 ° C. The temperature of the Greva solution depends on the outside temperature. If the outside air temperature is up to - 15 ° С, then the temperature of the solution at the workplace should be + 2-ГЗ ° С. At an outdoor temperature down to -25 ° C, the temperature of the solution should be at least + 5 ° C. Plastering with solutions with ammonia water is permissible at air temperatures down to -30 ° C. To obtain solutions of the specified temperature, the materials included in them are heated. After mixing, the temperature of the lime dough and ammonia water should not exceed + 5 ° C. Solutions must be supplied to workplaces in insulated boxes closed with lids with soft rubber gaskets, which prevents ammonia from volatilizing and retains heat. After freezing, plaster based on ammonia water has high strength, the surface film does not flake.
