Organic fertilizers are substances of plant and animal origin, introduced into the soil in order to improve the agrochemical properties of the soil and increase the yield. Various types of manure, bird droppings, composts, and green fertilizers are used as organic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers have a multifaceted effect on agronomic properties:

• in their composition, all the nutrients necessary for plants enter the soil. Each ton of dry matter of cattle manure contains about 20 kg of nitrogen, 10 - phosphorus, 24 - potassium, 28 - calcium, 6 - magnesium, 4 kg of sulfur, 25 g of boron, 230 - manganese, 20 - copper, 100 - zinc, etc. etc. - this fertilizer is called complete.
• unlike mineral fertilizers, organic fertilizers are less concentrated in terms of nutrient content,
• manure and other organic fertilizers serve as a source of CO2 for plants. When 30 - 40 tons of manure is introduced into the soil per day during the period of intensive decomposition, 100 - 200 kg / ha of CO2 are released per day.
• organic fertilizers are an energy material and a food source for soil microorganisms.
• a significant part of the nutrients in organic fertilizers become available to plants only as they become mineralized. That is, organic fertilizers have an aftereffect, since the elements from them are used for 3-4 years.
• the efficiency of manure depends on climatic conditions and decreases from north to south and from west to east.
• application of organic fertilizers is a rather expensive undertaking - there are high costs for transportation, application of fuel and lubricants, depreciation and technical maintenance.

Litter manure - constituent parts - solid and liquid animal excrement and bedding. The chemical composition largely depends on the litter, its type and quantity, the type of animal, the feed consumed, and the storage method. Solid and liquid excretions of animals are unequal in composition and fertilizing qualities. Almost all the phosphorus ends up in solid waste, in liquid it is very little. About 1/2 - 2/3 nitrogen and almost all potassium in feed are excreted in the urine of animals. N and P of solid excretions become available to plants only after their mineralization, while potassium is in a mobile form. All nutrients of liquid secretions are presented in readily soluble or light mineral form.

Litter- when added to manure, it increases its yield, improves its quality and reduces the loss of nitrogen and slurry in it. The following are used as bedding: straw, peat, sawdust, etc. During storage in manure, the processes of decomposition of solid excretions with the participation of microorganisms take place with the formation of simpler ones. Liquid secretions contain urea CO (NH2) 2, gipuric acid C6H5CONHCH2COOH and uric acid C5H4NO3, which can decompose to free NH3, two forms of N-protein and ammonia - no nitrates.

According to the degree of decomposition, fresh, semi-rotted, rotted and humus are distinguished.

Humus - rich in organic matter black homogeneous mass 25% of the original.

Application conditions - manure increases the yield for several years. In arid and extremely arid zones, the aftereffect exceeds the effect. The greatest effect of manure is achieved when it is introduced under fall plowing, with immediate incorporation into the soil. The introduction of manure in winter leads to significant losses of NO3 and NH4 and its efficiency decreases by 40 - 60%. Fertilizer rates in crop rotation should be set taking into account the increase or maintenance of the humus content at the initial level. To do this, on chernozem soils, the saturation of 1 ha of crop rotation should be 5 - 6 tons, on chestnut soils - 3 - 4 tons.

The dose of manure is 10 - 20 t / ha - arid, 20 - 40 t - in insufficient moisture supply. Industrial crops are the most responsive - 25 - 40 t / ha. for winter wheat 20 - 25 t / ha under the predecessor.

Straw- an important source of organic fertilizers. The chemical composition of straw varies widely depending on soil and weather conditions. It contains about 15% H2O and about 85% consists of organic matter (celluluse, pengozans, hemocyllulose and gigin), which is a carbonaceous energy material for soil microorganisms, the basis of building material for the synthesis of humus. Straw contains 1-5% protein and only 3-7% ash. The organic matter of straw contains all the nutrients necessary for plants, which are mineralized by soil microorganisms into easily accessible forms in 1 g of straw, on average, it contains 4-7 N, 1-1.4 P2O5, 12-18 K2O, 2-3 kg of Ca , 0.8-1.2 kg Mg, 1-1.6 kg S, 5 g boron, 3 g Cu, 30 g Mn. 40 g Zn, 0.4 Mo, etc.

When evaluating straw as an organic fertilizer, not only the presence of certain substances, but also the C: N ratio is of great importance. It has been established that for its normal decomposition the C: N ratio should be 20-30: 1.

The positive effect of straw on soil fertility and agricultural yield. crops is possible if the necessary conditions are available for its decomposition. The decomposition rate depends on: the availability of food sources for microorganisms, their number, species composition, soil type, its cultivation, temperature, humidity, aeration.

Slurry It is mainly fermented urine of animals for 4 months from 10 tons of bedding manure with dense storage, 170 liters are released, with loose-dense - 450 liters and with loose - 1000 liters. On average, slurry contains N-0.25-0.3%, P2O5- 0.03-0.06% and potassium - 0.4-0.5% - mainly nitrogen-potassium fertilizer. All nutrients in it are in a form readily available to plants, therefore it is considered fast-acting fertilizer... The utilization rate is 60-70% for N and K.

Bird droppings Is a valuable fast acting organic, concentrated fertilizer containing all the essential nutrients plants need. So in chicken poultry manure contains 1.6% N, 1.5 P2O5, 0.8% K2O, 2.4 CaO, 0.7 MgO, 0.4 SO2. In addition to trace elements, it includes trace elements, Mn, Zn, Co, Cu. The amount of nutrients in poultry manure is highly dependent on the feeding conditions of the poultry and the management of the poultry.

There are two main ways of keeping poultry: outdoor and cellular... For floor maintenance, a deep, non-removable bedding made of peat, straw, corn shafts is quite widely used. When kept in cages, poultry is diluted with water, which reduces the concentration of nutrients and significantly increases the cost of using it as a fertilizer. Raw poultry manure is characterized by unfavorable physical properties that complicate the mechanization of use. It has a number of other negative properties: it spreads an unpleasant odor over long distances, contains a huge amount of weeds, a source of environmental pollution and a breeding ground for pathogenic microflora.

Green manure - fresh plant mass, plowed into the soil to enrich it with organic matter and nitrogen. This technique is often called green manure, and plants grown for fertilization are called green manure. Leguminous plants are cultivated as siderates in the southern Russian steppe - seradella, sweet clover, mung bean, sainfoin, rank, vetch, winter and wintering peas, winter vetch, fodder peas (pelushka), astragalus; cabbage - winter and spring rapeseed, mustard, as well as their mixtures with legumes. As the proportion of the legume component in the mixture decreases, the supply of nitrogen decreases, which is compensated by a significantly larger amount of biological mass.

Green, like any organic fertilizer, has a multifaceted positive effect on the agrochemical properties of the soil and the yield of agricultural crops. Depending on the cultivation conditions, on each hectare of arable land, from 25 to 50 t / ha of green mass of green manure is grown and plowed. The biological mass of green fertilizers contains significantly less nitrogen and especially phosphorus and potassium in comparison with manure.

In our time, the cultivation of vegetable and fruit - berry crops without mineral fertilizers is hard to imagine. After all, they all have a positive effect on plants, without which it is difficult to imagine their normal growth. Even ardent opponents of mineral fertilizers admit that they have an optimal effect on seedlings and do not harm the soil.

Of course, if mineral fertilizers are poured into a small area with large big bags, there can be no talk about their benefits, but if you follow all the rules and technologies, then everything will definitely work out. In this article you will learn about the effect of certain mineral compounds on plants, because each of them is used in different cases.

Let's start with the effect of nitrogen fertilization on plants. Firstly, nitrogen is one of the main elements that affect the growth of a seedling. They are advised to use them directly into the soil during spring plowing in the form of urea (carbamide) or ammonia acid. Note that large quantities of nitrogen fertilizers are transported in special big bags.

When should you apply nitrogen fertilizers?

They are used when there is a lack of nitrogen in plants. Determining the lack of nitrogen is very simple. The leaves of the plants turn yellow or pale green.

The main advantages of nitrogen fertilizers:

1) They can be operated on different soils;

2) They fertilize create conditions for rapid plant growth;

3) They fertilize improve the quality of the fruit.

We now talk about the effects of potassium compounds on seedlings. Potassium is an element that influences yield, drought tolerance and low temperature tolerance. Knowing that a plant is lacking potassium is as simple as knowing that a plant is lacking nitrogen. A sign that the plant lacks potassium are white edges along the edge of the leaflet, low leaf elasticity. When using potash fertilizers, plants quickly revive and grow.

When using potassium salts, you need to remember the rules and technologies for their use and avoid abuse, because mineral fertilizers need to be applied only when needed. Also, do not forget that the soil needs to be allowed to rest.

If you are interested in informative articles, and you want to keep abreast of the latest developments in the world of agronomy, go to our website:https://forosgroup.com.ua.

Also read us in telegram: https://t.me/forosgroup

The atmosphere always contains a certain amount of impurities from natural and anthropogenic sources. More stable zones with an increased concentration of pollution arise in places of active human activity. Anthropogenic pollution is distinguished by a variety of species and a variety of sources.

The main reasons for the pollution of the natural environment with fertilizers, their losses and unproductive use are:

1) imperfection of technology for transportation, storage, mixing and fertilization;

2) violation of the technology of their use in crop rotation and for individual crops;

3) water and wind erosion of soil;

4) imperfection of chemical, physical and mechanical properties of mineral fertilizers;

5) intensive use of various industrial, urban and domestic waste as fertilizers without systematic and careful control of their chemical composition.

From the use of mineral fertilizers, atmospheric pollution is insignificant, especially with the transition to the use of granular and liquid fertilizers, but it does occur. After the application of fertilizers, compounds containing mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are found in the atmosphere.

Significant air pollution also occurs during the production of mineral fertilizers. So, dust and gas wastes from potash production include flue gas emissions from drying sections, the components of which are dust concentrates (KCl), hydrogen chloride, vapors of flotation agents and anti-caking agents (amines). In terms of its impact on the environment, nitrogen is of paramount importance.

Organic matter such as straw and raw sugar beet leaves reduced gaseous ammonia losses. This can be explained by the content of CaO in the compost, which has alkaline properties, and toxic properties that can suppress the activity of nitrifiers.

Its losses from fertilizers are quite significant. It is absorbed in the field by about 40%, in some cases by 50-70%, immobilized in the soil by 20-30%.

There is an opinion that a more serious source of nitrogen losses than leaching is its volatilization from the soil and fertilizers applied to it in the form of gaseous compounds (15-25%). For example, in European agriculture, 2/3 of nitrogen losses occur in the winter and 1/3 in the summer.

Phosphorus as a biogenic element is less lost to the environment due to its low mobility in the soil and does not pose such an environmental hazard as nitrogen.

Phosphate losses most often occur during soil erosion. As a result of surface washout of soil, up to 10 kg of phosphorus is carried away from each hectare.

The atmosphere is self-cleaning from pollution as a result of the deposition of solid particles, washing them out of the air by precipitation, dissolution in drops of rain and fog, dissolution of seas, oceans, rivers and other bodies of water in water, dispersion in space. But, as you know, these processes are very slow.

1.3.3 Impact of mineral fertilizers on aquatic ecosystems

Recently, there has been a rapid growth in the production of mineral fertilizers and the supply of nutrients to land waters, which has created as an independent problem of anthropogenic eutrophication of surface waters. These circumstances undoubtedly have a natural relationship.

Water bodies receive wastewater containing many nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. This is due to the flushing of fertilizers from the surrounding fields into reservoirs. As a result, anthropogenic eutrophication of such reservoirs occurs, their unhealthy productivity increases, the phytoplankton of coastal thickets, algae develop, “water bloom,” etc. In the deep zone, hydrogen sulphide and ammonia accumulate, anaerobic processes intensify. Redox processes are disrupted and oxygen deficiency occurs. This leads to the death of valuable fish and vegetation, the water becomes unsuitable not only for drinking, but even for swimming. Such a eutrophied water body loses its economic and biogeocenotic significance. Therefore, the struggle for clean water is one of the most important tasks of the entire complex of the problem of nature protection.

Naturally eutrophied systems are well balanced. The artificial introduction of biogenic elements as a result of anthropogenic activity disrupts the normal functioning of the community and creates instability in the ecosystem that is fatal for organisms. If the flow of foreign substances into such bodies of water stops, they can return to their original state.

The optimal growth of aquatic plant organisms and algae is observed at a phosphorus concentration of 0.09-1.8 mg / l and nitrate nitrogen of 0.9-3.5 mg / l. Lower concentrations of these elements limit algae growth. For 1 kg of phosphorus entering the reservoir, 100 kg of phytoplankton are formed. Water bloom due to algae occurs only when the concentration of phosphorus in the water exceeds 0.01 mg / l.

A significant part of biogenic elements entering rivers and lakes with runoff waters, although in most cases, the washout of elements by surface waters is much less than as a result of migration along the soil profile, especially in areas with a leaching regime. Contamination of natural waters with biogenic elements due to fertilizers and their eutrophication occur, first of all, in cases where the agronomic technology of fertilizer application is violated and a complex of agrotechnical measures is not carried out, in general, the culture of agriculture is at a low level.

When using phosphorus mineral fertilizers, an increase in phosphorus removal with liquid runoff is approximately 2 times, while with solid runoff, an increase in phosphorus removal does not occur, or even a slight decrease occurs.

0.0001-0.9 kg of phosphorus per hectare is removed with liquid runoff from arable land. From the entire territory occupied by arable land in the world, which is about 1.4 billion hectares, due to the use of mineral fertilizers in modern conditions, about 230 thousand tons of phosphorus are additionally removed.

Inorganic phosphorus is found in land waters mainly in the form of orthophosphoric acid derivatives. The forms of phosphorus existence in water are not indifferent for the development of aquatic vegetation. The most accessible phosphorus is dissolved phosphates, which are almost completely used by them during intensive plant development. Appatite phosphorus, precipitating in bottom sediments, is practically inaccessible for aquatic plants and is poorly used by them.

The migration of potassium along the profile of soils with medium or heavy texture is significantly hampered due to absorption by soil colloids and the transition to an exchangeable and non-exchangeable state.

Surface runoff is mainly washed away by soil potassium. This finds a corresponding expression in the values \u200b\u200bof the potassium content in natural waters and the absence of a relationship between them and the doses of potash fertilizers.

As for nitrogen fertilizers of mineral fertilizers, the amount of nitrogen in the runoff is 10-25% of its total input with fertilizers.

The dominant forms of nitrogen in water (excluding molecular nitrogen) are NO 3, NH 4, NO 2, soluble organic nitrogen, and nitrogen from suspended particles. In lacustrine reservoirs, the concentration can vary from 0 to 4 mg / l.

However, according to a number of researchers, the assessment of the contribution of nitrogen to pollution of surface and ground waters is, apparently, overestimated.

Nitrogen fertilizers with a sufficient amount of other nutrients in most cases contribute to intensive vegetative growth of plants, the development of the root system and the absorption of nitrates from the soil. The leaf area increases and, in connection with this, the transpiration coefficient increases, the water consumption of the plant increases, and the soil moisture decreases. All this reduces the possibility of nitrates washing into the lower horizons of the soil profile and from there into the groundwater.

The maximum concentration of nitrogen is observed in surface waters during the flood period. The amount of nitrogen leached from catchment areas during the flood period is largely determined by the accumulation of nitrogen compounds in the snow cover.

It can be noted that the removal of both total nitrogen and its individual forms during the flood period is higher than the nitrogen reserves in the snow cover. This may be due to the erosion of the topsoil and the leaching of nitrogen with solid runoff.

If you have read the articles that I posted in previous posts, you now understand how the symbiosis of worms, plants and soil microflora works.

So, let's summarize.
Plants with their fruits and their humus (leaves, stems, roots, etc.) attract the soil microflora to their roots. The plant itself cannot directly take all the necessary substances from the soil. They invite bacteria and fungi, which with the help of their enzymes digest all organic matter, making the so-called broth, which they "eat" themselves and which the plants "eat". Then some of the bacteria, which multiply strongly during the feeding process, are eaten by earthworms. Digesting bacteria and the rest of the broth, the worms "produce" the actual humus. And humus is a repository of a whole complex of substances that make the soil fertile. Humus, as it were, accumulates these substances, preventing them from being washed out of the soil with water and other natural factors and leading to soil degradation and erosion.

Thus, it becomes clear that if you somehow influence the process of creating humus, the process of plant nutrition, this unique symbiosis of microflora, worms and plants, it is possible to disrupt the process of humus production and the process of normal plant nutrition.

This is what modern traditional agriculture is doing. It introduces tons of chemicals into the ground, disrupting the harmonious balance of microflora.

Now it is clear that soil fertility depends on the health of the soil microflora.
But herbicides and pesticides kill this microflora. They kill completely. Proof of this is our familiar farmer - he says that where he does not put mineral fertilizers, his potatoes do not grow there at all - the bushes grow up to 10 cm in height and that's it, the tubers do not want to tie at all. And he believes that there is only one way out - to put more mineral fertilizers. And every year more and more ...

Plants on mineral fertilizers are drug addicts. These plants are "dope", on drugs. Everything would be fine, but only plants cannot directly digest these fertilizers, they still need microflora. But every year this microflora is more and more destroyed by chemicals and the very same mineral fertilizers. Here is a quote from a site about gardening: " mineral fertilizers change the qualitative composition of soil microorganisms, destroy the molecules of humic acids, disrupt or disappear altogether fertility, since the structure of the soil is disturbed, often, which seemed like lifeless dust, soils are simply taken out of use "(http://www.7dach.ru/VeraTyukaeva/unikalnye-guminovye-kisloty-21195.html )

And here's another article for you about the effect of mineral fertilizers on the soil and humans: (based on materials from the site http://sadisibiri.ru/mineralnie-udobrebiya-vred-polza.html)

Mineral fertilizers: benefits and harms

Yes, the harvest grows from them,

But nature is destroyed.

Nitrates are eaten by the people

More and more from year to year.

The world production of mineral fertilizers is growing rapidly. It doubles every decade. The yield of crops from their use, of course, is growing, but this problem has many negative sides, and this worries a lot of people. It is not for nothing that in some Western countries the government supports vegetable growers who grow products without the use of mineral fertilizers - environmentally friendly.

MIGRATION OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FROM SOIL

It has been proven that plants absorb about 40% of the nitrogen introduced into the soil, the rest of the nitrogen is washed out of the soil by rain and evaporates in the form of gas. To a lesser extent, but phosphorus is also washed out from the soil. The accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in groundwater leads to pollution of water bodies, they quickly age and turn into swamps, because the increased fertilizer content in the water leads to the rapid growth of vegetation. Dying off plankton and algae are deposited on the bottom of reservoirs, this leads to the release of methane, hydrogen sulfide and to a decrease in the supply of water-soluble oxygen, which is the cause of fish death. The species composition of valuable fish is also declining. The fish did not begin to grow to its normal size, it began to age earlier, earlier to die. Plankton in water bodies accumulates nitrates, fish feed on them, and eating such fish can lead to stomach diseases. And the accumulation of nitrogen in the atmosphere leads to the fallout of acid rain, acidifying the soil and water, destroying building materials, oxidizing metals. Forests and the animals and birds that live in them suffer from all this, and fish and mollusks die in water bodies. There is a report that on some plantations where mussels are mined (these are edible mollusks, they were previously very valued), they became inedible, moreover, there were cases of poisoning with them.

INFLUENCE OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON SOIL PROPERTIES

Observations show that the humus content in soils is constantly decreasing. Fertile soils, chernozems at the beginning of the century contained up to 8% humus. Now there are almost no such soils. Podzolic and sod-podzolic soils contain 0.5-3% of humus, gray forest soils - 2-6%, meadow chernozems - more than 6%. Humus serves as a repository of the basic nutrients for plants, it is a colloidal substance, the particles of which hold nutrients on their surface in a form accessible to plants. Humus is formed during the decomposition of plant residues by microorganisms. Humus cannot be replaced by any mineral fertilizers, on the contrary, they lead to active humus mineralization, the soil structure deteriorates, from colloidal lumps that hold water, air, nutrients, the soil turns into a dusty substance. Soil turns from natural to artificial. Mineral fertilizers provoke leaching of calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, etc. from the soil, this affects the processes of photosynthesis, reduces the resistance of plants to diseases. The use of mineral fertilizers leads to soil compaction, a decrease in its porosity, and a decrease in the proportion of granular aggregates. In addition, acidification of the soil, which inevitably occurs with the introduction of mineral fertilizers, requires more and more lime. In 1986, 45.5 million tons of lime was introduced into the soil in our country, but this did not compensate for the loss of calcium and magnesium.

SOIL CONTAMINATION WITH HEAVY METALS AND TOXIC ELEMENTS

The raw materials used for the production of mineral fertilizers contain strontium, uranium, zinc, lead, cadmium, etc., which are technologically difficult to extract. As impurities, these elements are included in superphosphates, in potash fertilizers. The most dangerous are heavy metals: mercury, lead, cadmium. The latter destroys erythrocytes in the blood, disrupts the functioning of the kidneys, intestines, softens tissues. A healthy person weighing 70 kg without harm to health can receive up to 3.5 mg of lead, 0.6 mg of cadmium, 0.35 mg of mercury with food per week. However, on highly fertilized soils, plants can also accumulate high concentrations of these metals. For example, cow's milk can contain up to 17-30 mg of cadmium in 1 liter. The presence of uranium, radium, thorium in phosphorus fertilizers increases the level of internal irradiation of humans and animals when plant food enters their body. Superphosphate also contains fluorine in an amount of 1-5%, and its concentration can reach 77.5 mg / kg, causing various diseases.

MINERAL FERTILIZERS AND LIVING WORLD OF SOIL

The use of mineral fertilizers causes a change in the species composition of soil microorganisms. The number of bacteria capable of assimilating mineral forms of nitrogen is greatly increasing, but the number of symbiotic microfungi in the rhizosphere of plants decreases (the rhizosphere is a 2-3 mm soil area adjacent to the root system). The number of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil also decreases - as if there is no need for them. As a result, the root system of plants reduces the release of organic compounds, and their volume was about half of the mass of the aboveground part, and the photosynthesis of plants decreases. Toxin-forming micro-fungi are activated, the number of which is naturally controlled by beneficial microorganisms. Adding lime does not save the situation, and sometimes leads to an increase in soil contamination with root rot pathogens.

Mineral fertilizers cause a strong depression of soil animals: springtails, roundworms and phytophages (they feed on plants), as well as a decrease in the enzymatic activity of the soil. And it is formed by the activity of all soil plants and living creatures of the soil, while enzymes enter the soil as a result of their release by living organisms, dying microorganisms. It has been established that the use of mineral fertilizers reduces the activity of soil enzymes by more than half.

HUMAN HEALTH PROBLEMS

In the human body, nitrates entering food are absorbed into the digestive tract, enter the bloodstream, and with it into the tissues. About 65% of nitrates are converted to nitrites already in the mouth. Nitrites oxidize hemoglobin to methaemoglobin, which has a dark brown color; it is unable to carry oxygen. The norm of methaemoglobin in the body is 2%, and a larger amount of it causes various diseases. With 40% methaemoglobin in the blood, a person can die. In children, the enzymatic system is poorly developed, and therefore nitrates are more dangerous for them. Nitrates and nitrites in the body are converted into nitroso compounds, which are carcinogenic. In experiments on 22 species of animals, it was proved that these nitroso compounds cause the formation of tumors on all organs, except bones. Nitrosoamines, having hepatotoxic properties, also cause liver disease, in particular hepatitis. Nitrites lead to chronic intoxication of the body, weaken the immune system, reduce mental and physical performance, and exhibit mutagenic and embrinotoxic properties.

Limit norms for nitrate content in mg / kg are established for vegetables. These norms are constantly being adjusted upward. The level of the maximum permissible concentration of nitrates, now adopted in Russia, and the optimal acidity of the soil for some vegetables are given in the table (see below).

The actual content of nitrates in vegetables, as a rule, exceeds the norm. The maximum daily dose of nitrates that does not have a negative effect on the human body is 200-220 mg per 1 kg of body weight. As a rule, 150-300 mg actually enter the body, and sometimes up to 500 mg per 1 kg of body weight. By increasing the yield of crops, mineral fertilizers affect their quality. In plants, the carbohydrate content decreases and the amount of crude protein increases. In potatoes, the starch content decreases, and in cereals, the amino acid composition changes, i.e. the nutritional value of protein decreases.

The use of mineral fertilizers in the cultivation of crops also affects the storage of products. A decrease in sugar and dry matter in beets and other vegetables leads to a deterioration in their shelf life. In potatoes, the flesh darkens more; when canning vegetables, nitrates cause corrosion of the metal of the cans. It is known that there are more nitrates in the veins of leaves in salads, spinach, in the core of carrots, up to 90% of nitrates are concentrated, in the upper part of beets - up to 65%, their amount increases when juice and vegetables are stored at high temperatures. It is better to remove vegetables from the garden when ripe and in the second half of the day - then they have less nitrates. Where does nitrate come from, and when did this problem start? There have always been nitrates in products, it's just that their amount has been growing lately. The plant feeds, takes nitrogen from the soil, nitrogen accumulates in the tissues of the plant, this is normal. Another thing is when there is an excess amount of this nitrogen in the tissues. Nitrates by themselves are not dangerous. Some of them are excreted from the body, the other part is converted into harmless and even useful compounds. And the excess part of nitrates turns into salts of nitrous acid - these are nitrites. They deprive the red blood cells of the ability to supply oxygen to the cells of our body. As a result, metabolism is disrupted, the central nervous system suffers, and the body's resistance to disease decreases. Among vegetables, the champion in the accumulation of nitrates is beets. Less of them in cabbage, parsley, onions.

The impact of mineral fertilizers on product quality and human health

Mineral fertilizers can have a negative effect on both plants and the quality of plant products, as well as organisms that consume it. The main of such impacts are presented in tables 1, 2.

With high doses of nitrogen fertilizers, the risk of plant disease increases. Excessive accumulation of green mass takes place, and the probability of lodging of plants increases sharply.

Many fertilizers, especially chlorine-containing ones (ammonium chloride, potassium chloride), have a negative effect on animals and humans, mainly through the water, where the released chlorine enters.

The negative effect of phosphorus fertilizers is mainly due to the fluorine, heavy metals and radioactive elements they contain. Fluoride, when its concentration in water exceeds 2 mg / l, can contribute to the destruction of tooth enamel.

Table 1

The impact of mineral fertilizers on plants and the quality of plant products (according to various sources)

Fertilizers
	positive	negative
		At high doses or untimely methods of application - accumulation in the form of nitrates (especially in vegetables), violent growth to the detriment of resistance, increased incidence, especially fungal diseases. Ammonium chloride contributes to the accumulation of chlorine. The main accumulators of nitrates are vegetables, corn, oats, tobacco.
Phosphoric	Reduces the negative effects of nitrogen, improves product quality, and helps to increase plant resistance to diseases	At high doses, plant toxicosis is possible. They act mainly through the heavy metals contained in them (cadmium, arsenic, selenium), radioactive elements and fluorine. The main stores are parsley, onions, sorrel.
Potash	Similar to phosphoric	Mainly through the accumulation of chlorine when adding potassium chloride. With an excess of potassium - toxicosis. The main stores of potassium are potatoes, grapes, buckwheat, greenhouse vegetables.

table 2

The impact of mineral fertilizers on animals and humans (according to different sources)

Fertilizers	Main impacts
Nitrogen (nitrate forms)	Nitrates (MPC for water 10 mg / l, for food - 500 mg / day per person) are reduced in the body to nitrites, which cause metabolic disorders, poisoning, deterioration of immunological status, methemoglobin (oxygen starvation of tissues). When interacting with amines (in the stomach), they form nitrosamines - the most dangerous carcinogens. In children, they can cause tachycardia, cyanosis, loss of eyelashes, rupture of the alveoli. In animal husbandry: vitamin deficiency, decreased productivity, accumulation of urea in milk, increased morbidity, decreased fertility.
Phosphoric (superphosphate and fluorine, cadmium and other heavy metals contained in it)	Mainly through fluorine. An excess of it in drinking water (more than 2 mg / l) causes damage to the enamel of the teeth in humans, loss of elasticity of blood vessels. With a content of more than 8 mg / l - osteochondrosis.
	Consumption of water with a chlorine content of more than 50 mg / l causes poisoning (toxicosis) in humans and animals.

Conclusion

The life of people depends on the soil and its fertility. The soil is considered a great laboratory, an arsenal that delivers the means of production, an object of labor, a place for people to settle. Therefore, the soil must always be taken care of in order to fulfill its duty - to leave it improved for future generations.

The cultivated land is the result of complex natural processes and the labor of many generations of people. Therefore, the quality of the soil largely depends on the duration of the cultivation of the land and the culture of agriculture. Together with the harvest, a person removes a significant amount of mineral and organic substances from the soil, thereby uniting it. So, with a potato harvest of 136 kg / ha, the soil loses 48.4 kg of nitrogen, 19 kg of phosphorus and 86 kg of potassium. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically replenish the stocks of these elements in the soil by applying fertilizers. Applying the necessary crop rotations, carefully cultivating and fertilizing the soil, a person increases its fertility so significantly that most of the modern cultivated soils should be considered artificial, created with the participation of humans.

Thus, in some cases, human impact on soils leads to an increase in their fertility, in others - to deterioration, degradation and death. Particularly dangerous consequences of human influence on soils include accelerated erosion, pollution with foreign chemicals, salinization, waterlogging, soil removal for various structures (transport highways, reservoirs, etc.). The damage caused to soils as a result of irrational use of land has become threatening. A decrease in the area of \u200b\u200bfertile soils occurs many times faster than their formation. Erosion acceleration is especially dangerous for them.

Bibliography

1. Konstantinov VM Nature protection. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2000.

2. Voronkov NA General ecology, social, applied. - M.: Agar, 2000.

3. Sides VA and other Geoecology. - Simferopol: Tavria, 1996.

4. Akimova TA, Khaskin VV Ecology. Human - Economy - Biota - Environment. - M .: UNITY-DANA, 2001

Impact of environmental pollution on human health

Influence of ecology on acceleration

The chemicalization of agriculture, carried out at an increasing pace, is far from being the last among anthropogenic factors affecting soils and nature in general ...

Effects of radiation on humans

Ozone is an allotropic modification of oxygen. Its molecule is diamagnetic (in contrast to the paramagnetic O2), has an angular shape, the bond in the molecule is a delocalized three-center ...

The impact of agriculture on the environment

Geoecological problems of agriculture

For their development, plants need a certain amount of biogenic substances (compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc.), usually absorbed from the soil. In natural ecosystems, biogens assimilated by vegetation ...

Acid rain

Acid precipitation at the present stage of the biosphere is a rather urgent problem and has a rather negative impact on the biosphere ...

Noise pollution problems in the urban ecosystem

Today, noise has become a permanent part of human life, one of the most dangerous and unfavorable factors that pollute the urban environment and harm human health ...

The relationship between the economics of environmental management and agrochemistry. Local application of mineral fertilizers as economically and environmentally sound

Mineral fertilizers determine the quality level and efficiency of modern agriculture, ensuring high yields of agricultural crops and improving the quality of crop production. But...

The modern ecological crisis

The ecological aspects of pathology are diverse. They can be subdivided into autogenous, i.e. the consequences of the wrong behavior of people themselves, and on the ecological - man-made and natural ...

The essence of the modern environmental crisis

ecological crisis health environment The ecological aspects of pathology are diverse. They can be subdivided into autogenous, i.e. the consequences of the wrong behavior of people themselves, and on the ecological - man-made and natural ...

Environmental safety of humans in the ecosystem

A person throughout his life is under the constant influence of a whole range of environmental factors - from environmental to social ...

In the soil as a system, such changes occur that lead to the loss of fertility: acidity increases, the species composition of soil organisms changes, the circulation of substances is disrupted, the structure is destroyed, which worsens other properties ...

Environmental consequences of chemicalization of agricultural production

The effect of mineral fertilizers on atmospheric air, like water, is mainly associated with their nitrogen forms. The nitrogen of mineral fertilizers enters the air either in free form (as a result of denitrification) ...

The ecosystem of the suburban area

On my site, pesticides began to be used only when the Colorado potato beetle appeared in Russia. This is a forced measure, since the beetle eats up all the tops of the potatoes and thus there is a clear threat of being left without a crop ...

Examination of the impact of the Severonickel plant on the environment of the Kola Arctic

In Monchegorsk, where the production facilities of the Severonikel plant are located, a relationship was found between air pollution with sulfur dioxide and the development of upper respiratory tract diseases ...