All types of stairs. Types of stairs

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The modern development of the construction of private houses is increasingly resorting to the construction of two- or three-story houses. Therefore, the construction in a private house is an important point. Of course, you can contact the specialists for its construction, but we recommend that you build it yourself.

Staircase to the second floor in a private house

A staircase, as a complex building element, has its own characteristics and mandatory constituent elements. Consider the composition of the stairs to the second floor of a private house:

• A balustrade is a stair railing.
• Balusters - fence posts in the form of small columns, the child's head should not pass between them, therefore the maximum distance does not exceed 15 cm.
• Railings - fences.
• Pillars - supports for beams and floors.
• Bolts - metal bolts that are needed to fasten the steps to the walls.
• March - rise from the steps. For him, the slope is important, since the safety of the stairs depends on it.
• A bowstring is a supporting column for holding the ladder in a given position and adjusting its load. Depending on the use of the bowstring, a bowstring or stringer ladder is distinguished. The bowstring uses grooves, and the stringer uses a special shape for laying steps.
• The riser is the vertical part of the step for support.
• Transition area between marches.
• The step itself, consisting of a tread and a riser.

Stairs to the second floor in a private house are most often made of wood, as it is an environmentally friendly material that looks stylish and attractive.

Video: beautiful stairs to the second floor

Features of different types of stairs

There are two main types of wooden stairs to the second floor of a private house. We will examine each of them below.

Spiral staircases

This type is usually chosen when there is a limited or small space for its installation. The minimum size of the site for it can be limited to one and a half meters. There are limitations for this option - several people cannot use it at the same time - only one, and it is also difficult to lift bulky and voluminous objects along it.

It is also characterized by an increased complexity of installation, and therefore is not very popular for collecting it yourself. It is important for her to calculate the reliability of the bearing and support racks, and it is also important to observe the strength of the structure.

Marching stairs

Another thing is marching stairs, which are considered the most commonly used in private houses. They come with 1 march, as well as 2, 3 or more - the number of marches depends on the needs of the owner of the house and the availability of free space.

In addition to dividing by the number of flights, such stairs are divided into straight and swivel, and by location they are divided into wall or independent. The latter often rest against the center of the room and can only be allowed to owners with a large area of ​​the house.

The marching ladder is easy to assemble on your own, and experts give useful advice on dividing marches with more than a dozen steps. You can divide the steps with a special platform that can change their further direction, while in this version, special rotary steps are used, which have another name for trapezoidal or winder.

Turning stairs also differ in direction. So, if it turns at a right angle, then it is called quarter-turn, and when turning around its axis, it is called half-turn. A spiral staircase turns into a full circle, which can no longer be considered a marching staircase.

The combined type is considered an intermediate version of the circular and mid-flight stairs. This is the most difficult type of stairs, as it requires a lot of calculations and complex elements. It is extremely rare to meet her.

Related article:

Technical requirements for the structure and the correct calculation of parameters

The dimensions of the stairs to the second floor of a private house are calculated based on the availability of free space in the house. Evaluate your strengths and capabilities, whether you can assemble this or that complex type of structure without proper skill and experience. It is better to choose a simple staircase than to rebuild it several times. In addition, complex staircases require a large budget.

To correctly assemble the ladder yourself, use the following helpful tips:

• A drawing with measurements will help you determine the location of the ladder and its best option.

• A comfortable and safe ladder is paramount, so check out the optimal tilt, swivel and step sizes.

• The steps should not be less than 20 cm wide - such minimum dimensions ensure the convenience of walking on it.

• The ascent angle is maximum 45 degrees, otherwise it will be inconvenient.
• Consider the degree of stress and choose the right material. A non-slip coating with a load of up to 350 kg per square meter is suitable for a residential building.

• If there are children in the house, make the stairs as protected as possible - keep an eye on the distance between the beams and increase the level of the fence.
• The optimal span width is 1 meter plus or minus 12 cm.
• To calculate, use the method of substituting a rectangular triangle with the parameters of interest to you. The floor leg will need to be divided by 20 cm (minimum step width) and thus the number of steps will be obtained. The height of the step is calculated using the formula, the height of the rise, divided by 10-12 cm. You can determine the width yourself.

For making a ladder, you will need a few useful tips:

• It is not necessary to draw a drawing yourself, you can find ready-made ones on the Internet and adapt for yourself or take a ready-made one.

• If you make the parts yourself, then use only high-quality wood, dry. The details must be perfectly polished and exactly match the parameters of the drawing or ready-made templates.

In this article, we will talk about such a necessary building in a private multi-level house as a staircase to the second floor, consider possible options for types, shapes, types, help to understand the materials and their correspondence to the chosen design. We will familiarize ourselves with the issues of design and assembly in the manufacture of the main and "attic" stairs, we will present the formulas by which it is possible to calculate the construction of a circular staircase. This knowledge will help to determine which staircase structure is appropriate for a particular room, and will give confidence during construction.

Types of stairs

When designing a staircase, the area of ​​the room is initially considered. The project is a priority stage in construction, you cannot save on it. When developing a project, you need to determine the place where the staircase will take up the minimum space, and then its type, dimensions, choose materials for the manufacture of the frame and decor. Based on the design documentation, the parameters of the product and the cost of building materials are calculated. Having carried out the correct calculations and functionally correctly placing the stairs, you can get the original interior of any living space. Without design, there is always a high risk of making a mistake, then it will be much more difficult or even unrealistic to solve the problems that have arisen.

The main elements of the stairs

The space between the upper and lower floors is united by a single structure consisting of steps - a staircase. There are various classifications of staircases. They take into account functionality, type of construction, material, shape, completeness and decorativeness. The following types of stairs are determined according to:

Constructions:

marching;

installed on bolts;

screw;

Functionality:

main, connecting floors of living quarters;

additional or auxiliary (lead up to the attic or down to the basement);

Manufacturing material:

monovariants: wooden, metal, concrete stairs, stone or glass);

combined.

Marching stairs are structures that consist of independent parts - flights. Each of them includes from 3 to 15 steps. Based on the number of marches, the stairs are divided into one - and multi-march. They are designed taking into account biomechanics: the ascent angle should be no more than 45 degrees. Feet can be made with risers, or without them - this will make the whole structure easier both physically and visually. It should be borne in mind that the installation of this type of ladder requires a fairly large space, and this excludes its use in small areas.

By the number of marches, the types of stairs are determined: single-march and multi-march.

Single flight ladder

One flight of stairs can be inherent in the following types:

straight line - the simplest, but dimensional option;

If technology is followed, the straight line is the safest

modular - prefabricated metal frame, consists of separate parts and steps;

Modular staircases are assembled like a constructor

goose step - the steps from the middle have different depths, the risers are located in a narrow place, this makes the stairs more compact, but also increases the steepness.

The ladder is compact but not safe

Multi-flight ladder

If the height of the room is large and one flight is not enough, then a staircase with several flights is installed. To do this, the interfloor height is divided into the number of openings (usually two), then they are combined with a platform or corner steps (they are called winders) in an amount of 3 to 5 pieces at turns. This will shorten the length of the ladder by 1 m). This design is called multi-march.

In mid-flight staircases, load-bearing elements are designed:

on supports - bowstrings. They have grooves on the inner surface and hold the steps from below and from the sides.

on beams - kosoura. This element only supports the steps at the bottom.

Fastening the ladder with bolts

On bolts (bolts), with support on the load-bearing wall and fastening to it, the steps of the stairs are installed, with the ability to adjust their height. This is how the general structure is built, as if hanging in the interior of the room. Visual fragility is deceiving: load resistance varies from 500 to 1100 kg, depending on the chosen material, design and technology. In modern architecture of a private house, this type of fastening of the staircase is used quite often.

Bolt-attached steps

Spiral stairs are an economical and convenient option for small rooms. This type of simple staircase structure is very simple: a central rod is installed, wedge-shaped steps are attached to it in a spiral (a special case of a circular spiral staircase with an inner radius close to zero). For the outer radius, select a value in the range from 0.8 to 1 meter.

The originality of the shape of the staircase can make it the leading element of the interior, focusing on itself with external unusualness. Negative when choosing such a design is the need for increased caution when moving along it. Screw structures are made from various materials, and combined options are often used.

It is advisable to use this type of staircase when providing access from the room to the attic. Then the installation of the attic staircase is carried out taking into account the height of the hatch opening, the total height of the room, the slope of the structure (an angle of 45 degrees and steeper), the horizontal arrangement of steps, measuring 30-70 cm wide and 15-18 cm high, bearing capacity (optimally 200 kg), taking into account the width of the march (60 cm and more).

On our website you can get acquainted with the most popular - from construction companies, presented at the exhibition of houses "Low-rise Country".

Spiral staircases to the second floor, examples of optimal sizes, calculation formulas

A promising view is spiral staircases to the second floor, in the form of a regular segment, spiral-shaped hyperbola and curvilinear ones. Theirare classified according to the fastening of the steps into options:

the wide end of the wedge-shaped steps rests on the wall, and the narrow end against the rod;

on the central support with an indent of the stairs from the walls;

to the bowstring (kosour), passing into the supports - the railing (the stand and the bowstring or both bowstrings are spirals). In the manufacture of the bowstring of such a ladder, the use of metal or wood is highly costly. Spiral concrete stairs have become a popular economical solution. They are durable but visually light.

Ladder away from the walls with anchorage on the support

Optimum Generally Accepted Parameters

Convenient for operation spiral staircase dimensionsin accordance with generally accepted parameters, it assumes the presence of:

span, width from 800 mm;

structures in diameter from 2000 mm;

lifting height 3000 mm;

steps from 200 mm deep in the middle;

D the diameter of the support is 100mm, with D the location of the steps from the center is 150mm;

D wide edge near the edge 400 mm or less;

D (total) of the entire ladder is not less than 1300 mm, but not more than 3300 mm;

D - handrail from the inner side 1200-3200 mm;

Openings in the ceiling D from 1300 to 3300 mm;

march, in width 530 mm - 1430 mm.

Assembly and connection of ladder elements schematically

Video description

For information on what the staircase should be, see the video additionally:

On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer the service. You can communicate directly with representatives by visiting the Low-Rise Country exhibition of houses.

Calculation Formulas for Building a Spiral Staircase

The proposed formulas will help to carry out calculation of a spiral staircase:

D (diameter) of the entire staircase; L (width) of one flight; d (diameter) support legs;

D = 2 L + d

R (radius) rise; r (radius) of the support;

R = H 2+ r

n (number) of steps of one loop only; C (circumference equal to the length of the path trajectory, according to the geometric formula: 2 x 3.14 x R); l (depth) steps;

n = C: l

h (height) of one step; Hr (height) height (the accepted standard is 2 m);

h = Hr : n

N (total) - all steps of the staircase; Нl - the height of the staircase itself;

N= Hl: h

It is more practical to make calculations using ready-made programs. They are provided on the Internet.

Example of calculating the number of rungs of a staircase

Variety of stairs

The integrity of the design is achieved by matching the material of the product to the general style of the residential interior. There are many stairs, and they are all so different in style, material, shape.

Most common staircase styles

There is a style for everyone:

Baroque is a white staircase decorated with gilded grape clusters;

Baroque - recognizable style

Modern: flowers, curls in smooth transition lines;

Unusual lines and curls attract attention

English style: wide marches with carved balusters and handrails, with tops in the form of balls on top of the posts;

Restrained English classics

Art Deco is a style of various geometric shapes with zigzags, straight lines, contrast of black and white colors, precious wood, expensive decor;

For those who love geometry and contrasts

Loft - "brutal" staircase, large width;

At first glance, the rough style is not devoid of its "zest"

Hi-tech - a style in which you can combine all available materials;

Modern views of stairs

Japanese is a laconic style related to minimalism;

Provence is the style of the French hinterland. The technique of execution is the grace of an aged wood;

For those who love the cosiness of a French country house

Scandinavian - a style whose task is to take up a minimum of space, birch or pine wood is used;

The less space occupied, the better

Chalet style - dark wood, comfortable marches and handrails, wide and safe;

The cosiness of the alpine house extends to the stairs

Country - a classic staircase style, complete with a balustrade;

Rustic classics are also in vogue

Russian style - carved steps and balusters, smooth railings, material - wood.

Carved stairs are our home

Video description

Examples of stairs in the video:

The choice of material for the stairs

Depending on the chosen style and financial capabilities, the material is also selected:

Metal: the ladder is durable, with the choice of stainless steel, not subject to corrosion. Chrome-plated or painted in need of restoration after about 6 years of use. The plasticity of the metal allows you to choose the shape. Sometimes they use perforation of metal sheets with a pattern or forged elements. Combines with all other materials.

The metal structure will last a long time

Concrete: reliability, ability to withstand very heavy loads, high operational stability, low cost, must be decorated.

Concrete stairs are reliable, but not easy to make

Stone- this is naturalness, depth of texture, expensive look. Marble wears out quickly. Granite, quartzite with high wear resistance. Artificial counterparts are much cheaper. Combinations of stone with metal are beautiful.

Expensive decoration, but worth it

Glass- material for steps of a spiral type of stairs or if the steps are mounted on bolts. Outwardly fragile, but reliable. They use laminated, tempered, acrylic glasses. When using glass steps, scratches and cracks appear.

For modern styles

Wood- a favorite among materials: natural, aesthetic, economical. Treated wood does not change color, is not susceptible to insect infestation, and is easy to restore. Wooden stairs to the second floor significantly change the space, masking elements of the home that are undesirable for the general view, or placing lockers, pantries, a wardrobe, and a desk.

Wooden stairs create a special cosiness

Forms of marching stairs

The staircase to the 2nd floor must comply with the engineering specifications. The marching option is convenient and safe. Forms are considered straight, curved and swivel.

Swivel ones are:

L-shaped: the building is compact, installed near the walls, has run-in steps at the turn.

Most often used

U-shaped installed in bay windows, they are distinguished by a double turn.

Double turn staircase

T-shaped there are three marches: one connects the first floor and the interfloor area, the next two, parallel to each other, connect the site with the second floor.

More suitable for houses with a large area

Video description

How marching stairs look like, clearly in the video:

Assembling the stairs

Initially, we choose a flat location for the staircase. The installation of the ladder must start from the top and parts that will be difficult to get to later. Consider the installation of a ladder installed along the walls, complete with swivel (at right angles) steps. If a country house has a small area, then this option can be considered preferable.

The main stages of the installation of the staircase:

A bowstring is made: grooves are cut out for fastening the steps and a bar is placed.

A vertical bar is installed - a support with a cut out blind groove to align it with the bowstring.

A vertical post and crossbar are installed.

The second bowstring is attached to the ceiling and fixed to the post.

Supports are mounted: bars attached to the wall, with grooves for attaching steps for the subsequent installation of rotary steps.

The upper march ends with the installation of steps at a right angle.

The first march is attached to the wall, floor, support pillar of the carved stringers.

Ends with the assembly of the remaining parts: steps, posts, railings.

In the finished staircase, no parts should dangle

Stages of assembly of winders:

we attach the kosour to the wall;

with anchor bolts (can be concreted) we fix the support pillars;

an external stringer is installed on them;

horizontally located steps, combined with four corners with a bowstring and bars;

the stage of installing corner steps to the support, and then we complete with risers, balusters, railings;

staining or varnishing.

Winder steps layout

Video description

Staircase from design to the last stud in the video:

Conclusion

The staircase to the second floor is an obligatory component of a private house, which has at least an attic. If you follow the instructions, then the made staircase will become a functional and comfortable part of the house. The right style and material will make the staircase an important element in the decor of the living space. Functionality, safety, convenience and beauty are arguments in favor of the advisability of installing stairs to the second floor.

There are a huge number of options for arranging stairs in country houses. Their competent design determines not only the attractiveness of the premises, but also the safety of the residents.

Below are the details of the types of modern stairs, their standards and rules for drawing up an individual project.

Features and safety requirements

Ladders for a private house can be marching, spiral or combined. The design options are chosen based on the peculiarities of the layout of the rooms, the total area of ​​the apartments and the height of the ceiling in the cottage.

Before installation, you must familiarize yourself with the design features of each type:

1. Marching staircase... The design is characterized by ease of installation and long service life. The flight of stairs consists of several flights. A march is a rectangular fragment with steps attached to it. The number of steps in each such fragment should not be more than twenty.
2. Spiral staircase... The structure includes a support rod, to which steps are attached in a spiral. Modern options do not exceed one meter in width. This construct allows you to place a spiral staircase in small spaces.
3. Combined ladder... The structure combines both of the above options. The structure is being built according to a unique design.

Before purchasing one or another option, you must familiarize yourself with the size requirements specified in the regulatory documents of the Russian Federation.

The depth, width of the march and the height of the steps are selected based on the features of the layout of the room. At the first stages of drawing up an individual drawing, it is necessary to take into account the height between the floor and the ceiling of the first floor. It is important to fix the placement of walls and doorways on the plan.... The peculiarity of the layout of the premises and its area also play a leading role in the selection of the model.

The height between the steps of the stairs must be the same along the entire length of the structure... Changes in this indicator can negatively affect comfort when descending and ascending. The dimensions of the landing should be the same as the width of the step... The length of each piece should not vary from one and a half to those meters.

The size of each individual part depends on the total number of steps. The span length also dictates the width of the object. The linear size of the structure is determined by its throughput. For each person, the width of the stairs should be up to 0.7 meters.

Comfortable climbing and descending stairs depends on the height of the step. This indicator should fall within the range from 12 to 20 centimeters. The depth of a step should, on average, reach 28-30 centimeters.

Each indicator requires an individual calculation based on the dimensions of the room. Internal walls and doorways are pre-measured. The total number of residents of the house and the frequency of use of this staircase are taken into account. The dimensions of the structure are largely determined by the functional area in which the system will be installed.

The angle of inclination of each step must ensure the unhindered movement of a person. The final value of the angle is determined from the ratio of the height of the march and the width of the step.

As the slope increases, the dimensions of the stairs decrease. Such a design can take up much less space than a similar design, but with a smaller angle of inclination. A slope greater than forty degrees can make a ladder a challenge for some family members.... An angle of inclination of less than twenty-three degrees allows the replacement of steps with a ramp.

Before installing the stairs, you must also calculate the dimensions of the railing. It is customary to determine the height of the handrail above the level of the step, its length and width. Count and record the number of support legs. Recommended handrail width - 100 millimeters... This size is optimal for adult use.

Comfortable handrail height - 900 mm... The height of the baluster in this case reaches 800 millimeters. It is important to first familiarize yourself with the methods of fastening the handrail. If the balusters are installed in special grooves, then the design height of the railing should be increased. The depth of the groove must be added to the design value of the height of the baluster.

The height of the support leg depends on how it is installed. The length of the structure installed on the tread corresponds to the dimensions of the baluster. The railing must completely cover the length of the flight of stairs... Some craftsmen choose handrails that are slightly larger than the spans. The rungs can be of any complex configuration - to create a complex design device.

Types and main structural elements

The main types of staircase designs for private houses were listed earlier. The most popular option today is the marching model. The steps of this object are located evenly and are combined into straight flights. Long spans require a large indoor area. The main advantage of the mid-flight staircase is the ease of descent and ascent along it.

Each flight of stairs has no more than fifteen steps. Their minimum value for one span is 3. A standard staircase has 8-11 steps, between which platforms are mounted. Its dimensions are multiples of the average step. Failure to comply with these standards leads to a violation of comfort when using the stairs.

Marching systems are open and closed. In a staircase of the second type, the steps are installed on the risers. If there is not enough space for the location of the stairs, then the masters advise using the open version. Details are fixed on stringers and bowstrings. Mounting elements are made of boards with a thickness of 45 to 70 millimeters.

A staircase with more than 9 steps must be divided by a platform. This will provide the structure with the necessary stability.

If one span is displaced relative to the second, forming a turn, then the craftsmen call the structure a rotary one. Instead of a platform, steps can be arranged at the turning point... They are called winders.

Depending on the number of displacements, the models are divided into four-turn, half-turn and circular. The first type of rotation is 90 degrees... Such unusual options are arranged on the border of two walls perpendicular to each other. Semi-turn tilts 180 degrees from the horizontal... Circular stairs are the most original among the listed options. The marches of such a system are sequentially rotated 360 degrees. The semicircular staircase requires less space compared to the four-turn analogue.

Stairs on bolts - original options for a bold design solution... Translated from German "Bolzen" means a bolt. Each step of this design is fixed with a long threaded pin at the ends. The bolt connects the step and the fence, attaches them to the wall. The design on the bolts looks lightweight. It can be freed from the risers. Such an attachment allows the ladder to be stretched in one area and compressed in another. The system looks fragile, but it is reliable and durable. Bolts can withstand several hundred kilograms. Every year, such designs are becoming more and more popular.

It is not customary to calculate the stairs on the bolts on your own. It is much easier and more profitable to purchase ready-made kits. When installing, it is important to understand that the entire load falls on the wall. The base material must be strong... Fastening the ladder is difficult to carry out on your own - it is better to seek professional help. Before buying, you need to evaluate the capabilities of the load-bearing walls.

Spiral staircase takes up less space than any other model... This option is perfect for installation in small spaces. The model can be either high or low. Thanks to its unusual shape, it can be made the center of the composition. This structure should not be tied to the wall, so it can be located anywhere in the room.

The standard scheme of a spiral staircase is a rack with wedge-shaped steps. The stand performs a load-bearing function, so it is made of metal or durable wood. Its base is fixed on the floor of the first floor, and also fixed in the interfloor overlap... On the narrow side, steps are attached to the brackets. Pillars and railings are installed on the steps along the wide side. The shape of the railing follows the contour of the span.

The disadvantage of such a model is the complexity of lifting, lowering and moving the load along the steps. Too massive piece of furniture will be difficult to lower down such a staircase. The floor opening for such a system must be large.

Reducing the opening leads to a narrower staircase and an increase in its steepness. The angle of rotation of such a structure is inversely proportional to the comfort of movement on it.

A spiral staircase is easy to design yourself. To do this, you need to measure the area in the room where the stairs will be located. The center of the opening is where the rack is installed. Next, a measurement is made from the rack to the far edge of the future steps. The resulting dimension is the width of the flight of the stairs. It is equal to the length of the step. The middle of the step must be at least 200 millimeters, and its broadened part can vary from 400 to 420 millimeters.

A similar design can be assembled independently. It is important to be able to work with wood and knowledge of the algorithm for calculating loads. In the absence of these skills, the work should be entrusted to the masters. Calculation and installation errors can have serious consequences.

Popular materials

Ladders for a country house are made of wood, metal and reinforced concrete. The materials must be able to withstand a load of 150 kg. Some ladders have to withstand an increased load of 250 kilograms.

The most affordable material on the market today is wood... This material is perfect for those who want to assemble a ladder with their own hands. The tree is easy to work with, so beautiful unique designs are most often made from it. Coniferous wood has the lowest price... But such material shrinks over time: the steps begin to stagger, and the coating creaks.

The advantage of a staircase made of wood is that it is practically not associated with the walls. This allows you to repair and dismantle the structure without interfering with the structure of the room. In this case, there is no need to arrange a major overhaul.

High density hardwood products can last 100 to 300 years... Such wood is thoroughly dried and processed from pests, which significantly increases the price of the material. The cost of long-length hardwood lumber is several times higher than that of coniferous wood.

Hardwood is susceptible to fungus. When self-manufacturing such a material, it must be impregnated with a composition from pests.

Masters advise choosing stairs from coniferous trees in some cases:

1. Stairs to the attic... The advantage should be given to folding and retractable structures. The climatic conditions of the attic increase the service life of softwood. These stairs can last up to 100 years.
2. Staircase to the attic or one and a half floor... The lowered temperatures of these rooms increase the service life of the wood.
3. Mezzanine... This design can be treated with an emulsion with polymers. Subsequent painting or varnishing will protect the wood from drying out. The stairs to the mezzanine are small, so changing them in case of destruction is not very difficult.

Modern design technologies allow you to print templates for future wooden structures. The creation of such patterns does not take much time. The configuration and shape of the parts can be quite unusual. You can take a ready-made project or develop your own. The price for such solutions is affordable. Programs like these can help you save time and design the best fit for small rooms.

It is important to understand that design requirements in the program - averaged indicators according to SNiP or DIN... The program for creating a structure uses the same parameters for all projects.

When creating your own project, experts recommend making a verification calculation under the guidance of a specialist.

Among the advantages of wooden structures are the following:

• Plastic... Thanks to this quality of wood, any decorative detail can be cut from the material. Wood products are distinguished by their versatility and design complexity.
• Light weight... Timber structures are easy to install and do not require complex fixings.
• Environmental friendliness... Wooden stairs are suitable for connoisseurs of natural materials.

Another common material for making stairs is metal. Most often, this material is combined with others. The metal is suitable for creating the frame of the structure. The decorative finish of the metal skeleton can be any: wood or polymers.

Combined structure - steel frame with wooden steps... The cost of such a staircase is 65 percent more than that of a monolithic wooden one. The metal skeleton is capable of withstanding heavy loads during a long service life. Wooden panels can be detached and replaced as needed. The system does not require major repairs.

Monolithic metal structures are rarely used in everyday life. They do not have an aesthetic appearance, but it can be decorated with linoleum, corrugated rubber or carpet. The steel structure is fixed to the floor slabs with anchor bolts.

The surface of metal steps must be completely or partially covered with corrugated material so that the coating is not slippery.

Concrete and reinforced concrete stairs- a distinctive feature of typical mass construction. The structure is cast and brought to the site in a finished form. The staircase is mounted simultaneously with the rest of the prefabricated structure.

In country houses, two types of stairs are erected: monolithic concrete and combined with metal. In the second case, a steel frame is pre-assembled, which is subsequently poured with concrete. Reinforcement is laid in the steps. The construction process of such a structure is rather laborious than that of a steel system.

The concrete mass for the ebb ladder must be resistant to bending. The mortar must not be mixed with a hand mixer - you must use a concrete mixer. Only such a technique will make it possible to obtain a homogeneous composition in a short time.

The composition of concrete includes one part of cement with a strength of 400, two parts of fine sand, two parts of marble chips, 0.7 parts of water and a plasticizer - 0.01 parts.

The advantage of the composition is increased plasticity and the ability to withstand a variety of finishes. Concrete does not work well in tension, therefore to prevent the appearance of fatigue cracks in the coating, it is necessary to lay the reinforcement.

Glass staircases can be found in modern interiors... This material is fragile and therefore unconventional in construction. The strength factor of the glass structure is increased using the triplex technology: layer-by-layer bonding of glass layers. The resulting material is additionally processed with polymers, which significantly increases the strength of the product.

Additional reinforcement is made when installing a reinforcing layer. A tread made of impact-resistant glass can weigh about fifteen kilograms. The cost of such a design is also not small. In addition to the cost of consumables, the receipt must include the cost of handling the material.

Staircase made of natural stone materials usually massive. The stone is characterized by wear resistance and a long service life. Such a staircase can only be arranged in a spacious apartment. Steps are made of stone. Railings, balusters and decorative elements are made of wood and metal.

To reduce the cost of such a structure, elements that are not load-bearing are replaced with artificial materials.

Styles

The staircase is installed at the very end of the renovation. This object is quite large and therefore requires additional decoration. The staircase is an additional structural element of the room. The design of the staircase depends on the stylistic solution of the room in which the structure is located. Style defines the shape, appearance and appearance of an object.

Historical styles have not lost their relevance today. The main goal of such a design is to create an image of a certain era through cladding materials and furniture. Each historical style is characterized by traditional materials: stone, metal and wood. Simple shapes are important. Among the historical styles in the interior of a country house, the following interesting options can be distinguished:

Roman style

The staircase is spiral or L-shaped. The structure is made of durable wood, painted in warm shades. Traditional colors are light. The beams are streamlined, mostly made of dark wood. Less commonly, metal is used to create handrails. Balusters are decorated with carvings. The staircase is decorated with a carpet runner with a corresponding ornament.

Gothic

A black spiral staircase of a bizarre shape is the highlight of this design direction. The materials chosen are metal, stone and natural wood. The steps do not cover anything. The railings are decorated with voluminous floral patterns.

Renaissance

Classic stairs in this style are structures with a platform and large solid wood handrails. The beams are decorated with a symmetrical pattern.

It is customary to decorate any staircase in the Renaissance style with a carpet.

Baroque

Baroque structures are made from wood only. Handrails and balusters are decorated by hand. This style suits well-to-do tenants.

Classicism

The staircase has only one flight, run-in steps are mounted on both sides. The construction is made of stone or wood. The classic does not need excessive decoration of balusters.

Modern

Country

Japanese

Modern styles differ from historical ones in their laconicism. Modern materials are widely used: steel, glass.

The device of such stairs is simple, and the cost of the structure is affordable. Among the modern trends, the most striking are:

Constructivism

A staircase with a platform made of stone or concrete is decorated with wood. The shape of the structure is strict, mostly square. The railings follow the clear shape of the steps, and the balusters are not decorated.

High tech

The high-tech style demands maximum space savings. The preference is given to the modular ladder with fastening on the bolts. The railing is simple. Steps can be made of any material that matches the interior in terms of color.

Minimalism

Single-flight ladder of simple straight form. The steps can protrude from the wall, the base and supports are removed. Small staircases may not have railings. In interfloor staircases, handrails are small rungs.

Kitsch

The most striking interiors are created in this style. The ladder can be cumbersome. Complex designs, abundance of decor and bright colors are welcome. The red staircase will become an accent color in the room.

Ready-made solutions: pros and cons

Making a staircase for a country house in accordance with the standards is a complex process that requires a lot of effort and time. Masters recommend purchasing a ready-made version... But the question of choosing a competent manufacturer has its own subtleties.

Before choosing a finished product, you must study the exhibition sample. Inspections require the connection of parts: at the junction there should be no mother-in-law, cracks or chips... The quality of grinding and finishing is checked. The dimensions and appearance of the product are visually assessed.

The object should fit the room in size, not look cumbersome. Style should not conflict with interior design.

It is not necessary to order a ladder from a company in the catalog of which there are no similar models. th. As a rule, each organization produces a structure according to a certain technological option. Companies rarely deviate from the usual pattern, so the final product may differ from the expectations of the customers.

Modular staircases have become very popular.... They represent a ready-made structure that you need to install yourself. Thanks to the collapsible system, such a staircase can be built into any interior. During installation, the shape of the stairs can be changed by adjusting to the characteristics of the room.

The load-bearing parts of the stairs are made of durable materials: stainless steel or structural steel. The metal is coated on top with polymers. The steps are made of wood, but Italian stone and porcelain stoneware counterparts can also be purchased.

The advantage of such ladders is ease of assembly. Depending on the complexity of the structure, modular stairs vary in price. The most budgetary options are a "module-to-module" mounting type... The easy-to-assemble design is assembled very quickly: the metal tubes of the modules are inserted into each other. Among the disadvantages of such a model is the presence of backlash between the blocks. Also, with prolonged use, the modules begin to move away from each other, the structure sags.

Threaded modules are more expensive. The structures do not sag during operation, but the fixing bolts can be loosened. For safety reasons, the condition of the module joints must be checked regularly.

The most expensive options have a complex assembly method. The structure cannot be connected without the help of a specialist. The work of the master will require additional payment. The advantage of such ladders is high reliability.

During the installation process, you can independently adjust the step of the steps. It is important to ensure that the structure is not too steep.

It is very easy to draw up a project for a ready-made modular staircase. To do this, you need to know the height of the room and determine the size of the step of the steps. The required number of modules is selected according to the specified values. Another plus of the finished model is that it does not require design when erecting a building. The convenient design can be installed at any stage of construction.

Repair of such a structure is simple: the ladder can be disassembled at any time. It is important to understand that to the manufacture of a modular system put forward uniform requirements... The design of such a staircase is simple and the same for each model. The structure cannot be additionally decorated with ornaments or carvings..

The main plus of a modular staircase is an affordable price. This system saves money and time. Self-installation of the structure allows you to reduce the cost of the work of the master. The ladder is also small, so it is suitable for devices in small rooms. The modules are perfect for decorating a room in a minimalist and high-tech style.

Custom made: advantages and disadvantages

The advantage of purchasing a ladder to order is the almost complete absence of manual labor. Saving time for fabrication and installation of the structure. All calculations and drawing up of the project are made by the master, but their work must be controlled. Buying such a staircase will be much more expensive, self-assembly and installation.

Before choosing a ladder, you need to consider some points:

• Construction dimensions... It is important to be aware of exactly how much space the stairs will take. It is necessary to measure the distance from the floor to the ceiling, estimate the width of the opening.
• Frequency of use... On how intensively the ladder will be used, its material depends. For a house with permanent residence of a large family, it is better to opt for steel and stone materials. A staircase in a summer country house can be made of wood.
• Mounting types... The installation method depends on the type of supporting structures and the model of the staircase.
• Interior style... The design should be part of the design idea. Before buying a staircase, you need to draw up a color scheme for the future room with a detailed study of the elements.

When contacting a company, you must first familiarize yourself with its work. The name of the company is better to choose well-known... Elite staircases, as a rule, are produced by renowned companies. The price of the finished product with installation depends on the choice of the company by the client.

It is important to know that it is necessary to conclude an agreement with the company... This procedure is mandatory and will save both parties from incompetent work. Next, you need to draw up a complete project of the staircase. This material is included in the contract. The main part should include a detailed drawing... All dimensions are recorded on paper: the width of the passage, the number of steps and their dimensions.

Further, all the characteristics of the future design are prescribed. Stair type, design of each structural element. The color palette of the product is indicated. In some cases, you can specify the manufacturer of paints and varnishes and individual shade marking. As a savings, paint can be purchased independently and provided to the company.

In the contract, it is necessary to register all the terms of the work performed. Put down the start and end date of construction.

During the preliminary acceptance of work, it is necessary to check the quality of work. Surfaces must be carefully sanded... It is necessary to check the dimensions of the structure. Experts advise to measure the product with a tape measure... If the product is in the manufacturer's workshop, then some inaccuracies can still be corrected.

It is important to pay attention to the accuracy of manufacturing parts. There should be no gaps between adjacent elements... Parts must be attached to special spike grooves. If the technology is violated, then the entire load will act on the screws. In this case, the ladder will not last long.

During preliminary control it is necessary to test the ladder for load... The client must go up a few steps and evaluate the quality of the work. The structure should not creak when going up and down... If you are afraid of climbing the upper steps, you can ask the masters to do it.

The quality of finishing work is checked after the installation of the stairs in the house. During acceptance, only the construct can be assessed. If a defect is found, the company must be informed about it. Inconsistencies must be eliminated. If additional holes need to be drilled in the stairs, for example, for the conduction of electricity, then this should be reported to the workshop. Otherwise, builders will have to drill the finished structure during the installation process.

Basic calculations

When designing a staircase, you must be guided by three principles:

1. The height of each step must be the same... The error should be less than 0.5 centimeters. Height violations can result in injury.
2. The ladder can only be installed between rooms with the same microclimate... Temperature conditions affect the state of the structure. Uneven cooling and heating of the product will lead to destruction. This can negatively affect the load-bearing capacity of the house.
3. After calculation, you need to draw up a drawing with all values ​​and details. The plan is drawn taking into account the scale. A sketch is needed to control production and installation work at each stage.

The total area under the stairs is calculated as the total area of ​​the floor under the stairs on the upper and lower floors. The height of the passage is a standardized indicator equal to 185 centimeters. Masters advise to increase the value to the range from 195 to 200 centimeters... The bottom edge of the upper opening can be beveled slightly.

The width of the passage is taken from 1200 millimeters if the staircase is located between floors. This dimension for a sleeping floor can be taken equal to 900 millimeters. For mezzanines or special stairs, the passage can be from 700 millimeters.

The distance from the step to the handrail is 800-900 millimeters... However, this value can be changed depending on the height of the residents of the house. If the family has a child, then the distance between the balusters is no more than 100 millimeters. For adult families, the indicator can be increased to 170 mm.

Craftsmen advise to make the bottom railing of the stairs solid - this will increase safety.

In calculating the steps, the most critical part is determining the size of one panel. The optimal slope of the stairs should be 32 degrees. The ratio of the step rise to the tread value should be equal to the slope tangent. The slope can be determined through the length of the structure. The step height can vary from 140 to 180 millimeters. The length of the tread can be about 280 millimeters.

The peculiarity of spiral staircases is that the angle of divergence of the steps is always less than sixty degrees. A good solution would be to reduce it to 20 degrees.... Radius stairs are calculated using the remainder of the total lift height.

There are two ways to save the staircase area without violating the design features of the system. The first is called the "Russian layout". The staircase is placed in a large corridor, turning one flight relative to the other by 180 degrees.

The ladder can also be placed on the veranda by offsetting the flights by 90 degrees. The first block of such a system is much larger in length and height. A bathroom or boiler room can be placed under the landing of such a staircase. A descent into the basement is arranged under the steps.

The second way to save space is called "Spanish layout". A country house is made one and a half storey. The bedroom is located on a half-floor above the built-in garage, shifting it to the side by 1 meter. The resulting room can be divided into two. The one-and-a-half-storey layout allows you to reduce the length of the stairs. In this case, the design may turn out to be one-march.

The attic staircase does not take up a large area. If you want to hide it, the structure is fixed on the rail. This allows you to fold the structure and slide it behind the pieces of furniture. Sliding stairs for the attic are widespread.- the structure extends when you open the door in the ceiling.

Stages of project creation and installation

Before installing the stairs, you must choose the location of its placement. Based on the area and dimensions of the room, a calculation is made and a drawing is drawn up. It is necessary to fix the dimensions of the future staircase, the number of spans, design and material of manufacture. Further, the ladder is made separately from the rest of the repair. You can install the structure after finishing finishing work.

The linear dimensions of the staircase and the position of the stairs are taken into account when drawing up a general plan for the repair of premises. According to preliminary calculations, experts cut the opening, mark the location of the railings and beams. Strengthening the stairs is thought out in advance.

It is necessary to draw up a drawing of the ladder in accordance with the safety regulations. It is imperative to put the enclosing structural elements on the plan.

The method of installing the stairs should be optimal for the selected room. Professionals advise to choose metal fasteners: the system will not creak during operation. When the stairs move away from the walls, the object is attached from above and below. After the cladding materials on the walls and floor have completely dried, you can start installing the stairs. It is better to entrust the work to professionals, because unstable steps can lead to serious injuries.

Installation of a spiral staircase is several times more difficult than assembling a marching or boltsevoy structure. Steps must be placed at clear angles with equal distances... Steps can be cut from wood blocks. To do this, a rectangular board is marked diagonally and sawn. The edges of the resulting fragment are processed by rounding them.

Stone steps cannot be made with your own hands, they are ordered in workshops. To make concrete steps, you need to prepare a mold. Reinforcement is laid in it, concrete is poured. The part can be taken out after the composition has completely solidified.

To begin with, a vertical rack is installed - the main supporting element of the staircase. The element can be monolithic or type-setting. The second option involves the installation of a middle tube with a diameter of about 50 millimeters, onto which steel rollers are strung alternately. A rubber hardener must be placed between each bushing.

Holes must be cut in the monolithic rack. Steps are subsequently placed in these grooves. Fragments are strung in turn and fanned out. The steps are interconnected with special brackets. This approach will make the structure stronger. If the ladder is adjacent to the wall, then it can be additionally fixed with bolts.

Marching stairs are a little easier to install with spiral ones. Do not forget that you cannot deviate from the calculations. The design features of the selected type of stairs, prescribed in the plan, allow you to regulate the work and monitor the quality of its implementation.

The manufacture of a flight staircase begins with marking the treads and risers on the source material. The tree is sawn, the edges of the fragments are processed. The surface must be smooth and level. Next, the support beams are cut out. Grooves are marked on them and cut out. Treads will be installed in the holes.

First, the landing is installed. If it is not provided for in the project, then the installation begins with the fastening of the support beams. The collection of steps begins with the installation of the risers and ends with the attachment of the tread. The fasteners in this case are self-tapping screws. When fixing wooden steps on a metal frame, the corners play the role of fastening elements. They are welded to the base. The steps are also fixed at the corners with self-tapping screws.

The bolt-on ladder is the easiest to install... This type of construction is the most advantageous since it is as easy to dismantle as it is to install. The fixing points of the fastening element are marked on the walls. Next, holes are drilled into which the bolts are placed. The installation of the steps starts from the very bottom. One side of it joins the wall, and a bolt is screwed to the second.

Fastening of balusters and installation of handrails is carried out after fixing all the steps. This sequence of work is inherent in the system with marches.

It is much easier to install ready-made block structures than to assemble all the elements of the staircase yourself. But this method will be much more expensive.

The craftsmen give some tips for installing stairs in a private house:

• Ladders without intermediate supports look very interesting. It is important to understand that such a design requires a reinforced frame. If you do not take measures to strengthen the ladder, then during operation it will start to stagger.
• The simplest and most reliable option is two straight flights and an intermediate platform.
• The frame can be assembled during repair work. First, time steps are fixed to it. After finishing the finishing work, they are replaced with permanent ones.
• To increase the functionality of the staircase, shelves, a wardrobe with drawers or niches can be built into it. Lighting can be carried out through the structure.
• The optimal staircase width is 800 millimeters. This size is enough for two people to climb it at the same time.

Before designing, you need to familiarize yourself with some interesting design solutions. The ideas of the masters will help you decide on the style and construct of the future staircase.

Elegant option

The use of bolts when erecting a staircase visually facilitates the structure. The combination of wood and steel looks restrained and sophisticated. Thin crossbars make the structure airy. This option is great for complementing a modern interior.

Simplicity and clarity of forms do not weigh down the stairs. She literally floats in the air. There is lighting between the steps: square-shaped lamps complete the image and fill the room with bright colors.

Spiral staircase

This design is distinguished by the complexity of the shapes and the smoothness of the lines. The steps practically do not take up space, but they look unusual and bold. The wooden staircase fits well into the classic interior design. Despite the apparent tightness, the design allows people to move freely.

The noble dark colors of the staircase match the furnishings of the room. Each step is carpeted. This not only gives the object a zest, but also ensures the safety of the movement of residents: the varnished wood is very slippery, this can lead to injuries.

Classic solution

A standard staircase with two flights and a platform between them is the most convenient option. This model is distinguished by its elegant design. Light treads combined with a dark frame look lively and unusual. The wood goes well with the light finish of the room.

Even metal handrails look easy, do not clutter up the space. The structure is filled with air. A dark-framed painting hanging above the landing complements the overall composition. The staircase is an accent in the room, but does not weigh it down.

Built-in wardrobe

A staircase with a built-in wardrobe is an excellent solution for a small-sized room. Drawers help save floor space. The first step of this staircase is a small bedside table that can be moved if necessary.

The staircase, like the rest of the furniture, is made of wood. The owners value the environmental friendliness of the material, so they did not paint the structure. The wood retains its natural smell and texture. It is important to understand that the material is well treated from pests and moisture, varnished in several layers.

This design is suitable for houses with low temperatures - critical heating can lead to a fire.

Multi-span staircase

This design consists of several flights with a small number of steps. The middle span is suspended; a small chest of drawers is installed under it. Due to the large number of blocks, the viewer does not observe a sharp difference in heights. The staircase rises with a smooth slide to the second floor.

Massive dark wood handrails look unusual on thin white balusters. The color of the railing matches the shade of the steps, so the structure looks like a single whole. The staircase looks massive, but the white color gives it lightness.

Combined design

The presented design combines a screw and sustainer system. This solution is unusual and striking. A spiral staircase is installed on a small podium. This difference in elevation complicates the perception of the system. Shapes with soft edges and smooth lines are very harmonious.

The color combination of the stairs is very nice. Dark brown turns to cream. The steps of the podium seem to be massive, but the treads on the spiral part of the staircase add lightness to the structure. Balusters of an unusual shape make the image unusual.

Complex texture

This design is distinguished by an unusual bas-relief on the treads. Bronze styling looks noble. Dark colors lend restraint to the staircase. Twisted handrails are combined with a complex pattern on the steps, completing the picture.

This solution is perfect for a Baroque country mansion. The abundance of details gives the simple design a splendor. The combination of metal with wood looks advantageous and rich. A pleasant advantage of such a staircase is that there is no need to cover the steps with rough material. A traditional spiral staircase with varnished wooden steps is very traumatic.

A staircase to the second floor in a private house is, first of all, a necessity. But at the same time, the structure can also become an interior decoration. However, in order to combine convenience and beauty, before starting construction, it is necessary to study what types of stairs there are in the house, as well as the features of their design.

By the type of structures, there are such types of stairs for installation in the house:

• Spiral or screw;
• Marching;
• Constructions on the bolts.

In this case, the mandatory elements of each staircase are:

• Steps. In most cases, they consist of a tread and a riser. The tread is set horizontally and is the main support of the legs when moving up the stairs. The riser, if available, is placed between the treads, connecting them together;
• Bowstring or stringer beam. This structural element is a beam-shaped side support. Along its entire length, there are slots from the inside into which the edges of the steps are inserted. Thanks to the bowstring, the treads are securely fixed at the required level, and their end part is not visible from the sides of the steps;
• Bolza. It is a structural fastener. In most cases, it is used to secure the tread from the side of the wall;
• Fencing. These can be handrails, posts, or handrails. They provide protection against falls when moving by stairs, and also act as additional support for a person during movement.

Depending on the type of structure used to climb to the second floor, certain types of stairs may not have risers, bowstrings, and even fences. But no matter what the structure looks like, and where in the house it is installed, the staircase must necessarily be strong and easy to use.

Spiral or screw

Such types of stairs as spiral or spiral, are mainly used in houses with limited free space. Usually the width of the steps in them is 0.5-1 m. A ladder of this type is not very convenient to use, and is also not intended for carrying pieces of furniture. Therefore, this design is often used as an additional one.

A spiral staircase is not always round. It can be in the shape of a square or even an octagon. Such stairs are installed, both at the wall and at any point in the room.

Spiral structures are equipped with a metal support that forms the center of the structure. Around the rack at different levels, steps are attached. On the other hand, the treads are fixed in the desired position using a bowstring or special fences, balusters. Also, spiral staircases may not have a rack. In this case, on one side, the treads are fixed to the walls with bolts. Most often, risers are not installed in such designs.

The steepness of the rise of the spiral staircase depends on the height of the ceiling, as well as the diameter of the entrance opening in the floor on the second floor.

Marching

The marching staircase is the most common and easy-to-use design, since it takes into account the biomechanics of human movements. It consists of several steps that follow in turn. In this case, the structure can be open or closed. The closed flight staircase is equipped with risers, but the open staircase is not.

Also, march-type structures are divided into:

• Straight;
• Swivel.

A straight ladder consists of several steps connecting the upper and lower floors with one marching gap. Such structures can be installed both at the walls and on the side, or in the middle of the room.

Rotary structures usually consist of several flights, combined with additional space. Swivel stairs are of several types:

• L-shaped, or quarter-turn. In it, 2 flights are connected at an angle of 90 0;
• U-shaped. 3 flights are connected in series at an angle of 90 0. Between them, a storey or intermediate platform is being arranged;
• Trapezoidal. These types of ladders are more often used for non-standard house layouts. The principle of the construction of the structure is similar to the arrangement of a U-shaped staircase. However, the connection of marches to each other does not occur at right angles;
• Curved or circular. Usually, such structures do not have intermediate platforms, and the angle of their rotation is 180-360 0;
• Combined. This type of construction is a combination of several types of marching structures at once.

Rotary structures can be used in houses of any size.

Stairs

This type of structure is always installed near the walls in which the fasteners are mounted, bolts. Steps are installed on the fasteners. Such a staircase usually does not have risers, but it must be complemented by a handrail.

Such a staircase has a soaring fragile appearance. But at the same time it is very strong. In most cases, each stage of this design is capable of withstanding a load of more than a ton.

Types of stairs depending on the material of manufacture

The classification of buildings occurs not only by the type of construction, but also by the material from which they are created. And here are the stairs in private houses:

• Wooden;
• Metallic;
• Reinforced concrete;
• Glass;
• Combined.

The type of material for creating stair treads is usually selected based on the personal preferences of the owners, as well as the interior of the room. It is also important to consider the material from which the house is built.

Wooden

In private houses, these types of stairs are most common. The reason lies in the environmental friendliness of the building, as well as in its appearance. A wooden staircase fits perfectly into any interior and does not require additional decorations. Most often, the following tree species are used to create a structure:

Combinations of these materials are often used in the design. Pine is rarely used because of the high softness of the wood. Maple is not suitable for these purposes, since over time the wood cracks and acquires an unaesthetic yellowish tint.

Metallic

Typically stainless steel is used to create stairs. This design is robust and highly wear-resistant. Its service life is over 35 years. Also, in the process of making stairs for a private house, chrome-plated or painted steel can be used. However, chrome-plated metal retains its properties for about 5 years, and the painted material will be usable for about 3-5 years.

Rarely, when creating such structures, an aluminum alloy is used, as well as brass. Despite its high resistance to corrosive processes, aluminum is too soft and may not withstand frequent stress. Brass tends to darken quickly, which can significantly spoil the interior of the house.

Monolithic reinforced concrete

Such a staircase to the second floor is the most economical option. It is easy to create and requires little maintenance. However, for its comfortable use, the surface of the steps must be covered with a finishing material.

To make the staircase fit into the interior of the house and look attractive, the reinforced concrete structure is made curly, and is also complemented by various decorative elements. Most often, the decorative finishing of the steps is done with stone. For these purposes, marble and granite are suitable.

Glass

Glass steps create the effect of lightness and weightlessness. Most often, this material is used to create stairs on the bolts. Naturally, such a design will look in the high-tech style interior and in the oriental design of the room.

To ensure the reliability of the structure, several layers of tempered glass are used in its creation. This is usually a triplex. One step from it is capable of withstanding a load of about 350 kg. The disadvantage of such glass construction is its considerable weight.

When constructing a glass staircase, acrylic glass can also be used. It has high strength and low weight. However, the disadvantage of the material is its tendency to yellowness and the lack of protection against mechanical damage.

Combined

Often, when creating stairs, several materials are used at once. Such designs are called combined. You can combine any of these materials. However, when combining, it is imperative to take into account the interior and style of the room.

Design standards

Failure to comply with design standards threatens owners not only with a lack of convenience when using the stairs. In this case, the risk of injury, and even the collapse of both the structure itself and the entire private house, increases significantly.

When choosing the type of stairs, the following rules should be taken into account:

1. Regardless of what type of staircase will be installed in a private house, its width should not be less than 90 cm.
2. The width, comfortable during operation, is 1-1.5 m.
3. Intermediate platforms must have at least 1x1 m lengths.
4. The minimum number of steps in the march is 3. For the convenience of ascending and descending the stairs, the march should have no more than 11 steps. In some cases, the construction of up to 15 steps is allowed.
5. The width of the steps for any design cannot be less than 20 cm.
6. The most comfortable for using stairs in a residential building is the angle of elevation of the structure of 36-45 0.
7. The height of the steps must be the same for the entire structure. The maximum permissible distance between treads is 31.5 cm. The optimum height is 15-18 cm.
8. When designing, it should be borne in mind that the maximum distance between balusters or posts should not be more than 15 cm.
9. The minimum load that the ladder must withstand is a weight of 300 kg per 1 sq. m. constructions
10. When calculating the structure, it is important to take into account that the end of the staircase and its transition to the floor of the second floor must be in line with the ceiling of the first.
11. Each top step should not overhang the previous one by more than 5 cm. Otherwise, there is an increased risk of stumbling when going up and falling down when going down.
12. The covering of the steps should not be slippery.

There are also such types of stairs as stepladders. They have a small width and are distinguished by a significant steepness of ascent, in the range of 45-75 0. Such stairs are used to climb to the attic floor or descend to the basement. For these types of structures, a width of 70-80 cm is allowed.

When constructing a flight staircase, it should be borne in mind that the smaller the allocated area in the room, the steeper the rise will be.

Features of stair railings

Stair rails are handrails and railings. When arranging structures adjoining one side of the wall, fences are installed only from the opposite edge. For all other stairs, railings are placed on both sides of the steps. Also, on marching stairs installed in the middle of the room and having a width of more than 2 m, additional railings can be installed in the middle of the structure.

Fences can be made of the following materials:

• Wood;
• Metal;
• Glass;
• Stone.

When arranging stairs, the material for the railings is usually selected similar to the main structure. Also, materials can be combined. The most successful are the following combinations:

Glass or forged railings for wooden stairs;

• For metal treads, glass railings;
• For glass and reinforced concrete steps, metal railings and handrails.

Regardless of the type of stairs, the optimal height of handrails or railings is 70-90 cm. The design of the railing depends on the appearance and design of the main structure.