Green revolution in developed countries. The first stage of the green revolution

GAOU SPO of the Vladimir region

"Gus-Khrustalny Technological College"

on the topic of: Green revolution.

3-year full-time students.

Specialties "Management".

Checked:

Ecology teacher

Prepared by:

Tatarovskaya Natalia

Green revolution.

One of the problems of human society at the present stage of development is the need to increase food production. This is due to the increase in the population of the planet and the depletion of its soil resources.

The temporary positive results of increasing the production of grain crops were achieved in the third quarter of the 20th century. They were achieved in countries where energy consumption increased significantly, progressive forms of agricultural technology were used, and mineral fertilizers were used. The yields of wheat, rice and maize have increased. New high-yielding plant varieties were bred. The so-called green revolution took place. This revolution has not affected countries that lack the necessary resources.

Green revolution - this is a transition from extensive farming, when the size of the fields was increased to intensive - when the yield was increased, all kinds of new technologies were actively used. This is the transformation of agriculture based on modern agricultural technology. This is the introduction of new varieties of crops and new methods leading to higher yields.

This expression began in Mexico in 1943 with the agricultural program of the Mexican government and the Rockefeller Foundation. In the 1950s. and from the mid-60s. new high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat began to be cultivated in many third world countries.

The "green revolution" is one of the forms of scientific and technological revolution. It includes the following main components:

breeding new early ripening varieties of grain crops, which contribute to a sharp increase in yield and open up the possibility of using further crops;

irrigation of lands, since new varieties can show their best qualities only under the condition of artificial irrigation;

widespread use of modern technology, fertilizers.

As a result of the Green Revolution, many developing countries began to meet their needs through their own agricultural production. Thanks to the Green Revolution, grain yields have doubled.

At the same time, it should be noted that the "green revolution" was widespread in Mexico, the countries of South and Southeast Asia, but little affected many other regions. In addition, it only touched on land owned by large landowners and foreign companies, making almost nothing in the traditional consumer sector.

The “green revolution” took place both in traditionally used agricultural areas and in newly developed ones. Agrocenoses created by man for the purpose of obtaining agricultural products have low environmental reliability. Such ecosystems cannot self-repair and self-regulate.

Agrocenoses -biogeocenoses created for the purpose of obtaining agricultural products and regularly maintained by man (field, pastures, vegetable gardens, orchards, protective forest plantation, etc.). Without human support, agroecosystems quickly disintegrate, returning to their natural state.

The green revolution has had a major impact on the planet's biosphere. Energy production was inevitably accompanied by pollution of atmospheric air and water. Agronomic measures applied to soil cultivation have led to soil pooling and degradation. The use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides contributed to the atmospheric influx of nitrogen compounds, heavy metals, organochlorine compounds in the waters of the World Ocean.

The widespread use of organic fertilizers became possible due to the increase in their production.

Facilities for the production and storage of fertilizers and pesticides have made a significant contribution to the collection of biosphere pollution.

The Green Revolution emerged as a result of the explosive growth of industry and the development of science.

During the "green revolution" large areas of virgin lands were developed. High yields have been gathered for several years. But "nothing is given for free" according to one of the provisions of B. Commoner. Today, many of these territories are depleted, endless fields. It will take centuries to restore these ecosystems.

The increase in the productivity of ecosystems by humans has led to an increase in the costs of maintaining them in a stable state. But there is a limit to such an increase until the moment when it becomes economically disadvantageous.

Consequences of the Green Revolution.

Intensive farming does not go in vain, the land "gets tired" much faster, water sources are depleted;

Agronomic measures applied to soil cultivation have resulted in soil pooling and degradation;

Falling prices for agricultural products - a serious test for those who work on the land, a lot of farmers went bankrupt as a result of the "green revolution".

Erosion of arable land, especially in the arid zone, pollution of fields and products with chemicals, washout of mineral fertilizers and water pollution

History

The term was coined by former USAID Director William Goud.

The Green Revolution began in Mexico in 1943 with the agricultural program of the Mexican government and the Rockefeller Foundation. The biggest success in this program was Norman Borlough, who developed a variety of high-yield wheat varieties, including short-stemmed, lodging resistant wheat. K - Mexico has fully provided itself with grain and began to export it; over 15 years, the grain yield in the country has grown 3 times. Borlaug's developments were used in breeding work in Colombia, India, Pakistan, in Borlaug he received the Nobel Peace Prize.

Effects

At the same time, due to the widespread distribution of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, environmental problems arose. Intensification of agriculture has violated the water regime of soils, which caused large-scale salinization and desertification. Preparations of copper and sulfur, causing soil pollution with heavy metals, by the middle of the 20th century were replaced by aromatic, heterocyclic, chlorine and organophosphorus compounds (malophos, dichlorvos, DDT, etc.). In contrast to older products, these substances operate at a lower concentration, which has reduced the cost of chemical processing. Many of these substances were found to be stable and poorly degraded by biota.

A good example is DDT. This substance has been found even in the animals of Antarctica, thousands of kilometers from the nearest places of application of this chemical.

John Zerzan, a well-known ideologist of anarcho-primitivism and denier of civilization, writes of his assessment of the Green Revolution in his essay "Agriculture: The Demonic Engine of Civilization":

Another post-war phenomenon was the Green Revolution, announced as a salvation for impoverished Third World countries with the help of American capital and technology. But instead of feeding the hungry, the Green Revolution drove the millions of victims of a program that supports large corporate farms from the arable lands of Asia, Latin America and Africa. The result was a monstrous technological colonization that made the world dependent on capital-intensive agricultural businesses and destroyed the former agricultural communities. The need arose for the extensive consumption of fossil fuels and, in the end, this colonization turned into an unprecedented violence against nature.

Notes

Links

Norman E. Borlaug "Green Revolution": Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow // Ecology and Life, No. 4, 2000.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what the "Green Revolution" is in other dictionaries:

The conditional name of the phenomenon that took place in the 1960s – 70s. in a number of developing countries. The "green revolution" consisted in intensifying the production of grain crops (wheat, rice) in order to increase their gross harvests, which should have solved ... ... Geographical encyclopedia

A term that appeared in the 60s. XX century in connection with the process of introduction of new high-yielding varieties of grain crops (wheat, rice) that has begun in many countries in order to dramatically increase food resources. “Green Revolution” ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

A set of measures for a significant (revolutionary) increase in the productivity of agricultural crops, especially cereals (wheat, rice, corn, etc.) in some countries of South Asia (in particular, in India, Pakistan, the Philippines), Mexico ... Ecological Dictionary

"GREEN REVOLUTION" - a term that appeared in the late. 1960s in bourgeois. econom. and c. x. lit re to indicate the process of introducing the achievements of scientific and technical. progress in s. x ve and to characterize the ways, methods and means of a sharp increase in productivity p. x. production, ch ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Revolution (from the late Latin revolutio turn, upheaval, transformation, reversal) is a global qualitative change in the development of nature, society or cognition, coupled with an open break with the previous state. Originally the term revolution ... ... Wikipedia

Non-state educational institution
secondary vocational education
Vologda Cooperative College

abstract
On the topic "Green" revolution
on the discipline "Environmental foundations of nature management"

Completed by: Pashicheva Yu.V.
Group: 3 GOST
Checked by: N.V. Veselova

Vologda
2010
Table of contents

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………… .3
Agriculture is a human activity ……………………… 4
Pros and cons of biotechnology ………………………………………… …… ... 5
Consequences of the Green Revolution ……………………………………………… .6
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………… .7
References ……………………………………………………………………… 8

"Green revolution

"Green" revolution - a set of changes in the agriculture of developing countries, which led to a significant increase in world agricultural production, which included active breeding of more productive varieties of plants, the use of fertilizers, and modern technology.
The "green" revolution is one of the forms of scientific and technological revolution, i.e. intensive development of agriculture by:
1) the technicalization of agriculture (the use of machinery and equipment);
2) the use of artificially bred varieties of plants and animals;
3) the use of fertilizers and pesticides;
4) land reclamation (expansion of irrigated land).
There are two “green revolutions”.
The first "green" revolution took place in 40-70. XX century, it was initiated by a major Mexican breeder Norman Ernest Borlaug. He saved as many people from starvation as no one had before him. He is considered the father of the Green Revolution. Despite the well-known costs inherent in any revolution, and the ambiguous perception by the world community of its results, the fact remains: it was she who allowed many developing countries not only to overcome the threat of hunger, but also to fully provide themselves with food.
By 1951-1956. Mexico fully provided itself with grain and began to export it; over 15 years, the grain yield in the country has grown 3 times. Borlaug's developments were used in breeding work in Colombia, India, Pakistan, in 1970 Borlaug received the Nobel Peace Prize.
By the mid-1980s, scientists started talking about a second "green" revolution, which should occur if agriculture follows the path of reducing anthropogenic energy inputs. It is based on an adaptive approach, i.e. agriculture needs to reorient towards more environmentally friendly technologies for growing crops and raising livestock.
The "green" revolution has made it possible not only to feed the growing population of the Earth, but also to improve its quality of life. The number of calories in food consumed per day has increased in developing countries by 25%. Critics of the green revolution tried to focus public attention on an excessive abundance of new varieties, the breeding of which allegedly became an end in itself, as if these varieties in themselves could provide such miraculous results. Of course, modern varieties allow you to increase the average yield due to more efficient ways of growing and caring for plants, due to their greater resistance to insect pests and major diseases. However, they only allow you to get a noticeably larger yield when they are provided with proper care, the implementation of agricultural techniques in accordance with the calendar and stage of plant development. All these procedures remain absolutely necessary for transgenic varieties obtained in recent years. However, fertilization and regular watering, so necessary to obtain high yields, simultaneously create favorable conditions for the development of weeds, insect pests and the development of a number of common plant diseases. One of the directions of the second "green" revolution is the application of methods of "environmentally friendly" fight against the consequences of anthropogenic interference in ecosystems. For example, after the total deforestation, a gross violation of the local biocenosis and ecosystem occurs. In humid zones there is stagnation of moisture, waterlogging of soils. Such water can become a source of harmful insects - bloodsuckers and disease vectors. Some fish are exterminators of the larvae of harmful insects living in the water, such as the larvae of mosquitoes, midges. Thus, the main tendencies of the second "green" revolution are the provision of a minimal impact on the natural environment, a decrease in the investment of anthropogenic energy, the use of biological methods of combating plant pests.
Almost all of our traditional food products are the result of natural mutations and genetic transformation that are the driving forces behind evolution. Primitive people, who were the first to follow the cycle of plant development, can be safely considered the first scientists. As they found answers to the questions of where, when and how to grow certain plants, in what soils, how much water each of them requires, they expanded their understanding of nature more and more. Hundreds of generations of farmers have contributed to the acceleration of genetic transformation through regular selection using the most prolific and strongest plants and animals.
Initially, selection was based on artificial selection, when a person selects plants or animals with traits of interest to him. Until the XVI-XVII centuries. the selection took place unconsciously, that is, a person, for example, selected the best, largest wheat seeds for sowing, without thinking that he was changing the plants in the direction he needed. Breeding as a science took shape only in recent decades. In the past, it was more an art than a science. Skills, knowledge and specific experience, often classified, were the property of individual farms, passing from generation to generation.
Agriculture is a human activity.

Agriculture is a unique human activity that can be viewed simultaneously as the art, science and craft of managing the growth of plants and animals for human needs. And the main goal of this activity has always been the growth of production, which has now reached 5 billion tons. in year. To feed the growing population of the Earth, this figure will have to increase by at least 50% by 2025. But agricultural producers will be able to achieve such a result only if they have access to the most advanced methods of growing the highest-yielding varieties of crops anywhere in the world.
Agricultural intensification affects the environment and causes certain social problems. However, one can judge the harm or benefit of modern technologies only taking into account the rapid growth of the world's population. The population of Asia has more than doubled over 40 years (from 1.6 to 3.5 billion people). What would the additional 2 billion people be if it were not for the Green Revolution? Although agricultural mechanization has led to a decrease in the number of farms, the benefits of the Green Revolution, associated with the exponential increase in food production and the steady decline in the price of bread in almost all countries of the world, are much more significant for humanity.
Nevertheless, a number of problems (first of all, the pollution of soils and surface water bodies, caused to a large extent by the excessive use of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals) requires serious attention of the entire world community. By increasing yields on lands most suitable for plant cultivation, agricultural producers around the world are leaving vast areas of land for other purposes practically untouched. So, if we compare the world crop production in 1950 and in our time, then with the previous yield, to ensure such an increase, it would be necessary to sow not 600 million hectares, as now, but three times more. Meanwhile, an additional 1.2 billion hectares are already, in fact, nowhere to take, especially in Asian countries, where the population density is extremely high. In addition, the lands involved in agricultural use are becoming increasingly depleted and environmentally vulnerable every year. Yields for major food crops are continuously improving through improved tillage, irrigation, fertilization, weed and pest control, and reduced harvest losses. However, it is already clear that considerable efforts will be required, both traditional breeding and modern agricultural biotechnology, in order to achieve genetic improvement of food plants at a rate that would allow meeting the needs of 8.3 billion people by 2025.

Pros and cons of biotechnology.

Over the past 35 years, biotechnology, using recombinant DNA (obtained by combining together non-naturally occurring fragments) DNA, has become an invaluable new scientific method of research and production of agricultural products. This unprecedented penetration into the depths of the genome - to the molecular level - should be seen as one of the most important milestones on the path of endless knowledge of nature. Recombinant DNA allows breeders to select and introduce genes into plants "one by one", which not only dramatically reduces research time compared to traditional breeding, eliminating the need to spend it on "unnecessary" genes, but also makes it possible to obtain "useful" genes from a variety of different plant species. This genetic transformation holds the promise of tremendous benefits for agricultural producers, in particular by increasing plant resistance to pests, diseases and herbicides. Additional benefits are associated with the development of varieties that are more resistant to a lack or excess of moisture in the soil, as well as to heat or cold - the main characteristics of modern forecasts of future climatic cataclysms.
Today, the prospects for agricultural biotechnology to provide such plants that will be used as medicines or vaccines look more real. We will simply grow such plants and eat their fruits to cure or prevent many diseases. It is difficult to imagine how important this could be for poor countries, where conventional pharmaceuticals are still a novelty and traditional WHO vaccination programs are too expensive and difficult to implement. This direction of research must be supported in every possible way, including through the aforementioned cooperation between the public and private sectors of the economy. Of course, poor countries will have to develop reasonable regulatory mechanisms to most effectively guide the development of production, testing and use of GM products to protect both public health and the environment. In addition, the intellectual property of private companies also needs to be protected in order to ensure a fair return on previous investments and to ensure their growth in the future.
The current fierce debate about transgenic crops focuses on the safety of GMOs. Concerns about the potential dangers of GMOs are based primarily on the notion that the introduction of "alien" DNA into major food crops is "unnatural" and, therefore, is accompanied by an unavoidable health risk. But since all living organisms, including food plants, animals, microbes, and so on, contain DNA, how can recombinant DNA be considered “unnatural”? Even defining the concept of "foreign gene" is problematic, since many genes are common to a wide variety of organisms. The demands on GM products are much higher than on varieties obtained as a result of conventional breeding and even breeding in which mutations are caused by radiation or the use of chemicals. At the same time, society should be clearly aware that there is no "zero biological risk" in nature, the idea of \u200b\u200bwhich is just the embodiment of the "precautionary principle" not based on any scientific evidence.

Consequences of the "green" revolution.

The main goal of the "green" revolution was to increase agricultural production. products. But active human intervention in the life of natural ecosystems has led to a number of negative consequences:

1) soil degradation.

Causes:
-technization, chemicalization, melioration

2) pollution of the biosphere with pesticides.

Causes:
-chemisation

3) violation of the natural balance of ecosystems.

Causes:
- artificial breeding of plant and animal varieties

Soil degradation is a gradual deterioration in soil properties caused by a change in soil formation conditions as a result of natural causes or human economic activity and accompanied by a decrease in humus content, destruction of the soil structure and a decrease in fertility.

The main resource of the agricultural system - soil - is the surface fertile layer of the earth's crust, created under the combined influence of external conditions: heat, water, air, plant and animal organisms, especially microorganisms.

Fertility is the ability of the soil to provide plants with the necessary amount of nutrients, water and air.
Fertility depends on the supply of organic matter - humus, the content of nutrients available to plants, and the availability of moisture. As a result of the use of mineral fertilizers, microorganisms that destroy humus are activated, i.e. soil fertility decreases.

Biosphere pollution with pesticides.
Over the past 50 years, the use of mineral fertilizers has increased 43 times, pesticides 10 times, which led to the pollution of certain components of the biosphere: soil, water, vegetation. Because of this pollution, the living population of the soil is impoverished - the number of soil animals, algae, and microorganisms decreases.

Conclusion.

The Green Revolution made it possible to achieve success in the war against hunger waged by humanity. However, scientists emphasize that until it is possible to slow down the growth of the world's population, any achievements of the "green" revolution will be ephemeral. Already today, mankind has technologies (either completely ready for use, or in the final stages of development) capable of reliably feeding 30 billion people. Over the past 100 years, scientists have been able to apply their rapidly expanding knowledge of genetics, plant physiology, pathology, entomology, and other disciplines in order to significantly accelerate the process of combining high plant productivity with high resistance to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses.

Literature.

Concept Green revolution became widespread in the 60s of the XX century.

It was at this time in the developing countries, following the economically developed countries, the transformation in agriculture began.

The Green Revolution is the transformation of agriculture based on modern agricultural technology.

It is one of the forms of scientific and technological revolution. The "Green Revolution" includes the following main components: the development of new early maturing varieties of grain crops, which contribute to a sharp increase in yield and open up the possibility of using further crops;

irrigation of land, since new varieties can show their best qualities only under the condition of artificial irrigation;

widespread use of modern technology, fertilizers.

As a result of the Green Revolution, many developing countries began to meet their needs through their own agricultural production.

Thanks to the Green Revolution, grain yields have doubled.

Green revolution wikipedia
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Agriculture and its economic characteristics.

In agricultural production, the economic process of reproduction is intertwined with the natural, general economic laws are combined with the operation of natural laws. In the agro-industrial complex, plants and animals are used as objects of labor, which develop according to natural laws.
The land is the main and irreplaceable means of production, i.e.
e. a means and subject of labor, while in industry - the spatial basis for the location of production. It acts as a means of labor when by its fertility it affects the growth and development of agricultural plants, as an object of labor. When it is processed, fertilizers are applied to it, etc.
The industry is highly dependent on the state of natural and climatic conditions
Seasonality of agricultural production.
It is caused by a mismatch between the production period and the working period. This is manifested in the uneven (throughout the year) use of resources (sowing periods, harvesting - costs of seeds and fuels and lubricants), sales of products and receipt of proceeds Spatial dispersal of production, which requires highly mobile units, high availability of equipment, etc.
The release of dissimilar products requires specific means of production. Most of them cannot be used for other agricultural work (for example, a beet harvester for harvesting grain crops).
Price inelasticity of demand for food:, demand is weakly responsive to price changes.
Therefore, when approaching the moment of saturation of the market with food products (if commodity producers reduce prices in order to increase sales), cash receipts will decrease and production may become unprofitable.In other words, there is a paradox in agriculture, which is associated with the fact that human needs for food products can be sooner or later are satisfied and a further increase in production will be unprofitable

When the relative saturation of the market with food and agricultural products is reached, the price cut does not provide adequate growth in demand.

"Green Revolution" and its main directions.

Green revolution -this is a transition from extensive farming, when the size of fields was increased to intensive - when yields were increased, all kinds of new technologies were actively used.

This is the transformation of agriculture based on modern agricultural technology. This is the introduction of new varieties of crops and new methods leading to higher yields.

Agricultural development programs in food-poor countries have the following main objectives:

developing new varieties with higher yields that would be resistant to pests and weather events;
development and improvement of irrigation systems;
increased use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, as well as modern agricultural machinery

Agro-industrial complex.

Geography of world crop and livestock production.

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GREEN REVOLUTION "AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

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The concept of the "green revolution"

In the middle of the nineteenth century, chemical fertilizers began to be actively used in the agriculture of developed countries, which, together with other scientific and technical achievements, made it possible to increase the grain yield in some European countries to 80–90 c / ha - ten times more than in the Middle Ages.

Since the middle of the twentieth century, chemical fertilizers have been widely used in developing countries, which has significantly increased yields. Along with the introduction of agrochemistry, an important role was played by the breeding and distribution of new high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat. A spike in agricultural productivity growth

Farms in developing countries in the 1960s - 70s were called the "green revolution".

Then they spread to India, Pakistan, and some other Asian countries. Around the same time, in the Philippines, it was possible to develop the "miracle - rice" variety, which also provides a large increase in yield.

Sure, social consequences Green revolution:

- managed to reduce the severity of the food problem,

- it became possible to free some people from agriculture,

- the process of urbanization has increased,

- there was an influx of workers to industrial enterprises,

- people have become more mobile.

However, already in the period 1970s-80s, it became obvious and negative consequencesThe "green revolution", manifested both in the environment (in the state of soil, water and biodiversity), and reflected on human health.

The runoff of mineral nutrients from the fields into water bodies has increased (from an excess of nitrogen and phosphorus, an "explosive" reproduction of phytoplankton occurs, a change in the quality of drinking water, the death of fish and other animals). The runoff of sulfates from terrestrial agrocenoses into rivers and seas has increased. Huge areas of land have been subjected to soil erosion, salinization and a decrease in their fertility. Many water sources have been polluted.

A significant number of wild

and domestic species of plants and animals disappeared forever. Harmful pesticide residues in food and drinking water endanger farmers' health

and consumers.

Significance and ecological role of the use of fertilizers and pesticides

Pesticides

Pesticides(from lat.

pestis - infection and caedo - kill) - chemical preparations for the protection of agricultural products, plants, for

Pesticides are classifieddepending on the groups of organisms on which they act:

Herbicides - for the destruction of weeds;

2. Zoocides - to combat rodents;

3. Fungicides - against pathogens of fungal diseases;

4. Defoliants - for removing leaves;

5. Deflorants - to remove excess flowers, etc.

The search for effective means for pest control continues to this day.

At first, substances containing heavy metals such as lead, arsenic and mercury were used.

These inorganic compounds are often called pesticides of the first generation. It is now known that heavy metals can accumulate in soils and inhibit plant development.

In some places, the soil is so poisoned by them that even now, after 50 years, they are still barren. These pesticides have lost their effectiveness as the pests become resistant to them.

Second generation pesticides–Based on synthetic organic compounds. In 1930 a Swiss chemist Paul Müller began to systematically study the effects of some of these compounds on insects.

In 1938 he came across dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT).

DDT turned out to be extremely toxic to insects and seemed to be relatively harmless to humans and other mammals. It was inexpensive to manufacture, was broad-spectrum, and was difficult to degrade in the environment, providing long-term protection.

The merits seemed so outstanding that Müller received the Nobel Prize for his discovery in 1948.

Subsequently, it was found that DDT accumulates in the food chains and the human body (found in the milk of nursing mothers, in adipose tissues).

DDT is currently being phased out worldwide.

Agrochemical industry replaced second generation pesticides - volatile pesticides Are synthetic organic substances that decompose into simple non-toxic products within a few days or weeks after application.

This is still the best option, although there are also disadvantages - some are more toxic than DDT, disrupt the ecosystem of the treated area, beneficial insects may be no less sensitive to unstable pesticides than pests.

The main consequences of the use of pesticides in agriculture:

1.Pesticides also kill beneficial insect species, sometimes providing excellent conditions for the reproduction of new agricultural pests;

2) Many types of pesticides are harmful to soil organisms necessary to maintain plant health;

3) When using pesticides, the farmer himself risks his health: from poisoning with agrochemicals, 200 thousand people die annually.

4) Some of the pesticides remain in food and drinking water;

5) Many pesticides are very persistent and can only accumulate in the human body and produce negative effects over time.

Some pesticides can cause chronic illness, newborn abnormalities, cancer, and other illnesses.

The circumstances noted led to the fact that some

pesticides are already banned in developed countries, but in developing countries their use is practically unlimited.

Fertilizers

Fertilizers are inorganic and organic substances used in agriculture and fisheries to increase crop yields and fish production in ponds.

They are: mineral (chemical), organic and bacterial(artificial introduction of microorganisms in order to increase soil fertility).

Mineral fertilizers- Extracted from the bowels or industrially obtained chemical compounds, contain basic nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and microelements important for life (copper, boron, manganese).

Organic fertilizersIs humus, peat, manure, bird droppings (guano), various composts, sapropel (freshwater silt).

The rise of organic agriculture

In contrast to the Green Revolution in developed countries, the concept of organic agriculture has begun to spread among farmers and buyers.

However, the so-called "boom" of organic agriculture began only in the 1990s, which was associated with the reaction to the accumulated environmental problems and food scandals in the world.

Residents of developed countries were willing to pay more for high quality goods. The states of some countries began to pay special attention to the development of this area of \u200b\u200bagriculture. In the same period, a number of innovative technologies for organic farming appeared (especially means of biological pest control), institutes and research centers engaged in research in the field of organic agriculture were developing.

Questions

What is the purpose of the Green Revolution?

2. What are the ways of the "green revolution".

3. What are the pros and cons of the Green Revolution?

4. Give a definition of the terms - pesticides and fertilizers.

5. Name the main groups of pesticides.

Why do pesticides have a negative impact on the environment?

MAIN OBJECTIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

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Features of breeding crop varieties, the cultivation of which, in the conditions of appropriate agricultural technology, opens the way to a more complete utilization of the products of photosynthesis. Consideration of the main components of the Green Revolution in developing countries.

Students, graduate students, young scientists using the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

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Productivity of barley varieties in the conditions of the variety plots of the Orenburg region and the training and experimental field of the Orenburg State Agrarian University

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Productivity of varieties and lines of barley in the competitive variety testing of OGAU. Negative environmental impacts in barley cultivation.

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In the 60-70s. XX century. The international lexicon included a new concept - the "green revolution", which primarily refers to developing countries. This is a complex, increasingly integral part of the concept, which can usually be interpreted in such a way that the use of genetics, plant breeding and plant physiology for the development of crop varieties, cultivation, which, through appropriate agricultural methods, open the way for a fuller use of the products of photosynthesis.

By the way, this development took place much earlier than in the developed world (starting from the 30s of the 20th century - in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, from the 50s - in Western Europe, Japan, New Zealand). However, at that time he was assigned to the industrialization of agriculture on the basis that based on its mechanization and the use of chemicals, albeit in connection with irrigation, reproduction and reproduction.

And only in the second half of XX. Over the centuries, when such processes affected developing countries, after them the name "Green Revolution" was firmly established.

The Green Revolution was taken over by more than 15 countries located in the belt, from Mexico to Korea.

Asian countries are clearly dominant, including countries with very large or rather large populations, where wheat and / or rice are the main products. The rapid growth of their population has led to an even greater increase in stress on work surfaces, which are already severely depleted. In conditions of extreme land shortages and unemployment, small and small farms with low agricultural technology prevail, in which in these 60-770 years there are more than 300 million families in these countries. XX century. whether they were on the brink of survival or chronic hunger.

That is why the "green revolution" was perceived in them as a real attempt to find a way out of a critical situation.

The Green Revolution in developing countries includes three main components .

The first of these is the cultivation of new varieties of agricultural crops .

For this purpose, in the 40-90s. XX century. Eighteen international research centers have been established that specifically study the various agri-food systems present in developing countries.

Place them as follows: Mexico (corn, wheat), Philippines (rice), Colombia (tropical food crops), Cote d'Ivoire (West Africa, rice production), Peru (potatoes), India (dried tropical plants) and etc. e.

The second part of the green revolution is irrigation ... Of particular importance is the fact that new varieties of cereals can only realize their strengths with a good water supply.

Therefore, with the beginning of the "green revolution" in many developing countries, especially in Asia, much attention was paid to irrigation

In general, the share of irrigated land is now 19%, but it is much higher in areas where the "green revolution" is expanding: in South Asia - about 40, in East Asia and the Middle East - 35%. For each country, the world leaders in this indicator are Egypt (100%), Turkmenistan (88), Tajikistan (81) and Pakistan (80%).

In China, 37% of all cultivated land is irrigated, in India - 32, in Mexico - 23, in the Philippines, in Indonesia and Turkey - 15-17%.

The third part of the "green revolution" is the actual industrialization of agriculture, that is, the use of machines, fertilizers, plant protection products ... In this regard, developing countries, including the Green Revolution countries, have not made significant progress.

This can be illustrated by the mechanization of agriculture. Already at the beginning of 1990. In developing countries, hand-cultivated 1/4 were cultivated with work animals - 1/2 and tractors - a quarter of the fields. Although the tractor park of these countries has increased by 4 million. The machines collectively had fewer tractors than the US (4.8 million).

However, statistics show that over the past two to three decades, tractor fleets abroad (especially in India and China) have increased several times, and in Latin America - in two directions.

That is why the sequence of large regions has changed depending on the size of this park, and now it looks like this: 1) overseas Europe; 2) overseas Asia; 3) North America.

Developing countries are lagging behind the level of chemicals in agriculture. Suffice it to say that on average 60-65 kg of mineral fertilizers per hectare of cultivated land and 400 kg in Japan, 215 kg in Western Europe, 115 kg in the USA.

Consequences of the Green Revolution:

The positive consequences of the Green Revolution are undeniable.

The main thing is that in a relatively short time this has led to an increase in food production - in general and per capita. According to FAO, in 11 countries in East, Southeast and South Asia, rice area grew by only 15%, while harvests increased by 74%; Similar data for wheat for 9 countries in Asia and North Africa - minus 4% and 24%. All this led to a certain reduction in the severity of the food problem, to the threat of hunger. India, Pakistan, Thailand, Indonesia, China, some other countries have declined or grain imports have stopped completely.

However, the success story of the Green Revolution must obviously accompanied by some reservations.

The first such item this concerns its central character, which, in his opinion, has two aspects. First, by the mid-1980s, new high-yielding wheat and rice varieties had spread by only 1/3 425 million. Ha, from which crops are harvested in developing countries. Second, the catalysts of the Green Revolution can be seen as three crops - wheat, rice and corn, while millet, legumes and industrial plants are much less affected.

There is an alarming situation with legumes, which are commonly used for food in most countries. Because of their high nutritional value, they are even called tropical meat.

Another item With regard to the social consequences of the "green revolution". Since the use of modern agricultural technologies requires large investments, the results are mostly beneficial for landlords and wealthy farmers (farmers) who have started buying land for the poor, simply squeezed out of it as a large income.

Bad people don't have the means to buy cars, fertilizer, sorting, or sufficient land. Many of them were forced to sell their land and either became agricultural workers or supplemented the population with “poverty” in large cities.

Thus, the "green revolution" led to an escalation of social stratification in rural areas, which is increasingly developing along the capitalist path.

finally, third position addresses some of the unwanted environmental consequences of the Green Revolution.

For them, the land first degrades. Thus, about half of all irrigated land in developing countries is prone to salinization due to inefficient drainage systems. Loss of soil erosion and loss of fertility have already led to the destruction of 36% of irrigated areas in Southeast Asia, 20 in Southeast Asia, 17 in Africa and 30% in Central America.

Continuation of arable land in woodlands. In some countries, the intensive use of agricultural chemicals also poses significant environmental hazards (especially along the Asian rivers used for irrigation) and human health.

Developing countries' attitudes to these environmental issues are not the same, and their capabilities are different. In countries where there is no well-defined land ownership and little economic incentive for agro-ecological measures, where poverty is very limited in science and technology, where populations are still exploding, and the tropical character is characterized by the same particular vulnerability, predictable future, it is difficult to expect positive changes.

Developing countries have “top tier” options for avoiding unwanted environmental impacts. For example, many developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region can not only quickly and efficiently introduce new technologies and technologies in agriculture, but also adapt them to their natural conditions.

The need to carry out the "green revolution" in developing countries was caused, first of all, by a small amount of land and a large population. Such an imbalance threatened mass death from hunger. At that time, it was necessary to take some kind of constructive solution to the acute problem of hunger.

The "green revolution" began in Mexico with the development of new varieties of grain crops that are more resistant to the local climate and their further large-scale cultivation. The Mexicans cultivated several high-yielding wheat varieties. Further, the "green revolution" swept the Philippines, South Asia, India, etc. In these countries, in addition to wheat, rice, corn and some other agricultural crops were grown. At the same time, rice and wheat were still the main ones.

Producers used improved irrigation systems, as only a consistently supplied and sufficient amount of water can ensure normal crop growth. In addition, the process of planting and collection was mechanized as much as possible, although in some places human labor was still used. Also, in order to improve quality and protect against pests, various pesticides and fertilizers were used in acceptable quantities.

Achievements and consequences of the "green revolution"

The Green Revolution, of course, has led to increased yields and a boost in agriculture in these countries. It made it possible to increase the export of cultivated crops and, thus, to a certain extent, solve the problem of feeding the growing population of the planet.

However, such an intensive application of scientific advances in the agricultural sphere required considerable financial investments and, ultimately, led to a sharp increase in the prices of crops grown. At the same time, small producers and poor farmers could not at all use the latest scientific developments in growing fruitful varieties of agricultural products due to the lack of financial opportunities. Many of them had to give up this type of activity and sell their business.

The green revolution has only partially achieved its primary goal of feeding the starving populations of developing countries, despite a marked increase in yields. The poor could not afford to buy such expensive products. Therefore, most of it was exported.

The Green Revolution has also led to dire environmental consequences. These are desertification, violation of the water regime, concentration of heavy metals and salts in the soil, etc.