Sawdust is the most affordable and budget raw material with a wide range of uses. These are shredded beige chips, particles of fine fraction, which are formed as a result of sawing wood. Note that sawdust should not be confused with wood chips, because they are obtained specifically.

sawdust properties

Wood chips are lightweight. Their bulk density is approximately 220-580 kg per cubic meter, it all depends on the level of humidity (standard indicators are from 8% to 15% or more). The dimensions do not exceed 50 mm, and the windage coefficient in dry form reaches 0.13-0.8 units.

The composition of sawdust contains approximately 27% lignin, which is responsible for lignification, as well as 70% cellulose, hemicellulose (actually carbohydrates). The number of chemical components is:

• nitrogen - 0.1%
• hydrogen - 6%
• oxygen - 44%
• carbon - 50%.

The main indicators, differences and characteristics of chopped wood are indicated in GOST 23246-78, which regulates this type of raw material. The same document spells out the main terms and definitions of this material.

This raw material can be called the most:

• eco-friendly. Sawdust does not cause allergies, does not produce harmful emissions, and is completely natural.
• cheap. Often you have to pay only for delivery, because most of the sawmills give away sawdust for nothing, considering it to be waste
• heat-saving. Sawdust perfectly isolates the room from cold bridges. In this parameter, it is no worse than mineral wool.

Use of sawdust

The simplest and most straightforward way is incineration, in other words, recycling. However, unlike direct disposal, when sawdust is burned without extracting any useful properties, today sawdust is used as a solid fuel. The use of sawdust, especially pressed sawdust, is popular due to its small volume. Pressed sawdust is very convenient to transport.

Sawdust is also in demand in horticulture. In agriculture, sawdust is used quite often. They are a valuable fertilizer that improves soil quality. In addition, they are used for mulching. They sprinkle the soil in the places of planting seedlings. All this has a positive effect on plant growth. Sawdust retards the evaporation of liquid, is a protection against temperature changes, prevents soil erosion, and also inhibits the germination of weeds. On sawdust, various mushroom crops are often grown, such as oyster mushrooms or champignons.

The use of sawdust in the construction industry is also in high demand. They are created by chipboard (chipboard) and fibreboard (MDF or MDF). From such plates create a variety of pieces of furniture. Also, after pressing with glue, parts of the most bizarre shape are obtained. The cost of such products is significantly lower than solid wood products.

The pulp and paper industry also uses sawdust. Sawdust is used to create paper, cardboard and other wood and paper materials. Deciduous and coniferous sawdust helps to save hectares of forests, preventing massive cutting down of trees.

The low level of density and lightness, in other words, "airiness", makes sawdust in demand as a packaging material. The sawdust filler makes it possible to protect fragile items, such as bottles or vases, from damage during transportation.

Strictly defined grades of sawdust are used for smoking meat or fish. An excellent option for smoking are dry wastes of alder, oak, beech and any fruit species. They are used separately from each other or mixed with several varieties to achieve a more refined taste.

Talking about the use of wood waste as a fuel for heating systems, many people see a rather easy process: take a bag, pour raw materials into the furnace, set fire to it and get the desired temperature. However, do not forget that not all sawdust can become fuel. Key parameters to take into account:

humidity level

raw material density.

The efficiency of the boiler depends on these two characteristics. Research has shown that:

• small undried sawdust from a band sawmill has a density of approximately 250 kg/m3. Their consumption per 1 kW of boiler power reaches approximately 0.5 kg per hour, in the process of continuous operation
• porous dried chips from a milling machine differ in density from 100 to 150 kg/m3. The consumption of such material will be 0.25 kg per hour per 1 kW. Therefore, for the most efficient operation of the boiler, it is necessary to purchase the driest raw material, because it needs much less than wet.

However, remember that the most vulnerable point of the entire heating system built to use bulk woodworking waste is the place to store fuel. A boiler with a power of 25 kW in a not very cold winter needs about half a cubic meter of sawdust every day, so regular fuel supply or a fairly large warehouse will be required.

The above tips concerned only heating with the use of bulk raw materials. But today there are technologies that make it possible to make fuel compact by pressing chips into small briquettes.

Pressed wood from sawdust during combustion releases the same amount of energy as solid wood of equal volume. At the same time, the cost of such pressed bars is significantly lower than firewood. Considering also the ease of transportation, it is preferable to use such fuel. Briquetting is most often carried out at the same enterprises that are engaged in the disposal of woodworking waste.

Despite the fact that the woodworking industry, as well as the wood waste processing business in Russia, has been developed for a long time, the niche is still not filled. Many methods have been developed for the processing of sawdust, wood chips, bark and other waste. Sawdust processing uses only 50% of the available raw materials, and in Siberia even less - 35%. At the same time, the remains of logging and sawmilling are not processed or used at all. Approximately 45% of wood waste is used in the manufacture of furniture. Hence, starting a business in this area today is a profitable investment.

Density table of chips and sawdust depending on the type of wood

	Bulk density of freshly shipped process chips		Bulk density of freshly shipped sawdust
wood species	Density (kg / m 3)	Limit density (kg / m 3)	Density (kg / m 3)	Limit density (kg / m 3)
Oak	292	248-371	227	193-288
Acacia	277	234-288	215	182-225
Hornbeam	273	266-286	213	207-223
Ash	270	187-342	210	146-266
Rowan (tree)	262	248-320	204	193-249
Apple tree	259	237-302	202	185-235
Beech	244	223-295	190	174-230
Elm	238	202-295	185	157-230
Larch	239	194-239	186	151-186
Maple	236	205-248	183	160-193
Birch	234	184-277	182	143-216
Pear	241	211-256	188	164-199
Chestnut	234	216-259	182	168-202
Cedar	205	202-209	160	157-162
Pine	187	112-274	146	87-213
Linden	184	158-288	143	123-224
Alder	180	169-209		132-162
Willow	176	167-212	137	129-165
Aspen	169	166-198	132	129-154
Spruce	162	133-270	126	104-210
Willow	162	151-180	126	118-140
Hazelnut	155	151-162	120	118-126
walnut	202	176-212	157	137-165
Poplar	153	140-212	119	109-165
Fir	148	126-216	115	98-168

page 1

page 2

page 3

page 4

page 5

page 6

page 7

page 8

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR

TECHNOLOGICAL WOOD SAWDIES FOR HYDROLYSIS

Price 3 kop.

Official edition

USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS Moscow

UDC 674.823: 006.354 Group K13

STATE! STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR

WOOD SHIPS TECHNOLOGICAL GOST

FOR HYDROLYSIS

Specifications 18320-78 1 2

Technological wooden sawdust for hydrolysis. Specifications

By the Decree of the State Committee of the USSR on Standards dated August 2, 1978, No. 2083, the introduction period was established

Decree of the State Standard of February 28, 1984 No. 679

validity period extended until 01.01.90

Non-compliance with the standard is punishable by law

This standard applies to sawdust obtained by sawing wood and intended for hydrolysis production.

The standard does not apply to sawdust obtained by cutting plywood, fibreboard and chipboard, plastics and other materials containing resins.

1. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

1.1. Depending on the purpose, the species composition of sawdust must correspond to that indicated in the table.

Purpose of sawdust (profile)		sawdust of wood of various species, %
	conifers (all breeds)	hardwood (all species)	in a mixture (all breeds) of conifers | deciduous
alcohol			Not less than 701 Not more than 30
yeast			Not regulated
furfural	Not allowed		Not allowed

(Revised edition, Rev. 1).

1.2. Wood sawdust should not contain more than 8% bark, 5% rot and 0.5% mineral impurities.

1.3. In sawdust, more than 10% of small wood particles that have passed through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 1 mm, and more than 5% of large particles remaining on a sieve with a diameter of 30 mm, are not allowed.

2. ACCEPTANCE RULES

2.1. Wood sawdust is presented for acceptance in batches. A batch is considered to be the number of sawdust of one purpose, drawn up by one quality document.

2.2. To check the content of bark in sawdust, small and large wood particles from different places of the batch, 1 ft ” of one-time samples weighing 0.8-1.0 kg are taken.

2.3. ‘The species composition of sawdust, the content of rot in them, mineral and metal impurities is determined by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer. Samples are taken in accordance with clause 2.2.

2.4. If unsatisfactory results are obtained for at least one indicator, a second test is carried out on a double sample. The recheck results apply to the entire lot.

2.5. Wood sawdust is accounted for in cubic meters of dense mass, rounded up to 0.1.

To convert bulk volume into dense volume, the following coefficients are taken:

0.28 - before shipment to the consumer;

0.30 - when transported by road for a distance of up to 5 km;

0.34 - when transported by road and rail at a distance of 5 to 50 km;

0.36 - when transported by road and rail at a distance of 50 to 500 km;

0.38 - when transported by rail over a distance of more than 500 km.

When transporting sawdust by water, the conversion factor is set by agreement of the parties.

When sawdust is supplied to the consumer directly by conveyors, sawdust is accounted for using automatic scales of the LT or LTM type in units of mass, followed by conversion to volume units. In this case, the volume of sawdust (Y) supplied for a certain period of time is calculated by the formula

Page 3 GOST 1*320-78

__

To ". *

where rn\ is the mass of sawdust supplied over a certain period of time at a given humidity, kg; t 2 - weight of 1 m 3 of wood at the same humidity, kg.

3. TEST METHODS

3.1. Determination of bark content in sawdust

3.1.1. Equipment

Scales with a weighing error of not more than 0.1 g.

3.1.2. Conducting a test

One-time samples taken according to clause 2.2 are combined together, thoroughly mixed and reduced by quartering to a sample weighing 1.0-1.2 kg. The sample is weighed with an error of not more than 0.1 g and scattered on the table. From the sample, bark particles larger than sawdust are selected and weighed. After that, about 10 g of sawdust are taken from the sample, weighed with an error of not more than 0.01 g. Small particles of bark are taken from the newly obtained sample with tweezers and also weighed with an error of not more than 0.01 g.

3.1.3. Results processing

^=-^- 100+ -^--100,

where m is the sample weight, g;

rn\ - mass of large particles of the crust, g;

t 2 - mass of a new sample, g;

mcs is the mass of small particles of the crust, g.

3.2. Determination of rot content in sawdust

3.2.1. Equipment specified in clause 3.1.1.

3.2.2. Conducting a test

To carry out the test, about 10 g of wood (veins) are selected from a sample prepared in accordance with clause 3.1.2 and weighed with an error of not more than 0.01 g. Rot is selected from this mass of sawdust with tweezers and weighed with the same error.

3.2.3. Results processing

where m is the sample weight, g;

mi - mass of rot particles, g.

3.3. Determination of the content of small and large particles in sawdust

3.3. Equipment

Mechanical sieve analyzer brand ALG-M.

A set of control sieves with holes with a diameter of 30, 5, 3, 2, 1 mm.

Scales with a weighing error of not more than 0.1 g,

3.3.2. Preparing for the test

The control sieves in the set are arranged according to the decreasing hole size.

A solid tray is installed under the set of sieves

3.3.3. Conducting a test

To carry out the test, the sample prepared in accordance with clause 3.1 2, after selecting large particles of bark from it, is weighed and placed in the upper sieve of the set, previously installed on the movable base of the analyzer. A set of sieves is fixed with ties, the analyzer is turned on, and the sample is sieved for 3 minutes.

After the analyzer is completely stopped, remove the upper sieve and tray and weigh their contents separately.

3 34. Processing of results

where m is the sample weight, g;

pi is the mass of large or small wood particles, g.

3.4. Determination of the species grade of sawdust

3.4.1. Equipment and reagents

Scales with a weighing error of not more than 0.01 g.

Porcelain or glass glass according to GOST 1770-74, with a capacity of 500 cm 3.

A glass of monel metal or nylon mesh, with a capacity of 500 cm 3.

Glass stick.

Scales with a weighing error of not more than 0.01 g.

Zinc chloride according to GOST 4529-78 or saturated, a solution of any salt with a density of 1.4-1.6 kg / m 3.

A device for determining the content of mineral impurities (see drawing).

The device consists of two plates made of organic glass fixed on a stand. In the upper motionless power-

GOST 1S32S-78 Page 6

the glass cylinder is not fixed, in the bottom plate there is a receiving funnel with a rubber tube and a clamp. Before starting work, the cylinder must be aligned with the receiving funnel.

The plates are pressed against each other with a washer made of organic glass using a bolted connection.

To improve the sliding of the upper plate along the lower, the contacting sides of the plates are covered with a thin layer of lanolin, petroleum jelly or other lubricant. The bottom plate has a hole for draining the suspension from the cylinder. Drainage is carried out by turning the upper plate around the axis of the bolt until the cylinder is aligned with the hole in the lower plate.

3.5.2. Carrying out the test To carry out the test, 2 g of sawdust are taken from a sample prepared in accordance with clause 3.1.2, dried to a constant weight and placed in the instrument cylinder, where about 70 cm3 of a zinc chloride solution or a saturated salt solution with a density of 1 are first added, 4-

The contents of the cylinder are mixed and the suspension is allowed to settle for 30 minutes.

After settling, the solution with sawdust is poured into a glass through a hole in the bottom plate. Through a rubber tube, pour into another glass

lute connection; washer; /0-hole for draining the suspension

the mixture is transferred to a funnel with a paper filter. The precipitate is washed twice with water. The filtrate is discarded, and the filter with mineral impurities is dried in an oven at 105°C to constant weight and weighed.

solution with mineral impurities. ,_ GLASS CYLINDER d R; 2 _ carefully the funnel over the glass plate; 8-bottom plate; 4~ washed with water. Mineral pri-?

3.5.3. Results processing

where m is the mass of mineral impurities in 2 g of sawdust, g.

3.6. Determination of the content of metal impurities in sawdust

Determination of the content of metal impurities in a sample prepared in accordance with clause 3.1.2 is carried out visually without the use of a magnifying device.

4. TRANSPORT AND STORAGE

4.1. Wood sawdust is shipped in bulk. Transportation is carried out by all means of transport in accordance with the rules for the carriage of goods in force on the transport of this type. When transported by rail, the minimum lot size must be at least one wagon.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

When transported in open vehicles, sawdust must be protected from loss and contamination.

4.2. Each batch of sawdust must be accompanied by a quality document stating:

a) the name of the manufacturer, its location and trademark;

b) the name of the department or enterprise, in the system of which the manufacturer is included;

c) number of vehicles;

d) the amount of sawdust in dense m 3;

e) appointment of sawdust;

e) the designation of this standard;

g) the period of storage of sawdust before shipment to the consumer (with long-term open storage);

h) date of departure;

4.3. Wood sawdust is stored in bunkers or in heaps in open areas. The storage period should not exceed seven months.

Editor T. V. Smyka Thermal editor E. V. Mityai Proofreader L. V. Snitsarchuk

Rented in emb. 0.5 s. cr-ott. 0.50 ac.-ed l, Circulation 10,000 Price 3 kop.

Order "Badge of Honor" Publishing house of standards, 123840, Moscow, GSP, Novopresnensky per., 3.

Vilnius Printing House Standards Publishing House, st. Mnndaugo, 12/14, Zach, 2182

Official publication Reprint prohibited

Reprinted (December 1985) with Amendment No. 1 approved March 1985 (ICC 6-85).

© Standards Publishing, 1986

Woodworking products, in particular fuel chips, have long been used by humans for heating for economy and convenience.

Due to its shape, the chips will less efficient fuel, because its density is much lower, so the fuel will have to be hard pressed. You will find more detailed information about woodchip heating devices here (Types of woodchip boilers).

What is this type of fuel made of?

Any wood can serve as a material for the manufacture of fuel chips, so most often this type of fuel made from dry branches and various waste, which remained after processing or processing of wood.

At the same time, the finished product retains all the features of the original wood, so characteristics such as:

• calorific value;
• ash content;
• specific resin content,

fully correspond to the trees from which the chips were obtained.

Because of this coniferous wood chips poorly suited for modern automatic boilers, because the high content of resins not only increases the ash content, but also leads to the appearance of deposits in the chimney and on the parts of the heat exchanger.

Between the start of the boiler and the heating of the water to the operating temperature, at least an hour passes, during which from hot smoke to cold pipes condensate settles, which contains many resins.

In addition, the calorific value of hardwood and heavywood chips is always higher than that of lightwood and softwood fuels. After all, the finished fuel only retains the original characteristics of wood.

If the fuel obtained from wood with bark, then its calorific value decreases, because this parameter of the bark is much lower than that of the rest of the tree, with the exception of needles and roots.

Production technology

The material for the manufacture of this type of fuel are wood processing and processing waste, such as:

• croaker;
• trimmings;
• non-commercial wood;
• branches and branches.

Substandard wood is loaded into chippers and grinders of various types, which we talked about in these articles:

1. Business on a chip.

Fraction fuel depends on the machine settings, and calorific value- from the type of wood and the percentage of bark. Therefore, the best chips are obtained from debarked wood of any type, and the worst - from unbarked branches and branches.

GOST

The main document that regulates the characteristics of fuel chips in Russia is GOST R 55116-2012 (EH 14961-4:2011) Solid biofuels. Technical characteristics and classes of fuel. Part 4. You can find and read this document at this link.

It divides the fuel by size into classes:

1. R16A- the size of the main fraction, whose content exceeds 75% is 3–16 mm, the amount of small pieces that do not reach these sizes does not exceed 12%, the maximum allowable size of large pieces (their number does not exceed 3%) is 16–31.5 mm at section 1 mm 2 and less.
2. R16B- the size of the main fraction, whose content exceeds 75% is 3–16 mm, the amount of small pieces that do not reach these sizes does not exceed 12%, the maximum allowable size of large pieces (their number does not exceed 3%) is 45–120 mm with a cross section of 1 mm 2 or less.
3. Р31.5- the size of the main fraction, whose content exceeds 75% is 8–31.5 mm, the amount of fines that do not reach these sizes does not exceed 8%, the maximum allowable size of large pieces (their number does not exceed 6%) is 45–120 mm at section 2 mm 2 and less.
4. R45- the size of the main fraction, whose content exceeds 75% is 8–45 mm, the amount of small pieces that do not reach these sizes does not exceed 8%, the maximum allowable size of large pieces (their number does not exceed 6%) is 63–120 mm with a cross section of 5 mm 2 or less.

Price

The price of fuel chips is 150–450 rubles per 1 m 3 regardless of breed. The price per ton is usually not named, but at the same time the amount of fuel in a volume of 1 m 3 can vary greatly.

Some offer "dense cubic meter", that is, the most compacted, while others pour as it will, due to which, after compaction, the material is significantly less.

Besides, humidity is very important, because the more water in the wood chips, the more heat will be spent on its evaporation, which means that the real calorific value will be less.

Most chip manufacturers does not include shipping in the price, because they agree to release this type of fuel only on the terms of self-delivery. As a result, for the buyer, the price is noticeably higher, and the increase in cost is directly related to the distance over which it must be transported.

How to reduce heating costs?

The density of chips at the same moisture content is 2–3 times lower than the density of wood of the same species, as a result of which the costs rise to receive the same amount of thermal energy.

In addition, drying chopped wood is many times more difficult than:

• trunks;
• chocks;
• logs:
• branches;
• branches.

Therefore, in order to reduce heating costs, it is desirable to produce this type of fuel on our own, using homemade or purchased chippers.

An inexpensive shredder will cost 30-50 thousand rubles th, at the same time, it will be able to process not only logs, but also branches cut during spring / autumn pruning, which will also reduce the overall cost of obtaining thermal energy.

You can also get fuel use waste woodworking and woodworking enterprises, and their the cost is much lower wood prices.

Another way to reduce costs is through an agreement with the local forestry and buying they have felled trees or obtaining a quota for self-felling.

The forester will mark trees that can be cut down, so after felling them, not only trunks, but even small branches will be used for processing.

Due to the large amount of bark, the calorific value of fuel from thin branches is low, but given that the costs of obtaining such chips are minimal, there will be significant savings.

The main competitors of wood chips are:

• sawdust;
• shavings;
• pellets.

Sawdust because of its structure ill fit for automatic fuel supply systems, as well as for heaters in which the fire does not move down, but up.

The string is very similar with wood chips, but it is difficult to obtain it in the required volumes on your own, so you won’t be able to save on it.

Pellets, not only that noticeably more expensive wood chips, as well as their independent production requires much more serious equipment costs.

Although, in terms of calorific value at the same humidity, they are noticeably superior to wood chips, but save on them will not work.

Conclusion

fuel chips well suited for automatic boilers, but some of them may require modification.

In terms of calorific value relative to weight, it is comparable to natural wood and slightly inferior to pellets, but due to its low density, much more will be required.

In contact with

In the age of high technology and advanced materials, some long-used raw materials do not lose their leading positions, remaining as in demand as before. This group is represented by many categories of construction and household goods, including waste from woodworking enterprises.

sawdust packed in bags

What are sawdust?

The most accessible and inexpensive raw material with a wide range of applications. Represents the crushed shavings of beige color, particles of small fraction which are formed in the form of the remains of sawing up of wood. Moreover, they should not be confused with wood chips, which are obtained on purpose.

Physicochemical characteristics

This is a lightweight material with a bulk density of about 220-580 kg per cubic meter, depending on the level of humidity (standard - from 8% to 15% and above). It reaches a size of no more than 50 mm with a dry windage coefficient of 0.13-0.8 units.

Contains about 27% lignin (a substance that gives plants a state of lignification) and 70% cellulose, hemicellulose (actually carbohydrates). The ratio of chemical components is distributed as follows:

• nitrogen - 0.1%;
• hydrogen - 6%;
• oxygen - 44%;
• carbon - 50%.

The basic properties, differences and characteristics of chopped wood are described in GOST 23246-78, which regulates this type of raw material. The main terms and definitions of this material are also indicated there.

Characteristics of sawdust

Such material knows no analogues and is characterized as the most:

• environmentally friendly (does not cause allergies, does not produce harmful emissions, is completely natural);
• cheap (in fact, you only have to invest in shipping, since most sawmills give it away for nothing
• as waste)
• heat-saving (remarkably insulates the room from cold bridges, in which it is not inferior to mineral wool).

What are sawdust for?

They are recognized as inexpensive and affordable raw materials, therefore they are used in various national industries and specialized areas. Where are they most in demand? Priority activities include:

• fertilizer;
• warming;
• mulching;
• heating (fuel);
• smoking;
• construction.

They are also used for bedding in animal husbandry and pet keeping, are used in furniture production, and are used for the manufacture of various building materials (pressed, cement-water mixture). And they also serve to produce cardboard, paper, some types of plastics, linoleum and all kinds of facing plates.

sawdust as insulation

They have been performing this role for a long time, since they are distinguished by a high level of bulk density. To eliminate their main disadvantages (flammability, combustibility and the risk of rodents), raw materials are subjected to special treatment before use, for which:

1. Mixed with gypsum, cement, clay or lime;
2. Spray with a solution of copper sulfate.

An example of home insulation with sawdust

As a result, the material becomes fireproof, suitable for insulating both utility buildings and residential buildings.

sawdust for fertilizer

When mixed with straw or peat (and sometimes in their natural form) they make an excellent medium for mycelium. Such a substrate for growing champignons and oyster mushrooms contains all the necessary elements and perfectly retains moisture, protects mushroom cultures from temperature extremes.

Using sawdust as fertilizer

When introduced into the soil, wood waste greatly improves its quality characteristics, perfectly replacing unsafe substances.

Mulching

They are in high demand in rural and domestic crop production as a covering and mulching agent. Suitable for laying soil around bushes, trees, seedlings, because:

• positively influence the development of plantings;
• protect the surface of the earth from erosion;
• protect the trunks from the difference in daily temperature;
• prevent evaporation of moisture;
• inhibit the development of weeds.

Mulching example

sawdust as fuel

Heating is another function of this raw material. Being the wood residue of sawmill work, it is often used to produce special pellets (pellets) and briquettes that are used in fuel boilers. Fine particles are pressed under high pressure to make it easier to burn, store and transport them.

fuel briquette

sawdust in construction

Mixed with water, cement, gypsum or clay, they increase the strength properties, becoming an ideal building material. Here are a few varieties:

• sawdust concrete - high-quality fire-resistant bricks or blocks based on cement, sand and softwood waste;
• sawdust boards - a heater made of sawdust, carboxymethylcellulose (glue) and an antiseptic-fire retardant;
• wood block - a heat insulator based on copper sulphate, cement and fine wood pulp;
• paykerite - composite blocks from chopped / crushed waste wood and water; malleable, durable, slowly melting;
• wood concrete - lightweight concrete obtained by mixing organic filler and chemical additives with cement.

The use of sawdust blocks in construction

Furniture manufacture

They often go to the manufacture of various sets and single pieces of furniture. They are mainly pressed into chipboard and fiberboard, allowing you to get a variety of designs for household interior items. Thus, they perfectly replace solid wood, which requires much more complex processing processes.

sawdust for smoking

For this, the remains of certain tree species are recommended so that the products do not have unpleasant bitterness. Dry waste of alder, oak, beech and any fruit trees, cleaned of dust, is especially suitable for such a procedure. They can be used both separately and in a mixture in order to obtain a more refined taste.

Logistics

Due to its high airiness and lightness, this material is widely used in the field of transportation. Serves as a shock absorber, preventing fragile cargo from coming into contact with hard objects. Perfectly preserves objects during transportation over any distance.

1. DEVELOPED by the Autonomous non-profit organization Timber Certification Center "Lessertika"
2. INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TK 121 "Wood-based boards"
3. APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated July 9, 2014 No. 767-st
4. This standard implements the provisions of Articles 2, 19, 23, 25, 28 of the Federal Law "On Technical Regulation"
5. INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME

The rules for the application of this standard are established in GOST R 1.0-2012 (section 8). Information about changes to this standard is published in the annual (as of January 1 of the current year) information index "National Standards", and the official text of changes and amendments - in the monthly information index "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, a corresponding notice will be published in the next issue of the information index "National Standards". Relevant information, notification and texts are also posted in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet (gost.ru )

GOST R 56070-2014

NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

WOOD WASTE Specifications

woodwaste. technical conditions

Introduction date - 2015-01-01

1 area of ​​use

This standard applies to wood waste, which is a waste of logging, sawmilling, woodworking.

2 Normative references

GOST 427-75 Measuring metal rulers. Specifications GOST 5244-79 Wood shavings. Specifications GOST 7502-98 Measuring metal tapes. Specifications GOST 16369-96 Timber transport packages. Dimensions

GOST 18320-78 Technological sawdust for hydrolysis. Specifications GOST 23827-79 Small wood raw materials. Specifications

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annual information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the issues of the monthly information index "National Standards" for the current year. If the reference standard to which the undated reference is given is replaced, it is recommended to use the current version of this standard, taking into account all the changes made to this version. If the reference standard to which the dated reference is given is replaced, then it is recommended to use the version of this standard with the year of approval (acceptance) indicated above. If, after the approval of this standard, a change is made to the referenced standard to which a dated reference is given, affecting the provision to which the reference is given, then this provision is recommended to be applied without taking into account this change. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which the reference to it is given is recommended to be applied in the part that does not affect this reference.

3 Terms and definitions

In this standard, the following terms are used with their respective definitions:

3.1 croaker: The side part of a log, having one sawn and the other not sawn or partially sawn surface, with a standardized thickness and width of the thin end.

[GOST 18288-87 article 32]

3.2sawdust: Small particles of wood produced during the sawing process. [GOST 23246-78 article 9]

3.3 wood dust: Unsorted wood particles smaller than 1mm. [GOST 23246-78 article 12]

3.4 wood chips: Fine wood particles formed when wood is cut. [GOST 23246-78 article 8]

3.5 pencil: The part of the plywood block remaining after peeling, having the shape of a cylinder in cylindrical peeling or an irregular ellipse in eccentric peeling. [GOST 15812-87 article 32]

3.6 visor: A section of wood protruding above the end surface resulting from incomplete cross-cutting of timber. [GOST 2140-81 article 159]

3.7 full wood ratio: The ratio of the volume of wood to the volume of shredded wood obtained from it.

3.8 wood waste: Remains of timber, wood raw materials and materials formed during the production of the main products of logging, sawmilling, woodworking, thinning forests, not in quality and (or) having a length and (or) width less than the minimum standard.

3.9 logging waste: Woody residues resulting from felling trees, delimbing them, cross-cutting, cutting lengths and debarking assortments.

Note: Tree residues include tops, twigs, branches, lumps, random cuts and fragments of whips, bark, needles, leaves, sawdust. [GOST 17462-84 article 8]

3.10 pruning: Parts of timber and wood-based materials resulting from their cutting to size, quality characteristics and (or) having sizes less than the minimum standard.

3.11 cut off: The remaining part of the timber or vanches after planing. [GOST 15812-87 article 33]

3.12 debarking waste: Particles of bark, bast, wood, the peripheral part of the trunk of various shapes and sizes, resulting from the debarking of timber.

3.13 stump wood: The root part and roots of a tree intended for industrial processing or as a fuel. [GOST 17462-84 article 16]

3.14 reiki: Parts of lumber and blanks resulting from their cutting and cutting to width, which do not meet wane product standards and (or) have a section less than the minimum standard.

3.15 veneer-flaw: Veneer of unspecified size and shape, obtained at the beginning of peeling when rounding a plywood block or at the beginning of planing a beam or vanches. [GOST 15812-87 article 31]

4 Dimensions and specifications

4.1 Wood waste is classified according to three main features: type of wood waste, industry affiliation and scope. The classification of wood waste is given in Appendix A.

4.2 Wood waste by type, size and technical requirements must comply with those specified in table 1.

5 Acceptance rules

5.1 Wood waste is accepted in batches. A batch is considered to be any amount of waste of the same type, drawn up in one document containing:

• name of the supplier company;
• type of waste indicating the size and type of wood (coniferous, hardwood);
• amount of waste, m3;
• date of dispatch;
• designation of this standard.

Table-1- Dimensions and technical requirements of wood waste

Type of wood waste	Dimensions, mm		Technical requirements
Twigs, branches	Not standardized		Not standardized
Clippings when cutting	Also 300 or more		Compliant with product standards Does not meet product standards Non-conforming product standards for every 0.3
	Not standardized		Not standardized
	the same 1000 or more	not standardized the same -"-	Compliant with product standards Does not meet product standards Not conforming to product standards on each meter length
	Not standardized		Not standardized
	Less than 500 Less than 500 500 or more	Not standardized Also -«-	Compliant with product standards Does not meet product standards Non-conforming product standards for every 0.5
Pencil	Not standardized		Not standardized
Veneer flaw	The same is not standardized	Less than 150 150 or more
plywood boards	Not standardized Also	Less than 100 100 or more Less than 100 100 or more	Compliant with product standards Non-compliant with product standards Compliant with product standards Non-compliant with product standards
Plastic wood layered	Not standardized	Less than 100 100 or more	Compliant with product standards Non-compliant with product standards
Sliced ​​veneer	Not standardized Also	Less than 60 Too	Compliant with product standards Non-compliant with product standards
Rotary cut veneer		Less than 150 Same	Compliant with product standards Non-compliant with product standards
Chipboard uncoated boards	- "Not standardized	260 or less Same	Compliant with product standards Non-compliant with product standards
Chipboard lined boards			Compliant with product standards Non-compliant with product standards
Fibreboard of dry and wet processes			Compliant with product standards Non-compliant with product standards
Fibreboard lined or painted boards	Not standardized Also	260 or less Same	Compliant with product standards Non-compliant with product standards
Blockboards		200 or less Same	Compliant with product standards Non-compliant with product standards
Bent-glued blanks	Not standardized		Not standardized
Plastic decorative paper laminate	550 or less More than 550	330 or less 220 or less	Not standardized Not standardized
Fiberboard	Less than 1000 Same	Not standardized Also	Compliant with product standards Non-compliant with product standards
			Compliant with product standards
Match raw materials	600 and more	Not standardized	Non-conforming product standards for every 0.6 m of length
plywood raw material	300 or less More than 300		Compliant with product standards Non-conforming product standards for each 0.3 m length
Stumpwood	Not standardized		Not standardized
Wood sawdust (except GOST 18320)	Not standardized		Not standardized
Wood chips (except GOST 5244)	Not standardized		Not standardized
wood dust	Not standardized		Not standardized
Debarking waste	Not standardized		Not standardized
thickness 20 mm or less	Not standardized		Compliant with product standards
Over 20 mm	Not standardized		Not conforming to product standards per meter of length
Notes 1 Moisture content of wood waste is not standardized. 2 When rationing wood waste, the technical requirements for products specified in the current interstate and national standards should be taken into account.

5.2 Accounting for wood waste is carried out in dense cubic meters, taking into account the coefficient of total wood content given in Appendix B. The resulting volume values ​​are rounded up to 0.1 m3.

It is allowed to take into account scraps of hardwood materials in square meters, rounded up to 0.1 m2.

Accounting for wood waste is allowed to be carried out by the weight method with subsequent conversion into dense cubic meters according to the actual density of the material.

5.3 To control the quality of wood waste used in the production of products, a sample is taken from the batch.

The sample volume of lumpy waste should be at least 5% of the volume of the submitted batch, but not less than 0.1 m3.

The volume of the sample of crushed waste should be at least 2 kg. The sample is made up of 10 parts weighing at least 1 kg each, taken from different places, evenly spaced throughout the lot, and reduced by quartering.

5.4 When quality control of lumpy waste is determined:

• type of waste;
• dimensions;
• wood species (coniferous, deciduous), except for waste used for fuel.

When controlling the quality of shredded waste used in the production of products, the following is determined:

• breed composition;
• fraction composition.

The control results are distributed to the entire batch.

6 Control methods

6.1 The linear dimensions of lumpy waste are determined with a metal tape measure in accordance with GOST 7502, a measuring ruler in accordance with GOST 427 and a caliper in accordance with GOST 166.

7 Marking, packaging, transport and storage

7.1 Wood waste is not subject to labeling.

7.2 Wood waste is transported by all means of transport with mandatory protection against pollution and losses in accordance with the rules for the carriage of goods operating on this type of transport.

7.3 Transportation of lumpy waste is carried out in bulk and in bags. Waste of one name is placed in a bag. Package sizes must comply with GOST 16369.

Wood dust is transported by pneumatic transport.

7.4 Packing, transportation and storage of twigs and branches is carried out in accordance with GOST 23827 (in terms of their use as poles).

7.5 Lumpy waste is stored in heaps, bulk waste - in bins or in heaps.

Annex A (informative)

Classification of wood waste

Table A.1

Type of wood waste	Sub-sectors of industry			Application area
	Logging	sawmilling	Woodworking
Twigs, branches				Technological chips for chipboard, pulp and paper, GP, LH; wood concrete, fuel, CX, consumer goods
Cut-offs, trimmings when bucking, visor				Technological wood chips for chipboard, fiberboard, pulp and paper, GP, LH, fuel, consumer goods
Slab, slats				Technological wood chips for chipboard, fiberboard, pulp and paper, GP, LH, fuel, containers, consumer goods
Trimming lumber and blanks
Pencil				Technological chips for chipboard, fiberboard, pulp and paper, GP, LH, consumer goods
				consumer goods, fuel; technological chips for chipboard, fiberboard
Veneer flaw				Technological wood chips for chipboard, fiberboard, pulp and paper industry, GP; consumer goods, fuel
Scraps: - plywood; plywood boards; Plastic wood layered; Sliced ​​veneer; Rotary cut veneer;				consumer goods, fuel
				consumer goods, fuel, chipboard
				Technological chips for chipboard, fiberboard, pulp and paper; fuel, consumer goods
Chipboard uncoated boards; Chipboard lined boards; fibreboard; Wood-fiber boards with a varnish and varnish covering; Blockboards				consumer goods, chipboard, fuel
				consumer goods, fuel
				consumer goods, fiberboard, fuel
				consumer goods, fuel

Annex B (informative)

Full wood coefficients

Table B.1

Name of waste	The average value of the full-wood ratio	Laying method
Peel-offs and trimmings during cross-cutting
Twigs, branches
Slab with a length of 2000 mm or less
The same longer than 2000 mm
Trimming lumber and blanks with a length of 500 mm or less
Plywood and board scraps
Offcuts of peeled, sliced ​​veneer and chipped veneer
Pencil
otstrugi
wood shavings
sawdust
Debarking waste
wood dust